tudes sur
le Judasme Mdival
Fondes par
Georges Vajda
Diriges par
Paul B. Fenton
TOME XXXVII
By
Gerrit Bos
Martina Hussein
Guido Mensching
Frank Savelsberg
LEIDEN BOSTON
2011
ISSN: 0169-815X
ISBN: 978 90 04 16764 3
Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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CONTENTS
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
General Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Source Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Hebrew Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. General Overview and Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Aims and Organisation of this Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Transcription System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Medieval Synonym Lists in Hebrew Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Shem Tovs Synonym Lists in the Sefer ha-Shimmush . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Biographical and Historical Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Background and Motivation of the Sefer ha-Shimmush and
the Two Synonym Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. How Shem Tovs Synonym Lists Were Compiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Sources for Hebrew and Arabic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Sources for Romance and Latin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Creation of New Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. The Vernacular Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Jewish-Romance Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. The Old Occitan Language and How It Is Reflected in the
Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Dialectal Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Catalan, French and Latin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. The Edition and the Commentary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Notes on the Manuscript Filiation and Choice of Base
Manuscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Norms Used in the Edition and Organisation of the
Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
1
4
5
10
10
12
16
16
22
27
32
32
34
41
44
47
52
52
60
64
vi
contents
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Abbreviations of Frequently Cited Texts and Dictionaries . . . . . . . . 67
Other Texts Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
91
129
147
167
181
195
197
209
239
249
263
285
303
335
353
377
401
429
447
479
495
529
Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
ABBREVIATIONS
General Abbreviations
abbr.
ad loc.
add.
adj.
Akk.
a.o.
Arab.
Aram.
art.
bibl.
bk.
c.
Cat.
cf.
ch.
col.
corr.
doc.
ed.
eds
e.g.
em.
esp.
f./ff.
fem.
fol.
fols
Fr.
Gr.
Hebr.
ibid.
i.e.
imp.
inf.
It.
l.
abbreviation
ad locum
addidit
adjective
Akkadian
amongst others
Arabic
Aramaic
article
biblical
book
century
Catalan
confer
chapter
column
correction
documentation
editor / edition
editors
exempli gratia
emendavit
especially
and the following
feminine
folio
folios
French
Greek
Hebrew
ibidem
id est
imperfect
infinitive
Italian
line
Lat.
lit.
loc. cit.
masc.
M. Fr.
M.l.
M. Lat.
Med. Lat.
mod.
Mod. Fr.
Mod. Occ.
MS
MSS
n.
n.d.
Nif.
no.
O
O. Cat.
Occ.
O. Fr.
O. Sp.
o.l.
om.
O. Occ.
P
p./pp.
part.
pass.
Pers.
plur.
R.
rabbin.
repr.
rev.
Sept.
Latin
literally
loco citato
masculine
Middle French
Mishnaic language
Middle Latin
Medieval Latin
modern
Modern French
Modern Occitan
manuscript
manuscripts
note
no date
Nif al
number
MS Oxford
Old Catalan
Occitan
Old French
Old Spanish
other language
omisit
Old Occitan
MS Paris
page/pages
participle passive
passive
Persian
plural
Rabbi
rabbinic
reprint
revised
Septuagint
viii
sing.
Suppl.
s.v.
Syr.
trad.
transl.
abbreviations
singular
Supplement
sub voce
Syriac
tradition
translation
V
VLat.
vol.
vols
Vulg.
MS Vatican
Vulgar Latin
volume
volumes
Vulgate
Source Abbreviations
Biblical Sources
Am
Chron
Dan
Deut
Ea
Ec
Es
Ex
Ez
Gen
Hb
Hg
Hos
Is
Jer
Jon
Jl
Job
Js
Ju
Kings
Lam
Lev
Mal
Mi
Na
Neh
Num
Ob
Prov
Ps
Rt
Sam
Song
Zech
Zp
Amos
Chronicles
Daniel
Deuteronomy
Ezra
Ecclesiastes
Esther
Exodus
Ezekiel
Genesis
Habakkuk
Haggai
Hosea
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Jonah
Joel
Job
Joshua
Judges
Kings
Lamentations
Leviticus
Malachi
Micah
Nahum
Nehemiah
Numbers
Obadiah
Proverbs
Psalms
Ruth
Samuel
Song of Songs
Zechariah
Zephania
Rabbinic Sources
b
Babylonian Talmud
m
Mishnah
y
Jerusalem Talmud
Gen. R.
Genesis Rabbah
Ex. R.
Exodus Rabbah
Targ.
Targum
Targ. O.
Targum Onkolos
Tos.
Tosefta
Tractates of the Mishnah and the
Talmud
Ab
Abot
Arakh
Arakhin
AZ
Abodah Zarah
BB
Baba Batra
Bekh
Bekhorot
Ber
Berakhot
Bez.
Bezah
.
Bik
Bikkurim
BM
Baba Mezia
.
BQ
Baba Qamma
Dem
Demai
Eduy
Eduyyot
Erub
Eruvin
Git
Gittin
Hag
Hagigah
.
.
Hal
Hallah
.
.
Hor
Horayot
Hul
Hullin
.
.
Kel
Kelim
Ker
Keritot
Ket
Ketubbot
Kil
Kilayim
Kin
Kinnim
Maas
Ma#aserot
MaasrSheni Ma#aser Sheni
abbreviations
Mak
Makhsh
Me
Meg
Men
Mid
Miqw
MQ
Naz
Ned
Neg
Nid
Ohol
Orl
Par
Peah
Pes
Qid
RH
Makkot
Makhshirin
Me#ilah
Megillah
Menahot
.
Middot
Miqwa"ot
Mo#ed Qatan
Nazir
Nedarim
Nega#im
Niddah
Oholot
Orlah
Parah
Pe"ah
Pesahim
.
Qiddushin
Rosh Ha-Shanah
Sanh
Shab
Sheb
Shebi
Sheq
Sot
Suk
Taan
Tam
Tem
Ter
Tevul
Toh
Uqz
Yad
Yeb
Yom
Zab
Zeb
ix
Sanhedrin
Shabbat
Shebu#ot
Shebi#it
Sheqalim
Sotah
Sukkah
Ta#anit
Tamid
Temurah
Terumot
Tevul Yom
Tohorot
Uqzin
.
Yadayim
Yebamot
Yoma
Zabim
Zebahim
.
Hebrew Abbreviations
INTRODUCTION
introduction
for One Who Is Not Able to Compile a Book for Himself ) by the Andalusian physician Abu l-Qasim Halaf ibn Abbas az-Zahraw, known in the
introduction
more well-known Arabic and Latin terms. It should also be noted that
a Hebrew medico-botanical terminology had not yet been established at
the time when Shem Tov was compiling these synonym lists. Thus, as will
be shown later in this introduction, the two lists we have edited here can
be viewed as an attempt to create such a terminology. We have therefore
also tried to retrieve the sources used by the author when deciding on
which Hebrew term to use.
As stated above, the first volume of this publication is dedicated to the
first synonym list (Hebrew-Arabic-Occitan / Latin) contained in the Sefer
ha-Shimmush. The second list, which is ordered according to the Occitan
or Latin terms, will be published in volume two. These two volumes will
then be supplemented by a third one containing indices for all of the
languages that appear in the edition and our commentaries.
This introduction is intended to serve as a general introduction to all
three volumes and is structured as follows. Section provides a brief
introduction to literature on medieval medico-botanical synonyms. We
then focus on the Jewish physician Shem Tov ben Isaac de Tortosa and
his Sefer ha-Shimmush (section ), paying particular attention both to
the biographical and historical contexts in which he worked as well as
to the background to and the motivation for his writing the Sefer haShimmush and compiling the two synonym lists. In section , we carry
out a detailed examination of the lexicographic practice adopted by Shem
Tov, addressing the issue of how his synonymies were established. We
then provide an overview of the most important sources used by Shem
Tov as well as the methods he employed to create his own Hebrew
medico-botanical terminology. The last part of this section summarises
the effects and influence of the terminology created by Shem Tov. Section
is dedicated to the Romance languages, with a particular focus on
Occitan. This section is to some extent aimed at scholars from outside
the field of Romance philology and provides some basic information
on Occitan, a Romance language that was of great literary importance
in the Middle Ages and is still spoken today as a minority language
in Southern France as well as in small areas of Italy and Spain. The
information provided in this section is essential for the reader to be able
to follow the commentaries on the Romance medico-botanical terms.
Since the Romance terms in our synonym lists are written in Hebrew
characters rather than in the standard Latin alphabet, we also address
some of the problems arising from this fact which had to be taken into
consideration when we were identifying and interpreting the Romance
material. Section is dedicated to more technical matters. In ., we
introduction
describe the three manuscripts from which the text was obtained, while
in ., we describe the norms and procedures used in our edition and
commentary.
.. Transcription System
In the course of the following sections, the form of the synonym lists,
their origin and the lexical material used in them, which consists of a
great number of Hebrew, Arabic, Latin and Romance medico-botanical
terms, shall all be discussed extensively. We would therefore like to
begin by providing a summary of the transcription system to be used
throughout the three volumes.
Our transcription of the Hebrew, Arabic, Latin and Romance terms
which are expressed using Hebrew letters in the manuscripts mostly
follow modern, well-established transliteration standards, such as those
suggested by the Encyclopaedia Judaica (E.J.). Our decision to use a transcription system based on Latin characters for the Hebrew alphabet is
motivated by the fact that the Latin, Romance and Arabic terminology is
also expressed in Hebrew characters in our manuscripts. This transcription makes the terms in these languages accessible to both scholars of
the corresponding disciplines as well as to readers from the history of
medicine and other fields. It also enables the reader to follow our argumentation for the interpretation of each term.
The transliteration aims to establish, whenever possible, a one-to-one
correspondence between Hebrew consonants and Latin based transliteration signs, thus maintaining the full range of interpretational content
contained in the original Hebrew character based version. This means
that our particular interpretation is not reflected in the transliteration.
For example, when a word is written with Bet, we spell it with an uppercase B, even if our interpretation implies that its phonetic value was fricative and not occlusive. We proceed in a similar way with the Hebrew consonant character Shin: even if our lexical interpretation sees it as a Sin, or
as a non-palatal sibilant of Romance or Arabic, we still use an upper-case
S for the transliteration. In cases where vowel signs have been added to
the Hebrew consonant text, the vowels are transliterated using lower-case
transcription signs.
introduction
Alef
Bet
Gimel
Gimel
Dalet
He
Ta" marbut.a
Waw
Zayin
Het
.
Tet
.
Yod
Kaf
Lamed
Mem
Nun
Samekh
Ayin
Pe
Sade
.
Qof
Resh
Shin
Tav
Transcription
sign
"
B
G
G
D
H
H
W
Z
H
.
T.
Y
K
L
M
N
S
#
P
S.
Q
R
S
T
The second variant of the letter Gimel shows a diacritic (Rafe), which the
scribes used to indicate a palatal pronunciation, such as [] in Romance
and Arabic. In MS P, the Arabic Ta" marbut.a () is represented by the letter
He with two diacritical points above the letter, which we have transcribed
as .
introduction
introduction
introduction
introduction
See HebMedSyn.
See HebMedSyn .
See HebMedSyn ff.
See Sin for this index, in particular pp. .
introduction
21
On Shem Tov ben Isaac, his life and literary activity, see E. Renan, Les Rabbins
franais du commencement du quatorzime sicle, Paris , repr. Farnborough ,
p. ; M. Steinschneider, Die hebrischen bersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden
als Dolmetscher, pp. ; H. Gross, Gallia Judaica. Dictionnaire gographique de la
France daprs les sources Rabbiniques, Paris , pp. ; S. Muntner, R. Shem Tov
Ben Isaac of Tortosa about the life of the European Jewish doctor and his ethics, in Sinai
Jubilee Volume, Jerusalem , pp. ; G. Sarton, Introduction to the History of
Science, vols, New York , vol. ., pp. ; J. Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine and
Medieval Society, Berkeley / Los Angeles / London, , pp. ; G. Bos, The Creation
and Innovation of Medieval Hebrew medical terminology, pp. .
22 Cf. A. Crmieux, Les Juifs de Marseille au Moyen Age, in Revue des tudes Juives
(), pp. and , here pp. .
introduction
23
introduction
.. Background and Motivation of the
Sefer ha-Shimmush and the Two Synonym Lists
introduction
introduction
nigrum and var.), for we often prescribe black nightshade juice among the ingredients
to be taken for diseases of the internal organs. One of its varieties that has black seeds
and that is soporific is [sometimes taken] by mistake when [the seeds] are [still] green
before they turn black. Upon drinking, it immediately causes severe dryness, hiccups and
vomiting of blood. Its treatment: hasten to let him vomit by means of the general emetics
which have been described before. Then let him vomit for the last time by means of water
and honey. Then let him drink a large quantity of water and honey. When he has digested
something of it, he should take another drink of water and honey. He should do so for
a day and a night. And then he should feed himself as usual [. . .]. Instead of dryness
Shem Tov has suffocation, which is similar to the variant reading in MS P (Paris, BN,
hb. ): and Moses ibn Tibbons Hebrew translation: (angina).
42 Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, op. cit., p. ;
Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., p. ; Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Sefer Zera#im, Hilkhot
Kil"ayim III, .
43 Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraphs [][], see Muntner, op. cit.,
p. ; Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., pp. ; Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Sefer Zera#im,
Hilkhot Kil"ayim III, .
44 Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, op. cit., p. ;
Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., p. .
introduction
Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, op. cit.,
pp. ; Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., pp. ; Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine and
Medieval Society, p. .
46 Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, op. cit., p. ;
Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., pp. ; translation Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine and Medieval Society, pp. ; but see as well Crmieux, Les Juifs de Marseille, p. who
states that complaints were never filed against the Jewish community of Marseille as a
whole following individual misdemeanours due both to the protection the Jews enjoyed
based on the Statuts de Marseille and to the spirit of tolerance predominant in the city.
47 Cf. Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine and Medieval Society, p. ; M. Gdemann, Geschichte des Erziehungswesens und der Cultur der Juden in Italien whrend des Mittelalters,
Vienna , repr. Amsterdam (Geschichte des Erziehungswesens und der Cultur
der abendlndischen Juden whrend des Mittelalters und der neueren Zeit II), p. .
48 Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, R. Shem Tov
Ben Isaac of Tortosa, p. :
. ; Feliu-Arrizabalaga, ibid., p. , .
49 MS Paris, BN hb. , fol. a:
.
50 MS Paris, BN hb. , ibid.: .
introduction
to the second list (see vol. two, forthcoming) he remarks: I have also
composed an explanation of the drugs and herbs in the vernacular and
Arabic so that someone who goes on a distant journey will know their
names in both languages. And I have arranged them alphabetically.51
the alphabetisation is only to one letter, as was still usual in Shem Tovs time.
52 For Sa#adya Ga"on, philosopher and exegete, poet and polemicist, legist and communal leader, see H. Malter, Saadia Gaon. His life and works, Philadelphia . For a
fundamental study of the language comparisons in his linguistic works and for his Bible
translations, which served as a source for subsequent scholars, see A. Maman, Comparative Semitic Philology in the Middle Ages. From Sa#adiah to Ibn Barun (tenthtwelfth C.),
abbr. MCS, esp. pp. . The diffusion of Sa#adyas works in Provence was otherwise
ascertained from the Sefer Dores resumot, which quotes from Sa#adyas long commentary
on Genesis in Hebrew (cf. Y.T. Langermann, A Citation from Saadias King Commentary to Genesis in Hebrew Translation, Aleph. Historical Studies in Science & Judaism
(), pp. ).
53 For Jonah ibn Jan
ah,
. the undisputed master of Sephardic linguistics who lived in
the first half of the eleventh century, see the article by D. Tenne in E.J. :, s.v.
ibn Janah,
. Jonah. For the language comparisons in his works see MCS .
54 Cf. LF : and E.J. :.
55 Sa#adya also allegedly composed a translation of the Five Scrolls and of Ezra. Of the
edition of the Five Scrolls with Sa#adyas translation by Kafih. (Jerusalem , abbr. SH),
only Esther is considered to be authentic. In our edition of Shem Tovs glossary, we have
included the edition by Kafih,
. leaving the question of its authenticity open. For Sa#adyas
commentaries on and / or translations of the Bible see RT and M. Polliack, The
Karaite Tradition of Arabic Bible Translation. A Linguistic and Exegetical Study of Karaite
introduction
introduction
(MRG"N)
and (BSD). The word "LMWG as a biblical term indicates a precious wood unable to be clearly identified. In rabbinic literature it is identified, amongst other things, as coral. Marjan is the
Arabic equivalent for "LMWG as coral, whereas bussad is the Persian
term and is often used as a synonym, although, strictly speaking, it
refers to the root of the coral as well as to the subsoil to which it is
stuck. The identification of marjan as bussad goes back to Ibn Janahs
.
Kitab at-Talkhs. as quoted by al-Idrs (IJS :):
:
(Ibn Janah. says that the marjan is the bussad).64 Another author
whose writings served to preserve material from Ibn Janahs
. Kitab atTalkhs. is Se#adyah ibn Danan from Granada (fifteenth century), who
composed the Sefer ha-Shorashim, a dictionary of Biblical Hebrew which
draws heavily on Ibn Janahs
. work, explicitly quoting him no less than
times. In entry Het
,
Arabic ("ZRQ) is used as a synonym
.
(H
is blue light according to Abu l-Wald [ibn
. SML
Janah]).
.
62
63
64
introduction
We only have Shem Tovs general reference to medieval commentators when it comes to the sources he consulted to identify Arabic
synonyms with Rabbinic Hebrew or Aramaic terminology. Identifying
these medieval commentators has proven to be especially problematic.
One prominent medieval commentator to whom Shem Tov probably
had recourse was Sa#adya Ga"on, who was not only an important Bible
commentator and translator but also a prominent linguist, who dealt
extensively with the explanation of difficult terms in the Mishnah within
the genre known as Alfas. al-Mishnah, several examples of which exist
in the Genizah. These writings consist, as Brody remarks, of a series of
short glosses in Arabic on Hebrew words and expressions, according to
the order of the Mishnaic text.65 Unfortunately, these lexical explanations have only survived in incomplete form and are, moreover, still in
manuscript for the most part.66 An example of a derivation that possibly goes back to Sa#adyas Alfas. al-Mishnah is the entry Gimel :67 The
Hebrew lemma (GWPNN) features in rabbinic literature and means
) fennel, Foeniculum vulgare MILL., and ) the fruit of the sebestentree, Cordia Myxa L. The Arabic synonym (SBST"N) is sibistan or
sabistan, which designates the fruit of the sebesten-tree. The identification of the two terms can be found in Sa#adya (SAM :).68
Another medieval commentator consulted by Shem Tov was Maimonides, whose commentary on the Mishnah contains a wealth of medico-botanical synonym terminology.69 Maimonides relied in turn on
earlier sources, possibly Sa#adyas explanatory lists and certainly the
65 R. Brody, The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture, New
Haven / London , pp. . While Allony attributed these lexical explanations to
Sa#adya Ga"on, Abramson (Millon ha-Mishnah le-Rav Sa#adya Ga"on, in Leshonenu
(), pp. ) and subsequently Maman (MCS , n. ) argued that they are not
Sa#adyas at all. According to Brody (The Geonim of Babylonia, p. ), Allonys identification was correct, as confirmed by further manuscript discoveries in the Genizah, along
with a comparison of citations in Se#adyahs name and interpretations contained in his
other works.
66 Three of the fragments were published by N. Allony (SAM). A large Geonic
fragment covering the commentary of nearly half the Mishnah is being prepared for
publication by the Institute for the Complete Israeli Talmud but has not been published
so far.
67 As virtually all identifications featured in Sa#adyas Alf
as. al-Mishnah can also be
found in Maimonides Commentary on the Mishnah, we cannot be sure whether Shem
Tov consulted these lists directly or only indirectly via Maimonides.
68 See also Maimonides on mDemai .: :
(i.e., GWPNN is a plant similar to aneth and according to others to sebesten) (MK :).
69 Abbr. MK. For this commentary see I.M. Ta-Shma, Ha-Sifrut ha-Parshanit laTalmud, nd rev. ed., vols, Jerusalem , vol. , p. ff.
introduction
(SW#,
i.e.,
71
"LTLBYD, because he rubs the surface of something [to be] mended
and Targum Onkelos has for (i.e., the house shall be scraped72))
. Shem Tov explains this by means of a direct quote from
Maimonides on the mentioned Mishnah (MK :).73
The medieval commentary and responsa literature composed by the
Geonim, i.e., the heads of the Jewish academies in Babylonia, proved
to be an important source for Shem Tov with regards to the remaining
terms. These commentaries and responsa contain a wealth of botanical
material and are a valuable source of information for technical scientific
terminology in Arabic and Hebrew.74 However, with a few exceptions,75
consulting this particular source is problematic, as some texts have been
edited without proper indices, others are still in manuscript and yet
others have to be considered as lost.76 An example of a quotation from
Geonic sources is the entry Dalet , in which Aramaic (DRS. YN,
cinnamon) is explained by the Arabic synonym (DRS. YNY), to
be read as dar s.n, Chinese cinnamon, Cinnamomum ceylanicum Nees.
70
introduction
introduction
introduction
verdolaga. Similarly, the words ("PYW = Italian apio or Latin apium, KA :; for
the omission of Latin -M, see below, section .) and ("WRPYMYNTW
. = Lat.
auripi(g)mentum, KA :) appear as ("PY = O. Occ or O. Cat. api) and
("WRPYMNT. = O. Occ. or O. Cat. aurpi(g)men(t), O. Cat. orpiment) in Shem Tovs synonym list (Kaf and Samekh ). For yet another case, see Pe .
80 For Moses ibn Tibbon and his translation activity, see J.T. Robinson and U. Melammed, entry Ibn Tibbon (Tibbonids), in E.J.2:, p. ; O. Fraisse, Moses
ibn Tibbons Kommentar zum Hohelied und sein poetologisch-philosophisches Programm.
Synoptische Edition, bersetzung und Analyse. Berlin / New York (Studia Judaica.
Forschungen zur Wissenschaft des Judentums. Hrsg. von E.L. Ehrlich und G. Stemberger.
Band XXV), pp. ; G. Bos, Medical terminology in the Hebrew tradition: Moses Ben
Samuel Ibn Tibbon (forthcoming).
81 A critical edition of the Arabic text and Hebrew translations by G. Bos is forthcoming.
82 For this encyclopaedia, see Ibn al-Jazz
ar, On Sexual Diseases (ed. Bos), pp. .
83 Cf. Steinschneider, Die hebrischen bersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als
Dolmetscher, p. .
84 Cf. Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam, p. .
85 Cf. Steinschneider, op. cit., p. .
86 See Steinschneider, op. cit., p. . Edition by G. Bos (abbr. BMP).
87 See Steinschneider, op. cit., p. . While Steinschneider rejected the ascription to
Moses ibn Tibbon, there is new evidence confirming his authorship; cf. the forthcoming
critical edition of the Arabic text and Hebrew translations (abbr. BMH).
introduction
once these translations have been analysed with respect to their medicobotanical terminology. Since Moses ibn Tibbon was born and worked in
Southern France, he mostly used Occitan for vernacular synonyms and
explanations. One of the passages where Shem Tov shares fairly technical vocabulary with Ibn Tibbon is Gimel , where we find the Arabic
"LM#") corresponding to sah
term (SHWG
.
. g al-am#a" meaning dysentery, attended by abrasion or excoriation of the colon (L ;
SN ). The Arabic term is accompanied by a Romance synonym spelt
(PWNTS),
. which we identified as O. Cat. pons dysentery. In Maimonides On the Regimen of Health (cf. BMR II, ), we find the expression
#$%& '() (i.e., and in some cases it causes abrasion), which is translated
as by Moses ibn Tibbon, where abrasion corresponds to (PWNS. ). Another case is entry Lamed : Hebrew
(LBYBH) means heart-shaped pastry, but is equated with Arabic
(" TRYH)
and Romance (MNWDTS).
Arabic it. riya designated a
.
.
certain food, like threads, made of flour, noodles and features in Maimonides On the Regimen of Health (BMR I, ) where it is translated by
Moses ibn Tibbon using the same Romance term (MNWDT. S. ).
This Romance term represents the plural of O. Occ. menudet, meaning
fairly fine, fairly small, but could also mean a kind of dough in certain
situations. With respect to plant names, many Occitan terms commonly
used in Shem Tovs writings can be found in the S. edat ha-derakhim.88
Although these are again mostly common words familiar to any Occitan
speaker, the mutual occurrence of the more technical vocabulary mentioned above does not seem coincidental. Instead of indicating a direct
relationship between the two translators, however, it seems more likely
that Shem Tov and Ibn Tibbon shared some common sources. These may
have included existing synonym lists, such as several anonymous synonym lists that we have already been able to identify as containing Old
Occitan terms.89 Although they are of a later date (fourteenth-fifteenth
88
This text is currently being edited and analysed in a project funded by the DFG run
by Gerrit Bos, Guido Mensching and Julia Zwink. The results obtained so far show that
the vast majority of the Arabic terminology that appears in the Zad al-musafir was not
actually translated into Hebrew but rather into Romance and occasionally Latin, also see
section ..
89 These lists are discussed in HebMedSyn, in particular: MS Mich. Add , fols. v
r and MS Parma Bibl. Palat. , the latter list contains both Occitan and Catalan
vocabulary. See A. Neubauer, Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library
and in the College Libraries of Oxford, Oxford , n ; I.B. De Rossi, Mss Codices
Hebraici Biblioth. I.B. de-Rossi accurate ab eodem descripti et illustrati, vols, Parma, ,
introduction
century), it seems probable that they are copies of earlier lists. The
relationship between these lists and the works of Shem Tov and Ibn
Tibbon cannot be properly determined before the lists in questions
receive full critical attention.
As far as Latin terminology is concerned, Shem Tov might have had
access to various Latin treatises and translations which were in circulation at the time he was writing. However, it is not possible to determine which exact sources these might have been, because the Latin
terminology in question was that used by the Salernitan School and
elsewhere at the time. This kind of terminology was transmitted via
Latin synonym lists. The most famous of these, the Alphita, may already
have existed when Shem Tov was writing90 and actually existed in a
Hebrew version (although the known copy dates from the fourteenth
century).91 Although this might be coincidental, some of Shem Tovs
TH,
Latin terms can be found in the Alphita, such as (BLSMY
.
(GWRGRYSMW,
gargarismum, Gimel ), (BL"WSTY",
. balaustia, Nun ).
Since the Alphita only contains a small number of Arabisms, it was
not a valuable source of Latin-Arabic equivalences. A better candidate
for this purpose was the Latin translation of Ibn Snas Kitab al-Qanun
traditionally attributed to Gerard of Cremona (c. ). This translation contains an index consisting of a glossary of mostly Latinised
Arabic terms arranged alphabetically, thus providing Arabic-Latin correspondences. Thus nux indica is, for example, identified as nargil (Sin
:; i.e., the Arabic nargl, coconut), while the same correspondence
o.l. NWZ
can be found in entry Alef ( : N"RGYL,
"YNDY"H), where the Latin term was translated into O. Occ. as *nos
introduction
(or notz) india.92 A fairly striking parallel between the index and the
Latin translation of the Kitab al-Qanun and Shem Tovs glossaries can be
found in entry Ayin , which details the identification of Arabic
TR
as a word spelt (Q"BSY").
(SY
Although the Arabic term
. G)
is easy to interpret as st. arag (peppergrass, cress, Lepidium latifolium
L.), the supposed Latin correspondence is unclear; the identification of
both can, however, be found in the index as Setaragi, i. capsia (cf. Sin
b).93
As for Romance, it is difficult to show that any medical writings in
Occitan or Catalan served as sources for Shem Tov. The first author who
wrote medical works in Romance (Catalan) was Ramon Llull (
),94 with another series of works from the same period, i.e., the last
quarter of the thirteenth century, being attributed to Arnau de Vilanova
(). The famous Occitan encylopedic poem Breviari dAmor by
Matfre Ermengau dates from the same period and contains, as has been
repeatedly pointed out by P. Ricketts,95 a great deal of medico-botanical
terminology. Old Occitan medical translations and writings are mostly
documented from the fourteenth century onwards. There are some exceptions, however, such as an Occitan translation of Roger of Parmas
Surgery in verse form from around ,96 which has some vocabulary
in common with Shem Tovs synonym lists, such as festula fistula,
suppurating wound (vv. , , among others; cf. PYSTWL"
.
),
in Gimel ), cranc crab, cancer (v. , cf. QRNQ in Sade
.
92
Any simple and compound terms that cannot be found in the existing Romance or
Latin sources are marked with an asterisk both here and in the commentary itself.
93 See entries Gimel , Het , Mem , Pe , Qof , Resh for further examples.
.
94 Cf. his Comenaments de medicina (around ), see K.-H. Rntgen, Geschichte
der technischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Fachsprachen in der Romania: Iberische
Halbinsel, in G. Ernst / M.D. Glegen / C. Schmitt / W. Schweickard (eds), Romanische
Sprachgeschichte. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Geschichte der romanischen Sprachen,
vol. II, Berlin / New York , pp. ; L. Cifuentes i Comamala, La cincia en
catal a lEdat Mitjana i el Renaixement, a. ed., revisada i ampliada, Barcelona ,
pp. , .
95 P. Ricketts, Plantes et recettes mdicales dans le Breviari dAmor de Matfre Ermengaud de Bziers, Mlanges pour Robert Lafont, Montpellier, , pp. ; idem, Le
lexique des plantes mdicinales en occitan mdival, M.S. Corradini Bozzi and B. Perin (eds), Atti del convegno Il linguaggio scientifico e tecnico (medico, botanico, farmaceutico e nautico) fra Medioevo e Rinascimento, Pisa novembre , Pisa , pp.
.
96 First studied by A. Thomas, La chirurgie de Roger de Parme en vers provenaux.
Notice sur un ms. de la Bibliothque de Bologne, Romania (), pp. and ;
A. Thomas, La versification de la chirurgie provenale de Raimon dAvignon, Romania
(), pp. .
introduction
MF ) (SYLMWN
T"NWM,
Kaf ) for Latin sil montanum
.
mountain cumin; (PWDRG", MF ) (PWDGR", Pe )
for Romance podagra, gout in the feet.
.. Creation of New Terms
Some of the terms featured in the list compiled by Shem Tov cannot be
retrieved from either biblical or rabbinic literature, nor from the standard lexica or medical and botanical literature. In such cases, it seems
that Shem Tov resorted to semantic borrowing. An example of this is
(HWG)
in Het
.
. , which means (to make a) circle in the Bible (e.g.
Job :) and rabbinic literature (bHag
. b). The Arabic synonym
(DW"R) is duwar, meaning circle, and, as a medical term, vertigo, giddiness in the head. This meaning also features in Maimonides Medical
Aphorisms99 (XV, ) as () () (al-duwar wal-sadar, vertigo and
dizziness). Similar cases can be found, e.g. in Nun and Shin , but
these are quite rare. More frequently, we find what appear to be genuine loan-translations of compound terms. An example of such a botan
HS. PWR) in Lamed , literally meaning
ical term is (LSWN
sparrows tongue. Arabic (LS"N "LS. PWR) is lisan al-#us. fur,
with the same literal meaning, but which is used to designate the fruit
97 Such as Daude de Pradas treatise on falconry (cf. A.H. Schutz, The romance of
Daude de Pradas, called Dels Auzels Cassadors, Columbus Ohio ), but also from the
troubadour literature, in which many plant names appear.
98 Only a fragmentary copy of this translation from the beginning of the fifteenth
century still exists, but it seems that the original (full?) translation was made around .
Cf. MF .
99 See BMMa, BMMb.
introduction
of the ash-tree, Fraxinus excelsior L.100 This is the earliest record of this
Hebrew term, at least as far as we currently know. It subsequently features
in the Hebrew translations of Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, )
by Zerahyah
ben Isaac ben She"altiel Hen
.
. and Nathan ha-Me"ati, who use
al-ganb) but which is also used to designate costal pleurisy. This medical
meaning is confirmed by the Romance-Latin synonym plevesin non vera,
which designates the same disease. The Hebrew term neither features in
Ben Yehuda,102 nor in Even-Shoshan.103 Nathan ha-Me"ati uses this term
in his Hebrew translation of Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (VI, ),
while his colleague Zerahyah
ben Isaac ben She"altiel Hen
.
. uses the term
(HWLY
HS. D, illness of the side).
.
The creation of a new special terminology is especially striking with
respect to different kinds of inflammations or tumors. Most of these
appear in combination with the Hebrew term (S. MH),
. which already features in rabbinic literature with the special meaning of morbid
growth, swelling, ulcer. We thus find (S. MH
. BYN
HS. L#WT) in Sade
as
an
alternative
term
for
the
Arabic
term
dat al.
introduction
(S. MH
MT
HT
HL
SWN,
Sade
)
for
Arabic
dafda#
(ranula), and finally:
.
.
.
.
(S. MHYM
DQYM BKL H#WR, Sade
) for Arabic
.
.
butur (pimples; small pustules).
The method of creating new terms, in particular by literal translation,
can sometimes also be observed with respect to the Romance terms,
some of which cannot be found either in existing Occitan or Catalan
documentation. An interesting example is (P"YRY "YGNS
PYL, Alef , MS P), which, despite being somewhat corrupt in all three
manuscripts, can be identified without any doubt as the O. Occ. or O. Cat.
expression peire enans fil(h) / paire enans fill literally meaning father
before son. This phrase is an inverted translation of the Latin term filius ante patrem, which is a kind of extended version of the plant name
antipater, the meaning of which is difficult to determine (see our commentary to entry Alef on this matter). Another example is
(NWZ "YNDY"H, nos india) for coconut in Alef , which has been modeled after Arabic gawz hind or its Hebrew or Latin equivalent ( ,
"GWZ HWDY, nux indica). In particular, it seems that Shem Tov attempts
to apply the Latin or Arabic binary nomenclature in a systematic way
when it is necessary to distinguish between a wild and a domestic variant, such as in the use of the adjectives *monta mountainous, salva(t)je
wild and fer wild in (PWLYYG MWNT",
. *pol(i)eg monta) in
Yod , modelled after Arabic fudang gabal (possibly meaning catnip),
SLW"GY
S,
cardel(h)s salvajes), wild chicory
(QRDYLS
in Ayin , literally field endives, according to the Arabic model hindaba"
GY,
carvi salva(t)ge) in Ayin for basbarr, (K"RWY SLB"
tard cumin, coined after Arabic karawiya gabal (Ayin ),104 and
(LYTWG"
P"R", laytuga fera, wild lettuce) for Arabic hass barr
.
(Het
. ). Shem Tov uses the epithet *ortolan for the domestic variety,
which is not documented anywhere else in the language as an adjective:
(SPR"N
"WRTWL"N,
*safran ortolan garden safflower) in
.
Het
. .
The occurrence of these Hebrew and Romance terms in the list raises
the question of their originality. Are they the product of translation
activity undertaken by earlier translators, translators working during
the same period or medical authors whose works Shem Tov had access
to or was he the first one to coin these new terms in order to fill the
104
introduction
gaps in the Hebrew (and partially Occitan) technical lexicon? Answering this question involves establishing which Hebrew translators were
working before Shem Tov or at the same time to ascertain whether he
might have been able to consult their translations of medical works, and
pharmaceutical ones in particular, for their medical-pharmaceutical terminology. The only major translator who meets this criterion is Moses
ben Samuel ibn Tibbon, who was already mentioned in section ., where
we also expressed reservations about a direct connection to Shem Tovs
work. Two other major thirteenth century translators of medical works
ben
from Arabic into Hebrew, namely Nathan ha-Me"ati105 and Zerahyah
.
106
mentioned above, were both active in Rome
Isaac ben She"altiel Hen,
.
after Shem Tov, as Nathan worked between and and Zerahyah
.
between and . Therefore, the occurrence of a similar botanical terminology in their translations of Maimonides Medical Aphorisms
(see above) can be ascribed to the influence of Shem Tov on their translation work, unless they drew on other, hitherto unknown sources. As we
already mentioned, the question of whether Shem Tov consulted other
synonym lists compiled by earlier authors cannot be answered definitively, as most of these lists are undated and unpublished, with research
into such lists still in its infancy. Initial selective investigations into some
of the lists in question point to a negative answer to this question, at
least with regard to Hebrew. The same applies for Arabic compendia containing alphabetical lists of plants with synonyms in different languages,
amongst them Hebrew, such as al-Idrss Kitab al-jami# li-sifat astat annabat. Research on this compendium showed that the novel Hebrew
terminology used by Shem Tov does not feature in this medical compendium. The final sources that could have been consulted by Shem Tov
are original medical compositions in Hebrew with synonym terminology
compiled at an earlier date than his glossary. The only surviving examples of such compositions are the Sefer Asaph, also called Sefer Refu"ot,
105 For Nathan ha-Me"ati (of Cento), see H. Vogelstein and P. Rieger, Geschichte
der Juden in Rom, vols, Berlin , vol. , pp. , M. Steinschneider,
Die hebrischen bersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher, p. ;
G. Freudenthal, Les sciences dans les communauts juives mdivales de Provence:
Leur appropriation, leur rle, in Revue des tudes juives (), pp. , pp.
.
106 On Zerahyah see Vogelstein-Rieger, op. cit., vol. , pp. , ; Stein.
schneider, loc. cit.; A. Ravitzky, Mishnato shel R. Zerahyah
b. Isaac b. She"altiel Hen
. (Doct.
.
diss.), Jerusalem , pp. ; G. Bos, Aristotles De Anima. Translated into Hebrew by
Zerahyah
ben Isaac ben She"altiel Hen.
A Critical Edition with an Introduction & Index,
.
.
Leiden , pp. ; Freudenthal, op. cit., pp. .
introduction
a book known in Southern Italy in the tenth century which was reedited (or possibly even rewritten) by the Southern Italian doctor Shabbetai
Donnolo107 and the Sefer ha-Yakar, also called Sefer Merkahot,
. which was
also written by Shabbetai Donnolo ().108 However, after consulting these works whilst editing Shem Tovs first list, it became clear to us
that the terminology featured in them is very different from that used by
Shem Tov.
In summary, Shem Tov ben Isaac mainly employed two procedures to
create a Hebrew medical terminology. He consulted the works of Sa#adya
Ga"on, Jonah ibn Janah"
. and the Geonim on the one hand in order to find
Hebrew-Aramaic equivalents to the Arabic terms in question, whilst, on
the other hand, he was compelled to employ new terminology created
via loan-translation or semantic borrowing due to gaps in the existing
Hebrew medical-botanical lexicon. As far as we know at the moment,
several of these terms are attested for the first time in Shem Tovs list,
having been coined by him from Arabic and subsequently adopted by
other translators such as Nathan ha-Me"ati and Zerahyah
ben Isaac ben
.
109
She"altiel Hen.
.
107
Cf. Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine and Medieval Society, p. . For a recent discussion of the academic work contained in this book, see E. Lieber, Asaf s Book of
Medicines: A Hebrew Encyclopaedia of Greek and Jewish Medicine, possibly compiled in Byzantium according to an Indian model, in J. Scarborough (ed.), Symposium on Byzantine Medicine, Cambridge Mass., (Dumbarton Oaks Papers, ),
pp. . For the materia medica in the Sefer Asaph see especially L. Venetianer,
Asaf Judaeus. Der aelteste medizinische Schriftsteller in hebraeischer Sprache, abbr.
AV.
108 Cf. Shatzmiller, op. cit.; H.J. Zimmels, Science, in C. Roth (ed.), The Dark Ages. Jews
in Christian Europe , New Brunswick (The World History of the Jewish
People. Second Series: Medieval Period. Volume Two), chapter XII: Aspects of Jewish
Culture, pp. . The Sefer ha-Mirkahot
. was edited by S. Muntner, in R. Shabbetai
Donnolo. Kitvei ha-Refu"ah, Jerusalem , pp. . For a new edition see L. Ferre,
(SYPWT,
dentifrice, Shin ).
introduction
. The Vernacular Element
.. Jewish-Romance Literature
It is commonly known that the use of Hebrew characters for nonHebrew purposes is not exceptional. There are many texts in Hebrew
characters from a range of Romance languages such as Spanish, Catalan,
Occitan, Italian and French, particularly texts from the Middle Ages.110
An important distinction has to be made between the Judeo-Spanish
that became commonplace in the diaspora following the expulsion of
the Jews from Spain and the medieval documentation of Romance
languages in Hebrew characters in Spain and in other Romance speaking
territories. Whereas Judeo-Spanish, which underwent a clear historical
development, can be classified as a special group of Spanish varieties or
even as a language of its own, the medieval manifestations of Romance
in Hebrew characters largely correspond to the Romance languages and
dialects as they were spoken by both Jews and Christians at that time. This
is in accordance with the fact that the idea of special Jewish-Romance
varieties originally posed by Blondheim111 cannot be maintained from
a modern point of view, as has been shown, for example, by Banitt,112
and, for Spanish in particular, by Minervini.113 As far as O. Occ. is
concerned, the same has been shown by Aslanov,114 who also notes
110
introduction
introduction
O. Occ. glosses have been identified within the context of various projects
by the authors of this edition.120 One example of the latter is the Hebrew
fragment of the Latin-versed Macer Floridus (MF), from which we were
able to isolate around O. Occ. words. A great deal more material can be
found in Moses ibn Tibbons translation of Ibn al-Jazzars Zad al-musafir
wa-qut al-h
. adir (Provisions for the Traveller and the Nourishment for
the Sedentary), book VII, chapters , where the translator mostly uses
Occitan rather than Hebrew for translating Arabic terms.121
In our text, as in other Hebrew texts with Romance elements, the
Romance languages are usually referred to as (La#az). This word122
was already used in the Mishnah to designate barbarous, i.e., nonHebrew languages, and for Greek in particular. In the Middle Ages, the
term La#az also began to be used to refer to Romance languages. An early
documentation of this extended meaning to refer to a Romance language
can be found in Rashi, who used the term La#az to designate the French
dialect of the Southern Champagne.123
.. The Old Occitan Language and How It Is Reflected in the Text
In this and the following four subsections, we focus on the Romance
material found in the synonym list edited in this volume. We shall see
that the three manuscripts sometimes show different dialectal forms of
Occitan and, to a varying degree, some elements from Catalan. Since
the exact filiation of the three manuscripts (cf. section .) remains
rather obscure, we are unable to ascertain definitively which elements
stem originally from Shem Tov and which represent changes introduced
by later copyists. In addition, we do not even know which Romance
linguistic variety Shem Tov employed in his lists. Due to the relatively
120
See HebMedSyn.
There are some other publications of medical texts in Hebrew that contain Catalan
material. See GHAT, OLD and PJP, as well as L. Ferre / M. McVaugh (eds), The Tabula
Antidotarii of Armengaud Blaise and its Hebrew Translation, Philadelphia (=
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol. ,); L. Ferre, La terminologa
mdica en las versiones hebreas de textos latinos, in Miscelnea de estudios rabes y
hebraicos (), pp. ; C. Caballero-Navas, The Book of Womens Love and
Jewish Medical Literature on Women. Sefer Ahavat Nashim, London .
122 Cf. the occurrence of the root in the Bible (Ps :), where it has the meaning
to talk in an unintellegible language.
123 Cf. Bos / Mensching / Zwink, op. cit. For a detailed discussion of the history, meaning and connotations of this term, cf. ShK and M. Banitt, art. La"az, in E.J.
: ff. In our edition, we translate La#az as other language (abbr. o.l.)
121
introduction
introduction
was roughly the same in the Middle Ages, maybe extending slightly
further to the North to reach the River Loire.126 Occitan has always
consisted of various dialects, whereas the literary language used in the
poetry of the troubadours in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries appears
fairly uniform.127 In other domains, such as the language used in legal
documents, Romance philology scholars have been able to distinguish
between different regionally determined writing traditions (scriptae).128
For our purposes, such issues are largely irrelevant for two reasons: firstly,
the question of scriptae or koin formation has never been addressed
for medical texts,129 and, secondly, Hebrew-Romance writing traditions
developed separately from scriptae based on the Latin alphabet and thus
have to be studied within the Sephardic writing traditions. We shall
return to the issue of which dialects are reflected in our manuscripts
below. In the following, we briefly sketch some of the characteristics of
O. Occ., which are illustrated using examples from our text. This section
is intended to enable readers from outside the field of Romance philology to follow our argumentation. The main purpose of this section is thus
to illustrate why the Romance vocabulary in our synonym list has to be
considered as Occitan.
Determining the status of Occitan as either a Gallo-Romance or an
Ibero-Romance language is both difficult and highly controversial. It
resembles Catalan more than French with respect to numerous features, particularly in the Middle Ages. Some features, on the other
hand, may equally justify grouping Occitan together with French, such
as the two case inflection common to both Old French and O. Occ.,
which differentiated between a nominative or rectus and an oblique
case. These oblique forms began to be generalised over the course of
126
Cf. Bec, op. cit., p. ; G. Kremnitz, Das Okzitanische: Sprachgeschichte und Soziologie, Tbingen , p. ; POc .
127 The literary language has traditionally been considered as a koin. Cf. M.-D. Glegen and M. Pfister, Okzitanische Koine. La koin occitane, in LRL vol. ,, pp.
.
128 Cf. the articles nos. in LRL ,: M.-D. Glegen and M. Pfister, Okzitanische Scriptaformen I. Limousin, Prigord, pp. ; A. Lodge, Okzitanische
Scriptaformen II. Auvergne, pp. ; M.-D. Glegen and J. West, Okzitanische Scriptaformen III. Provence, Dauphinois, pp. ; J. West, Okzitanische
Scriptaformen IV. Languedoc, pp. ; J. Allires, Okzitanische Scriptaformen V.
Gascogne, Barn, pp. .
129 The language used in Occitan medical texts has been studied by M.S. Corradini
Bozzi (CB); it appears that they are written in individual dialects (partially reflecting those
of the copyists).
introduction
time, and we can suppose that this case system was already instable
at the time when Shem Tov was working130 and had vanished altogether by the fourteenth century when the copies of our manuscripts
were made. Since the old nominative singular forms are in many cases
homophonous with the oblique plural forms, they cannot be identified
in a text such as ours, where the words occur in isolation without any
syntactic context.131
There are several clear sound shift phenomena that separate Occitan
from French, or, more precisely, the ol-varieties of Northern France,132
which can also be seen more or less clearly in Shem Tovs synonym lists.
We shall only mention a few here:
) The voiceless stops of Latin in intervocalic position, which had
become voiced in Western Proto-Romance,133 vanished in French in the
case of -T- and -C- (VITA > vie, AMICA > amie), whereas -P- became
a fricative (RIPA > rive).134 The Western Proto-Romance voiced stops
are preserved in Occitan (as in Ibero-Romance) (RIPA > riba, VITA
> vida, AMICA > amiga). In our text, we find (RWD") for garden rue (Pe ), which could represent Occitan ruda (< lat. RUTA), but
not French rue with the loss of the intervocalic stop. Similarly, Western Proto-Romance /g/ from Latin /k/ is preserved in (NWGYR),
noguer, walnut tree (Alef ) and (LYTWG"),
laytuga, lettuce
.
(Het
,
),
in
contrast
to
French
noyer
and
laitue
(<
Latin
LACTUCA,
.
Vulgar Latin *nucarium). ) In French, stressed Latin E and O became
diphthongised in open syllables, but remained intact in Occitan (note
that diphthongs are represented in our text, cf. section .). Therefore,
(PLWR, Sade
and Pe ) or (MYL, Kaf , MSS O and V)
.
should be read as Occitan flor and mel and not as Old French miel and
flour. ) In French, as in almost all Romance languages, the Latin diphthong AU was monophthongised, usually to o, while in Occitan the diphthong remained au, as in Lat. AURUM > Occ. aur (in contrast to or in
130
POc .
For some words in our text, a rectus reading may be more or less probable, for
cauls, cabbage (Kaf ). However, in all cases, these kinds of forms
example Q(")WLS,
can be read as the plural form. In most cases, the plural hypothesis can be confirmed by
the Arabic and Hebrew synonyms.
132 Cf. A.C. Di Girolamo / C. Lee, Avviamento alla filologia provenzale, Rome ,
p. .
133 All Romance varieties except for Central and Southern Italian and Romanian.
134 Only originally voiced intervocalic plosives disappeared in Occitan and Catalan
(e.g., SUDOREM > suor).
131
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introduction
Tortosa, meaning his native language was Catalan. The problem is that
these two languages share many more properties than those just mentioned and were even more similar in the Middle Ages than they are
today. It is often relatively easy to differentiate between the two languages
in texts written in Latin characters, as they each employ different spelling
conventions. Thus, the last syllable of the word for chestnut contains a
palatal n ([]) in both languages but was typically spelled castanha in
Occitan and castanya in Catalan.138 However, the Hebrew spelling follows the pronunciation instead, so that forms such as (QSTNY")
.
or (QST"NYY",
Ayin ) are unable to provide any help when
.
it comes to distinguishing between the two languages. There are, however, some differences that do indicate that the language of our text is,
for the most part at least, Occitan and not Catalan:139 ) The [dz] sound,
which is derived from (Vulgar) Latin intervocalic [k], was lost in Catalan
but preserved in Occitan,140 such as in O. Occ. cozen(t) versus O. Cat.
coent for cooking. Taking into account the fact that the sound represented by the letter z in Occitan is often represented by Dalet (see section . below), the variant (QWDYNT)
. in Bet cannot be interpreted as Catalan but rather exclusively as Occitan. ) Similarly, Latin
intervocalic -d- was lost in Catalan in most cases, but was often preserved in Occitan, hence coda versus coa tail.141 Our manuscripts uniformly show the Occitan form, (QWD") (Zayin ). ) Conversely,
for the Latin LEGUMEN, the -g- was lost in Occitan (lium) but preserved in Catalan (llegum); the former is reflected in the plural forms
in our text (Zayin ). ) As we have seen above,
(e.g. LYWMNS)
diphthongs derived from stressed Latin E and O are absent from Occitan, with diphthongs developing in other cases however, primarily when
Note, however, that there were many different spelling variants for the sound [] in
both languages.
139 Some distinguishing properties are only apparent because they are the result of later
developments. Thus, e.g., the shift of word final /ts/ to the semivowel [w] is not reflected
in texts from before the fifteenth century, although the sound shift is supposed to have
happened earlier (cf. our commentary to entry Alef ). Thus, (NWS) or (NWZ) in
Alef and reflects O. Occ. notz or nos, nut but also an early O. Cat. form, in contrast
to the modern nou.
140 Cf. MollGram , POc .
141 Cf. MollGram , POc . When it is not lost, it was usually transformed to
[z]. For the word in question, coa is documented both for Occ. and Cat., whereas Occ.
also had the forms coda and coza (RL :a; FEW :b). Since, as stated above,
intervocalic Dalet often represents [z] (also cf. .), the form could also represent
coza, which would still be exclusively Occitan.
138
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these vowels were open and followed by a Yod.142 Thus, from Latin BISCOCTUM, where the nexus [kt] changed into [jt] in Proto-Western
Romance, we get bescueit in Occitan. In Catalan, this vowel was reduced
to i,143 so that the corresponding result is bescuit. Our text shows the
142
POc .
Cf. MollGram , for the general monophthongation rule in Catalan.
144 Also see the feminine participle form (QWYYT") cooked in Dalet , repre.
senting Occitan cueita but not Catalan cuita.
145 Cf. MollGram , POc .
146 In other cases, we find diverging forms in the different manuscripts. E.g., in Bet ,
the spelling of the somewhat corrupt form ("DYYGYYR) reflects the ending -ier
of O. Occ., aiguier drain for water, whereas MS P has ("YGYR). In the latter case, we
are, of course, unable to tell whether the Catalan variant aiguer is meant or whether the
diphthong was just not represented.
147 POc . This is different from the Latin NT, which produced a stable n, also cf. POc
.
148 According to A. Griera i Gaja, Gramtica histrica del catal antic, Barcelona ,
p. , and MollGram , the -n appears sporadically in Catalan texts written no later than
the thirteenth century.
149 Cf. POc loc. cit.
143
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O. Occ. an(n)on(n)a, wheat, cereal, a word which does not seem to have
existed in O. Cat., as is the case with malviscle marshmallow (,
MLWYSQLY,
Het
. ). Sometimes, irregular sound shift phenomena or
different Vulgar Latin traditions led to different results in both languages.
Some examples are:
O. Occ aisens or eisens for absinth vs. O. Cat. donzell, see
Ayin ).
well in the plural form () (SWRB(")
S,
O. Occ. romeze / ronse, (RWMZY) in Qof , vs. O. Cat. romeguera, blackberry, which appears in Hebrew transcription as
(RWMGYRH) in a synonym list of Catalan origin (GHAT).
O. Occ. ili iris; O. Cat. has forms with l- or ll-, such as lliri. Our text
contains the Occ. variant: ("YLY) (Shin ).
150
Cf. HebMedSyn .
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primary concern here. Such a task is not an easy one anyway, since not
all the features necessary for determining the provenance of an O. Occ.
text are reflected in the Hebrew graphic system. We shall, nevertheless,
attempt to address at least some aspects of this issue.
A major distinction is usually made between Northern and Southern
varieties. One characteristic property of the former is that velar plosives
before [a] became palatalised, see examples such as chastel, brancha, plaja
compared to castel, branca, plaga in the South.151 Since our manuscripts
contain no trace of this palatalisation, we can restrict our discussion
to the Southern varieties, namely Languedocian, which covers the area
between the rivers Garonne and Rhne, and Provenal, which comprises
the ancient county of Provence, the county of Venaissin and the cities
of Avignon, Marseille, and Nice.152 We can narrow down the territory
further based on the occurrence of the n-mobile (cf. .), which regularly appears spelt out in our text, cf. (BRWN, brun, brown, dark,
Gimel , Tet
talon, heel, Qof ), (PYN, pin, pine. ), (TLWN,
.
tree, Alef ), () (DR(")GWN, dragon, dragon, Dalet ), (P"N,
"WRTWL(")N,
*safran
pan, bread, Lamed ), () (SPR"N
.
153 This feature, which is common
ortolan, garden safflower, in Het
).
.
to all three manuscripts, indicates that they stem from a zone where the
final n had not disappeared. Such a feature is typical of the zone east of
the Rhne and around Nmes,154 which leads us to exclude the Languedocian territory and restrict the language primarily to the Provenal
dialect, excluding the Western part of the Rhodanien subdialect. It is
sot
worth noting that another list of Hebrew-Romance glosses, the Sar
ha-Kesef by Joseph Caspi (ShK, see .), which was identified as being
essentially Rhodanien by its editor Cyril Aslanov, consequently omits the
n-mobile.155 The Provenal dialect zone east of the Rhne to where the
Romance variety used in our synonym list can be localised also corresponds to the main region in which the word nerta for myrtle (cf. .)
is found. According to Von Wartburg, this form actually originated in
151
introduction
156
lettuce), in Het
T,
. , () (B(Y)SQWYY
. bescueit, biscuit) in Kaf , ()()
faita(s)) in Mem . The situation is rather more complicated, since the -it(P"Y(Y)T"(
. S),
forms also existed in the koin, although the koin was not a point of reference for the
Jewish authors and scribes.
160 Another possibility is that (LDBYRT) represents the modern Gascon variant
.
ladert.
introduction
161
introduction
163 Some other cases of possible Catalan words or variants, such as those mentioned in
Lamed and Ayin , are less clear.
164 See section . for evidence against a common ancestor manuscript of both P and
O (excluding V).
165 For the field of medicine, cf. CB.
introduction
Bet ), ("BL"QTY
See (K"MYDRYWS,
).
. BZ"NTY,
. Sade
.
From f(o)eniculum fennel, xylobalsamum wood of the balsam tree, and papaver
BLSMY,
Ayin ),
poppy. Cf. (PNYQWLY, Zayin ), (SYLW
Pe , MS V).
(P"P"WYRYS,
168 Note that, in compound terms with such genitive forms, there is not always agree
ment between the two forms. See, e.g. (PYTRW
SLYNY
MSD.
WNYKWM, petroselini macedonicum) in Kaf and (PWLYWM MWNTNY,
.
polium montani) in Samekh .
169 See, among others, L. Ferre, La terminologa mdica en las versiones hebreas de
textos latinos.
170 MF .
166
167
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171
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therefore have led to the author or two of the copyists feeling that Yod
would be a better representation of this sound.174 Another case is
(LYPY", MS P) vs. (LWPYY", MSS O and V) for lupia, epidermal
cist (Alef ).
Diphthongs and triphthongs are often represented, for example:175
[aw] as ("W) or ("B) or (B): (BL"WSTY",
Nun ,
.
MS
V),
balaustia
blossom
of
the
wild
MS P), (BLBSTY",
.
pomegranate tree; (QBQYLY", cauquilha, shell, Nun ,
MS O); ("BRPWMYNT,
. Samekh , aurpiment, MS V);
[je] as (YY): (NWGYYR), nogier, walnut tree (Alef , MSS
O and V); (PWRNYYR), fornier, baker (Pe );
174 Cf. ShK , for similar cases. As mentioned in POc , the same alternation
between u and i can be found in O. Occ. words in Latin script, such as onchira and onchura
seasoning and cominal and comunal common.
175 See Neubauer / Meyer, op. cit., p. , and ShK
introduction
S,
many of the examples already introduced, such as () (SWRB(")
cauls, Kaf , MSS P, O);
sorbas Ayin ); () (Q(")WLS,
(QST"NYY",
castanha / castanya, Ayin , MS V); (" STRYLY"R,
.
.
esterilhar, Gimel , MS P). /s/ is sometimes written using Sade
in word
.
final position in manuscripts O and V, but usually only following Mem,
Nun, Lamed, or Tav: cf. ("LS. , alhs / alls, garlic, plural, Bet , MS O);
(QDYLS. , cadel(l)s, little dogs, Gimel , MSS O and V);177
(QWLWMS. , coloms, pidgeons, MS O in Dalet ); (QWDWNS. ,
codons, quinces, Het
. , MSS V and O); (BLYT. S. , blets, blites, Yod
, MSS O, V);178 (BWLYT. S. , bolets, mushrooms, Kaf , MS O; Pe
, MSS O and V); (MNWDYT. S. , menudets, kind of pastry, pl.,
Lamed , MS O). MS P often has Samekh for the latter cases, i.e. after
179
final Tet,
. bolets, Kaf ).
. see (BWLYTS,
The Occitan and Catalan -s- is voiced when intervocalic and can, as
such, occasionally be found as -z- andin Hebrew spellingas Zayin,
O. Occ. estafizagra for lice-bane, Sade
). The
cf. (" STPYZQR",
.
.
same letter can also represent the affricates [dz] or [ts], cf. (SLZY
for sal(t)ze willow in Ayin ), (BRZYL for brazil or brezil(h),
brazil wood, in Alef ) or (NWZ for notz, nut, in Alef , MS P, and
Alef , MS V). It therefore usually represents spellings with z in Latin
script, independently of its position in the word.180 Intervocalic [z] and
[dz] are frequently represented by Dalet, however:181 O. Occ. cozent (lit.:
177
for a
more extensive discussion.
178
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introduction
(P"NYQ"BT).
. Another example is the O. Occ. adjective rosat,
T)
written as () (RWS(")D)
in P and O and (RWS"
. in V (Kaf
, ).
As far as Latin based manuscripts are concerned, the most typical
spellings in modern times for palatal n and l, pronounced [] and []
respectively, are ny and ll in Catalan and nh and lh in Occitan, although
many alternative spellings are documented in the Middle Ages,183 including the simple spelling with l and n respectively. Like Latin, the Hebrew
alphabet also had no characters for these sounds, meaning we cannot
be sure whether [] and [] are always treated as distinct from their
non-palatal versions. In some cases, in fact, no special marking seems
for O. Occ. pinhons pineto have been used, such as (PYNWNS)
cone kernels (Gimel , MS O), (WYRMYLWN), vermelhon a
bontype of (cosmetic) paint (Samekh , MS O); and (BWNYT. S),
hetas / bonyetas, cake(s)), Samekh , MS V. If, however, the Yod is not
interpreted as a vowel in these cases, it could be regarded as a device for
transcribing the palatal sounds. It thus seems the letter Yod is used most
frequently as a means of distinguishing between palatal and non-palatal
sounds for these letters. Thus, palatal n is represented as (NY) in
pinhas / pinyas, pine cones (Alef ) or (PYLNY"), O. Occ.
(PNYS),
*pelanha bark, in Alef (MS P). The last example shows (NYY)
in MSS O and V, () (PYL(")NYY"), also cf. (PWG"NYY",
foganha / foganya, kitchen, fireplace, Bet , O).184 An example of palatal
n in word final position is (" STNYY)
for O. Occ estanh or O. Cat.
.
estany, pond, lake (Lamed ), where MS O shows an isolated examPalatal l is represented
ple of the sequence (YNY): (" ST"YNY).
.
esterilhar,
to stretch (Gimel
as (LY), e.g. in (" STRYLY"R),
.
) or (QWQYLYH, Nun , MS P) / (QBQYLY", MS O),
cauquilha, shell. Here, too, MSS O and V often use two Yods, (LYY),
such as in (WYRMYLYYWN) for vermelhon in MS V, see above,
Samekh , MS V; also cf. (BWTYLYY")
for botelha bottle (Sade
.
.
, MS V), and (P"LYY") for palha / palla, straw (Tav , MSS O,
V). Final [] is often spelled (YYL), as in (QRYST"YYL),
.
representing O. Occ. crestalh or O. Cat. crestall, crystal, glass (Shin ,
183
has only one Yod, making the interpretation more difficult: (BWNYT
. S).
184
introduction
Unless the variants with final (Y)Y represent the Latin genitive singular (alii).
We would like to thank Julia Zwink for her help with describing the manuscripts.
We have employed the palaeographical identification method for Hebrew manuscripts
developed by Malachi Beit-Ari as a point of reference and orientation for our observations. M. Beit-Ari, The Makings of the Medieval Hebrew Book. Studies in Palaeography
and Codicology, Jerusalem , pp. .
187 H. Zotenberg, Catalogues des manuscrits hbreux et samaritains de la BN, Paris ,
p. .
186
introduction
The Bibliothque Nationale in Paris also has book and the beginning of book (MS
hb. ) in its keeping, as well as books to , which were separated from another
copy (on paper, MS hb. ).
189 The pagination appears on the recto of each folio in the upper left corner of the page.
It is written in Arabic numerals and was apparently added by a later hand, possibly when
the codex was bound, since the characteristics and the size of the pen used for writing
differ from the main Hebrew text.
190 Cf. M. Beit-Ari, Hebrew Codicology, Paris , p. . Hebrew scribes would make
use of different methods in order to achieve this aim and avoid leaving a ragged margin
at the end of the written line. The expanding of one of the letters of the last word in a
line was very common, but was only really feasible when writing in a square script (cf.
Beit-Ari, loc. cit.), which is not the case here, where we have a semi-cursive (cf. below).
Another possibility was the insertion of graphical fillers (mostly letters or parts of letters)
at the end of the line (cf. Beit-Ari, loc. cit.); this practice was not used either by the scribe
of the Paris MS.
191 Cf. Beit-Ari, Hebrew Codicology, p. .
introduction
the last word or the anticipating letter(s) described above, a method also
popular among Hebrew copyists.
The extant folios of the Sefer ha-Shimmush in MS P were clearly
produced by one hand (except for the vocalisation; cf. below). The main
body of the text is written in a Sephardic semi-cursive script, with the
headings indicating the beginning of the next letter section written in red
ink in a larger book hand in bold with serifs. Striking similarities to other
Sephardic manuscripts dating from approximately the same time can be
seen concerning the script style of the main body of text.192 The letters
of the Paris MS, which are also decorated with serifs, are comparable
to the ones used in a manuscript from Villaln (from ), which is
reproduced in Yardenis book of Hebrew script.193 The script style used in
this manuscript is a Sephardic semi-cursive script, the so-called rabbinic
style or Rashi script.194 It has a rounded appearance due to the curved
strokes (especially in the case of Bet, Lamed, and Mem). Alef has a sort of
roof instead of the former diagonal stroke195 and is only distinguishable
from Het
. by the small, thin extra stroke on the top of the letter; its left
downstroke ends under the line. The left stroke of Gimel begins at the
bottom of the long right downstroke and becomes a horizontal line. It
has a long left downstroke that ends under the line. The top of the vertical
stroke of Lamed starts very high up, often protruding over the bottom of
the line above; the curved stroke resembles a concave, reclined bowl. The
medial stroke of Shin becomes a nearly horizontal line, beginning slightly
below the top of the left downstroke.
192
The letters used for the headings show some striking characteristic features: Gimel
resembles Nun; only a small part of the vertical right downstroke protrudes over the lower
cross to allow the two letters to be distinguished from one another. He and Het
. are also
quite similar: the left downstroke of He comes very close to the upper cross, so that only a
tiny space separates the two lines, leading to a very close resemblance between the He and
the Het.
. Yod resembles a right angle inclined to its reverse. The top of medial Mem and Pe
appear very convex; the left stroke of medial Mem leans sharply backwards. Final Mem
resembles Samekh. The space between the upper cross of Qof and its left downstroke
is very small, meaning that they almost touch each other. All these characteristics can
also be found in two manuscripts from Toledo, dating from and , which are
both reproduced and described by Yardeni (A. Yardeni, Book of Hebrew Script: History,
Palaeography, Script Style, Calligraphy, and Design, Jerusalem ), pp. . These
manuscripts are classified by Yardeni as written in a typical Sephardic book hand of the
thirteenth century
193 Op. cit., p. .
194 Because it served as the model for the letter-types in which Rashis commentary to
the Bible and Talmud was printed in (ibidem, p. ).
195 Ibidem, p. .
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196
introduction
added by other hands at a later date in the upper left hand corner. The
paginations are written in (carbon) pencil, in contrast to the main text,
which is written in ink, and differ from each other in their characteristic script style. They both indicate folios (not pages), with the upper
pagination always one number higher than the second pagination system beneath it. Following Richler,200 we use the lower pagination as our
point of reference.
The synonym list appears on fols aa. Following a richly decorated panel containing the title and an indication that the section for
Alef begins here, the text then begins directly with the synonyms; the
explanatory introduction is missing. The terms are arranged in a kind of
table, i.e., every entry fills one horizontal line, with the Arabic, Hebrew
and Romance / Latin synonyms arranged in the vertical columns. Each
page nearly always contains lines, except for the pages where a new
letter section begins. On these pages, the scribe painted an ornamented
panel with the relevant title, which is often additionally decorated with
figures of birds, animals and hybrid creatures.
The text margin is even on the right hand but not on the left hand side,
which is due to the method of representing the synonyms in columns:
the words in a particular language are organised in such a way that they
always start at the same point, one below the other. The copyist of the
Vatican MS therefore did not follow the ideal of a uniform left margin
(cf. above), deciding instead in favour of a clearer text arrangement.201
When the synonyms of one entry are too long or when there are several
variants, which is often the case for the Romance / Latin synonyms, the
text either continues into the left margin at the end of the line in a vertical,
upward way (if only a few words are concerned), or, in the case of a longer
passage, is continued on the line below.
The pages of the codex are ruled using barely visible pencil lines, which
mark the lines as well as the text margin on the right and the left hand
side. The horizontal ruled lines do not extend beyond the vertical margin lines, and the margin lines do not extend beyond the horizontal
lines, resulting in a kind of ruled rectangle on each page. This type of
medieval ruling schema has been categorised by Dukan202 as type C,
200
Loc. cit.
In some cases, the scribe expands the final letter, if one entry perfectly fits one line
(e.g., entry Gimel ).
202 M. Dukan, La rglure des manuscrits hbreux au Moyen-Age, Paris , p. .
201
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sub-category c).203 Dukan observes that this kind of pattern is characteristic of manuscripts originating in the Sephardic region.204
The script style of the MS V is uniform and shows that the text was
produced by a single scribe. The titles indicating the beginning of a new
letter section are incorporated into the main text like in MS P (cf. above).
These titles are written, just like the ones in the Paris manuscript, in a
square book hand, which can be characterized, following Yardeni,205 as a
typical medieval Sephardic script style.206
Concerning the main body of text, the script style can also be clearly
characterised as a medieval Sephardic semi-cursive or rabbinic script
(cf. ..). Similarities to the script in the Paris MS and the example
manuscript presented in Yardeni207 are clearly visible and can be exemplified by looking at the following letters: Alef resembles Het,
. like in MS P,
i.e., the former diagonal stroke has become horizontal and is bent down
at the right end; the small right stroke is perched like a thin flag on top
of it. Gimel has the same form as in MS P, i.e., the former diagonal left
base stroke has become horizontal and lies on the baseline. Medial Mem
shows no base stroke; its right downstroke is curved only slightly to the
left. Final Pe has a striking additional vertical stroke on the left side of the
top. There is a certain amount of space left between the roof and the left
downstroke of Taw; the left downstroke itself is very long and bent to the
left at the end.
Summarising the results of the analysis of the ruling schema and the
characteristics of the script styles, we can state that the features of MS V
correspond to the typical features of Sephardic manuscripts from the
Middle Ages in the same way as those in MS P do (cf. ..). The dating
established by Richler (fourteenth century)208 can also be confirmed by
the observations we have made here.
Notes in the margin can be found on fols a, a, a, a, a,
b, and a. Since they show the same characteristics with respect to
203
introduction
the script style and the thickness of the writing pen as the main body of
the text, it is probable that they were added by the same scribe, probably
while revising the text.
The Vatican manuscript lacks several entries featured in the Paris
manuscript, but also contains some additional ones (cf. .). In a few
cases, these relate to explanatory terms probably added by the copyist.
... MS Oxford, Hunt Donat (O)
The Oxford manuscript is mentioned in Neubauers Catalogue and in
Beit-Aris and Mays Supplement.209 It is a watermarked paper manuscript copied in the year in a Sephardic cursive script by Asher ben
Abraham ha-Kohen in the city of Trets (Provence). The colophon is erroneous concerning the date of compilation, omitting the notation for ,
which means the Jewish date should be read as [] = (and
not ). This mistake was noted and corrected in the Addenda and Corrigenda to Neubauers catalogue.210 As is generally known, watermarks
are attested only since (Bologna) and, in addition, the colophon
says that the copy was completed on Thursday the th of Shevat; this
date actually fell on a Thursday in (cf. loc. cit.).
The folios of the manuscript, which contains books seven to twentynine of the Sefer ha-Shimmush, have been numbered twice, by folio on the
upper left-hand corner and by page in the middle of the upper margin.
Book twenty-nine features on fol. v to fol. r of the manuscript,
which corresponds to pages to . Following Neubauer, we also
refer to the pagination by folios.
The type area is arranged in two columns each containing or
lines. The synonym list entries start at the top of fol. r. The beginning
of a new letter is indicated by a kind of a centered title, which, in contrast
to the MSS P and V, is neither highlighted by means of another typeface
nor by the use of ornaments. The script is probably the same as the one
used for the main text and is only slightly bigger. On fols r, r, v,
r, r, r, v, r, and v, the title is repeated by means of a
heading line on the top of a column.
209 Op. cit. and M. Beit-Ari / R.A. May, Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts in
the Bodleian Library: Supplement of Addenda and Corrigenda to Vol. (A. Neubauers
Catalogue), Oxford .
210 Cf. Beit-Ari / May, op. cit., p. .
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The roof , the right downstroke, and the basic stroke of Samekh have
been merged into one loop, joined to the left downstroke, which protrudes from the letter like a pillar; the whole letter is reminiscent of a
Latin P. Medial Pe is a long curved downstroke with a short vertical left
stroke. The right arm of Sade
is not made to slope down to the left, but
.
rather joins the top of the left arm in the form of a concave line. The form
of Shin resembles the ones in MSS P and V: the middle stroke joins the
left vertical downstroke at the top; the right dowstroke forms an oblique
base.
The similarities between the script of MS O and the exemplary scripts
in Yardeni unambiguously point to the MS being a clear example of a typical medieval Sephardic cursive. However, in contrast to the calligraphic
character described by Yardeni213 for the Qala#at Aiyub manuscript, the
script in MS O has rather the appearance of a vademecum, intended for
everyday use. This impression is augmented by its lack of ornament, the
headlines and the table-like representation, which also gives it a scientific character. Hence, the cursive script used in the text was not used for
calligraphic purposes but rather for practical reasons due to the fact that
it can be written quickly.
.. Notes on the Manuscript Filiation
and Choice of Base Manuscript
In this section, we shall make some observations on the possible manuscript filiation. These observations cannot be regarded as definitive and
will have to be reconsidered on the evidence of the second synonym lists
(forthcoming), and, ultimately, on the critical edition of the Sefer haShimmush itself.
To begin with, it can be observed that MS P represents the most
complete version of the list: all the entries contained in MSS V and O
can also be found in P, with the exception of two entries unique to MS
O.214 In addition, both MS O and MS V lack around twenty to twenty-five
entries each:
First of all, there is a series of entries present in P but omitted both in
O and V: Bet (BHRMG, last entry of Bet), He (
HDRQWN, penultimate entry of He), Het
Het
. (HPYPH),
.
.
213
Op. cit., p. .
S,
liquorice) is added after Shin , and another one after Shin
One entry (SW
(SZPYN).
214
introduction
S
and Resh ( RMWN
.
.
. PHT)
Shin
HRYM, last entry of Resh), Shin ( SS MSZR),
Bet , He , Het
, Resh , Shin , Shin .
. , Het
. , Lamed , Sade
.
Alef , , ; Bet , ; Gimel ; Het
. ; Yod , ; Kaf , ; Ayin ; Qof ,
, ; Shin ; Tav .
217 Qof : the Arabic synonym is that of , which means that entries Qof , and
the beginning of Qof were omitted by error. These entries therefore cannot be additions
of P and O and must have belonged to an ancestor manuscript of all three copies.
218 Note that in Yod it is said that there are six varieties of mint. However, only two of
them are mentioned. It is thus probable that the original entry was much longer, naming
216
introduction
MS O lacks entries that are present in P and V.219 Here too, some
seem to be accidental omissions of substantial entries, i.e., entries that are
based on standard sources. In three cases, however, the last entry of an
alphabetical section is missing, namely in Ayin (#DL), Resh
220
( RWH
In the latter case,
. W#YM), and Tet
. (TRY).
.
the entry is repeated from Tet
,
where,
however,
the
Romance
synonym
.
SR
, SBR;
, SPWLY
H" S. TWMK";
,
.
HR
S
HWR)
are
missing
in
O.
With
the
exception
of
Shin
,
. .
probably an addition of P (see above), the most reasonable explanation
is that these entries were present in a common ancestor of MSS V and P
but not in the version from which MS O was copied.221
The idea that MSS V and P belong to a common tradition different
from that of MS O is corroborated by some observations that concern
the internal structure of the entries and the lexical material itself:
MTPY,
non extinct) is incomplete in MSS
Gimel : (GYR
.
P and V; the original entry is supposed to be (KBRYT
MTPY,
GYR
non extinct sulphur), as in O.
.
other mint varieties. The copyist of a later version may have copied only part of Yod by
mistake, becoming aware of his error when revising the manuscript and leading him to
add the missing parts later, thus giving rise to entries and .
219 Bet , Zayin , Het , Tet , Lamed , Ayin , Qof , , Resh , Shin ,
.
.
, Shin .
220 As mentioned above, Resh , the last entry of Resh in our edition, was added in
MS P.
221 This might not hold for three other cases: Qof ( QTRY HRSYH, the
.
. .
penultimate entry of Qof) is a repetition of Qof . In Bet (BLH) there is no
Romance synonym and the Arabic synonym is a homograph of the Hebrew one; it is
possible that MS O consciously skipped this entry because it seemed self-evident to the
copyist. Lamed (LPWTY), the penultimate entry of Lamed, is a short entry
without Romance that could not be retrieved in the sources, and, in addition, resembles
the entry in Lamed to some extent.
introduction
222 E.g., wrong Arabic word or spelling form: in Alef , , , Het , , Mem ;
.
deviant or defective Hebrew form: Het
. , Kaf . The lemma of Mem is missing, so
that Mem and were contracted to form one entry, Qof and show a similar
contraction; Samekh is mutilated (i.e. it only consists of the Hebrew lemma), Samekh
idem; Samekh , Ayin : the Arabic synonym is defective. Resh : the Hebrew
Lemma is mising; Shin : the Arabic synonym is missing.
introduction
223
introduction
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Cited Texts and Dictionaries
AdOr
AdV
AdVCat
AEY
AH
AK
ALap
ALF
AQ
ARS
AS
ASQ
AT
ATG
AV
BadGram
BAL
BB
BF
BH
BJ
BK
BKH
BLS
BM
BMA
BMB
BMH
BMMa
BMMb
BMP
BMR
BS
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ALEF1
. 5 4 3 2
Entries have been adapted from G. Bos and G. Mensching, Shem Tov Ben
Isaac, Glossary of Botanical Terms, Nos. , in Jewish Quarterly Review XCII (),
pp. .
2 : O
3 : V
4 : O V
5 : O, om. V
6 L cites various origins for #anbar as ambergris as given in the earlier literature:
It issues from a source in the sea: a fish, marine beast, or a vegetable in the bottom of the
sea; cf. IBF . It is now generally considered to be a morbid secretion of the sperm
whale intestine, which is fragrant when heated.
7 L ibid.
8 The yellow powder obtained from Memecylon tinctorium Willd. or Flemingia
rhodocarpa Bak. (SP ).
9 For the glosses in MS Rouen, cf. the extensive discussion in A. Maman, Comparative
Semitic Philology in the Middle Ages. From Sa#adiah to Ibn Barun (thth C.).
Translated into English by David Lyons, Leiden , pp. .
10 For David b. Abraham al-F
as (th century) and his Kitab Jami# al-Alfaz. see
Maman, Comparative Semitic Philology in the Middle Ages, pp. , abbr. MCS. As
Maman demonstrated, al-Fas consulted the biblical translations and commentaries of his
predecessors, including B. Nahawendi, Daniel Qumisi, J. Qirqisani, Salmon b. Yeruhim,
.
and Sa#adya (ibid., pp. ).
alef
13 : P V
14 : O V
15 While Allony attributed these lexical explanations to Sa"adya Ga"on, Abramson
(Millon ha-Mishnah le-Rav Sa"adya Ga"on, Leshonenu (), pp. and subsequently Maman (MCS , n. ) argued that they are not Sa"adyas at all. According to
Brody (The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture, New Haven
, p. ), Allonys identification was correct, as confirmed by further manuscript
discoveries in the Genizah, along with a comparison of citations in Se"adyahs name and
interpretations contained in his other works.
16 : VO
17 : O (cf. entry )
18 : VO
19 For R. Hananel (/) and his commentary on the Talmud see I.M. TaShma. Ha-Sifrut ha-Parshanit la-Talmud. vols. nd rev. ed. Jerusalem , vol. ,
pp. .
20 See as well I. Loew, Mlanges de Lexicographie Rabbinique, Revue des tudes Juives
(): , no. (pp. ).
alef
. 21
"S", Arab. "S, o.l. NYRTH
.
Aramaic "S" means myrtle, Myrtus communis L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBB b (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :,
:; KT :, ; LF : ff.). Its Hebrew equivalent is (KB ;
JD ; LW :; KA :; AEY :; FO ; FM ; IJS :;
KT :, ; LF ibid.).
Arabic as, which is possibly a loan translation from the Aramaic
(FF ), also means myrtle (DT :; M ).
Sa#adya on Is : translates with as:
(I will plant cedars in the wilderness, acacias and myrtles and
oleasters): (S ); see
as well IJ , SF :. The Arabic as also features in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is translated by N and Z as: . For
the identification of as rayh
. an, see as well Ayin no. .
NYRTH
. is O. Occ. nerta for myrtle (FEW :bb). This form
with n- seems exclusively Occitan, the Cat. forms being murta or murtra
(DCVB :a; DECLC :a). For the use of nerta and murta in other
Hebrew-Romance synonym lists, see HebMedSyn .
. 24 23 22
TH
"YRWS, Arab. SYSNBR, o.l. BLSMY
.
Hebrew "YRWS is the Mishnaic term for iris, Iris pallida L. (JD ;
LW :; KA :, :; AEY :; DAS :; FM ; FZ ff.;
LF : f.).
Arabic sisanbar is a corruption of sawsan barr (wild lily; cf. DT :;
LF :). For their identification, cf. Maimonides on mKil .: :
(iris is sisanbar which is the kind of
mint which has broad leaves) (MK :; cf. LF :). For Arabic sawsan,
cf. Shin no. below.
It seems that SYSNBR has been misinterpreted as a Romance form
of Lat. sisymbrium25 for a type of mint, probably Menta silvestris or
21 : VO
22 :
23 : O
om. V
24 : O
25 For the Latin word (< Greek ); see Sin , n. ;
, n. ; :; .
alef
. 32 31
ZND, o.l. PYR" PWG
"BN R#P, Arab. H
. GR
Hebrew R#P, plur. R#PYM, means ) flint and ) glazed tile, and
features in Rabbinic literature, for instance, in yBer VII, b, where it is
stated that the Lord made him (Adam) find two flints which he struck
against each other to produce fire (JD ; LW : f.; KA :;
BM ; KT :, ).
Arabic ha
. gar az-zand (= *az-zinad?) is, according to D :, s.v. ha
. gar
az-zinad (?): pierre briquet, silex (flint) (cf. al-Idrs (IJS :):
ha
. gar an-nar: . . . wa-huwa ha
. gar az-zinad) (cf. MS O). The term zand
actually means A piece of stick, or wood, for producing fire (L ).
Maimonides on mMen . (MK :) explains the term as:
(cf. L s.v. 7
: A kind of stones, which have holes and upon which
a fire is lighted and kept up until they are thoroughly burnt [ . . . ]; baked
bricks).
The vernacular term according to MS P and MS O, i.e. PYR" PWG or
PYYR" PWQ respectively, could be read as O. Occ. *peira fug for flint
stone (cf. O. Occ. peira stone, FEW :b and foc/fug fire, FEW :a).
Cf. the modern dialect forms quoted in FEW :b and TrFel :c,
e.g., peirafuec in a dialect of the Alpes in the Dauphin, and in DFO
:b, peiro-fioc. For O. Occ., the FEW documents the form peyrafuga
silex dont on peut tirer des tincelles avec un morceau dacier (i.e., silex
which serves for producing sparks with a piece of steel, documented in
the th c.), commenting that the word seems to have been misspelt
(FEW :a, n. ). MS V only includes the first element, *peira. We can
exclude a Cat. variant here, which would be pedra de foc (DECLC :b;
DCVB :b).
31 :
32 :
O V
O V add. V
36 35
33 : V
34 : O V
35 : V
36 :, om. O V
37 :
38 : O
39
add. V
om. V
alef
The Romance form "YNDY is the usual O. Occ. or O. Cat. term indi for
indigo (RL :ba; DECLC :bb).
. 47 46 45
"YBR"T"; Arab. "BHL, o.l. GYNBRY
Aramaic "YBR"T" or BRT" means juniper, Juniperus drupacea Labill.,
Juniperus Excelsa L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBB b
( :) (JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : f., :; FEB ff.;
FM ; FO f.; LF : ff.); the Hebrew equivalent is . See as well
Bet no. .
Arabic abhal means savin, Juniperus sabina L. (L ; D :;
DT :; M ).
For the identification of abhal as "YBR"T", cf. HTG :
and is in Arabic al ("BR"T" comes from HBRWS
abhal); see as well ibid. . According to al-Idrs (IJS :), 09 is called
;
and <)
in Syriac.
O. Occ. and O. Cat. ginebre is Juniperus communis (PSW :b
a; DECLC :bb). The variant used in MS V, GYNYYBRY,
seems to represent a diphthongised form that could not be found in our
O. Occ. and O. Cat. sources. But note that DAO : gives a Mod. Occ.
(Languedocien) jhinibr and that similar forms are frequent in other
Romance languages (e.g. O. Fr. geneivre, Fr. genivre, cf. FEW :b;
Aragonese hinieblo, jiniebro, cf. DECLC :b).
. 49 48
"LH, Arab. BTMH,
o.l. PYN
.
Hebrew "LH means terebinth, Pistacia terebinthus L., and features in
the Bible (e.g. Gen :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. mShebi . (KB ;
CD :; JD ; LW :; KA :; AEY :; DAS :; FEB ff.;
FM ; FO ff.; FZ f.; LF : ff.).
Arabic but. m(a) also refers to the terebinth (DT :; M ).
45 :
46 : V
47 : O V
48 : O V
49 :
add. V
alef
. 52 51
or BSD, o.l. QWRYL
"LMWG, Arab. MRG"N
Hebrew "LMWG, plur. "LMGYM, indicates a precious wood not specified
any more closely [ . . . ] trad. sandal-wood and features in the Bible (in the
plur. only), e.g. in Song :, and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bShab b
(KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; FEB ff.;
FO ; LF : ff.). In Rabbinic literature, it is identified, amongst other
things, as coral. For instance, in bRH a it is stated: :
("LMWGYN is KSYT", i.e., coral; cf. LW :: eig. was vom Meere
bedeckt ist: ) Koralle (actually something which is covered by the sea:
) coral); see as well FZ ; LF :; SB :).
Margan is the Arabic equivalent to "LMWG for the meaning coral (E.I.2
: f., s.v. mardjan (A. Dietrich)). Bussad is the Persian term and is
often used as a synonym although, strictly speaking, it is the root of the
coral as well as the subsoil to which it is attached; see Dietrich, ibid.;
VL :, s.v. bussad/busad, bissad/bisad; LF :; SP .
For the identification of "LMWG as margan, cf. the Geonic commentary on Tohorot (EG ), and Maimonides on mKel . (MK :)
(cf. LF :). NZ fol. a reads:
("LMWGYM, in Arabic margan, o.l. QWR"LLY). For the identification
of margan as bussad, cf. Ibn Janahs
. K. at-Talkhs. as quoted by al-Idrs
(IJS :; cf. AS ); see as well ShT , no. .
The vernacular form QWRYL/QWR"YYL seems to reflect the O. Occ.
cora(i)l(l/h) or O. Cat. corayl alongside corall coral (RL :a; FEW
:ab; CB , ; DCVB :a; DECLCL :b). The Cat.
coral(l) could also designate various types of plants: Cotyledon orbiculata, Crassula arborescens and Crassula coccinea (DCVB loc. cit.). As a
plant name, in O. Occ., only coral is documented, which designates the
oak tree and its wood (DAO :; RL :a; PSW :a), but does not
match the form in our text, although this meaning resembles that of the
Hebrew lemma.
The Cat. coral is identified as busad wa huwa #uruq al-margan (AdV
).
. 54 53
"GWZ MQY", Arab. GWZ "LQY, o.l. NWS BWMYQ"
Hebrew "GWZ MQY" is vomic nut, Nux vomica, Strychnos nux vomica
(BM , s.v. ; LF : f.), and was possibly coined by Shem
Tov after the Arabic gawz al-qay". Subsequently, we find the term as
(cf. BM , but no source reference) and attributed to ha-RZ
(= Zerahyah
Hen)
in a marginal note to the term (NWZY
.
.
BWMTY)
in
Moses
ibn
Tibbons Hebrew translation of Maimonides On
.
the Regimen of Health (cf. BMR II, ).
Gawz
al-qay" is the Arabic equivalent (DT :; M ).
The Hebrew transcription NWS represents O. Occ. notz (see entry
Alef ), so most probably the whole expression represents an O. Occ.
*nos/notz vomica. This term was modelled after the Medieval Lat. term,
nux vomica vomic nut, according to the Alphita (see Sin :; CA ),
where it is identified as nux indica (Cocos nucifera L.). Cf. the O. Fr.
noiz vomice, M. and Mod. Fr. noix vomique (FEW :ab), O. Sp.
nuez bomica (Sin loc. cit.). We might be tempted to exclude Catalan here,
which would be nou rather than notz or nos (DECLC :a), but note
that the development from word final /ts/ to the semivowel -u can only
be found in writing from the th c. onwards, although the sound shift
is supposed to have happened earlier (cf. BadGram f.; MollGram
; TermMedOc ). For vmic, vmica causing vomiting, documented
since , cf. DECLC (:a).
53 : O
54 : V
alef
. 56 55
"RY H"RS. , Arab. M"ZRYWN, o.l. LWRYWLH
Hebrew "RY H"RS. , lit., lion of the earth, designates Daphne mezereum
L. and Var. The Hebrew term is not attested in secondary literature (cf.
BM , n. ) and was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation
of the Arabic =(> %& which is, in turn, a loan translation (via Syriac?,
cf. LA f.:) of the Greek (LS ; DT :, esp. n. ; cf.
al-Idrs (IJS :): =( % ,
2 . . . ?(67).
Mazaryun is the standard Arabic term for the same plant (cf. DT :;
M ). It features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms
(XXI, ) and is translated by N as: (LBRY"WLH) and by Z as:
(M
azaryun, i.e. L"WRY"WL").
Laureola is Lat. or O. Occ. (see the quotations from N and Z above
and Sin :: Anabula, i. mezerion, i. laureola; RPA ; cf. also
Sin :, :, a; CA ). In NPRA , it is pointed out that
laureola/lauriola was used as nom des plantes dont la feuille a plus ou
moins la forme de celle du Laurier (i.e., name for plants whose leaves
more or less have the form of those of the laurel), e. g. Daphne oledes L.,
Daphne oleaefolia L., Daphne gnidium L., among others. For O. Cat., see
the quotation given in DCVB :a: Pllules de riubrber que segons
Rasis sn de laureola (i.e., Rhubarb pills that, according to ar-Raz, are
made of laureola, Cauliach Coll.).
For the identification of Lat. or Romance laureola as Arabic mazaryun,
see AdV and GHAT :. Cf. as well al-Idrs (ibidem): . . . ?(67
?( @AB
-) (M"ZRYWN . . . and in French LWRYWLH).
.
60 59 58 57
"PSYQYM", Arab. SW"K, and this is the bark of the walnut tree, o.l.
PYLNY" D"RBRY DYNWGYR
"PSYQYM", a corruption of either or everything woven from palm leaves, or (cord) (KG :) means a (rope)
55 : O V
56 : O W
57 : O
58 : O V
59 : om. OV
60 :
68 67 66 65 64 63
"B TRM
HBN, Arab. M"HYZHRH, o.l. P"YRY "YGNS PYL or "NTYP
.
. TRY
.
All our quotations from the Talmud are derived from The Soncino Talmud.
See as well Gerrit Bos, The miswak, an aspect of dental care in Islam, Medical
History, ,, :.
63 : O
64 : O V
65 : O V
66 : O V
67 : V, om. O
68 : V"! P
62
alef
It is possible that it was coined by Shem Tov after the Romance *peire
enans fil(h) or *paire enans fill mentioned below.
Mahzahra is not Arabic but rather Persian; cf. VL : f.: n.c.
cortex radicis plantae valde niger, iecori piscis similis et pisces necans;
SC : A poisonous yellow-flowering milk-grass which, thrown into
water, intoxicates the fish and brings them to the surface. Its Arabic
equivalent is mahzahrag and refers to the seed of Anamirta cocculus
Wight et Arnott (Menispermaceae); cf. SP ; ID :; a synonym is C%
D' (fish poison). According to Lw (LF :), there are no Hebrew
or Aramaic equivalents.
The third synonym of the vernacular variants corresponds to Lat.
oculus consulis; cf. the entry in Sin :, based on the Alphita (cf.
CA , Oculus Christi est herba, et oculus consulis est altera herba
similis illi), where the meaning Bachminze (i.e. Menta aquatica) is
given. The second synonym, "NTYP
according to MS P, could be
. TRY,
.
identified as a form belonging to the Lat. antipater (either the accusative
antipatre(m) or a form which is corrupt or was adapted to Romance,
such as *antipatre). M. Lat. antipater figures in MLWB :a with the
meaning species plantae. The identification of oculus consulis as antipater
is frequent, but the exact meaning is very difficult to determine. In
addition to the meanings given above, FAntNic indicates Anthemis
tinctoria L., Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. and Bellis perennis L. In other
texts quoted there, antipater is also documented as filius ante patrem,
cf. Matthaeus Silvaticus, quoted in FAntNic (ibid.): Oculus consulis
est herba dicta filius ante patrem vel oculus Christi. This quotation
is particularly interesting because it gives us an indication regarding
the interpretation of the first vernacular synonym, P"YYRY "YNY" S. PYL
according to MS O, which could not be retrieved elsewhere. Following
MTerMed, this expression has to be read as O. Occ. *peire enans fil(h)
or O. Cat. *paire enans fill, thus representing an inversion of the Lat.
term filius ante patrem; for peire/ pa(i)re father cf. RL :b and
DECLC :b; for enan(s), enant before, in front of RL :a and
DECLC :a; for fil(h)(s)/ fill son RL :a and DECLC :b. A
form which could be represented by "YGNS (MS P) was not found. In
CB , we find the term payre e filh, interpreted as melliloto, but it
is not clear if this term bears any relation to our term. MS V gives the
variant PYYRY "NNS. QYPYL, which is difficult to interpret; it might be
that the author wanted to emend the preposition enans by substituting it
with the conjunction enans que before (RL :ba; DECLC loc. cit.).
73 72 71 70 69
75 74
" HW,
Arab. QRT,
from its plant acacia is pre.
. o.l. PRYN" SLW"DYGD",
pared in the land of Egypt; o.l. "Q"SY"
" HW
means sedge, marsh plant and features in the Bible, e.g. in Gen
.
: (KB f.; CD : (reed); BM ; DAS :; FO ; LF
: f.).
Arabic qurt. means Alexandrian trefoil, Trifolium alexandrinum (M
; LF :; SP ).
The identification of " HW
as qurt. goes back to Sa#adya on Gen ::
.
(and they (i.e. the seven cows) grazed in the reed grass):
ah. remarks that the ahl at-tafsr (commentators,
(S ). Ibn Jan
i.e., Sa#adya) identify " HW
with qurt. and that it is a plant similar to
.
lucerne (rat. ba; cf. ID :), with larger leaves (IJ ); cf. LF :.
Its Persian name is, as he says, (EF (sibdir). According to Maimonides
SLWDYG"
(MS V) might be a spontaneous Romanisation of the Lat.
adjective silvatica wild. The variant in MS P seems to be a blend between
this term and salva(t)ja in a spelling *salvadja, the hereditary form
69 : V passim
70 : O
71 : V
72 : om. O
73 :
74 : VO
75 :
add. V
alef
of Lat. SILVATICA(M) and the usual term for wild (see for O. Occ.
salva(t)g(u)e, salva(t)je DAO :; RL :a; PSW :b and for
O. Cat. salvatge DECLC :b; DCVB :a; also cf. the entries Ayin
and Qof ).
"Q"SY" represents the Lat. acacia (< Gr. , NPRA ; DuC :a:
acacia succus prunellarum agrestium), which is not hereditary in any
Romance language (FEW :b), but existed almost everywhere as a
loan word, at least since the late Middle Ages: In O. Occ., we have acassia
acacia (DAO :; RL :a) and acacia, acassia, acrassia, accatie,
ahacatia suc de prunelles vertes (i.e., juice of unripe plums) (DAO :,
which corrects the meaning given in RL and DAO :). In O./M. Fr.
we find acacie (FEW :a), in late O. Sp. acacia/acassia/acasia/acasya
among others with the same meaning (th c.) (DETEMA :bc).
According to Rolland (also quoted in DAO loc. cit.), the juice of the
cassia or oriental acacia (being rare and expensive) was replaced in the
Middle Ages by the juice of unripe plums for pharmaceutical use (cf.
RFlor :).
MS V adds a third synonym, *spina Aegyptiaca, which corresponds to
Lat. spina Aegyptia mimosa (of the genus Acacia Willd.) (NPRA ).
The whole expression could not be found, but see (for the adjective
Aegyptiacus, -a, -um) ThLL (:) and MLWB (:, faba Aegyptiaca).
We might also suppose a Romance equivalent (an Occ. or Cat. form could
not be found, but see O. Sp. espina egipciaca attested in DETEMA :c).
. 77 76
"LMGNYTS,
"BN HSW"BT,
Arab. H
. GR
. o.l. QRMYT"
.
"BN HSW"BT
is the loadstone, magnetite or magnetic iron ore (Fe3O4)
(JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ). The Hebrew term features in Rabbinic
literature, a.o. in the context of the story of Jeroboams sin of the Golden
Calf. It is stated (bSanh b, bSot a) that Elisha hung a loadstone above
the Golden Calf, thus suspending it between heaven and earth. The term
then becomes common in medieval literature; cf. LFa ff.
Arabic ha
. gar al-magnt. is or al-magnat. is (from Greek ; cf.
LS ) refers to the same mineral (E.I.2 : ff., s.v. Magnat.s (E. Wiedemann)). The Arabic term features as in a Geonic Responsum to
bHag
. b (LO Teshuvot on Hag
. b, p. ).
76 :
77 : VO
"BN HSW"BT,
cf. ShM f. and the Hebrew translations of Dalala alh
. a"irn (Guide of the Perplexed) : (following LFa ). For other
identifications of the Hebrew and the Arabic term, cf. LFa .
The vernacular term QRMYT"
. must be the O. Occ. or O. Cat. caramida
for magnetic stone (FEW :a), taken from the Greek
(derived from pipe); other Romance languages preserve the
intervocalic -l-: for example, O. Fr. calemite or calmite (FEW :a).
According to the works that we consulted, the form caramita (which we
seem to have here, as indicated by the Hebrew T)
. is documented only
once in O. Occ. (RL :a), where it was emended into caramida by
Levy because of the rhyme with falhida (PSW :a). Note that there
are other cases in our text in which the Romance intervocalic -d- is
GY)
and by Z as: / ("YSPRGY/" SP"RG);
(" SPRGY
/" SPR
cf.
as well BMA .
Sa#adya allegedly called the asparagus (= Arab. G
H%; cf. D
:: asparagus in the dialect of the Maghreb; see as well DT : n. )
(HTG f.). Rav Hai Gaon remarks that "SPRGWS is a sort of cabbage
78 : V
79 :
O V
alef
and that it also refers to the wine in which it was prepared and which
was drunk every morning (LO Teshuvot on bPes b, p. ; cf as well
WG f.). R. Samuel ben Me"ir adds that it was taken as a remedy every
morning on an empty stomach (cf. Rashbam on bPes b). Maimonides
on mNed . remarks that "SPRGWS means, in general, the water in
which vegetables are cooked, and, in this particular case, kale water
(MK :).
: O
81 :
82 :
V
V add. V
. 84 83
"YLWW", Arab. S. BR, o.l. "LW"N
The Aramaic term "YLWW", also "LWW" is aloe, Aloe vulgaris (JD ;
LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; AEY :; LA :; LF : f.).
The term features in Rabbinic literature, for instance, in the recipe for
anal worms in bGit b previously mentioned (cf. Alef no. above).
Arabic s. abir refers to the inspissated juice of the leaves of different aloe
species, above all Aloe vera L., and Aloe Perryi Bak. (DT :; M ).
Aramaic "YLWW" is identified as Arabic s. abir in the Book of Medicines
attributed to Asaf: (s. abir is "LWY) (AV :)85 and features
in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXII, ), where it is translated by
N and Z as: ("LW"YN); cf. as well BMA .
The form "LW"Y in the Oxford MS transcribes the M. Lat. aloe (< Gr.
, LS b) meaning, among others, Aloe vera L., Aquilaria L. or its
juice (MLWB :; NPRA ). The Lat. word was also used in various
Romance languages: in O. Occ. and O. Cat. we find aloe(n) (CB ;
RL :b; FEW :b; RM , , ; RPA , , ; RMA ;
DECLC :a; AdV , , , ). The form with -n (represented
by the variants features in the MSS P and V) was taken from the GreekLatin accusative (cf. MLWB loc. cit.), which, according to FEW loc. cit.,
entered the Romance languages via Ecclesiastical Latin.
Also cf. entry Qof .
. 88 87 86
"BN HYHWDY, Arab. HGR
"LYHWD, o.l. L"PYS MGN" TY
.
. S
"BN HYHWDY designates the so called Jews stone, which is generally
assumed to refer to the calcified spines of the sea-urchin. It was calcified
spines of the Cidaris glandaria species in particular, found in Palestine
in the middle Cretaceous period, that were brought to Europe by the
83 : V
84 : O
V add. V
Cf. A. Melzer, Asaph the Physician. The Man and his Book. A Historical-Philological
Study of the Medical Treatise, The Book of Drugs (Diss.) University of Wisconsin ,
p. , l. (commentary, p. a.l.). However, it is possible that the Arabic term is a
gloss (cf. E. Lieber, Asaf s Book of Medicines, Symposium on Byzantine Medicine, ed.
J. Scarborough (Dumbarton Oaks Papers )), Washington , p. .
86 : V
87 : om. P
88 : V
85
alef
crusaders and called Jews stones or melons from the Carmel. They
were then pulverized and the powder was administered with milk, wine
or honeywater to those suffering from kidney stones, bleedings and
wounds.89 The Hebrew term features for the first time in medieval
literature (BM ). For instance, in Pseudo Ibn Ezras Sefer ha-Nisyonot it
is recommended in a recipe good for amnesia: Said Dioscurides: if you
take the stone called lapis judaicus, which has streaks [on its surface], and
hang it on him, this will help him to regain his memory.90
Arabic ha
. gar al-yahud or ha
. gar yahud has the same meaning (cf.
M ; IBF ; IJS :; StH ). The term features in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is translated by Z as: .
L"PYS MGN" TY
. S (and LPYS MGNYT. S according to MS V) is the Latin
term lapis magnetis magnetic stone; see, e.g., Sin , n. : Lapis
manetis, i. lapis aymant (cf. entry Alef ). This term corresponds to the
Gr. (!) Magnesian stone (LS b), instead of the Latin
(lapis) magnes (GH :).
. 91
Arab. MSM
S,
o.l. "NPRYSG
S
"BS,
"BS is a Rabbinic term referring to ) wild grapes, a species of grape
B"WSYM;
cf. JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ; LF :) and ) quince,
cf. FZ f.; LF :.
Cydonia vulgaris ("BS is HBW
S);
.
Arabic mismis (apricot, Prunus armeniaca; cf. DT :) is probably a
corruption of mays (cf. FL :: species uvarum passarum; L : a
species of grape-vine . . . , a kind of raisins; LA :).
Maimonides on mMaas . remarks that stands for and
that it is a kind of inferior grape (MK :). Sa#adya (cf. DS ) explains
the term in Isaiah : as (= darnel, Lolium temulentum); in a
similar way IJ .
The vernacular reading of MS P corresponds to the Catalan form
anprssecs peaches, which can be found in the works of Arnau de
Vilanova (cf. DECLC :ab). According to the editor of AdVCat. ,
89 See DW :; Yom-Tov Levinski, Avanim tovot u-margaliot, Yeda-#Am
.
(), p. .
90 See Sefer Hanisyonot. The Book of Medical Experiences attributed to Abraham ibn
Ezra. Edited, translated and commented by J.O. Leibowitz and S. Marcus, Jerusalem ,
pp. .
91 : O V
" SWN,
Arab. " HR
. S,
" SYN
(JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :). The term features in a
botanical context in bShab a, where (hard carobs) are
discussed.
Arabic ahra
(L ).
. s is the equivalent of Hebrew " SWN
.
DECLC :a). Cf. also " SPRY
as a gloss of Hebrew #az strong in ShK
. 95
"NQH, Arab. WRL
The meaning of the Biblical term "NQH, featured in Lev : in a list of
unclean reptiles, is uncertain; cf. KB : unclean animal: Sept.
92 : e P
93 : O
94 : V"t" P
95 : (?) add.
O V
alef
and Vulg. sorex shrew, Pesh. " amaqta lizard; Bodenheimer, Animal
and Man f.: gecko, Hemidactilus turcicus.96 Cf. as well FA ;
FAB f.; LFa .
Arabic waral is varan, Varanus niloticus (DT :; M ; StS ).
For the identification of "NQH as waral, cf. Sa#adya on Lev : (S )
and IJ . Ibn Janah. adds: IJ KL M/ NO ) (it is something of the
See as well SF :.
nature of the lizard); cf. MS O: (dabb-lizard).
.
. 99 98 97
"NYS. Y PSTN,
Arab. QM" T;
. i.e., the flax that has been treated
S).
Benveniste as: / (PRY HPNYYS/PYN
96
97 : V
98 : O
99 :
100 : VO
101 :
O V V1
We are not certain how the Hebrew and Arabic terms came to be identified with one another. However, according to Kaleb Afendopolo (?)a Karaite author who composed a list of plant names as part
of a supplement to Elijah Bashyazis Adderet Eliyahu, and one of whose
sources was Maimonidesbut. mim can be identical to bot. nim and this
term can also indicate pine cones (" z. t. rwblyn), which are called s. anawbar
by the physicians (cf. LF :, :, n. ; Alef no. ). Maimonides
remarks (M ) that habba
hadr
.
. a" is the fruit of the terebinth (but. m)
and that in the vernacular of al-Andalus it is called bna rushtiqa i.e.,
pino rustico, which, in reality, designates the wild pine, Pinus silvestris
(cf. Rosner ad loc.). Cf. as well Shin no. below.
The vernacular term PNY" S (MS P) must be the O. Occ. pinhas or
O. Cat. pinyas (for the meaning and further references, cf. entry Alef ).
The variant in V seems to be corrupt and is emended in a marginal gloss
i.e. O. Occ. or O. Cat. pinhons/ pinyons pine seeds, cf.
(V1) to PYNYWNS,
entry Gimel . In the variant in O, the Alef and Yod seem to be inverted
due to an error made by the copyist and may be interpreted as the Cat.
plural form pinyes.
. 103 102
Arabic PNGNKST
from Persian al-fangankust (cf. pang angust VL
:) is the Arabic equivalent; cf. DT :; M . In colloquial speech,
the tree is called sagarat Ibrahm, cf. Gimel no. (DT :, esp. n. ).
The vernacular term PNT"PYLWN/PYN
TH
.
. PYLWN in the Paris and
Vatican MSS is the Latin pentaphyllon (< Greek ), meaning Potentilla reptans L. or Delphinium staphisagria L., see NPRA ;
GH :. This word was also used in Romance medico-botanical terminology, see the O. Occ. or O. Cat. pentafilon, interpreted as Potentilla
reptans in DAO :; also cf. CB , among others, and DCVB :a.
As to the meaning chaste tree indicated by the Hebrew lemma, it can be
102 : O V
103 : O
alef
noted that MLWB : gives a quotation from Albertus Magnus (animal. :), in which the respective terms are identified: agnus, quod
alio nomine pentafylon sive quinque folia vocatur. In fact, pentaphyl i.e. agnus castus, meanlon was substituted in MS O by "QNWS QSTW
. S,
ing Vitex agnus castus according to NPRA and MLWB loc. cit.; also cf.
CA . For the interpretation of the epithet castus, see ibid. and the following passage from Albertus Magnus (veget. :): Vocatur agnus castus
eo, quod folia et succus et flores eius efficacia sunt in inducenda castitate.
Also cf. entry Gimel .
. 105 104
104 :
105 : O V
O V
. 106
"DRT, Arab. KS", o.l. PLS. "DH
Hebrew "DRT means ) splendor, ) robe (KB ; CD :: majesty,
cloak; DAS :, , , ff., ; KT :). In the latter sense,
it features, amongst others, in Gen : where Esau is described as
emerging red like a hairy mantle all over at his birth: (as
a hairy mantle all over).
Arabic kisa" is the equivalent of Hebrew "DRT (WKAS : f.).
For the identification of "DRT as kisa" cf. Sa#adya on the biblical passage
mentioned (S ). See as well IJ .
The vernacular term must be the O. Occ. or O. Cat. peliseta/pellisseta
petite pelisse (i.e., little coat with a pelt lining, FEW :a), verbrmter
Mantel (i.e., garnished coat, PSW :b; DCVB :a), a diminutive
form stemming from Lat. PELLICEUS made of pelt (FEW loc. cit.).
For the confusion between -t- and -d- in our text, cf. the introduction
and also the entries Alef and Het
. . Another possibility would be
to interpret this word as the Cat. feminine form pellissada (masculine:
pellissat) (DECLC :b; DCVB :b), which is used in the context
of wool: Llana pellissada: llana que fa pellissa (i.e., llana pellissada: felted
wool) (DCVB loc. cit.).
. 109 108 107
110
" SLG,
Arab. " SN"N,
i.e. a plant which is dried, thoroughly pulverized and
turned into a powder with which the hands are washed to remove the
dirt from them
" SLG
is a Hebrew Rabbinic term used to refer to the ashes of plants
containing alkali, which were very popular as a washing-powder (JD ;
LW :, ; KA : f., :; BM f.; KT :, ). Foremost
amongst these plants was , Russian thistle, Salsola kali
(FM ; LF :).
106 : O
107 : V
108 :
109 : om. V
110 :
alef
Arabic usnan is the Arabic equivalent (cf. DT :, n. : der Walkersoda, dem Salzkraut, mit dem man sich die Hnde wscht) (salt-wort
(kali) used for washing the hands).
with (as. -s. abun)
Maimonides renders the Hebrew term " SLG
in his commentaries on mShab . and mNid .. In bShab a Samuel
" SKR#,
Arab. B"QS, o.l. BRZYL
(" SKR#
is baqs wood); see as well EG and LP .
The vernacular form BRZYL (MSS P and O) is the O. Occ. brazil
(DAO :; RMA ), brezil bois de teinture (i.e., wood used for
111 See as well H. Kroner, Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Medizin des XII. Jahrhunderts an
der Hand zweier medizinischer Abhandlungen des Maimonides auf Grund von unedierten
Handschriften dargestellt und kritisch beleuchtet, Oberdorf. Bopfingen , pp. ,
n. .
112 : Uk" P V
113 : O
114 : V
115 : V
116 : P
117 : O :
alef
alef
. 126 125
127 :
O V
alef
species of clover imported from Media (via Greece, where it has been
attested since bc, cf. FEW :a). As the Lat. word (NPRA ),
the Romance forms appear with the meaning Medicago sativa. According
to the FEW, non of the Romance languages inherited this word directly
from Latin, but rather via a Vulgar Latin variant MELICA that is documented for Medieval Latin (> Sp. mielga, Cat. melca or melga, It. melica,
among many others, see DCECH :ba; DECLC :ab). But in
the Gallo-Romance area, we find learned variants of the original form
MEDICA, introduced from the th century onwards, according to the
FEW (e.g. the M. Fr. medique). Interestingly, a form very similar to the
variants that appears in our text (medical) can be found in the northern
French department of Orne (FEW loc. cit.; cf. ALF , point ). The
FEW remarks that this form is to be explained by assuming that local
botanists changed the original word through popular etymology, in the
form of a contamination with MEDICALIS. A similar hypothesis may
be made for our forms. The Latin accusative form MEDICALEM could
have given rise to a popular form *metgal or a learned form *medegal in
O. Occ., just as the Latin MEDICARI, to heal, was turned into O. Occ.
metgar (FEW :a) or medegar (RL :a). The variant used in MS
O might represent a diphthongised form, which remains unexplained
and could be an error.
. 128
"QLBYSWT, Arab. QTN
.
The Hebrew term "QLBYSWT, variants QLYBWST" and QLYBWST,
means coccyx or femur and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in
bShab a (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; Low LXXVII; PB ).
According to Katzenelson,129 it is the Os innominatum. Krauss (KG
:) derives the term from Greek (cf. LS ). Lw remarks
in his notes to Krauss (a.l.) that this etymology is incorrect and refers
to Brll (Forschungen, Ben Chan. , p. ) for a derivation from
, but states at the end of his note that the term remains
without explanation (( . . . ) das Wort bleibt unerklrt.) (cf. LS ).
Dalman130 explains the term as hailing from the Greek %
(cf. LS , ).
128 : O
129 I.L. Katzenelson, Ha-Talmud
we-Hokhmat
ha-Refu"ah, Berlin , p. .
.
Cf. G. Dalman, Aramisch-neuhebrisches Handwrterbuch, Gttingen , reprint Hildesheim , p. .
130
133 : O
134 : VO
alef
"BN SMYR,
Arab. HGR
"LM"S, o.l. "DYM"N
.
135 :
136 : VO
P V
137 : V
138 :
139 : V
O [] V
(SMYR
is explained by R. Sa#adya as mas) (= WG ); Ibn Janah. (IJ ):
. Cf. as well SF :.
The vernacular term "DYM"N is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. adiman(t)
(DAO :; FEW :b; FEW :a; DECLC :b) with the O. Occ.
variant aziman, for diamond or hard metal. Since the Hebrew letter
Dalet may represent the Romance sound /z/ or /dz/ (cf. the introduction
as well as the entries Bet and Gimel ), both readings are possible.
. 142 141
" SKWL
HKWPR, Arab. NQWD "LHN
.
"PWNYN HSWPYN,
Arab. "LHM
. S. "L"MLS
The Hebrew term "PWNYN features in Rabbinic literature and is identified as chick-peas, Cicer arietinum L. (DAS :; FM ; LF : ff.).
141 : V
142 : om. V
143 :
144 : V
om. V
145 : O
146 : V
alef
147 : P V
148 :
add. V
149 :
150 : O
151 : VO
152 :
O V
BET
. 3 2 1
Arab. QRNPL, o.l. GRWPLY
BSM,
Hebrew features in the Bible in the sense of ) balsam tree (Balsamodendrium opobalsamum), ) balsam oil, and ) perfume (KB
; CD :; BM ). In Rabbinic literature, or features in
the sense of spice, perfume (JD ; LW :, f.; SD ; KA :,
:; LF :).
Arabic qaranful is clove, Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. or Caryophyllus aromaticus L. The Arabic term is borrowed from Greek
(LS ; DT :; ID :; LF : ff.).
Sa#adya on Is : (S ) translates (BSM) as: I,I fragrant substance, perfume (L ); see as well Ibn Janah. (IJ ). In his commentary on mUqz ., Maimonides explains the Hebrew as all
kinds of fragrant plants, such as: qirfa (Cortex cinnamoni cassiae), qaranful, and others (cf. MK :). The th century liturgical commentator
Abudarham identifies as qaranful in his commentary on a poem by
Ibn Gabirol: (BWSM, which is called QRNPL in
Arabic) (cf. LF :).
In correspondance with the Arabic term, the vernacular term
GRWPLY
(MS P)/GYRWPLY (MSS V and O) is the O. Occ. or O. Cat.
girofle (FEW :b; CB , among others; RMA ; RPA , among
others; RMM ; DECLC :b) for clove (< Fr. girofle < VLat. GARIOFULU < Gr. , documented since in Cat., with the
variants girofre and girofe DECLC loc. cit.).
For the identification of O. Cat. giroffle as Arabic qaranful, cf. AdV ;
GHAT :.
1 : P
2 :
V
VO
3 :
. 5 4
BTNYM,
Arab. BLWT,
.
. o.l. GL"NS
The Hebrew term BTNH,
plur. BTNYM,
features in the Bible (Gen
.
.
:) and in Rabbinic literature (e.g. mShebi .) and means pistachio, Pistacia vera L. (KB ; CD :; LW :; SD ; KA : f.,
:; AEY :; FE ff.; FM ; FO f.; FZ f.; LA ff.:;
LF : ff.).
Arabic ballut. designates the oak and its fruit, the acorn, Quercus ilex
L. (DT :; M ; DAS :, n. , ; :, , ; ID :). It
is derived from the Aramaic ballut. a oak or acorn (FF ; LF :;
SD ).
Sa#adya (S ) on Gen : translates the Hebrew BTNH
with Arabic
.
but. m fruit of the terebinth tree (L ; DT :; DAS : f.). In
his commentary on mShebi . (MK :), Maimonides identifies the
as (pistachio) and reads the
Hebrew term (BWTNH)
.
Hebrew as " alla oak, and not as "ela terebinth, and translates
as
the term accordingly as: . As to the identification of BTNYM
.
ballut. , it is possible that this transposition of the trees is connected to the
transposition of their fruit as featured in our text.
According to Kaleb Afendopolo (?-), but. mim can be identical with bot. nim and this term can also indicate pine cones (" z. t. rwblyn)
which are called s. anawbar by the physicians (cf. LF :; :, n. ;
Glossary, no. ; cf. as well Alef no. above).
The vernacular term is Lat. glans acorn (LLMA a; ThLL :)
or, more probably, the plural of O. Occ. glan(t) (DAO :; FEW :a;
RL :a; PSW :b; CB ) or O. Cat. glan (which is documented
since the end of the th c.; DECLC :a), also with the meaning
acorn.
. 7 6
BS. L SDH,
Arab. " SQYL
or #NS. L or BS. L "LP"R, o.l. " SKYLH
or SYBH
MRYNH
The term , lit. field onion could not be retrieved in secondary
literature; it was possibly coined by Shem Tov for Arabic "isql.
4 :
5 :
V
VO
6 : VO
7 :
O V
bet
. 11 10 9 8
BS. L KWPRY, Arab. BS. L HRYP,
o.l. SYBH QWDYNT.
.
The Hebrew term BS. L KWPRY features in Rabbinic literature, for example, in mTer ., mNed . or bNed b, a, where it is identified as
wild onion, village onion, as opposed to onions of
the city dwellers (cf. JD ; LW : f.), and in yShebi II, a, where it
features as the translation of the Mishnaic onions which
dont produce seeds (cf. mShebi .; KA :, :). Lw (LF :)
does not identify the Hebrew term BS. L KWPRY as wild or village onion
but rather as Cypriot onions (cf. as well SD ) and refers to Pliny, who
described the Cypriot onions as very strong and pungent.
Arabic bas. al hirr
. f means a strong onion, burning and biting to the
tongue (L ).
Maimonides on mTer . (MK :) qualifies city onions as large and
village onions as small.
The vernacular term SYBH/SYB" QWDYNT. seems to be a literal translation of the Arabic expression given in our text and is not documented
in this combination in our sources: the first element ceba/seba (see above,
entry Bet ) means onion (FEW :a; RL :a; CB ), the
second one is the O. Occ. present participle cozen(t) (for the formation of participles in O. Occ., cf. POc ) of the verb cozer (a variant
of the more usual coire, < Lat. COCERE) meaningbesides to cook
tre dsagrable (to be disagreeable) (FEW :a) and causer une
douleur picante (to cause a stinging pain), see RL (:a), where a quotation with a present participle is given: El desiriers cozens e doloiros
(i.e., the sharp and painful desire, B. de Ventadour: Bels Monruels).
The latter sense seems to be present in our case. For the Hebrew letter
Dalet representing the Romance sound /z/, cf. the introduction. Since
the Cat. variant is only documented with the typical loss of intervocalic voiced -s- (< -c-) (MollGram )coent for excessivament picant
(excessively hot/ spicy, see DECLC :b)we can exclude this language here.
8 : V
9 : V
10 : VO
11 :
add. V
bet
. 13 12
BNWT SQMH,
Arab. GMYZ,
that is figs of the field
morus L. (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; FE ; FM ; FZ ;
LF : ff.).
Arabic gummayz is sycamore, Ficus Sycomorus L. (DT :; DAS
:, , , ).
(BNWT SQMH
= gummayz, it is also called wild figs) (MK :).
. 18 17 16
BWTNH,
that is "YLN HPSTQYM
.
Hebrew BWTNH,
plur. BTNYM,
means pistachio, Pistacia vera L. Mai.
.
monides on mShebi . (MK :) identifies the Hebrew term as
(pistachio); cf. the explanations and references in Bet no. .
. 21 20 19
i.e. half cooked
BYS. H TR"MY
T",
.
. Arab. NYMBRST,
The Hebrew term features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bNed b, as
and is explained there as referring to an egg boiled down
so many times that it is small enough to be swallowed and pass through
the body unchanged. If such an egg is consumed by a patient, it attracts
the sickening matter and can be used by a physician for diagnosis.
(cf. JD ; LW :; PB ). In yNed VI, c it features as
and is explained as , i.e. &, an egg that can be
supped up (LS ). In mNed ., it features as and is
explained by Maimonides (MK :) as an egg cooked in hot water
which has not been allowed to coagulate, and is called by
physicians. According to Krauss (KG :; see as well LW :)
is derived from trembling, moderately boiled (LS ), while
Kohut (KA :) derives from softness (LS ; cf.
Low XL: soft-boiled egg).
16 :
17 : O
18 : V
19 : O
20 : O V
21 :
bet
or NYMRST
is derived from the Persian Y
C,B
Arabic NYMBRST
and means ovum semicoctum, half-cooked egg (VL :; D :;
EG ; IJ ; KZ ).22
cf. MaimoniFor the identification of BYS. H TR"MY
T"
.
. as NYMBRST,
des commentary on mNed . stated above (MK :).
. 23
H,
BHRMG, Arab. SY
. o.l. SNTWNY"
.
BHRMG is Bactrian willow (Salix Caprea L.?). The term is probably a
transcription of Arabic bahramig (for the different interpretations of this
plant name, cf. MS ff.:); Persian bahramih (VL :).
Arabic sh. is a general name for all Artemisia species, possibly referring
to Artemisia maritima (wormwood) in particular, cf. DT :.
One Latin word for wormwood, already used by Pliny, is santonicum, that also appears as santonica herba in Latin and as centonica in
M. Lat. (NPRA ; DuC :a; FEW :ab). From this word,
some learned and inherited forms still exist in Romance, although they
are essentially restricted to the Gallo-Romance territory (cf. FEW loc.
cit.). Consequently, we could not find any O. Cat. documentation (see
DECLC :b for a modern variant taken directly from Latin, maybe in
the th c.). But in O. Occ., we find forms like centonica and sentonica
for Artemisia absinthium (besides the more usual aisens, ausens, ensens)
and the like (DAO :; see also entry Alef ). The form found
in our text matches the Old Gascon variant sentonia, which is quoted
in the DAO (:) with the meaning Santolina Chamaecyparissus. It
is unclear from where the authors of the DAO took this meaning, but
it seems likely that it was taken from the FEW :a. However, the
FEW remarks that both wormwood and Santolina belong to the family
of Anthemideae, so that the name santonica was also applied to the latter
already in the late Middle Ages. For the M. Latin centonica, the meaning
Artemisia abrotanum is confirmed by the Alphita tradition (see Sin b;
CA ).
22
Cf. H.G. Kircher, Ibn al-Quff, Die Einfachen Heilmittel aus dem Handbuch der
Chirurgie des Ibn al-Quff (Diss.), Bonn , no. : Das beste Ei (d.i. das bekmmlichste) ist dasjenige, das man weichgekocht (nmbirisht) verzehrt, und zwar bringt man
Wasser zum Sieden, gibt das Ei hinein, zhlt bis dreihundert und nimmt es heraus
dann ist es nmbirisht (i.e. the best [that is, most digestible] egg is one that is soft boiled
[nmbirisht], which is done by bringing water to a boil, putting in the egg, counting to
three hundred, and taking it out againthen it is nmbirisht).
23 : V
. 26 25 24
BR" DTWM", Arab. SN TWM, o.l. DRN" D"YL
Aramaic BR" DTWM", featuring in bShab b and bTaan a, means
clove of garlic, as Rashi on bTaan a explains: : :
(for garlic, Allium sativum L. see SDA ; DAS :;
LF : ff.).
Arabic sinn tum is clove of garlic (L ). In Geonic sources we find
habb at-tum (SDA ).
the explanation
.
O. Cat. *derna dall (clove of garlic) was not
O. Occ. *darna dalh or
found in this combination in our sources. For the O. Occ. alh (var. all,
aill, ayll, aylh among others)/O. Cat. all (var. ayl, all), meaning Allium
sativum L., see DAO :; FEW :a; RL :a; DECLC :a;
DCVB :. Occ. darno tranche dorange, de noix etc (i.e., slice of
orange, of nut and others, see DAO :), tranche de poisson (i.e.,
slice of fish, see FEW :a) is only documented for modern dialects.
Similarly, for Cat., derna tros, boc en qu es parteixen fruits i altres coses
(i.e., piece, morsel, in which fruits and other things are divided) is not
documented before and is not very common (cf. DECLC :a;
DCVB :a). According to FEW loc. cit., the word was borrowed
from Breton, arguing that the basic meaning was slice of fish, and that
the word was not found in Gallo-Romance sources before the th c.
(Northern France) and even later in Southern France (th c.). Thus, we
are dealing here with a first documentation, so that the etymology of the
FEW has probably to be rejected. It seems to be more plausible to us,
that, as Coromines proposes, the word derives from a Gaulish etymon
*DARNOM (plur. DARNA). Thus, given the ancient documentation in
our text, it might turn out in future research that the word was borrowed
in the Occ./Cat. area and spread from there to the north, contrary to
the FEW argumentation. The clove of garlic was normally called in
O. Occ. dolsa (daill), cabossa (dalh), testa (dailh) (RL :a; DAO :),
in O. Cat. dent dall (DCVB :b).
O. Cat. all is identified as Arabic tum in AdV .
24 :
25 : O V
26 :
VO add. V
bet
. 28 27
BRY DTUMY, Arab. "SN"N TWM, o.l. DRNS D"LYS
Aram. BRY DTUMY is a plural of the previous item, just like Arabic
asnan tum. We could not retrieve the plural form in current literature.
Likewise,
the vernacular term is the same as in entry Bet and
features here with both nouns in their plural form.
. 29
BYS. Y KYNYM, Arab. S. YB"N
Hebrew BYS. Y KYNYM means nits or a species of vermin called licenits (JD ; LW :; KA :, :) and features in bShab b
and bAZ b.
Arabic s. i"ban or vulgarly pronounced s.ban is the equivalent of the
Hebrew term (L ).
For the identification of BYS. Y KYNYM as s. i"ban, cf. LO Perushim on
bShab b, p. : .
. 31 30
BRDLS, Arab. PHD, o.l. LWPRT.
Hebrew BRDLS, from Greek leopard (LS ; KG :;
LR ) means cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus (JD ; LW : f.; KA
:, :; EM ; BAL ; FAB f.), and features in Rabbinic
literature, where it is identified as three different animals: polecat (cf.
Rashi on bPes b), hyena (cf. bBQ b) and panther (cf. bBQ b;
bBM a) (cf. LZ ).
Arabic fahd is lynx (L ; JAD : ff.) and also means cheetah
in Modern Arabic (W ; cf. as well BK ; KSZ :, :, f.:,
f.:; StS ).
Maimonides on mBQ . identifies BRDLS as , Arabic dab#,
.
hyena (MK :; L ).
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. laupart or the O. Cat. leupart
(documented since Llull) for leopard (FEW :a; DECLC :b).
27 :
28 : O
29 : V
30 : V
31 :
om. V
. 34 33 32
BYB, Arab. BLW#H or MZ"B, o.l. "YGYR
The Hebrew term BYB features in Rabbinic literature (e.g. mErub .;
mAZ .; bErub a; bBQ a, a; bAZ b) and means conduit, pipe,
gutter or canal (CD :; JD ; LW :; SD ; KA :, :;
BKH , , ; KT :, ).
Arabic ballu#a means a sink-hole or perforation, into which water
descends (L ) and Arabic mzab means a water-spout, a pipe or
other channel that spouts forth water (L ).
For the identification of BYB as ballu#a, cf. Ibn Janah. (IJ f.):
/LQ ZA [ ) ( is a hollow place like ballu#a), and Maimonides on mErubv . (MK :): : (a canal
which the water runs through).
The vernacular term represents the O. Occ. aiguier drain for dirty
water (FEW :a)/Cat. aiguer trough with water that the potter
needs to moisten his hands, kind of tin tankard that serves to scoop
water (DCVB :a), derived from the Lat. AQUARIUS. Note that the
Occ. ending -ier35 (with the diphthong [je]) is well represented in MS
O by -YYR, whereas the beginning of the variant in MS O seems to be
corrupt or to reflect some non-documented dialectal variants (which
would be analogous to similar forms with initial id-/ed- documented for
Francoprovenal: edir, idye. r big vase for serving water at table, FEW
loc. cit.). The variant in MS P, with a single Yod in the ending, might
suggest a Cat. reading, since the diphthong [je] tends to be represented by
-YY- in our MSS. The synonym of the Vatican MS possibly corresponds
to the O./M. Fr. aiver, eauvier with the meaning big vase for serving water
at table (FEW loc. cit.). Lastly, it might be worth while mentioning that
the meaning of the Arabic word ballu#ah (see above) is closely matched by
one of the meanings of the O. Occ. feminine word aiguiera, namely sink
((FEW :a) DCVB loc. cit., meaning II.)a word that is attested
also in Cat. (aiguera) in the same meaning.
32 : V
33 : V
34 : O V
35 The ending -ier was the regular result
GHP ff.).
add. V
of the Latin suffix -ARIUS in Occ. (see
bet
. 37 36
BTWLT QRQ#, i.e. hard soil never worked on
The term BTWLT QRQ" designates virgin soil and features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in bNid b (JD ; LW : f.; KA :; BM ), where
it is explained as: (as long as it is not tilled). Next to
we find: , for instance in Tos. Shebi ..38
. 40 39
BTY GHYNY,
that is, low houses
.
Aramaic BTY GHYNY
means houses with low ceilings (JD , s.v. ;
.
LW :; SDA : low rooms; KA :, :) and features in bShab
a in the context that it is not forbidden to cover a lamp on Shabbat so
that the sparks do not set the beams of the house on fire, especially in
BTY GHYNY,
that is, houses with low ceilings.
.
. 42 41
39 :
40 : O
om. V
41 : VO
42 :
O P
documented in our sources, but see e.g. the analogous expression pleuresa no verdadera in the O. Sp. version of Bernard de Gordons Lilium
medicinae (LM II:): La [pleuresa] no verdadera se produce en los
msculos o en la carne de las costillas en el exterior o en las costillas
falsas que estn debajo del diafragma [ . . . ] o bien es de ventosidad
(i.e., the false [pleurisy] arises in the muscles or in the external flesh
of the ribs or in the false ribs which are beneath the diaphragm [ . . . ],
in other words, it is a result of flatulences). The first element is the
O. Occ. plevesin (FEW :a, variants: plevezin, plevesim). The FEW
remarks, that the ending -in in O. Occ. is a result of the change of the
Greek ending -' (') in -inum in Late Lat. (FEW :b). The
variant of the Paris MS belongs to the Lat., O. Occ. or O. Cat. form
pleuresis pleurisy (DuC :b; LLMA b; CB ; DCVB :a;
DECLC :a, documented in O. Cat. since the end of the th c.). The
following two elements in the MSS O and V must be read as Latin non
vera with the meaning not real. The variant of the Paris MS (PLBRSYN
YWWYR") might transcribe *pleuresin vera; for this term, cf. the entries
Sade
and Shin . We might assume, for *pleuresin, an adaptation of
.
pleuresis according to the O. Occ. model discussed above (plevesin). Less
bet
. 43
BW#H, Arab. DBYLH, o.l. PWSTYM"
.
Aramaic BW#H means swelling or abcess (JD s.v. ; LW :;
SDA ; KA :, :; BM ) or bulla or blister on the lung or
outside the body (Low XXXIX) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g.
bSanh b, bHul
. b.
Arabic dubayla means an abcess (L ; SN ). It features in
Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXIII, a) and is transcribed by both
N and Z as: .
The vernacular term PWSTYM"
is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. postema
.
with the meaning abcess (CB , , , among others; RM ;
DECLC :a, documented in Catalan since the end of the th c.).
. 44
43 : V
44 : O V
45 Zedekiah ben Abraham, Anav, Sefer Shibbolei
Wilna , p. .
46 : V
Arabic BLH is Arabic bala, read: baliya, which has the same meaning
as the Hebrew (cf. L f.).
For the identification of the two terms, cf. Sa#adya on the biblical verse
mentioned:
(I led you through the wilderness forty years; the
clothes on your back did not wear out, nor did the sandals on your feet):
om. O
49 : O
50 : O
V
V
bet
to DECLC loc. cit., a typical variant of the dialects of the Balears and the
Empord. Other documented forms of this word are O. Occ. fogaynha
(FEW :a; RL :a) and the more common O. Cat. variant fogaina
(DECLC loc. cit.; DCVB loc. cit.). These forms do not seem to be
represented by the Hebrew spelling showing only one Alef that hardly can
stand for the diphthong -ai-. For the Romance term also cf. TermMedOc
f.
. 51
BYYTWT, Arab. "HLYH, that means being raised in houses
The Hebrew term BYYTWT means domestic animals, i.e. those that
pass the night in the town (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ;
DAS :; KT :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mBez.
. or bBez. a.
Arabic ahliy means a domestic beast that keeps to the dwelling of its
owner (L f.).
. 53 52
BYBRYM, Arab. BRG "LHM"M
.
Hebrew BYBR, plur. BYBRYM, from Greek = Latin vivarium
(KG : f.), means an enclosure in which live game, fish and also wild
beasts are kept (JD ; LW :; SDA f.; KA : f.; DAS :;
KT : f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mBez. ..
Arabic burg al-ham
. am means a pigeon-turret or a lodging place
of pigeons (L ; DAS : ff.). In his commentary on mShab .,
Maimonides explains the Hebrew term BYBR as a place where birds and
animals are kept (MK :).
. 55 54
Arab. BQS, o.l. BWYYS
BRWS,
Hebrew BRWS refers to Juniper, Juniperus drupacea Labill., Juniperus
Excelsa L., and features in the Bible (e.g. Is :) and in Rabbinic literature
51 : V
52 :
V
O V
V
: P [] add. V
53 :
54 :
55
(BRWSYM
is cedar; cf. DT :). The Hebrew equivalent to Arabic
baqs is , and the Aramaic one is ; cf. Alef ; see as well Alef
.
The vernacular term BWYYS (according to MS O) is the O. Occ. or
O. Cat. boys for Buxus sempervirens (DECLC :b; RL :b; CB ).
In O. Cat. it is documented for the first time in the th c. (DECLC loc.
cit.).
. 56
BYT HS. W"R, Arab. TWQ
"LTWB, o.l. QBS. "NH
.
BYT HS. W"R means neck opening or jugulum and features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in bShab a (LW :; KA :, :; BM ; KT :,
).
Arabic t. awq at-tawb means neck opening of a garment (DAS :,
).
A Geonic Responsum (GGS , l. , and ) explains the term as:
(= Persian juruban for collar).
The vernacular term in the Paris MS corresponds to the O. Occ./O. Cat.
capsana (Cat. variant: capana), collar (FEW :b; DECLC :a
b; DCVB :b). The forms in MSS P and O represent the variant causana, mentioned in PSW :a alongside capsana, where the meaning
halter; a ring that holds the hunting bird is given. For other meanings,
cf. DCVB loc. cit.
. 58 57
BLWYY, Arab. HLQ"N
The Hebrew term BLWYY or BLWY features in the Bible (e.g. Jer :)
and Rabbinic literature (e.g. mKel .; bSukk b) in the plural only
56 :
57 : V
58 :
O V add. V
VO
bet
. 60 59
BWKN", Arab. PHR, o.l. PYSTWN
.
Aramaic BWKN" or BWK"N", from Akk. bukanu (cf. spiral trumpet,
horn, LS ; KG :; SB :, from Greek ), features in
Rabbinic literature (e.g. bShab b or bBQ b) and means pestle, rib
(JD ; LW :; SD ; SDA ; KA : f.; KT :; LF :).
Arabic fihr means a stone such as fills the hand or a stone of the size
of that with which one crushes walnuts and the like, or simply a stone
(L ; cf. HaF : stone-pestle).
A Geonic Responsum (ATG ) explains the term as Arabic:
(pestle of a mortar).
PYSTWN,
the vernacular term according to the Paris and Oxford MSS
.
is documented in M. Fr. as piston, pestle (FEW :ab), but most
probably corresponds to a non-documented O. Cat./O. Occ. *pisto(n),
which is attested for Cat. only since (pist, see DECLC :a;
DCVB :b) and for Occ. in Mistral (pistou(n), see TrFel :b).
DECLC loc. cit. indicates that the Cat. word was borrowed via Fr. piston
from the It. pistone (the etymon is Lat. PISTARE to pound; cf. FEW
loc. cit.). The usual word to designate the pestle in O. Occ. was pestel
(FEW :b; PSW :b), stemming from lat. PISTILLUM, which has
the same meaning (cf. FEW loc. cit.). The variant of the Vatican MS seems
to be corrupt without the -t-.
59 : O
60 : V
. 63 62 61
"RS. , Arab. BLWT. "L"RD,
BTNYM
SL
.
. this is "LKM"DRYWS, o.l.
K"MYDRYWS
"RS. ) could not be retrieved in
The Hebrew term (BTNYM
SL
.
Hebrew literature (for ; cf. Bet no. above) and was possibly coined
by Shem Tov for Arabic ballut. al-ard.
.
Arabic ballut. al-ard. literally means oak of the earth from Greek
(LS ) via Syr. ball
ut. ar#a (cf. BLS ) and designates, just
like the Arabic transcription of , that is kamadaryus or the
older form hamadaryus, three different plants: . Teucrium chamaedrys
flavum L. and . Stachys officinalis L. and Var. (DT :;
L.; . Teucrium
M ).
The term featuring as vernacular, K"MYDRYWS according to MS
P, must be the Lat. camedreos/camidrios/camidreos/camidreus meaning
Teucrium chamaedrys L., Teucrium lucidum L., Veronica Chamaedrys L.
and Stachys officinalis L., which is documented, among others, in the
Alphita (see Sin ab, also for the derivation of camedreos from the
Greek word mentioned above; MLWB :; NPRA ; ThLL :;
CA ). This term appears in O. Occ. medical texts in the variant camedereos (RPA ; RMA ) and in a Hebrew text written in Southern
France as Q"MDRY"WS/QMDRY"W
S (PJP ). For O. Cat., it is docu The
mented in GHAT : where it is transcribed as QMDYRY"WS.
common word used in Lat. was chamaedry(o)s, chamaedryis, transcribed
from the Greek (MLWB loc. cit.; NPRA loc. cit.; ThLL :, where a quotation of Scribonius Largus, , is given: quae herba similis
quercus folia habet), but the Hebrew spelling of all three variants rather
suggests one of the forms mentioned above. With respect to the final part
of the word, the variants used in MSS V and O present an Alef that indicates the hiatus.
. 64
BHRMG, o.l. SNTWNYH
.
Cf. Bet no. .
61 : VO
62 : O, om.
63 : O
64 : om. OV
V
V
GIMEL
. 2 1
GYHWQ, i.e belching, Arab. TMTY,
. o.l. " STRYLY"R
.
The Hebrew term GYHWQ means belching (LW :; KA :,
:; BM ) and features in bBer a. Rashi gives a second explanation: ( that is to say that he
raises and stretches his body upwards) (cf. BM n. ).
Arabic tamat. t. a (M") means he stretched himself (L ). In
Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXIV, ), the Arabic M" )& I`_ (he
yawned or stretched himself) is translated by N as: and by Z
as: .
For the identification of GYHWQ as tamat. t. a, cf. Tanhum
Ben Joseph
.
Ha-Yerushalmi (BTJ ), s.v. : ghnen () ist gekrzt aus
, ebenso wie , rlpsen, eig. sich recken (), aus .
Cf. as well ShM f. A Geonic explanation of is: (laughing,
jesting) (LO Liqqut. ei Ge"onim on bBer b, p. ).
The vernacular term " STRYLY"R
(MSS P and O) is the O. Occ. esteril.
har, to stretch (out), to loll (FEW :a; PSW :b). According to
FEW loc. cit., the word seems to be absent from Cat., as well as from the
other Romance languages.
. 5 4 3
GRYSYN, Arab. PYS"R or another kind of cereal
Hebrew GRYS, plur. GRYSYN, is a Rabbinic term which lit. means split,
broken and which is used in particular in the sense of pounded, broken
bean, or grain of pearl barley, or geris, i.e. a certain measure (JD ;
LW :; KA : f., :; FA ; KT :). Plur. GRYSYN is used in
particular in the sense of a dish of pounded grains (JD ), or groats
1 : om. OV
2 :
3 : O
4 : VO
5 :
V add. V
or porridge made from marsh beans, Vicia Faba L. (LF : ff., but cf.
DAS :).
Arabic faysar means, according to D :, s.v.(*,: fves cuites avec
du beurre et du lait (beans cooked with butter and milk). Dalman
(DAS :) states that marsh beans (Vicia faba L.) that have been
pounded (magrus), cleaned from their pods and cooked with groats of
wheat, are called bs. ar.
Maimonides on mPeah . explains the Hebrew term as:
(the term for beans once they have been
pounded and cleaned from their peels) (MK :).
. 7 6
ST"N
6 :
7 :
O V
O V
gimel
. 8
Q" STW
. S
The Hebrew term GR#YNY "YLN "BRHM means the kernels of the fruit
of the chaste tree or Abrahams tree, Vitex agnus castus L. (cf. Alef no.
above).
8 : P
9
10 : om. O
11 :
12 : O
13 : O
14 : O
: om. V
Arabic habb
al-fangankust has the same meaning (cf. Alef no.
.
above).
The vernacular term is a mixed Lat./Romance form (GR"NH D"NWS
15 : O
16 : O
17 :
18 : O
19 :
add. V
O V
gimel
20 : VO
21 : V
22 :
VO
. 25 24 23
GPRYT HY,
o.l. SWLPRY
WYB
. Arab. GYR
.
Hebrew GPRYT means sulphur and features in the Bible (e.g. Gen
:; Deut :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. bKet b; bSot b)
(KB ; JD ; BM ). GPRYT HY
. refers to sulphur that has not
been in the fire or natural sulphur and is not attested in secondary
literature, but seems to be coined after the Latin sulphur vivum (see
below). That is how the Hebrew term features in the Sefer Keritut by
Hillel Ben Samuel of Verona, i.e. the Hebrew translation of Bruno of
Longobardos Cyrurgia magna which Hillel completed in the year .30
Arabic gayr mut. fa" should be emended into kibrt gayr mut. fa" (cf. MS
O) which is not attested in secondary literature either but is an equivalent
to Greek !' (, i.e. the kind of sulphur which was qualified as
23 : P
24 : O V
25 : VO
26 : add.
27 : VO
28 :
29 : O P
add. V
30 See Gerrit Bos: Medical Terminology in the Hebrew Tradition: Hillel Ben Samuel of
Verona, Sefer ha-Keritut (forthcoming: Journal of Semitic Studies).
gimel
31 :
. 33 32
GYHR,
o.l. BRWN
. Arab. " HMR,
.
The Hebrew term GYHR
means red-spotted in the face
. or GYHWR
.
(JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM ) and features, for example,
in mBekh ..
Arabic ahmar
means red (L ).
.
For the identification of GYHR
cf. Maimonides on the
. as ahmar,
.
Mishnah mentioned: : (MK :).
The vernacular term BRWN (MSS P and O) is the O. Occ. brun
for brun, sombre, bis, triste (brown, dark, drab, sad, RL :a; FEW
:b). As to the colour, cf. the definition of O. Fr. brun given in the
FEW: qui est dune couleur sombre, entre le roux et le noir (i.e. of a
dark colour, between a fox-coloured red and black). The synonym used
in MS V (BWRWN) includes an epenthetic Waw (see the introduction).
This word cannot be Cat., where the -n was lost in the th c. (GriGram
; DECLC :a: bru, first documentation at the end of the th c.).
. 34
32 : VP
33 : V
34 :
O V
gimel
GWRGRYSMW
as O. Sp. gargarismo for gargling (DETEMA :a)
. 36 35
GWDLWT, Arab. S. P"YH
. MN DHB, o.l. LNDS D"WR
The Hebrew term (GWDLWT) could not be identified in the
context of the Arabic and Romance synonyms which both refer to plates
of gold. Note, however, that in Tet
. no. we find the Hebrew term
with the same meaning.
Arabic s. afa"ih. is the plural of s. afha,
. meaning wide, or broad stone;
plank, or board (L ; cf. Tet
no.
);
Arabic s. afa"ih. min dahab means
.
preservation of the Latin diphthong AU- in aur gold (Catalan: or). Note,
however, that the Occitan form aur (DAO :; RL a; FEW
:b) existed as a loan word in Old Catalan, see DECLC :a;
DCVB :a. In fact, our term is documented as a diminutive in a Catalan
text from , as landetes daur (DECLC :a). The usual Cat. form
was llauna, an older term for (small) plates of any metal (DECLC loc.
cit.), but Corominas considers the variant llanda as a perfect synonym
for llauna, which is mostly used in Valencia and the Balearic islands. For
O. Occ., landa is scarcely documented and appears only in PSW :b
a, where it was not yet fully understood. Levy speculates on the meaning iron ring, and, in metaphorical use, violence. But Levy already noted
the following entry in DuC :c: landa pro lamina vel banda. Since the
Arabic term in our text means plates of gold, our term definitely represents the Occitan or Catalan translation of the Latin term lamina aurea,
see Alphita: bracteos interpretatur lamina, unde bractea crisea, i. lamina
aurea (Sin , n. ; CA ). The variant of the Vatican MS shows the
singular form.
. 37
GLGL, Arab. LWLB, o.l. TWRN
.
The Hebrew term GLGL has the primary meaning of wheel (KB ;
JD ; LW :; SD ), but also features in Rabbinic literature
meaning screw or winch (cf. KT :).
Arabic lawlab means, besides other things, screw, spiral, whorl
(WKAS :; L f.; D : f.; FrA ).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adyas translation of Is ::
(It is cereal that is crushed.
For even if he threshes it thoroughly, and the wheel of his sledge and his
horses overwhelm it, he does not crush it):
(DS ; RO ;
DAS :).
The vernacular term TWRN
should be read as O. Occ. or O. Cat. torn.
.
According to FEW :ba, in Gallo-Romance, this noun designates
various tools which are characterised by turning around their own axis.
As examples, the FEW lists, among others, the main shaft of the water
37 :
add. V
gimel
well, in which the water is lifted with the help of a rope, the spinning
wheel, a bobbin, and the turners lathe. From there, still following FEW,
the designation was transferred to encompass tools and other items that
turn around their own axis. For Cat., see DECLC :a: torn instrument
of the turner (< Lat. TORNUS < Gr. ), first documented both as an
instrument and as a turning movement (th c.). For another occurence
of torn, see entry Mem .
. 41 40 39 38
GRYDWT HM#YM WH#YS. WR, Arab. SHWG
"L"M# ", o.l. PWNTS
.
.
Hebrew (GRYDWT HM#YM WH#YS. WR) means
intestinal abrasion and constipation; is not attested in
secondary literature, only features in EM as a modern term;
for cf. BM .
Arabic sah
. g al-am#a" (cf. MS O) means dysentery, attended by abrasion or excoriation of the colon (L ; SN ). Arabic features
in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (VI, ; cf. BMMb ), where it is
T)
translated as: (HPSY
. by N and as: (HWLYD PWNT)
.
by Z. In Maimonides On the Regimen of Health (cf. BMR II, ), we find
the expression
(and in some cases it causes abrasion), which
is translated as: (PWNS. ) by Moses ibn Tibbon,
and, in Maimonides On Asthma (XIII,; cf. BMA ),
(and he suffered from severe dysentery) is translated as:
(PWNS. ) by Samuel Benveniste.
The vernacular term, which also features in N, Z and Moses ibn
Tibbon, is the Cat. pons dysentery (DECLC :a; DCVB :a),
stemming from Lat. PONDUS (FEW :b). The word is attested
in Cat. since (cf. DECLC loc. cit.); we might thus have a first
documentation here. It seems to be absent from Occ., but note that it is
documented for It.: mal dei pondi/mal del pondo with the same meaning
(FEW :a; REW ).
38 : emendation
39 : VO
40 : V
41 : O
editor MSS
. 43 42
V add. V
gimel
46 : V
47 :
48 : O
add. V
49 : add.
50 : add. V
. 53 52 51
WYW"
GHLYM
LWH
Arab. GMR
HY,
.
. SWT,
. o.l. BRS"
Hebrew GHLYM
LWH
features in Rabbinic literature (bPes a;
.
. SWT
bBer b) and means burning, living or flickering coals as opposed to
, which are coals whose flames have died down and are no
longer flickering (JD ; LW :; BM ; KT :).
Arabic gamr hayy
means a live or burning coal (L ).
.
For the identification of Hebrew GHLYM
as Arabic gamr, cf. Sa#adya
.
on Lev :: (and he shall take a
panful of glowing coals scooped from the altar):
(S ); see as well IJ , gloss MS Rouen (n. ):
(
h,'; SF :.
WYW" (MS V) should be read as O. Occ./
The vernacular term BRS"
O. Cat. brasa viva for living embers of coal (RL :b; PSW :a;
DCVB :b, where the plural vives brases is mentioned). The first
element is Romance brasa (for O. Occ. see RL :a; for O. Cat. see
DECLC :a, where it is stated that brasa is a word of unknown origin
common to Western Romance languages). The variant of the Oxford MS
includes the Dalet that represents the sound /z/ (see the introduction).
The second element is the feminine of the adjective in the entry Gimel
.
. 56 55 54
GWRY HKLBYM, Arab. "GR" "LKL"B, o.l. QDYLS
Hebrew GWRY HKLBYM means whelps of dogs (KB ; CD :;
JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : f., :; BM ).
Arabic agra" al-kilab has the same meaning (L ).
For the identification of GWRYM as agra", cf. Sa#adya on Lamentations
:: (Even jackals offer the breast and suckle
their young):
(SH ); see as well IJ .
51 : VO
52 : om. O add. V
53 : O U"
54 : O
55 : VO
56 :
VO !cK P
gimel
57 : VO
58 : O V
59 : O []V
60 :
O V
DECLC :a; DCVB :b, piny, plural pinyons. See also ShK
,
where PYNYWNS is a gloss of Hebrew bot. nim for pignons.
gimel
. 62 61
GYDYM NHYM,
Arab. "WRDH
.
Hebrew GYDYM NHYM,
lit. veins that are restful, could not be re.
trieved in secondary literature. Most probably, it reflects Shem Tovs
endeavor to create a novel Hebrew medical terminology, in this case
for the Arabic #uruq gayr d
. afiqa (vessels that do not pulsate), i.e. veins,
a term that was common in medieval medical literature, together with
awrida. The term on its own, however, in the sense of vessel, vein
can also be found subsequently, such as in the translations of Zerahyah
.
Hen
for the Arabic #irq (vein) (cf. Maimonides Medical Aphorisms,
.
e.g. III, (BMMa )) and wi#a (receptacle, vessel) (cf. Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms, e.g. VI, (BMMb )). In addition to , we find
(cf. Maimonides Medical Aphorisms, e.g. III, , where #irq is
translated as: by N) and (cf. Maimonides Medical Aphorisms,
e.g. VIII, (BMMb ), where awrda is translated as: / by
N and Z).
Arabic ward, plur. awrida, means vein, especially vena cava and vena
jugularis (DKT ; FAL :; cf. as well L ).
. 64 63
GMLWNYN SWPYN,
Arab. KBYR "MLS
For both terms, cf. Alef no. and .
. 66 65
GBHT,
. Arab. S. L#, o.l. QLWYN
Hebrew (GBHT)
means baldness (of the forehead) as opposed to
.
baldness [of the pate] (cf. KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :)
and features in the Bible (e.g. Lev :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g.
mNeg .).
Arabic s. ala# has the same meaning as GBHT
. (L ).
61 : V
62 : O V
63 : V
64 : O
65 : O
66 :
O (= Lev :) add. V
67 : V
68 :
O, om. V
69 :
gimel
. 72 71 70
GYD HS. "PN is the vein visible on [the hollow of] the knee in the knee
joint
GYD HS. "PN (from Arabic: -*
2; cf. KZ ; cf. as well DKT
index) means the saphenous vein. The term features in medieval Hebrew medical literature, for instance in the Hebrew translations of Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XII, ), by N as: , and by
Z as: . The term features in Masie (MD ) as: .
70 : O V
71 : V1
72 :
add. V
DALET
. 3 2 1
DRS. YN, Arab. D"RS. YNY, o.l. SNMWMW
Aramaic DRS. YN means cinnamon (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA
:, :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a.
Arabic dar s.n means Chinese cinnamon, Cinnamomum ceylanicum Nees. (DT :; M ). The Arabic term is derived from Middle
Iranian *dar-cen, *dar i cen(k) (SDA ).
The Geonim identify the Hebrew term as Arabic dar s.n (cf. LO
Teshuvot on Shab a, p. ; BT :; FEB f.; KA :; LF :;
cf. as well Sade
no. ).
.
The vernacular term SNMWMW (MS P) is Latin cinnamumu(m),
cinnamon (for the missing -m and the Waw representing the Lat. ending
-um, see the introduction) or Cat. cinamomo with the same meaning
(DECLC :a), with the late first documentation () to be kept in
mind here, although the modern dialectal form sirimmo (Tall, Boi) in
the Pyrenees would indicate that the forms ending on -o are old. For
O. Occ. and O. Cat., we were able to find cinamomi (see entry Sade
),
.
which appears in the Vatican and Oxford MSS (an interpretation as the
Lat. genitive singular is also possible).
The second word in the Vatican MS, QNYLH, has to be read as
O. Occ. or O. Cat. canela (RL :a; CB , among others; RMA ;
DECLC :a; AdV ), canella (RL loc. cit.; CB , among others;
RMA ; RPA , among others; DECLC loc. cit.), O. Occ. canelha
(CB , ; RMM f., , ), or O. Cat. canyela (DECLC loc.
cit.) with the meaning cinnamon.
Lat. cinamomum/O. Cat. canela is identified as Arabic dar s.n in
AdV , .
1 : O
2 : V
3 :
VO add. V
. 5 4
4 : O V
5 : O
V
C. Caballero-Navas, The Book of Womens Love and Jewish Medical Literature on
Women. Sefer Ahavat Nashim, London .
7 R. Barkai, A History of Jewish Gynaecological Texts in the Middle Ages, Leiden .
6
dalet
. 10 9 8
DWD"YM, Arab. YBRWH
. or LP" H,
. o.l. MDR"GWLH
Hebrew DWD"YM features in the Bible (e.g. Gen :; Song :)
and is identified as mandrake, Atropa mandragora or Mandragora officinarum L. (KB ; CD :; AEY :; DAS :, ; FO f.;
LF : ff.).
Arabic yabruh. is derived from Aramaic (cf. FA f.; SD )
and refers either to the mandrake plant; Mandragora officinarum L. and
Var. or to its anthropomorphic root, while Arabic luffah. means either the
plant or its fruits (DT :; M ; DAS : ff.).
For the identification of Hebrew DWD"YM as Arabic luffah,
. cf. Sa#adya
on Song : (SH):
(the mandrakes yield their fragrance, at our doors are all
choice fruits; both freshly picked and long-stored have I kept, my beloved,
for you):
; cf. IJ ; SF :. The identification
of luffah. as yabruh. features in Ibn Janahs
. K. at-Talkhs. as quoted by alIdrs (IJS :; cf. AS ).
The vernacular term MDR"GWLH (MS P) or MDRYGWL" (MS V)
must be read as the O. Occ. mandragolha (PSW :b; FEW :b) or
the O. Cat. mandragola, Mandragora officinarum L. (DECLC :b),
having lost the -n- like in a French form documented in the th c.,
madregole (FEW :b). The synonym of the Oxford MS (MNDRYGYL") includes the -n-; the second Yod in this variant seems to be corrupt for a Waw. Von Wartburg dates the O. Occ. form in the th c.
(FEW :b); the O. Cat. form is documented for the first time in the
th c. in a Ramon Llull text (DECLC :b). For the identification of
Arab yabruh as O. Cat. MNDRGWLH, cf. GHAT ;. The O. Occ.
and O. Cat.forms with the ending -ora (CB , , ; DAO ,;
PSW :b; RL :b; RPA ) seem to be later (in the th c., see
DECLC :b and FEW :b). The form ending on -ora is identified
as Arabic luffah. (see above), cf. AdV , .
8 :
9 : V
add. V
10 :
O V
. 12 11
DLW#YM, Arab. QR#, o.l. QWGWRL"
Hebrew DL#T, plur. DLW#YM, means pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo L.
(KA :, :; BM ; AEY :; DAS : f.; LA :;
cf. FH ; FM and LF : ff.: Lagenaria vulgaris Ser.) and features
in Rabbinic literature (e.g. mKil ., mUqz .).
Arabic qar#, from Aramaic (FF f.; LA :), also means
pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo L., Cucurbita maxima Duch. and Lagenaria
vulgaris Ser. (DT :; M ; DAS : f.; LA :).
For the identification, cf. the Geonic Commentary on mUqz .:
(stalk of a
pumpkin: A pumpkin has a kind of wooden stalk; the meaning of the
Arabic qara# in Aramaic is ) (EG ). The Hebrew term DL#T is also
common as a translation of the Arabic qar# in medieval medical literature
such as, for instance, in the Hebrew translations of Maimonides Medical
Aphorisms VII, (cf. BMMb ) and IX, (cf. BMMb ), by N
and Z.
The vernacular form QWGWRL" (MS V) represents the O. Occ. cogorla
(pumpkin, FEW :b), whereas the synonym used in the Paris MS,
QWGWRLS (or QWGWRL" S in the Oxford MS), is its plural, cogorlas.
The word is probably derived from Lat. *CUCURBULA (from CUCURBITA, with the suffix -ULA instead of -ITA). According to the FEW,
forms derived from this etymon can be found in various parts of France,
corresponding to the linguistic variants of Lorraine, Franco-Provenal,
Auvernian, and Languedocian. DAO : documents cogorla in RM and
RPA with the supposed meaning being pumpkin (RM ; RPA ; cf.
also RMA ); see also Corradini Bozzi: cogorlla, idem (CB ) and,
in addition, cogorla salvatge, bryony, in RPA (DAO :; RPA ).
These examples and the additional evidence in our text have led us to
revise Coromines opinion that cogorla is an uncertain and badly documented word (DECLC :ba). With respect to Modern Occitan, the surviving forms [ku'gurla], [ku'gurlo] and the like seem to be
restricted to parts of the modern departments of Hrault, Gard, Lozre,
Ardche, H.-Loire, and Puy-De-D. (see ALF, map ).13 Also see DFO
11 : O
12 :
O P
In the departments of Loire, Rhne, Ain and Isre we find reduced forms like
['kurlo], ['kurla].
13
dalet
(DLMTYQY),
from Greek
.
.
or (LS ; KG :; LR ; cf. KA : f.). It features in
mKil . and is explained in the Jerusalem Talmud (ad locum) as:
(= from Greek tunic; KG :; LN ; SMCB ).
Krauss (KT :) explains as a kind of tunic, which appeared
14 :
15 : P1
O V
16 :
O V add. V
V
V
17 : O
18 : O
at a later time instead of the stole. Jastrow (JD ) explains the term as
a long undergarment of Dalmatian wool and Levy speaks of wollene
Priestergewnder (woollen cassocks) (LW :; cf. BLS : vestis diaconi); Sperber (SMCB, and esp. ) concludes that it is a garment
called after the country it hails from, i.e. ; see as well KA :,
: f.; SB : f. See as well Het
. no. .
Arabic PR"YN is probably a plur. formed from fira", plur. of farwun,
which designates a certain thing that is worn, a furred garment, a skin
or wool, a kind of garment, well known, lined with the skins of various
species of animals, worn for preservation from the cold (L ).
Maimonides comments on the Mishnah mentioned:
(Bera cloaks and Brundisian cloaks and Dalmatian undergarments and felt shoesone may not
wear them until they have been examined) that although the exact meaning of all these terms has not been established, it is clear that we are dealing with items of wool used to cover the legs and thighs (
,
) (MK :).
The vernacular term must be a derivation of O. Occ. pelis(s)a, furry
coat (FEW :b; RL :a), like pelisiera or *peliseira. O. Occ. pelisiera
is documented to mean female dealer in skins in WfP , and
FEW :a. Note that, according to WfP , a special meaning that
these words [i.e., O. Occ. words in -iera] take is that of an article
of clothing, so that we could suppose here, in accordance with the
meanings of the Hebrew and Arabic synonyms, a (non-documented)
meaning such as a kind of furry garment. Also cf. the O. Occ. derivations
pel(l)is(s)a(i)ria, furriers trade (RL loc. cit.; PSW :b) and peliseta,
little coat with pelt lining (see entry Alef ).
Also cf. entry Het
. .
. 20 19
DNDNH, Arab. N#N#, o.l. MNT"
.
Hebrew DNDNH means mint, Ceterach officinarum Willd., and features in Rabbinic literature, for instance in mShebi . (JD ; LW :;
KA :, :; AEY :; DAS :; FM ).
19 : AA P
20 : VO
dalet
Na#na# is the generic Arabic name for different species of mint, e.g.
Mentha piperita Smith., Mentha sativa L., Mentha aquatica L. (DT :;
M ; DAS :, , n. , ; cf. as well Alef no. ).
The identification of DNDNH as na#na# goes back to Maimonides
commentary on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :).
The vernacular term MYNT"
. is the Lat. or Romance menta for mint
(DAO :; RM , among others; RL :a; PSW :b;
CB , among others; DECLC :ab; DETEMA :ab). Cf. Alef
no. .
For the identification of O. Cat. menta as Arabic na#na#, cf. AdV ,
and GHAT :.
. 22 21
DBDBNYWT, Arab. QR"SY" e.g. HB
. "LMLWK, o.l. SYRRS
The Hebrew term DBDBNYWT features in Rabbinic literature, for instance in mAZ . or bAZ b, and means lumps of dripping grapes
(JD ; LW :; KA :, :; cf. LF :: overripe grapes moistened
by their own juice; cf. as well FE ). In the Middle Ages the term is also
used to designate the cherry fruit, Prunus cerasus; cf. the Arukh (KA :):
(see as well FE ff.; LF :).
Arabic qarasiya, from Greek (LS ), designates the cherry
fruit, Prunus avium L. and Var. or Prunus mahaleb L. and Var. The name
habb
al-muluk (berries of kings) was used in Spain and the Maghrib
.
for both the cherry and the fruit of the sebesten tree (Cordia myxa
L.) (DT :; M , ; DAS :). Arabic qarasiya features e.g. in
Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XX, ; XXI, ) and is translated by
N as: , and transcribed by Z as: .
Maimonides on mAZ . (MK :) explains as:
(honey combs). For the identification of DBDBNYWT as habb
.
al-muluk, cf. the mentioned quotation from the Arukh.
The vernacular word SYRRS (MS P)/SRYYR" S (MS O)/S. RYYR" S
(MS V) must be read as the plural of O. Occ. cireira (DAO :;
RL :b; PSW :b) or, for the variant of P, the Cat. cirera (DECLC
:b) used in the meaning cherry.
GHAT (:, :) identifies Arabic qarasiya and habb
al-muluk
.
as O. Cat. SRYR"S.
21 : V
22 : O
. 24 23
DYS", Arab. HRYSH, o.l. "NWN" QWYYT"
.
Aramaic DYS" or DYYS" means a dish of pounded grain, grits or:
coarsely pounded wheat or barley eaten alone or mixed with honey
(JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :) and features in Rabbinic
literature, for instance, in bBez. b, b or bShab b.
Arabic harsa means grain or wheat, bruised, brayed or pounded
or designates in particular a kind of thick pottage, prepared of cooked
wheat and cooked flesh-meats much pounded together (L ; RAP ,
, f., , ) and features in different medical tractates of Maimonides such as On Hemorrhoids, cf. BMH II, (cf. as well KZ ); On
the Regimen of Health (cf. BMR I, ) and Maimonides On Asthma (III,
; cf. BMA ).
The identification of DYS" as harsa goes back to R. Hananel
on bBer
.
b: :
(about simple unpounded grain everybody
agrees that [one says]: Who creates various kinds of food: is
simple pounded grain, without honey and in Arabic harsa) (LO Perush
R. Hananel
on bBer b, p. ); see as well the Arukh (KA :).
.
The vernacular term "NWN" QWYYT"
. must be identified as O. Occ.
*an(n)on(n)a cueita, literally meaning cooked cereal, wheat. The whole
expression is not documented in our sources; for an(n)on(n)a, cf. DAO
:, :; FEW :a; RL :b. The second element is *cueita,
the feminine form of the participle *cueit, which is documented, e.g.,
in biscueit (RL :b). Von Wartburg remarks that an(n)on(n)a is
especially attested for the South of France (FEW :b). The word does
not seem to exist in Cat.
. 27 26 25
HS. MR, Arab. ZWP" "LS. WP, o.l. "YSNWSRWN
DSN
TWM
.
HS. MR grease of wool is possibly a loan translation of
Hebrew DSN
Arabic dasam as. -s. u f grease of wool, which designates, according to
23 : VO
24 : VO
25 : V
26 :
27 :
O V
dalet
GYB
S (or GYNGYB" S
The vernacular
term used in the Paris MS GYN
in the MSS O and V) must be interpreted as the plural of O. Occ.
gengiva gums (FEW :b; RL :b), whereas, for O. Cat., only the
variants gen(n)iva, genyiva without -g- are documented (DECLC :b;
DCVB :a).
. 29
DPWS, Arab. Q"LB, o.l. PWRM"
Hebrew DPWS, next to TPWS
in Mishnaic Hebrew, from Greek
.
(LS ; KG :; LR ) means frame, mould (JD ; LW :;
28 : VO ?
29 : O V
add. V
30 :
31 : VO
32 :
O V
O V add. V
dalet
. 34 33
S"
O V ? add. V
add. V
() (DWRDY", SDY"
[SDRY"],
SMRYM
they all mean the same and in
Arabic it is called D(W)RDY) (cf. as well SDA ).
PYG"L (MS P)/PGL"RH (MS O)/PYGL"RH (MS V) are O. Occ. words
related to the Latin FAEX (RL :b; FEW :) or the derivation
FAECULA tartar, yeast. See the O. Occ. fec/fetz, lie, sdiment, matire
fcale (i.e., sediment (of wine), faecal material), e.g. fetz de vi, sediment
of wine, and O. Cat. feu solatge (DECLC :). FAECULA could
have produced an O. Occ (semi-learned) form *fegula/*fegola. In this
case the term used in the Paris MS would be corrupt and should be
read as PYGL",42 although it is strange for these MSS that /o/ or /u/
is not expressed. The variants used in the MSS O and V could not be
interpreted.
dalet
. 44 43
DQL, Arab. NKL i.e. the palm tree, o.l. DYYTLYR
.
Hebrew DQL means palm tree, Phoenix dactylifera L. and Var. (JD ;
LW :; KA : f., :; DAS :; FM ; LF : f.), and
features, e.g. in mPeah ..
Arabic nahl or nahla also means palm tree (D :; DT :;
).
DAS :, ,
For the identification of DQL as nahl, cf. Maimonides commentary on
the Mishnah cited above (MK :).
The vernacular form DYYTLY(Y)R
must be an O. Occ. *daitil(i)er
.
for palm tree, which is not documented in our sources. We only find
the O. Occ. name of the fruit, datil (DAO :; FEW :b; RL :a;
PSW :b; RM ; CB , ). In O. Cat., we find the name of the
fruit, dtil, and the name of the tree derived from it by the suffix -er,
datiler, featured in Ramon Llull (th century, see DECLC :a). The
Romance words for the fruit are learned words from Lat. DACTYLUS
(FEW :b); by contrast, the form in our text shows the regular development of Lat. -CT- to a diphthong with offglide Yod: DACTYLU(M) >
O. Occ.*daitil.
. 45
DLDWL, Arab. DBWL, o.l. RPYSY
In Rabbinic Hebrew, DLDWL originally means the hanging-down of
a piece which is partly detached from the body, especially, the part
hanging down (LW :; KA : f.), and then a wart with a thin
neck (JD ) or a tumor of the skin, wart (Low XLVI) and features
in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mNeg . or bHul
. a. It is derived from
the verb which means to reduce, weaken or: to loosen, detach
(JD f.), but cf. SDA ; s.v. (): to become degenerated,
diminished.
Arabic dubul indicates the disease called wasting or marasmus
(L f.). In Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (III, , ,; X, , ;
XIX, ; XXII, ; cf. BMMa , , ), it is rendered a.o. as: or
S. Y) by Z.
by N and as: or (RYSPY
43 : V
44 : O !A
45 : O V
46 :
O V
HE
. 3 2 1
HRNY, Arab. KBYZ, o.l. MLB"
Aramaic HRN" or "RN", plur. HRNY or "RWNY/ "R"NY, refers to a plant of
uncertain identity. According to the Geonic tradition, it is identical with
the plant called \ (malva) mallow (JD ; SDA : malva
(leaves); KA :, :; LA ff.:; LF :) and features, e.g. in
bShab b.
Arabic hubbayz, a variant of hubbaza, is malva or mallow, Malva
3 : O
4 : V
5 :
O V
he
P" TYDH
HYTYH, Arab. "NGD"N,
o.l. PWLYD" GH
.
Hebrew HYTYH or more correctly HTYH, TYH or TY"H designates )
either the plant crowfoot, Ranunculus, or its root (JD ; BM ;
LF : ff.), or ) the root of Ferula asa foetida L. (FM ; LF : ff.;
cf. as well KA :, :).
Arabic angudan or angudan, from Persian angudan (VL :,),
refers to Ferula asa foetida (DT :) and, according to Maimonides
Glossary of Drug Names, the leaves of asafetida (M = IJS :; cf.
MS V and ID :). See as well Ayin .
For the identification of as angudan, cf. Maimonides on mUqz .
9 :
VO add. V
O V
10 :
. 11
HBNYM, Arab. "BNWS, o.l.YYWNWS
Hebrew HBNYM, featured in the Bible (Ez :), means ebony, Diospyros mespiliformis (KB ; CD :; FEB ff.; FO f.; LF
: f.).
Arabic abanus has the same meaning (DT :). The identification
goes back to Rav Hai Gaon as transmitted by Ibn Janah,
. K. al-us. u l:
(HBNYM is al-aban
us according to the
translation by Rav Hai Gaon) (IJ ). See as well MCS :.
The vernacular YYWNWS must be the Lat. ebenus (Sin :; FEW
:a) that was also used in O. Cat. texts (ebenus, ebenu, DECLC
:b; DCVB :b) for ebony. In O. Occ., we find the following
forms: avenuz (or similar variants), via Arabic transmission (FEW
:a; PSW :b; DAO :) and ebana, ebene, ebeni, forms directly
derived from Lat. (RL :b; DAO :). The spelling with YY- in MS
P and with G- in MSS O and V as well as the Yod in the last syllable
in these MSS remain unexplained. A similar variant appears as O. Cat.
GYBYNWS in GHAT :, where it is identified as Arab. abanus.
. 13 12
HLYLQYM KRKWMYYM, Arab. HLYLG " S. PR, o.l. MYR" BWL"NY
STRYNY
.
Hebrew HLYLQ/HLYLG KRKWMY, plur. HLYLQYM/HLYLGYM KRKWMYYM, means yellow myrobalan. Hebrew HLYLQ possibly derives
from Syriac hallqa (cf. BLS ; LA :). As the term is
attested for the first time in the Geonic compendium Halakhot Gedolot
(ed. Hildesheimer,14 p. ; cf. as well LP ). Additionally we find the term
as in the Book of Medicines attributed to Asaph (cf. LA :).
Arabic hallag as. far is Terminalia citrina Roxb., Hara nut (D :;
M ; ID :; SP ). Hallag is the Arabic form of the Persian
name halla (VL :). It indicates several kinds of myrobolans, mostly
the fruits of Terminalia Chebula Retz. (Combretaceae), black chebulic
11 : VO
12 : O V
13 : O V
14 J. Hildesheimer (ed.), Halachoth Gedoloth nach dem Text der Handschrift
vols. Berlin .
Vaticana,
he
om. O
17 :
V, om. O
18 : V,
19 : V, om. O
om. O
20 :
21 : P V
V, om. O
he
V
add. O
The meaning of the Arabic and Hebrew terms suggests a similar semantic
shift in O. Occ./O. Cat.
A further confirmation of this shift is the second synonym given in
the Oxford MS, the M. Lat. c(h)olica, (bilious) colic (MLWB :;
MLLM b). Colica also existed as a learned word in Romance languages, e.g., in O. Cat. documented since (DECLC :a; DCVB
:b), but also in O. Occ. (see CB ). RL mentions it only as an adjective (colic, -a, concerning colic, e.g. in a quotation of Eluc. de las propr.,
fol. : colica passio, see RL :a).
. 25
HM#DT HM#YM, Arab. ZLQ "L"M#"
Hebrew HM#DT HM#YM, which is not attested in secondary literature,
was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a Hebrew loan translation of the
Arabic zalaq al-am#a" Dysenteria spuria (KZ ; SN ; cf. BM ).
The Arabic term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXII, ;
XXIII, , , , ), and is translated by N as: /
, and by Z as: / . Moses ibn
Tibbon translates the Arabic as: in Maimonides On the
Regimen on Health; cf. BMR IV, .
.
HTPT
HSTN,
Arab. TQTYR
"LBWL
.
.
Hebrew HTPT
HSTN,
which is not attested in secondary literature, is
.
possibly a loan translation coined by Shem Tov after the Arab. taqt.r
al-bawl dribbling of urine (L ; cf. IR : strangury; SN :
Harnverhaltung (retention of urine)).
. 28 27 26
HDR KNTH, Arab. DW"RH, o.l. BWDYLS
Hebrew HDR KNTH or Aramaic HDR" DKNT" (cf. MS V) means Mesenteron, the old term for embryonic mid gut (JD ; SDA ;
25 : O V
26 :
O V
V
27 : O
28 : V
he
29 :
30 : O V
31 : VO
32 : V
O V
. 35 34 33
35 : O V
36 For Nathan Falaquera and
he
The Hebrew
and Arabic terms are identified in SID ::
:.
. 43 42
HTP
"LMWD#
. HT
. HMQWM, Arab. TNTYL
.
.
Hebrew HTP
. HH
. is a verbal noun meaning moistening (BM ;
EM ), and has, in a medical context, the special meaning of applying
a fomentation. HTP
. HT
. HMQWM thus means applying a fomentation
to a place [of the body].
Arabic tant.l means to moisten (D :), and in a medical context
to apply a fomentation. TNTYL
"L MWD#
.
. means to apply a fomentation to a place [of the body]. TNTYL
features
in Maimonides Medical
.
Aphorisms (XIII, ) in a medical sense and is translated by N as:
and by Z as: .
. 44
HZ"H, Arab. NDW
. H
.
Hebrew HZ"H hails from the root NZH, which features in the Bible (e.g.
Lev :) in the Qal in the sense of to spatter and in the Hif#il both
in the Bible (e.g. Num :) and in Rabbinic literature in the sense
of to sprinkle (KB ; JD f.; LW :, Aram. ; BM f.).
HZ"H, a verbal noun derived from HZH meaning sprinkling, features
in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mZeb . (JD ; LW :; KA :;
BM ).
The Arabic root nada
. ha
. means to sprinkle and nad
. uh. is a kind of
perfume or any medicine injected into the mouth (L f.; HaF ).
Sa#adya (S ) translates the biblical HZH as it features in Num
:: (Further, he who sprinkled the water of
lustration shall wash his clothes) as: ; see as
well IJ , gloss MS Rouen (n. ). The term HZ"H is left untranslated
by Maimonides in his commentary on the Mishnah passage mentioned.
. 46 45
HDRQWN, Arab. QWLNG
For both terms, cf. He no. above.
. 47
HTLBDWT, Arab. TLBD
Hebrew HTLBDWT is a verbal noun derived from HTLBD, which means
to be connected, stuck (EM ) and is only attested for medieval
literature. It features, for instance, as in Samuel ibn Tibbons
Hebrew translation of Maimonides Guide of the Perplexed, III.,48 where
it is a translation of the Arabic .49 also features in medieval
philosophical literature in the sense of porous cf. KTP :.
is not attested in the dictionaries.
44 : O V
45 : om.
46 : VO
47 : O
48 Ed. Ibn Shmuel, p.
OV
.
Moshe ben Maimon, Dalalat al-h
. a"irn. Arabic text established by S. Munk and
edited with variant readings by I. Joel, Jerusalem , p. , l. .
49
he
WAW
. 2 1
WTYQH, Arab. #SYDH
The Aramaic term WTYQ" (cf. MS O), featuring in Rabbinic literature in
bPes b, is the name of a certain pastry, tart (JD ; LW :, ;
SDA ; KA :, :) which can be cooked in oil and salt or in water
and salt (cf. bPes b; AH :b; KT :). In Geonic literature
is identified as ; cf. LO :.
Arabic #as.da is a sort of thick gruel, consisting of wheat-flour moistened and stirred about with clarified butter, and cooked (L ; DRD
; RAP , n. , , ). The term features in Maimonides On the
Regimen of Health, (cf. BMR I, ) and is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon
as: ; cf. as well Maimonides On Asthma
(III, ; BMA ) and KZ , , .
. 5 4 3
SQWL"
WRDY HHMWRYM,
Arab. WRD "LHMYR,
o.l. GN
.
.
Hebrew WRDY HHMWRYM
literally meaning roses of donkeys, which
.
is not attested in secondary literature, is possibly a loan translation coined
by Shem Tov after Arabic ward al-ham
. r.
Arabic ward al-ham
r
rose
of
donkeys is the common name for
.
peony in the Maghreb, Paeonia corallina Retz. or Paeonia foemina Garsault (DT :; M ; LF :; MS ff.:). See as well Shin no.
below.
SQWL"
1 : VO
2 : O
3 : O
4 : VO
5 :
O V
Cat., Coromines doubts that the form listed in DCVB ever existed, since
there are no other documentations of it (DECLC :b).
. 7 6
o.l. "WRGWN"LS
WRYDY HS. W"R, Arab. "WD" G,
The Hebrew term WRYDY HS. W"R designates the large blood vessels,
jugular veins leading from the head to the heart (JD f.; KA :;
Low XLVII; PB ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mHul
. ..
Arabic awdag, plural of wadag, designates each of the external jugular
veins; a certain vein in the neck; two veins extending from the head to the
lungs (L ). Awdag features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XV,
) and is translated by N as: and by Z as: .
For the identification of WRYDYM (WRYDYN) as "awdag, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above: : (MK :).
The vernacular term in MS V, WYN" S. "WRGNLYS. , must be interpreted
as a plural form belonging to the O. Occ. or O. Cat. vena organal (O. Occ.
also vena orguenal, cf. PSW :a, where the meaning jugular vein
is given; FEW :b: vena organal, vena orguenal artre du cou (i.e.,
carotid (artery)), since the th century); for O. Cat. see DCVB :b
organal, where vena organal is interpreted as principal vein of the neck
with the addition jugular (with a question mark). The form with -W- in
MSS P and O could reflect the Latin spelling with a purely orthographic
-u-, such as in orguenal.
6 : VO
7 :
ZAYIN
. 1
ZR# GD, Arab. BZR "LKZBWR, o.l. GR"NH DYQWRY"NDRWM
The Hebrew term ZR# GD means seed of coriander, Coriandrum sativum L. (KB ; JD ; CD :; KA :, :; DAS :, :;
FO f.; LA ff.:; LF : ff.) and features in the Bible, e.g. Ex
:, and Rabbinic literature, e.g. bYom a.
Arabic bizr al-kuzbur, or the more common form bizr al-kuzbura, has
the same meaning (L ; DT :; M ; DAS :).
The identification goes back to Sa#adya (S ) on Ex ::
(The house of
Israel named it manna; it was like coriander seed, white, and it tasted
like wafers in honey):
.
The vernacular term GR"NH DYQWRY"NDRWM in MS P must be
read as grana de coriandrum, a combination of O. Occ. grana (seed,
cf. Gimel no. and ) and Lat. coriandrum with the meaning Coriandrum sativum L. (GH :; NPRA ). The variant in MS V represents the O. Occ. coliandre (FEW :a; CB , among others;
RPA , ; RM ), whereas the one in MS O is O. Occ./O. Cat.
coriandre (RL :b; PSW :a; CB ; RPA ; DCVB :b).
, KWLY"NDRY, gloss of the Hebrew gad. O. Cat. corianSee also ShK
dre (AdV ) is identified as Arab. kuzbura (AdV ). Also cf. GHAT
:, where we find Romance KLY"NDRY as a synonym for the Arab.
KZBWR.
. 2
Arab. LHYH
QNYN"
ZQN HTYS,
"LTYS, o.l. RWS"
.
Hebrew ZQN HTYS is possibly a loan translation of Arabic lihyat
at.
tays (cf. below) (BM ; LF :). The Hebrew term features in
medieval medical literature, for instance, in the Hebrew translations
1 :
2 : O V
O V
zayin
a variety
QWNSWLYDH,
is the Lat. or O. Occ. consolida with the meaning Symphytum officinale, which is documented in O. Occ. in the th century
(FEW :b; PSW :a; RMA ; RMM ; RPA , , ,
among others). But it seems that the forms co(n)solda (cf. MSS O and V)
and co(n)souda (with syncope) are more frequent in O. Occ. (CB ,
,,, among others; RM among others; RPA among others).
The second term is an O. Occ. or O. Cat. *dent cavalina (in Cat.
also: cavallina), which is well represented in our text and follows the
model of the Lat. dens caballinus (see Alphita: Sin , n. ; CA ).
In O. Sp., we can find the vernacular translations diente de cauallo (Sin
: and :) or diente caualluno (Sin :), which, in the contexts
shown in the Sinonima, must designate the plant Hyoscyamus albus
L. (see Sin b). The ending of the adjective is due to the fact that,
in O. Occ., dent tooth could be feminine (besides the etymological
3 :
4 : O
O V
5 : V
6 : O V
add. V
7 : O
8 : O
zayin
. 10 9
9 :
10 : VO
11 :
12
13
14
15
O V
Cf. Th. Nldeke, Beitrge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, Strassburg .
: O V
: V
: O
ZR# SWMR
PRDSY, Arab. BZR R"ZY"NG #RYD,
. o.l. PNYQWLY
16 :
17 : O V
18 : O
19 : O V
20 : O V
O V
zayin
LA :; LF :).
is the corresponding Latin word thapsia,
The vernacular term T"P
. SY"
Thapsia garganica L. (NPRA ), or the corresponding Romance loan
word (FEW :ab). In O. Occ. (th century), we find the form
tapsie (with the meaning thapsie (ombellifre) according to RMA ):
Pren razis tapsie [ . . . ], i.e., take the root of thapsia, but note that it is a
Latin genitive in this quotation. In O. Sp., the form tapsia is documented
for Thapsia garganica L. (Sin : and for the identification ;
DETEMA :c). In Cat., the first documentation of tapsia is indicated
as very late () in DECLC :a, but note the following quotation
from the th c. that can be found in DCVB :a: La qual yo crech
esser tpsia, i.e., the one that I believe that it is thapsia, Cauliach Coll., vi,
. 21
ZKN HTHTWN,
Arab. "L#"NH
.
Hebrew ZKN HTHTWN
means pubic hair and features in Rabbinic
.
literature, e.g. in mSanh . (JD ; KA :; BM ; Low XLIX;
PB ).
21 : O
Arabic al-#ana means pubes, the hair that grows above the anterior
pudendum (L ; FAL :, cf. as well KZ ).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above:
(their allusion to the pubic hair as
a beard is a euphemism) (MK :).
. 24 23 22
V
VO
: O V
zayin
25 : V
26 :
27 : VO
28 :
VO
29 : VO
30 : O V
. 32 31
ZHB "WPYR, Arab. TBR, o.l. PLYWLH
The Hebrew term ZHB "WPYR featuring in the Bible ( Chron :)
means gold of Ophir (KB ; CD :). In addition to ZHB "WPYR,
we find KTM "WPYR, as in Job :.
Arabic tibr means native gold, in the form of dust or nuggets (L ;
cf. as well GS : tibr Rohgold, Seifengold (native gold, alluvial gold)).
Ibn Janah. (IJ ) explains tibr as crude gold or silver: MHL ^E
nL'/ 0 JH) IE 5
2 9 ' (cf. ShT , no. ).
For the identification, cf. Se#adyah ibn Danan, who translates in
the expression used in Job : as: (SID :).
The vernacular term seems to belong to Lat. foliola (plural of the
diminutive foliolum for little leaf , cf. ThLL :). In Romance,
although the first documentation is very late (th century), we find
the Cat. fulliola, lit. little leaf . In accordance with the Arabic term, it is
documented with the meaning raw piece of stone, wood, metal, among
others (DCVB :a; DECLC :b). As for O. Occ., only the nondiminutive variants folha and fuelha could be found for this meaning
(cf. FEW :a; PSW :a). In O. Cat. there is the rarely documented
word falla leavage, foliage (DCVB :ab) which may only show a
coincidental similarity to fulla leaf . The variant with a that appears in
our text may thus be an as yet undocumented diminutive variant such as
Cat. *fallola or Occ. *falhola. MS V presents an extended version of this
term: aur de *fallola/*falhola, lit. gold of little leaves (for aur, cf. Gimel
).
. 33
ZWNYN, it is "LSYLM
Hebrew ZWNYN means darnel or rye grass, a weed growing among
wheat, Lolium perenne L. or Lolium temulentum L. It features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (JD ; LW : f.; KA :, :;
AEY :; DAS :, :; FH , , ; FM ; FO ;
FZ f.; LA f.:; LF : ff.).
31 : V
32 :
O " P V
om. O [ . . . ] add. V
33 :
zayin
(DS ).
. 39 38
ZR#WNYM, Arab. HBWB,
o.l. LYWMNS
.
Hebrew ZR#WNYM means rows of plants in one bed, seeds; vegetables
and features in the Bible (e.g. Dan :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. mKil
.) (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; KA :; FH f.). Arabic
hub
. ub means kernels, seeds (L ).
34 : V
35 :
36 : O (cf. entry ) V
37 : om. O, V
38 : om. O
39 : "!
P V
O (cf. entry )
(cf. entry )
.
Z"B, Arab. DWB, o.l. LWP
Hebrew Z"B means wolf and features in the Bible (e.g. Gen :) and
Rabbinic literature (e.g. bBekh a) (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :;
KA :; FAB f.; LZ f.).
Arabic di"b means wolf, wild dog, dog of the desert (L ; JAD
f.:).
: ff.; KSZ
For the identification of Z"B as di"b, cf. Sa#adya on Gen ::
HET
.
. 2 1
HRY#,
Arab. #S. PWR, o.l. SPR"N
"WRTWL"N
.
.
Hebrew HRY#
features in Rabbinic literature (e.g. mKil .) and means
.
safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. (JD : bastard saffron; LW :;
KA :, :; AEY :; DAS :; FH ; FM ; FZ f.;
LF : ff.).
Arabic #us. fur designates the safflower blossom or bastard saffron,
Carthamus tinctorius L. (DT :; M ; DAS :, ).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :), and Maimonides on
the Mishnah cited above: : (MK :). See as well BT :,
and Het
. below.
The transcription of the vernacular term must be the O. Occ. *safran
ortolan (garden safflower), a combination which is not documented in
any of our sources. In O. Occ., we find two forms that are Arabisms
and mean safflower: safran with a final -n and safra without a final -n
(RL :a). In Catalan, we only find the latter form (DECLC :b).
Ortola(n) is the O. Occ./O. Cat. word for gardener derived from the late
Latin hortulanus (RL :a; FEW :ba; DECLC :ab). We
do not have any testimony for the adjectival use of the Romance term.
It seems to be an adaptation from Latin (cf. terms like Late Lat. allius
hortulanus garden garlic, see DECLC :a).
. 4 3
P" TYDH
HLTYT,
Arab. HLTYT
as well, o.l. " S"
.
.
.
Hebrew HLTYT
designates ) the plant Ferula asafoetida L., asafedita
.
fennel, ) its blossom, ) its leaves, ) its fruits, or ) its resin and features
in Rabbinic literature (e.g. mShab .) (JD ; LW :; KA : f.,
1 : e" P
2 :
3 :
4 : O V
; also see GHAT :, where we find the Romance synonym " S"
PTYD"
for Arab. HLTYT.
.
.
. 5
HPW
SYT,
Arab. KNPS, o.l. " SQRB
T.
.
Hebrew HPW
SYT,
featured in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mPar .,
.
means scarabee, beetle (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; FAB
; LZ f.).
Arabic hunfas means black beetle, or a certain species thereof (L
f.; BK , ; JAD : ff.; StS ).
(" SQR"BYG
and " SQRBYY
T)
. must be the O. Occ. escaravaig (see DECLC
loc. cit.) or escaravait respectively, documented in PSW :b as the
oblique plural or nominative singular form escarava(i)tz.
5 :
O V
het
.
. 7 6
HY
. #WLM, Arab. HY
. "L#"LM, o.l. BYB" QWRBYN"
Hebrew HY
. #WLM or HY
. H#WLM, which also features in Aramaic (cf.
LA f.:; LF : f.), designates the plant Sempervivum tectorum
L., houseleek (BM ; AEY :). The oldest reference we could
find is in the Book of Medicines attributed to Asaf (AV :), where it
features in its Aramaic form as , which probably goes back to
the Greek 1 houseleek (LS ).
Arabic hayy
al-#alam probably designates the plant sempervivum,
.
Sempervivum arboreum L. or Sempervivum tectorum L. (DT :;
M ).
The Arabic term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, )
and is translated by N as: , and by Z as: .
For the plant designated by the Arab. and Hebr. synonyms, we find
the Latin term semperviva (instead of sempervivum, NPRA ; also cf.
Sin :, : among others). The second element of this plant name
appears to be reflected by the first of the two words of our Romance term:
viva. The second word, QWRBYN", could not be identified (and there is
no documentation of viva in the context of a similar form in our sources),
unless it represents the Lat. adjective corvinus (or a Romance equivalent),
which can be found in plant names: e.g. pes corvinus, used in the Alphita
(cf. Sin , n. ; CA ), or the Italian vite corvina for vine with a kind
of dark grape (FEW :b).
. 8
HPYPH,
Arab. HK,
.
. o.l. PRYT"R
.
Hebrew HPYPH
means cleansing the head and features in Rabbinic
.
literature, e.g. in bShab a (JD ; LW :; BM ; KT :;
Low LII; PB ; cf. SDA : Aram. : shampoo).
Arabic hakk
signifies the act of scratching, rubbing, fretting (L ).
.
Cf. as well Het
. no. .
For the identification, cf. AQ, fol. b: :. Cf. as well
ShM f.
6 : O
7 : O V
8 : X" P
9 : O V
10 :
het
.
. 11
HNYN",
Arab. KWNDWS, o.l. KWNDWS
.
Aramaic HNYN"
should possibly be read as HNWN",
which is Hebrew
.
.
hellebore, Helleborus L., and features in Rabbinic literature,
e.g. bShab b: But said R. Huna, there is a certain wood in the sea towns
called hanun, whereof a chip is brought and placed in her nostril (i.e. of
a ewe) to make her sneeze, so that the worms in her head should fall out
(JD : henna, alcanet; LW :; KA : f., :; AEY :;
FM ; LA :; LF :).
Arabic kundus means sneezewort, Achillea ptarmica L., and also
soap wort, fullers herb, Saponaria officinalis L. (WKAS :; DT :;
LF : f.). The Arabic term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms
(XXI, ) and is transcribed by N and Z as: . Al-Idrs (IJS :)
mentions B () as a synonym for
Q.
The vernacular term must be an Arabism, derived from the word just
discussed. It is a form without the Arabic definite article, contrary to the
common practice in Ibero-Romance varieties; thus, in O. Sp., we find the
forms alcudes and alcocundez, both with the Arabic definite article and
featuring as synonyms for the Lat. eleborus (cf. Sin : and n. ; also
cf. Het
. ).
/
. 12
HRBQ,
Arab. KRBQ, o.l. "LYBRWM
.
Hebrew HRBQ,
which also features in Syriac (s.v. hurbakn
a or hurbek
ana
.
.
.
LF : f.; LA :), is perhaps a loan translation of Arabic harbaq
13
(cf. below). It designates the plant hellebore (cf. Payne Smith :).
Arabic harbaq, Greek 2 and 2 (LS
), designates
the hellebore, Helleborus albus or Veratrum album L.
and Helleborus niger L. (DT :; M ). The Arabic term features in
Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XX, ; XXI, ) and is translated by
N as: / ("LYBRWS/KRBQ) and by Z as: (LYBRWS).
The vernacular term corresponds to the Latin word eleborum (NPRA
), possibly in a syncopated form.
11 : V
12 :
13
V
Cf. R. Payne Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus, vols. Oxford .
For the identification of Arab. harbaq abyad. and harbaq aswad as Lat.
HLMY
or HLMYT,
Arab. KTMY,
o.l. MLWYSQLY
.
.
.
The Hebrew term HLMYT
designates the plant mallow and features
.
in the Bible (e.g. Job :) and Rabbinic literature (mKil .) (KB ;
CD :; JD ; LW :, ; KA : f., :; DAS : f.; FM ;
FO f.; FZ f.; LF : ff.). Cf. as well He no. .
Arabic hit. m (hat. m, hat. mya) means marshmallow, Althaea offici ; DAS : f.).
nalis (DT :; M
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on mKil .: :
, (a kind of vegetable whose
identification I do not know, but it is said that it is ) (MK :).
The vernacular term must be read as O. Occ. malviscle (CB and
; RMA ; DAO :) for Althaea officinalis L.
. 18 17 16
HLBNH
NGRT, Arab. MY#H S"YLH, o.l. " STWRQ
LYQYTH
.
.
Hebrew HLBNH
and Aramaic (SD ; SDA ; LA :),
.
from Greek (LS ), means galbanum, Ferula galbaniflua,
a gum resin used as an ingredient of frankincense, which smells like
asafoetida (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :, ; KA :, :;
BM ; DAS :; FO f.; LF : ff.). It features in the Bible (e.g.
Ex :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. bKer a). HLBNH
NGRT means
.
liquid galbanum.
Arabic may#a sa"ila designates liquid storax, Liquidamber orientalis
Mill. (DT :; M ; ID :; LF : ff.). The Arabic term 2,7 features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, , ) and is translated
STWRQ)
and by Z as: /
by N as: / (" S. TWRQ/"
.
.
("YSTWRG
/MY#H, i.e. " STWR
G).
.
.
14 : om. O
15 :
(cf. entry ) V
16 : VO
17 : ? O
18 : O
het
.
21 20 19
22
kind of HLBNH
which is called " STWRQ
QR"MYT.
.
means dry galbanum (for references cf. no.
Hebrew HLBNH
YBSH
.
above).
Arabic may#a yabisa designates solid storax, Styrax officinalis L. (cf.
Het
. no. and ID :).
19 :
om. O
20 : V
21 : V
22 :
. 25 24
o.l. QWDWNS
HBW
SYM,
Arab. SPRGL,
.
plur. HBW
Hebrew HBW
S,
SYM,
designates the fruit quince, Cydo.
.
nia oblonga or Cydonia vulgaris, and features in Rabbinic literature,
e.g. in bKet b (JD ; LW : f., ; KA :, :; BM ;
AEY :; DAS : n. , ; FE ff.; FZ ff.; LF : ff.; cf.
SDA , Aram. : apple).
Arabic safargal has the same meaning (DT :; M ; DAS :, ,
, ). For the identification, cf. LO Perushim on bKet b, p. .
23 : V
24 : VO
25 :
VO
het
.
"LS#YR,
HLB
S#WR,
Arab. NS"
o.l. "MYDWM, made of barley-flour
.
Hebrew means starch of barley (for , cf. KB ; JD ;
BM , ; KA :).
Arabic nasa" as-sa#r has the same meaning (L ; DAS : f.).
Arabic U2F features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, , )
and is translated by N and Z as: / and NoB by N as:
("MYDWM) and by Z as: ("MYDW) (XX, ).
The vernacular term "MYDWM is the Latin word for wheat flour
amidum (Sin b; MLWB :: flos farinae (triticeae)). Most of the
Latin manuscripts of the Alphita have the characteristic addition interpretatur sine mola fractum (cf. Sin b). The variant in the Vatican
MS is the rare Medieval Lat. variant amido, -onis (MLWB loc. cit.), a
non documented O. Occ. form *amido (amidon with n is documented
in RPA ) or O. Cat. amid (DCVB :a).
26 : O
27 : V
28 :
om. O, V
. 31 30 29
"L#NB, o.l.
HR
. S. NYM, that is the inner stones of grapes, Arab. #GM
GRYNYWNS
Hebrew HR
. S. NYM means fruit stones or especially grape stones and
features in the Bible (e.g. Num :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. mNaz
.) (KB : unripe grapes; CD :: sour grapes; JD ; LW :;
SD ; KA : f., :; BM ; DAS : f.; FH ).
Arabic #agam al-#inab means grape stones (L ; DAS :).
For the identification of HR
. S. NYM as #agam, cf. Maimonides on mNaz
.: : (MK :).
The Romance variants of the Oxford and Vatican MSS represent the
plural of the O. Occ. word granhon with the meaning (olive) kernel
(PSW :b). The form in the Paris MS might be interpreted as O. Occ.
or O. Cat. *grinhons or *grenhons, which is not documented in our
sources. In O. Sp., the word gran existed, which, in one context of the
Libro de Alexandre, an O. Sp. text from ca. , is supposed to designate
grape seeds (DCECH :ab).
. 33 32
HLGLWNWT,
Arab. BQLH "LHMQ",
o.l. BYRDWL"Q"
.
.
Hebrew HLGLWNWT
designates purslane, Portulaca oleracea L., and
.
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in m Shebi . (JD ; LW :;
KA : f., :; BM ; FM ; LF : ff.).
Arabic baqla hamq
a" designates the same plant (DT :; M ;
.
DAS :, :).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above:
: (a
kind of purslane, with large leaves and a long stalk and it is al-baqla alhamq
a) (MK :); see as well BTJ .
.
The vernacular variants BWRWTWLYG"
(MS O) and BWRTWL"Y.
.
YG" S (MS V) correspond to the O. Occ. bortolaiga and its plural bortolaigas, mentioned in DECLC :ab. The Catalan form of the same word
29 :
30 : VO
om. OV
31 : O V
32 :
33 :
O V
O V
het
.
Hebrew H
. S. B means Bermuda Grass, Cynodon dactylon, and features
in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (JD ; LW :; LA ff.:;
LF : ff.; cf. as well FM s.v. ; FZ ff.: Uriginea maritima).
Arabic nagl or tl designates Couch Grass, Cynodon dactylon and
Agropyrum repens (DT :; M ).
For the identification of H
. S. B as tl, cf. the Geonic commentary on
mKel .:
(
is a plant whose name is in Aramaic and tl in Arabic and in
Hebrew) (EG f.; cf. as well SDA , s.v. ).
The vulgar term GRM is the O. Cat. (DECLC :ba) or the
O. Occ. gram (DAO :; RL :b; PSW :b) for Triticum repens
(FEW :a); Levy gives the German translation Quecke, i.e. couch
grass (PSW :b). Both are derived from the Latin etymon GRAMEN
(FEW :a; DECLC :b). This form is documented in O. Occ.
34
One should consider the possibility that the author or the copyist(s) of the Sefer
ha-Shimmush had some Arabic-Romance glossary of Spanish origin at hand, particularly because Shem Tov, just like many of the Jewish physicians in Southern France, had
originally come from Spain. As an alternative, the form BYRDWL"Q" might be interpreted as a blend between the Catalan or Spanish verdolaga and the Latin PORTULACA.
35 : V
36 : VO
37 : VO
38 : O
during the th and th centuries (FEW :a) and in O. Cat. for the
first time at the end of the th century.
For the identification of the Arab. and Romance terms cf. GHAT
:, where we find the Romance synonym GR"M for Arab. TYL.
. 39
HPYPH,
Arab. SK, o.l. PRYTR
.
.
Hebrew HPYPH
means cleansing the head (cf. Het
.
. no. ).
Arabic SK is possibly a corruption of #$% (sah
. gun) which means
scratching, abrading the skin (HaF ). #$% features in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (VI, ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by N as:
and by Z as: (HWLYD PWNT).
.
For the vernacular term, cf. Het
no.
.
.
.
HWG,
Arab. DW"R
.
Hebrew HWG
means circle or to make a circle (KB ; CD :;
.
LW :; BM ) and features in the Bible (e.g. Job :) and Rabbinic literature (bHag
. b). The Hebrew term is possibly a semantic borrowing of Arabic duwar meaning circle, and as a medical term vertigo,
giddiness in the head (L ; SN ). As a medical term, it features in
Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XV, ) in the combination () ()
and is translated by N as: and
by Z as: .
It is possible that Shem Tov used the Hebrew term in the sense of
vertigo as a semantic borrowing from the Arabic.
. 40
HLB
PQW#WT, Arab. SHM
.
. "LHN
. TL,
. o.l. QWLWQNTYD"
.
Hebrew HLB
PQW#WT, which literally means fatty substance of bitter
.
apple (for , sing. , bitter apple, Citrullus colocynthis (L.)
Schrad., cf. KB ; JD ; LW :; KA :; :; DAS : f.,
:; FM ; FO f.; FZ f.; LF : ff.; PB ) and is not attested
in secondary literature, was possibly coined by Shem Tov based on the
39 :
40 : VO
om. OV
het
.
Arabic sahm
. al-han
. z. al which designates the inner part of the colocynth,
exclusive of its seeds (L ; DT :; M ; DAS : f.; :).
hm
Sa
. al-han
. z. al features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms
(III, ; cf. BMMa ) and is translated by both N and Z as:
(QWLWQYNTYD").
.
For the identification of PQW#WT as al-han
. z. al, cf. LO Perushim on
Shab b, p. , IJ f., RJ and Maimonides on mShab . (MK :
n. ). For the identification of HLB
as sahm,
.
. cf. SE .
The vulgar term QWLWQNTYD"
is
the
Late Latin coloquinthida (<
.
Lat. COLOCYNTHIS < Gr. !; DCECH :a), which was
also used in Romance (O. Occ. colloquintida, RL :b, or coloquintida,
RPA and , or in O. Sp. coloquintida, Sin :, DETEMA :c
a) for the plant Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. (Sin ab). It is
not documented for Catalan; Coromines only gives the Catalan form
coloquinta (DECLC :a). There is a description of the virtues of this
plant in the O. Occ. Eluc. de las Propr. (fol. ): Colloquintida es herba
mot amara (Colloquintida is a very bitter herb, RL :b).
For the identification of the Arabic and Romance terms, also cf. GHAT
(:) where we find the Romance synonym QWLWQYNTYDH
for
.
Arab. SHM
. HN
. TL.
.
. 42 41
HLB"
D"R#", Arab. SHMH
"L"RD
.
.
.
Aramaic HLB"
D"R#", which literally means grease of the earth and is
.
not attested in secondary literature, was possibly coined by Shem Tov
after Arabic sahma
al-ard. (cf. below) to designate a certain animal or
.
plant. The reason why Shem Tov coined this term in Aramaic instead of
Hebrew was possibly in order to distinguish it from the Biblical Hebrew
as featuring in Gen :: (and you shall live
off the fat of the land), which is translated by Onkelos as: , by
Pseudo-Jonathan as: , and by Sa#adyah as:
(S ).
Arabic sahmat
al-ard,
.
. literally grease of the earth, has different meanings: ) earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L. (DT :; M ), ) according to Maimonides (M ), the Maghrebis apply the name sahmat
al-ard.
.
to a small quadruped animal with streaked paws of gecko species (cf. as
41 : V
42 :
O V
well LFa ), ) according to Abd ar-Razzaq, the term designates mushrooms (M ; cf. as well L ), and ) the term is applied to a plant
that has not been identified exactly (cf. M : edible lichen and D ::
Garcinia Mangostana).
For the identification of Hebrew HLB
and Arabic sahm,
.
. cf. SE .
. 43
"LQRTM,
HLB
HQWRTMYN,
Arab. NS"
o.l. "MYDWM
.
.
.
Hebrew QWRTMYN
either designates the plant safflower, Carthamus
.
tinctorius L. and Var., or its seeds and features in Rabbinic literature,
e.g. bPes b (JD ; LW :, ; SDA f., Aram. ;
KA : f., :; LA ff.:; LF : ff.; cf. as well Qof no.
below). HLB
HQWRTMYN
means safflower starch.
.
.
Arabic nasa" al-qirt. im also means safflower starch. Arabic qirt. im,
from Aramaic , also designates the seeds of the safflower plant,
Carthamus tinctorius L. and Var. (DT :; M ; cf. as well Qof no.
below). The Arabic term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms
(XVII, , ) and is translated by N as: / and by Z as:
/ / / (QRTM/QRWQ
.
"WRY"NT"L/
"WRY"NT"LY).
. QWRQ "WRY"NT"L/QRQW
.
.
See as well Het
. and above.
For the vernacular, see entry Het
. .
. 44
HLY
. TH,
. Arab. ZL"BYH
Hebrew HLY
. TH
. means a paste made of flour stirred in boiling water,
dumpling and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mHal
. . (JD ;
LW :; SD ; BM ; cf. as well DAS : and KT :: pouring
hot water on flour).
Arabic zalabiya means fritters or puff pastry with honey or almond
(D :; DAS :; RAP : fritters) and features in Maimonides On
Hemorrhoids (cf. BMH II, ) and On the Regimen of Health (cf. BMR I,
) and is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon as: (paste
baked in a pot) (EG n. ; FrA ; KZ ). In Maimonides On Asthma
(III, ; cf. BMA ), the term is transcribed as: by Joshua Shatibi
43 : O
44 : V
het
.
HMY
SYWT,
Arab. MSTHH,
o.l. NSPWL
S
.
Hebrew HMY
SYWT
means medlar, Mespilus Azarolus L., and is only
.
attested in medieval literature (AEY :; LA f.:, :;
LF :). Thus, it features in the Alphabet of Ben Sira (ed. Eli Yassif, Sippurei Ben Sira bi-Yemei ha-Benayim, Jerusalem , p. ) as ,
where it is explained as being Italian: (nespole), i.e. medlars.
Caleb Ben Elijah Afendopolo identifies (also written as: )
as (quinces), but also as mespila (following LA f.:; cf.
LP ).
Arabic mustaha designates the medlar tree, Mespilus germanica L.
and Var., and is perhaps derived from Latin mustaceus/mustus must
(GH :) (DT :; cf. M , and D : which give sorb tree
and azarole tree as additional meanings).
45 : V
46 : O
47 : O
48 : O V
49 :
. 52 51 50
53
HLYPWT
TRDYN, Arab. RWS "LSLQ or "L" DL"#,
o.l. TY
.
.
. ST. S DYBLYDS or
QWST. S
Hebrew HLYPWT
TRDYN means shoots of beet, Beta vulgaris Var., and
.
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mUqz . (JD , ; LW :;
; KA :, :, ; FM ; LF : ff.).
Arabic ru" u s as-silq or al-adl
. a # means heads or ribs of beet (L ;
DT :). In Maimonides On Asthma (IX, ; cf. BMA ), we find adl
. a#
as-silq, which is translated as: by Shabiti, and as:
by Samuel Benveniste and the anonymous translator. Cf. as well Tav no.
below.
For the identification of HLYPWT
TRDYN as adl
.
. a # as-silq, cf. the
Geonic commentary on mUqz . (EG ).
The expression TY
. ST. S DYBLYDS "W QWST. S must be read as O. Occ.
testas de bledas o costas. The O. Occ. and O. Cat. name bleda is identified
as the plant Beta vulgaris (DECLC :b). According to DECLC :b,
the form bleda comes from a form *BLETA, which is the result of Latin
BETA (transformed by confusion with BLITA, plural of BLITUM, i.e.
blite, a similar plant). Thus, the O. Cat. synonym blet which Raynouard
gives for O. Occ. bleda (RL :a) is not correct. The plant name bleda
50 : !# P
51 :
VO
52 : O
53 : O, om. V
het
.
54 :
55 : V
56 : ! P
57 :
58 : VO
59 : O, om.
H
Arab. "ZRQ, i.e. like the sky
. SMLY,
Hebrew H
is an adjectival form derived from biblical H
which
. SMLY
. SML
means glittering substance, amber (CD :; JD ) and features, e.g.
in Ez :. In Modern Hebrew the term means electricity.
Arabic azraq means blue, sky-coloured (L ). Cf. as well DRD :
blue-eyed (byname as family name).
The identification of H
as azraq goes back to Ibn Janah,
. SMLY
. cf.
Se#adyah ibn Danan, Sefer ha-Shorashim (SID :): :
(H
is blue light according to Abu l-Wald [Ibn
. SML
Janah]).
.
60 : V
61 :
62 :
63 : V
O V
V
64 :
add. O
het
.
. 65
HLBY
S. or HLB
.
. S. YM, Arab. R"SN, o.l. "LN" QNPNYH
Hebrew HLB
S. means ornithogalum, bulb of ornithogalum
. S. or HLBY
.
or orchid, Orchis anatolicus, and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g.
in mShebi .. yShebi VII, bc explains the term as: (eggs
of ornithogalum) to designate the roots or nodules of ornithogalum
(JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; EG f.; FM ; FZ f.:
Euphorbia apios L.; LA :).
Arabic rasan, originally a Persian word (VL :), designates elecampane, Inula Helenium L. and Var. (DT :; M ). The term features as
@7o 0,AB4 ) %( in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and
is translated by N as: and by Z as:
.
In accordance with the Arab. term, the vernacular term used in
the Vatican MS, "NWL" QMPN", must be interpreted as the learned
Romance term enul(l)a campana (O. Occ. enulla campana, RMA ;
DAO art. :) for Inula Hellenium L. (Sin ). The variants
used in the other two MSS, Paris and Oxford, show a metathesis of
-l- and -n- ("LN") whichfollowing von Wartburgwas frequent in
Medieval Latin (th to th century): elena, elna (FEW :b). Von
Wartburg also states that the distribution of this plant name in southern
France could be a result of the medical activities of Montpellier (FEW
:b).
For the identification of the Arabic and Romance terms, cf. GHAT
:, where we find the Romance term "YNGWLH QMP"NH as a
synonym for Arab. RS"N "L#RWQ ("YNGWLH is evidently a misspelling
of "YNWLH).
. 68 67 66
HLZWN,
Arab. HLZWN,
o.l. LM"S"
.
.
Hebrew HLZWN
means ) conchiferous animal, snail, oyster, esp.
.
purple-fish, purple-shell; ) beetle or locust; ) a snail-shaped piece
of chain, screw and ) an eye-disease. The term features in Rabbinic
65 :
66 : P
67 : " P
68 : ! P
O V
HL"T
HYM, Arab. ZBD "LBHR,
MRYN"
.
. o.l. " SQWMH
Hebrew HL"T
HYM, literally meaning filth of the sea, is not attested in
.
secondary literature and seems to have been coined by Shem Tov as a
loan translation of the Arabic zabad al-bahr
. (cf. below). Note, however,
that the term also features as a translation of the Latin spuma maris in
the Sefer Keritut by Hillel ben Samuel of Verona.70
Arabic zabad al-bahr
. sea foam is the translation of Greek 3 bastard-sponge (LS ) and designates, according to Dioscurides
(:), a mixture of sponges, algae and polypiers rejected by the sea
(DT : n. ; M ).
het
.
. 73 72 71
HLW
HLT,
Arab. MB#R, i.e. the rectum
.
.
Hebrew HLW
HLT
means mesentery and features in Rabbinic litera.
.
ture, e.g. in bHul
a
(JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ;
.
Low LI; MD : rectum; PB ).
Arabic mab#ar means rectum, intestine or gut (L ). The Arabic
term features in the Arabic translation of Galens Anatomicarum Administrationum, ed. Garofalo, vol. , .:
2 ) C,KT, for Greek: ! (4). For the identification, cf. ShM :
(HLW
HLT
.
.
because nothing ever remains in it, unlike the other intestines; for it is
constantly empty, and whatever reaches it is immediately expelled, and
therefore it is called mab#ar, that is to say the excrements are expelled
from it; it is also called ma#bar).
. 74
HLMWNY
HBS. YM HTRMY
TYN,
i.e. half-cooked egg yolks and in
.
.
.
V
75 : O
76 : V
77 : V
78 : add. V (cf. entry
79 : VO
80 :
81 : O V
82 : V
O V
het
.
. 85 84 83
o.l. "WMWR WYSQW
HL
Arab. HL
SH
. T. HLWQ,
.
. T. LZG,
Hebrew HL
means smooth humour and is not attested in
. T. HLWQ
.
secondary literature (BM ; EM ).
i.e. hilt. lazig means viscous humour (L ;
Arabic HL
. T. LZG,
83 : emendation
84 : VO
85 :
editors MSS
O add. V
. 89 88 87 86
o.l. L"N" QRPYN"DH
HMYLH,
Arab. S. WP MNPWS,
.
Hebrew HMYLH
means a blanket of thick, coarse stuff (JD ;
.
LW :; KA :; BM ; KT :) and features in Rabbinic
literature, for instance in mNed ..
Arabic s. uf manfus means wool separated, or plucked asunder or
loosened, so that it became spread, or sparse, or dispersed (L f.);
cf. as well Sade
no. below.
.
Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :) explains
HMYLH
as: (wiqaya, cf. D :: les tissus de soie et or, dont
.
les juives senveloppent la tte et quelles nomment oukaia au Maroc et
en Algrie (cloth woven of silk or gold, which the Jews wrap around
the head and which are called oukaia in Morocco and Algeria); cf. as
well R. Dozy, Dictionnaire dtaill des noms des vtements chez les Arabes,
Amsterdam , p. f.).
The vernacular term in the Vatican and Oxford MSS is an O. Occ.
compound expression *lana carpenada, literally wool picked into pieces.
For the O. Occ. verb carpenar zerrupfen (i.e., to pick something into
pieces), see PSW :a. For the O. Occ. or O. Cat. lana for wool, see
RL .b; FEW :b; DECLC :a; DCVB :a. The term most
probably refers to the wool prepared using teasels for spinning (cf. the
meaning of O. Sp. carpinado in DETEMA :b).
Von Wartburg (FEW :a) points out that the derivates from Lat.
CARPERE have, in Gallo-Romance, the meaning to pick (wool/canvas)
into pieces. Their meaning differs from carder (i.e., to card) and refers
to preparing this operation; cf. the definitions plucher la laine avec les
doigts avant de la carder (to pick the wool with the fingers before carding
it), carder avec la main (to pick with the hand).
. 90
HWTM
HMLK, Arab. K"TM "LMLK
.
Hebrew HWTM
HMLK literally means seal of the king.
.
86 : O
87 : V
88 : V
89 :
90 :
O V add. V
het
.
H
o.l. PWRWS
. S. YR, Arab. KR"T, Rabbin. KRYSYN,
Hebrew H
. S. YR means leek, Allium porrum L., and features in the Bible
om. OV
HL
. S. YYM, Arab. SR"SYP
Hebrew HL
. S. YYM means loins and features in the Bible (e.g. Is :)
and Rabbinic literature (e.g. bHag
b) (KB ; JD ; BM ;
.
Low LI; PB ).
Arabic sursuf, plur. sarasf, means the cartilage attached to each rib
(L ; DKT , ; FAL :; IR ) and features in medieval
medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (e.g.
VI, ; cf. BMMb ), where p,%q )W 7 (i.e. the hypochondria) is
translated by Z as: (cf. as well KZ and ).
Sa#adya translates (The belts on their waists) in Is : as:
(cf. DS ; RT ), Ibn Jan
ah. (IJ ) on Job : and : as:
C?6,], and AQ, fol. b translates as: .
95 :
het
.
. 96
HL
Arab. THLHL
. HLH,
.
Hebrew HL
means shaking, trembling (KB ), shivers, chill
. HLH
.
(Low LI), convulsion (BM ) and features in the Bible, e.g. Is :.
Arabic tahalhul from the root tahalhala means being shaken, dis ).
jointed (HaF
Sa#adya on Is : translates HL
as (cf. DS ; RT ).
. HLH
.
. 98 97
H
Arab. S. N"NYR, o.l. MWSQLR
S
. HYM,
.
Hebrew H
means hook, thorn, awl, fastening, clasp,
. H,
. plur. H
. HYM,
.
chain; fibula and features in the Bible (e.g. Is : (= Kings :))
and Rabbinic literature (e.g. Ex. R. s. ) (KB ; CD :; JD ;
KA :, :; BM ).
Arabic s. innara, plur. s. ananr, means iron hook (D :).
For the identification, cf. Ibn Janah. (IJ ) and Se#adya ibn Danan on
Is : (SID :); see as well SF :.
emendation editors P
om. V
101 : O
102 : V
103 : O V
104 : VO VE
105 : e!
het
.
. 107 106
Arab. SHD,
S
HLWT
DBS,
o.l. BRYSQ
.
Hebrew HLWT
DBS means honey combs and features in Rabbinic
.
literature, for instance, in mUqz . (JD ; LW :; BM ;
DAS :).
Arabic sahd or suhd means honey or honey in its wax, i.e. its combs
(L ; DAS :).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above:
: (MK :).
S is the plural of O. Occ. and O. Cat. bresca
The vernacular term BRYSQ
(DECLC :b; also cf. O. Occ. vrezqua in CB ) with the meaning
honeycomb (RL :b). The origin of the word is not clear, but it dates
sot ha-Kesef,
back to the Pre-Roman period (DECLC loc. cit.). In Sar
we find the gloss BRYSQ", but here it glosses the Hebrew word s. uf for
). For O. Cat, it is documented for the first time in
honeycomb (ShK
a Ramon Llull text from about (DECLC loc. cit.).
. 109 108
HWM
T,
i.e. HHLZWN
.
. Arab. HLZWN,
.
.
Hebrew HWM
T. means lizard, chameleon and features in the Bible
.
(Lev :) and Rabbinic literature, for instance, in bHag
. a (KB f.;
JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ; BAL f.; BH :, :, ,
; LFa ; LZ ).
un, cf. Het
For Hebrew and Arabic halaz
. no. .
.
The Hebrew term HWM
T
is
translated
by
Sa#adya and Ibn Janah. as
.
.
(S ; IJ ). However, as Rashi on Lev : translates HWM
T.
.
110
as: , David Kimhi,
. Sefer ha-Shorashim, col. , remarks that
has a gloss
according to some it is a reptile called: , and ShK
lyms (see the vernacular term in Het
. no. ). There must have been a
tradition identifying HWM
T. with HLZWN.
.
.
106 : ? O
107 : VO
108 : add.
109 : om. V
110
111 : P
112 : om. OV
113 : om. O
114 : V
115 M.W. Dols, Majnun: The Madman in Medieval Islamic Society. Edited by D.E. Immisch, Oxford .
TET
.
. 1
TWM
TY
Arab. TYN
MKTWM, o.l. BWL SGYL"
. T. HTWM,
.
.
.
Hebrew TY
is possibly a loan translation of Arabic t.n mahtum,
. T. HTWM
.
IR ).
Terra sigillata, i.e. sealed earth or clay, was called in this way because
the pastilles prepared from these kinds of earth or clay were marked
with a seal. Thus Pliny, Natural History XXXV, refers to that from the
island of Lemnos under the name (seal). It was actually the best
known of the different kinds of terra sigillata introduced into medicine
by the Greeks, and was, according to Renaud and Colin,2 hydrated iron
peroxide, which served as an antitoxin. According to Siggel, Das Buch
abir ibn Hayy
der Gifte des G
an, p. , it was a reddish earth from
.
the isle of Chios that was taken to Byzantium in sealed form; it was
possibly an Al-Mg silicate. Maimonides, Glossary of Drug Names, s.v. t.n
(M ) mentions three different kinds of terra sigillata, namely from
Lemnos, Buhayra
and Yemen. See as well E.I.2, vol. , p. , , s.v. t.n
.
(C.E. Bosworth): Edible clay or earth. This was a diatomaceous earth or
kieselguhr, made up of the siliceous remains of minute organisms, and
was found in various parts of Persia in mediaeval Islamic times.
The vernacular variants in the Oxford and Vatican MSS seem to be
Romance adaptations of the Latin term terra sigillata (e.g. an O. Occ. or
O. Cat. *terra sage(l)lada/sege(l)lada). The O. Occ. term terra segelada
is documented in CB () with the meaning argillaceous soil. For
O. Occ. and O. Cat. terra earth, soil, see DCVB (:a); DECLC
(:a) and DAO (:), where the following specific meaning is given:
1 : O V
2 H.P.J. Renaud and G.S. Colin, Tuhfat al-ahb
ab.
terre argileuse dont se servent les potiers pour faire leurs ouvrages (i.e.
argillaceous soil, which the potters used for their products). For the
O. Occ. verb sagellar, sagelar, segelar or sugelar seal, see FEW (:b);
RL (:ab); PSW (:b). For O. Cat., see DCVB (:a); DECLC
(:b): segellar marcar o cloure amb segell (i.e. to mark or close
with a seal) since , with the variant sigillar (). The Lat. term
is documented in an O. Occ. text with the meaning terre sigille (sealed
earth) (RMA , ).
The Paris MS uses a synonym for terra in the sense of clay, namely
O V
tet
.
VO
6 :
7 : [ . . . ] V1
V, om. O
TRYQH,
Arab. LDG, o.l. PWNSWR"
.
Hebrew TRYQH
is a verbal noun derived from TRQ,
which means sting,
.
.
bite (BM , for TRQ,
cf.
JD
;
LW
:;
KA
:,
:; BM ).
.
Arabic ladg means stinging or biting (WKAS : f.).
9 :
O V
10 : V
11 :
O V1
tet
.
PWNSWR"
represents O. Occ. ponchura sting, bite (RL :a; FEW
preserve, pickle and esp. salted or pickled fish (JD ) and a kind of
tuna and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mNed ., and mAZ .
(LW :; SD , Aram. : type of fish, salted fish pieces sold in the
market; KA :, :; LFa f.; LZ f.).
Arabic t. u n or tuna means tuna; cf. G. Oman, Littionimia nei Paesi
Arabi del Mediterraneo, Firenze , no. .
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. tonina salted tuna (PSW :b
a) or O. Cat. tonyna tuna (DECLC :b). Following Coromines,
the O. Cat. term originally designated just one variety of tuna (DECLC
loc. cit.).
. 13
TRYYM,
Arab. TRYH
.
.
Hebrew TRY,
plur. TRYYM,
means fresh and features in the Bible (e.g.
.
.
in Ju :, and Sam :) and medieval literature (KB ; CD :;
BM ).
Arabic t. ar" has the same meaning (L ).
For the identification, cf. IJ ; SF :; WB . Sa#adya on Is : (S;
RT ) translates (festering sores) as: .
For the Romance synonym which is added only here in MS O, see the
commentary on entry Tet
. .
. 14
TYWL,
Arab. RY" DH
.
.
Hebrew TYWL
means walking, going errands (JD ; LW :). It
.
is possible that Shem Tov employs the term in the non-attested sense of
physical exercise for Arabic riyada.
.
Arabic riyada
originally
had
the
meaning of training, disciplining
.
oneself through exercise, exercise (D : f.). In medieval medical
literature, it is the common term for physical exercise and features, for
instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (III, , ; cf. BMMa
and ) where it is translated by N as: and by Z as: .
13 : VO
14 : VO
add. O
tet
.
. 16 15
TYRWP,
Arab. TSWY
S
.
Hebrew TYRWP
means confusion, distraction, trouble and features in
.
Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mBer . (JD ; LW :; BM ; cf. as
well Low LIII and PB ).
Arabic tasws means confusion; indisposition (D :). The term
features as Yo in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XV, ), where it is
translated by N as: and by Z as: .
.
TBLH,
Arab. S. PYHH
.
.
Hebrew TBLH,
from Greek , Latin tabula (LS ; GH : f.;
.
KG :), means plank, board, tablet for writing, book of accounts,
list, will and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bPes a (JD ;
LW : f.; SD ; KA :, :; BKH ff.; KT :, , , :,
, , , , :, , ). Maimonides, for instance, on mKel .,
explains Hebrew TBLH
as Arabic (lawh)
.
. (MK :).
Arabic s. afha
. means a wide or broad stone, plank, board, plate
(L ); cf. Gimel .
.
T. HYNH,
Arab. "STMR"
.
Hebrew T. HYNH
means grinding and, figuratively, sexual contact and
.
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bSot a (JD ; KA :, :;
BM ).
Arabic ist mar" means podex or anus of a human being (L , f.).
. 18 17
TRMY
T",
.
. Arab. NYMBRST
Cf. Bet no. .
15 : V
16 : O
17 : O
18 : V
. 20 19
ZHB, Arab. S. PYHH
TS
. SL
. DHB
ZHB means foil or plate made of gold and features
Hebrew TS
. SL
in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel . (JD ; LW :; KA :,
: f.). Arabic s. afhat
. dahab means plate made of gold (cf. Gimel
no. above).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned
above (MK :).
. 22 21
T. HWP,
Arab. "GBR, o.l. BRWN, it is like lead
.
Hebrew T. HWP
means dirty-white, grey and features in Rabbinic lit.
erature, e.g. in bHul
. b, as a variant of SHWP:
() (If he had two kinds [of wool], grey and white) (JD ;
LW :; BM ; KA :).
Arabic agbar means dust-colored (L ).
The vernacular term featuring in the Paris and Vatican MSS is brun
(see the entry Gimel ). The variant given in the Oxford MS, BWRWN,
appears to be corrupt (for the epenthetic Waw see the introduction).
. 25 24 23
S
TWP
H,
o.l. LYSY
.
. that is "LGLB"N,
Hebrew TWP
H
.
. designates the plant Lathyrus Cicera L. or Lathyrus
sativus L., everlasting-pea (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; AEY
:; DAS :, ; FH ; FM ; FZ ff.; LA f.:; LF
: ff.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mPeah ..
Arabic al-gulubban designates vetch (L ; D :; DT :, n. ;
M ; DAS :; cf. as well Shin no. below).
19 : P V
20 : O
21 :
22 :
23
24
25
V
O
: V
: VP
: O ! P V
tet
.
TP
means to dip ones hand in oil or water in which
. H,
. Arab. TNTYL,
.
herbs have been cooked and to hit the [affected] spot with it as an
anointment
Hebrew TP
. H
. means to clap hands, to strike or to wet (JD f.;
SD ; KA :, :; BM f.).
Arabic tant.l means the application of fomentations and features
in medieval medical literature, for instance in Maimonides Medical
Aphorisms (XIII, ) and is translated by N as: and by Z as:
.
26 :
. 28 27
TRY,
Arab. TRY",
o.l. PRYSQ
.
.
For Hebrew TRY
and Arabic t. ar", cf. Tet
.
. no. .
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. adjective fresc for fresh
(DAO :; FEW :a; RL :b; PSW :a; DECLC :a;
DCVB :b, cf. Tet
. no. , add. MS O).
27 :
28 : "X" P
om. O add. V
YOD
. 4 3 2 1
YRWQT HMWR,
i.e. donkey cucumbers, QT" "LHM"R,
o.l. QWGWMRY
.
.
"M"R
Hebrew YRWQT HMWR
designates the plant Ecbalium elaterium Rich.,
.
squirting cucumber and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mOhol
. (KA : f., :; BM ; AEY :; DAS :; FO f.;
FM ; FZ f.; LF : f.).
Arabic qitta" al-him
. ar, lit. donkeys cucumber, designates the same
plant (DT :;
M ; DAS :).
For the identification, cf. the Geonic commentary on Tohorot which
explains YRWQT HMWR
as Hebrew and as Arabic qitta"
.
al-him
a
r
(EG
);
see
as
well
Maimonides on mOhol . (MK :). For
.
Hebrew and Arabic qitta" al-him
. ar, cf. as well Qof no.
below.
The vernacular term in the Oxford and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ.
term cogombre amar (for the whole term see CB ; for the noun
cf. RL :b, FEW :b; for the adjective cf. RL :bb)
and seems to be a synonym for cocumbre aigre cornichon vert (i.e.
green gherkin) (RMA ) and cogombre salva(t)g(g)e, literally for wild
cucumber (CB , ; RMM ; RM ). The variant in the Paris MS
seems to be *cogomre amar, without epenthetic -b-; cf. the O. Sp. cogomro
(DETEMA :b). In Cat., we find the compound expression cogombre
amarg as a synonym for cogombre bord, cogombre boig and cogombre
silvestre, all of which designate a plant of the species Ecbalium elaterium
(cf. DCVB :a). The DCVB also lists the ancient Cat. variant amar
(:ab), so that the term featuring here might also be interpreted
as Catalan. But Coromines argues that this form only coexisted with
amarg in the writings of Cerver de Girona when he wrote in O. Occ.
(DECLC :a). However, see the form cogombra amar in an O. Cat.
1 : V
2 :
3 : VO
4 :
O V
al-him
. ar (ibid. , ).
. 6 5
GNWT, Arab. YRBWZ or BQLH "LYM"NYH, o.l. BLYDZ
YRBWZYN SL
Hebrew YRBWZ, plur. YRBWZYN, designates the plant blite, Albersia Blitum Kunth., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShebi
. as: wild blite (cf. below) (JD ; LW :, ;
SD ; KA :, :; BM ; AEY :; FM ; LA f.:;
GNWT,
LF : ff.; cf. as well FZ f.: Amaranthus). YRBWZYN SL
which is not attested in secondary literature, possibly designates the cultivated variety of blite.
Arabic yarbuz (derived from Persian (LA f.:; BLS )) or
baqla yamaniya means blite and its varieties (DT :; M ). In
Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XX, ) yarbuz is translated by N as:
(BLYT
. S. ) and by Z as: .
For the identification of Hebrew YRBWZYN as Arabic yarbuz, cf.
Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :).
The vernacular term corresponds to the O. Occ. or O. Cat. plural blez
or blets (RMM ; DCVB :ba) of the plant name blet for amaranth (FEW :b), which is blite, thus conforming with the Hebrew
lemma and the Arabic synonym. RMM (index ) indicates the meaning betteraves (beetroot), following the interpretation of PSW :b;
this wrong meaning is emended in DAO :, see below. The word
is derived from Lat. BLITUM (see DECLC :b and FEW :b;
DAO : gives the incorrect etymon BETA). For the general confusion
of BLITUM and BETA already apparent in Late Latin, see DECLC :b
and entry Het
. of this edition. By contrast, in our synonym list, the
author seems to make a difference between these two plants; cf. Het
.
and Tav . In another O. Occ. text, the two plant names are also mentioned separately: Ad ome que no pot anar a cambra, dona li manjar
bledas e blez e malvas e mortayrolh e cebas am carn grassa (i.e. to someone who cant go to the toilet, give him to eat bledas and blez and mallows
and broth and onions with fat meat) (RMM ). For the form with Dalet
and Zayin, see the introduction.
5 :
6 : VO
O V
yod
YW#ZR SDH,
Arab. PWDNG GBLY, o.l. PWLYYG MWNT",
. there are six
varieties, one of them is called MNT"
and one is called QLMNT.
. STRY
.
Hebrew YW#ZR designates the plant Adiantum capillum Veneris L.,
Maidenhair and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab .
(JD ; KA :, :; BM ; AEY :; FM ; FZ f.;
LF :). , which is not attested in secondary literature, possibly
designates its uncultivated variety.
7 : O V
8 : O
9 : ? add. V
10 :
11 : V
12 : O
13 : V
O, om. V
14 :
V
yod
well be that these forms did not really exist in O. Occ, but are rather adaptations made by our author. Note that these adjectives do not occur in an
isolated fashion, but as elements of compound terms, imitating the Lat.
terminology.
The variant in MS V seems to be a misspelling of the term in MSS
P and O or corresponds to a hypothetical O. Occ. compound expression
*polieg menta which is not attested in our sources; for the second element,
menta, see the commentary on Alef .
The second vernacular word given here is MNT"
O. Cat. or
. STRY,
.
O. Occ. mentastre (first doc. in Cat.: th c., Alcoat, according to
DECLC :, for O. Occ. see RL :, where the meaning menthe
sauvage (wild mint) is given; also cf. PSW :; CB ; RMA ;
RPA ; RMM ; RM , , ). Furthermore, the literature on
Lat. mentastrum and its Romance equivalents refers to several kinds of
mint (NPRA ; DCVB :b and :ba), one of them being
Calaminta. For the identification of O. Cat. mentastre, Latin mentastrum
and Arabic fudang cf. AdV , ; see also GHAT :. It should be
noted that it features in Medieval Hebrew translations of medical texts
for Arabic fudang; cf. Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ).
The third vernacular element is QLMNT,
. O. Occ. calament herbe
chat (cat mint), mentioned in RL :b, together with the following
quotation from Eluc. de las propr. (fol. ): Calament es herba semblant
a menta (i.e., calament is a herb which is similar to mint), and another
quotation from the O. Occ. translation of Abulcasis; for further documentation, see also FEW :b; CB , ; RPA . For Cat., the
DECLC : only mentions calamenta nepta, i.e. Nepeta cataria (first
doc. ), the DCVB also mentions the masculine plural form calaments (:b), without any indication of where this form was found.
. 19
YTLQH,
. Arab. YTSBT
Hebrew YTLQH,
. Hitpa#el imperfect from LQH,
. features in the Bible (Ex
:) as () (to flash intermittently) (KB ), and in Rabbinic
literature where it means he or it is enclosed or squeezed in (JD ).
Arabic yatasabbat means he or it clings, catches, cleaves or adheres
(L ). The term is also used in a medical context, for instance, in
19 :
Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXV, ), where it is stated: aI krJ2 a_o )& s()> t
Au) L2 (If the illness becomes prolonged and the
inflammations become hard or adhere to an organ). N translates the term
as: and Z as: .
.
YNSWP,
Arab. B" SQ
Hebrew YNSWP
designates a certain unclean bird, possibly the long
eared owl, Asio otus, and features in the Bible, e.g. in Lev : (KB ;
CD :: screech owl; BM ; BH :, , , ; FA ;
FAB f.; LZ ).
Arabic basaq or basiq means musket, or sparrow-hawk; falco nisus
(L ; StS ).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Lev ::
(the little owl, the cormorant, and the great owl):
(S ).
. 23 22 21 20
YYNMLYN, Arab. KMR M#MWL B"L"P"WYH, o.l. PYMNT.
Hebrew YYNMLYN, from Greek (LS ; KG :; LR ),
means wine mixed with honey (JD s.v. ; LW :; KA :;
Low LIV; PB ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab ..
Arabic hamr ma#mul bi-l-afawh means wine made with spices
(L ).
Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned explains YYNMLYN as:
(wine and honey and pepper) (MK :).
Accordingly, the vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. pi(g)men(t)
(CB ; RL :ab; PSW :a; RM ; DCVB :a) for sorte de
boisson compose de miel et dpices (i.e., a type of beverage composed of
honey and spices) (RL :a), Getrnk aus gewrztem Wein u. Honig
(i.e., a beverage of spiced wine and honey) (PSW :a): Pigment est
dit quar si fa despecias (i.e., pigment is called like this because it is made
of spices) (Eluc. de las propr., fol. , see RL ab). Also see (for the
20 :
21 :
V
V
22 :
23 : V
O V
yod
YPYG T#M
HYYN, Arab. YKPY T#M
.
. "LSR"B
Hebrew YPYG T#M
HYYN means he or it counteracts the taste (i.e.
.
effect) of the wine (for YPYG, Hif#il imperfect from PWG, cf. JD f.;
BM f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bErub b and
bSanh b, where it is stated that A miles walk or a little sleep removes
the effects of wine ( ).
Arabic yahf t. a#m as-sarab means he or it conceals the taste of the
wine (L ).
. 29 28 27 26
YBLWT, Arab. TW"LYL, o.l. BWRWGS
Hebrew YBLT, plur. YBLWT, means wart (KB ; CD :; JD ;
LW :; KA : f., :; BM ; Low LIV; PB , ) and
features in the Bible (Lev :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mErub
..
Arabic tu"lul, plur. ta" all, means a certain excrescence on the person
(L ; IR
; MH f.: wart, fleshy excrescence, Gr.
of a man
).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Lev :: : (S ),
IJ ; and Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above: :
(YBLWT: an excrescence on the human body) (MK :).
The vernacular term in the Oxford and Vatican MSS is the plural of
O. Occ. or O. Cat. be(r)ruga or ve(r)ruga (RMM ; DECLC :b;
RL :b; DCVB :ab; CB , , ) for wart (< Lat.
VERRUCA;
see FEW :b). The variant given in the Paris MS seems
to correspond to the Cat. diatopic variant borruga, which is very frequent
in the Pyrenees (DECLC and DCVB loc. cit.).
24 : V
25 :
VO
26 : P
27 : V
28 : om. V
29 :
O V
. 30
YGM#, Arab. YTMDM
. D.
Hebrew YGM# means he swallows or quaffs and features in the Bible
(e.g. Job :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab . (KB and
CD : f. s.v. ; JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ).
Arabic , from v'J7, means he rinsed his mouth with water
(L ).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above:
= , :
, (Someone suffering
from weak gums is not allowed to quaff with vinegar and to spit it out)
(MK :).
. 31
YSKYL,
Arab. YNG H
.
Hebrew , from the root , features in the Bible (e.g. in Sam
:) and means ) he understands, comprehends, ) he has insight,
) he makes wise, insightful and ) he achieves success (KB f.;
BM ff.). In Rabbinic literature, means ) he is wise, understands; he considers, deliberates and ) he looks towards, faces; he is
directed (JD ; LW :).
Arabic yangahu
. means he succeeds; he attains or accomplishes
(L ).
For the identification, cf. IJ f.: .wAB
.wA7 (David was more successful than all the soldiers of Saul
(cf. Sam :); because he was very successful (cf. Sam :)).
. 32
YTSWS, Arab. YPWR
Hebrew YTSWS, from the root TSS, features in Rabbinic literature (e.g. in
bAZ b) and means ) it bubbles, boils, ferments, ) it spurts and )
it causes spurting or sparkling (JD ; LW :; SD ; KA :,
:; BM ; KT :).
30 : emendation
31 : VO
32 :
editor P O V
yod
colour (L ).
The Arabic term features as the noun x pallor in
Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (X, ) and is translated by N as:
and by Z as: .
Sa#adya on Lev : translates as Arabic (S ).
The vernacular term in MS V seems to correspond to the O. Occ. and
O. Cat. expression torna vert for he/ she/ it becomes green. For the verb
tornar in combination with color adjectives, cf. RL :a: Lingostas e
rosilh que tornavan los blatz plus vermeilhs que bresil (i.e., Rock lobster
and rust which turned the wheat redder than bresil), V. de S. Honorat;
PSW :b: Cant Jhesu Crist fo el pueg de Thabor, ab lui mosenher
Peire et (ab) mosenher Jacme, la cara de Jhesu Crist si tornec si blanca
co neu (i.e., When Jesus Christ went up the mount Thabor together with
Peter and James, Jesus Christs face became as white as snow), Scala div.
amoris, p. . For the adjective vert, cf. DCVB :a and PSW :a.
The spelling of the adjective verd with <d> in both languages seems to be
more modern (cf. DCVB loc. cit. and Levys commentary on the feminine
form verda (PSW loc. cit.)).
The spelling of TWRG"
in MS P with Gimel instead of Nun seems to
.
be erroneous.
33 : VOU" P
34 : VO
35 : V
36 : VO Y
.
YTPLS. , Arab. YRT#D
Hebrew YTPLS. means he or it shudders and features in the Bible,
namely in Job : (KB ; BM ).
Arabic yarta#idu means he trembles, quivers, quakes, shivers, or
enters a state of commotion (L ).
For the identification, cf. Se#adyah ibn Danan (SID :), s.v. :
(Is :) (My mind is confused, I shudder in
panic): ; see as well Judah ben Samuel (Abu Zakariyya
Yahy
. a) ibn Bal#am on the same biblical passage:
(Ce mot a t traduit par
tremblement et secousse; cest un nom qui se retrouve dans le verbe
).37 Sa#adya translates in Is : as Arabic (cf. DS ;
RT ), and in Job : as Arabic (SJ ; BS ).
. 39 38
SK,
Arab. YKDK
YSK
. D.
SK
means he knocks about, shakes, dabbles (JD ;
Hebrew YSK
LW :; KA :) or he rinses (SDA s.v. ; KA :; BM )
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bAZ b.
Arabic yahad. hidu
. means he agitates, moves, stirs, shakes (namely
Cf. J. Derenbourg, Gloses dAbou Zakariya Yahia Ben Bilam sur Isae. Paris ,
p. .
38 : V
39 : O V
40 :
41 : O
42 : O
om. V
yod
43 :
44 : O
45 : P
46 :
om. V
47 : V
48 P. Richter, ber die spezielle Dermatologie des #Al
ibn
49 : O
50 :
51 :
om. V
yod
Arabic wasat. al-girbal means middle of the sieve (for girbal, cf.
L ).
Maimonides on mKel . (MK :) explains as: ,
and as any vessel, cavity or construction made to collect liquid things
or white flour into it.
. 53 52
YRQWN, Arab. YRQ"N, o.l. "YQTRYSY"
.
Hebrew YRQWN means ) jaundice, ) a disease of the grain, mildew
and ) paleness of the face, and features in the Bible (e.g. in Deut :)
and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a (KB f.; JD ; LW :;
SD ; SDA ; BM ; DAS :; Low LV: Anaemia; chlorosis;
PB f., n. ).
Arabic yarqan means jaundice (D :; SN :
H3
? jaundice, W%
? black jaundice). The term also features in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (II, ; IX, , ; XIII, ; XX, ; cf. BMMa and
BMMb ) and is translated by N as: and by Z as: /
("YQTRY
. S. Y"H) or ("YQTRYZY"H).
.
For the identification of YRQWN as yarqan, cf. Sa#adya on Deut
::
(The LORD will strike you with consumption, fever, and
inflammation, with scorching heat and drought, with blight and mildew;
they shall hound you until you perish):
(S ).
Cf. as well WB .
The vernacular term seems to be the Lat., O. Occ. or O. Cat. ictericia,
icteritia or hyctericia (RL :b; LLMA a; ThLL :). Corradini
Bozzi mentions the forms ytericia (CB ) and itericia (CB ) with
loss of the velar element; for the O. Cat. form ictercia, see DCVB :a
and DECLC :b. The meaning of the term is ictre, jaunisse (jaundice), see the following O. Occ. quotation: Hyctericia es tacament de
pel (i.e., hyctericia is staining of the skin; cf. RL loc. cit.). The word is a
derivation of Lat. ictericus jaundiced (ThLL loc. cit.; RL :b; MF ).
The term is also used in the Hebrew fragment of Macer Floridus with the
spelling "YQTRY
. S. Y"H and "YTRY
. S. Y"H (MF loc. cit.).
52 : V
53 :
O V
54 : O, om. P
55 I. Efros, Philosophical
KAF
. 1
KMWN MTWQ, Arab. "NYSWN, o.l. "NYS
Hebrew KMWN designates cumin, Cuminum cyminum L., and features in the Bible (e.g. in Is :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mDem
. (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : f., :;
BM ; AEY :; DAS :, ; FH ; FM ; FO f.;
FZ ff.; LA f.:; LF : ff.). KMWN MTWQ means sweet
cumin and is possibly a loan translation of Arabic al-kammun al-hulw
.
(cf. below).
Arabic ansun means anise, Pimpinella anisum L. The cultivated
variety is also called sweet cumin (al-kammun al-hulw)
(DT :;
.
M ).
The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ. or
O. Cat. anis for Pimpinella anisum L. (DAO :; for further documentation also see: CB , ; RPA , , among others; RMA ;
RM ; RL :a; FEW :a; DECLC :ba; DCVB :a),
documented for the first time in an O. Occ. text from and for O. Cat.
in (see DAO loc. cit.; DECLC loc. cit.). Besides this form, in O. Occ.,
the variants aniz (RM ; DAO loc. cit.) or anitz (RM ; DAO loc. cit.;
FEW loc. cit.) also existed. In GHAT :, we find the same transcription
of the Romance term, "NYS, also given as a synonym for Arab. "NYSWN.
For further identification cf. AdV , where we have the O. Cat. synonym ans for Arab. ansun. The variant in MS O is probably the genitive
singular of Latin anisum (Sin :; CA ).
. 2
KLPY, Arab. N" HYH
.
Hebrew or Aramaic KLPY means directed towards, opposite, against
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mSanh a (JD ; LW :;
SDA ; KA : f., :; BM f.).
1 : O
2 : V
Arabic nahiya
means intention, direction, region and nahiyata
.
.
means towards (D :).
. 3
KWRPS SBNHRWT,
Arab. BTRS"LYWN,
o.l. PYTRW
SLYNY
.
.
MSDWNYKWM
3 :
4 : O
5 :
O V
kaf
O V
O
FEW :a; RL :a; DCVB :a). In Cat., the form ers is only documented in dictionaries from the th century (see DCVB loc. cit.), but
Catalan usually has forms without a final -s and/or with an etymological
labial sound (er, erp or erb; DECLC :ba, documented for the
first time as the variant er in ). GHAT : states the Romance
form "YRYS (i.e. the plural of Occ. erre, DAO loc. cit.; FEW loc. cit.)8 as a
synonym of Arab. KRSN" which also forms part of this entry.
The forms er(r)s, er(re), erp and erb go back to the Latin etymon
eruum, on the basis of which eruus (-oris, neuter) is formed, with both
forms meaning Vicia ervilia Willd. = Ervum ervilia L. (NPRA ). The
variant with the ending -us might have entered into the Gallo-Romance
languages without a labial plosive or fricative segment /b/, /p/ or /v/, in
contrast to the other Romance languages (FEW :ab).
. 10 9
KRSYNYN,
Arab. " SQ"LYH,
o.l. WYSS
Hebrew KRSYNYN
means bitter vetch, Vicia ervilia L., and features in
Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab . (JD f.; LW :; KA :,
:; BM f.; AEY :; DAS :, , ; FH , , ;
FM ; FZ ff.; LF : ff.).
Isqalya is, according to Maimonides, the Spanish name for Arabic
handarus or al-#alas, spelt, Triticum spelta L. (M ; DAS :;
ID :), while, in his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned (MK
9 : O V
10 : VO " P
kaf
. 12 11
KRWB, Arab. KRNB, o.l. QWLS
Hebrew KRWB means cabbage, Brassica oleracea L., and features in
Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (JD ; LW :; SD ; AEY
:; DAS :; FH , , , ; FM ; FZ ff.; LF : ff.;
cf. as well SDA : Aramaic ).
Arabic kurunb also designates cabbage, Brassica oleracea L., and its
varieties (WKAS :; DT :, ; M ; DAS :, ).
For the identification, cf. LO Liqqut. ei Ge"onim on bBer a, p. ,
Sa#adya (SAM :), and Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above:
: (MK :).
The vernacular term in the Oxford MS seems to be the plural of O. Occ.
caul for cabbage (DAO :; FEW :a; CB , , among
others) or its old rectus singular form, which can still occasionally be
found in MSS from the th and th centuries (CB , ). The
Vatican MS has the variant cals (for cal see DAO :). The variant
given by the Paris MS seems to be either a defective spelling of O. Occ.
cauls or the monophthongised form cols, which is not documented in
O. Occ., but which is the common form in O. Cat. (see DECLC :a
b; DCVB :bb).
. 13
14 : om. V
15 :
O V
16 : O
17 : V
18 :
VO
kaf
and cinnamon, with all aromatic woods, myrrh and aloesall the choice
perfumes): , , , ,
(SH ). For a Geonic explanation, cf. EG :
( = ) ; see as well SF :.
The vernacular term is croci, the nominative plural or the genitive singular of Late Lat. crocus for Safran mdical, Crocus sativus L. (NPRA ).
The Latin genitive is also used in O. Cat. texts (cf. DCVB :a).
For the identification of Arab. za#faran as O. Cat. crossi cf. AdV ,
. In GHAT :, we find the Latin transcript QRWSY as a synonym
for the Arab. term in our edition.
. 21 20 19
o.l. Q"PYLWS
KWSBR HBWR, Arab. KSBWRH "LBYR or BRSY"W
S"N,
WNYRYS
Hebrew KWSBR HBWR is a loan translation of Arabic kuzburat albi"r maidenhair (cf. below), and features, for instance, in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (IX, , XXI, ; cf. BMMb ) as: (trans.
(trans. Z), and
N) and as: (QPYLY WWYNYRYS)/
in Judah ben Solomon Natan, Kelal Qaz. ar mi ha-Sammim ha-Nifradim
(JNK :, :) as: () (cf. as well KZ and LF :).
Arabic KSBWRH "LBYR, i.e. kuzburat al-bi"r, means maidenhair,
Venus hair, Adiantum capillus Veneris L. Arabic barsiyawusan is derived from Persian par-i Siyawus(an) (VL :, ) and designates the
same plant (WKAS :; DT :; M ; DAS :, ). For the
identification of kuzburat al-bi"r as barsiyawusan cf. IJS :.
The vernacular term in the Paris MS is the Late Lat. capillus Veneris
for Adiantum capillus Veneris L. or Asplenium adiantum nigrum L.
(NPRA ). The variants given in the Vatican and Oxford MSS are its
genitive singular capilli Veneris, which is documented in O. Occ. recipes
(see DAO Suppl. :; RPA ; RMM ).
For the identification of Arab. kuzburat al-bi"r as Lat. capillus Veneris
cf. AdV . In GHAT, we find the Latin transcipt QPLY WNHRYS given
S"N,
which corresponds to the
as a synonym for the Arab. lemma BR SW
19 : O
20 : O [. . .] V
21 :
O X P V
second Arab. synonym featuring in this entry (:), while the Latin
transcription QPYLY WYNYRYS features as a synonym for the Arab.
lemma KZBR "LBYR, which corresponds to the first Arab. synonym given
here (:).
. 22
KWRPS PRDSY, Arab. KRPS, o.l. "PY
Hebrew KWRPS (read KRPS) means celery, Apium graveolens L., and
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShebi . (JD ; LW : f.;
KA :, :; BM ; AEY :; DAS :, ; FM ;
FZ ff.; LA ff.:; LF : ff.). Hebrew K(W)RPS PRDSY is
probably coined after the Arabic name for Apium graveolens L. and Var.,
namely karafs bustan (cf. DT :; M garden celery). Cf. as well
Kaf no. above.
Arabic karafs or karafs bustan respectively means garden celery,
Apium graveolens L. and Var. (DT :; M ; DAS :).
For the identification of Hebrew KRPS as Arabic karafs, cf. the Arukh
(KA :): , and Maimonides on mShebi
. (MK :). Cf. as well no. above.
The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ. or
O. Cat. api for Apium graveolens L. (DAO :); see also RL :a;
FEW :a; CB , ; RMM , , , among others; RPA ;
RMA ; RM , , , among others; DCVB :ab; DECLC
:.
The variant in the Oxford MS is the Latin genitive singular apii, which
is also documented in O. Occ. recipes: rases lo cap et onhes lo am de suc
apii (i.e., shave the head and anoint it with juice of apium, RMA ),
semenssa de fenolh et de jolvert, apii, ysopi [ . . . ] (i.e., seeds of fennel
and of parsley, of apium and of hyssop, RMA ), among others.
In GHAT :, we find the identification of Romance (O. Cat.)
"PY as Arabic KRPS. We also find the Latin genetive apii as another
synonym (the hiatus between the two final vowels is clearly indicated by
the spelling with an epenthetic Alef: "PY"Y). For further identification of
the Arabic and O. Cat. terms mentioned, cf. AdV , .
22 :
kaf
. 23
25 24
KWRPS SDH,
some commentators said that it is KWRPS SBNHRWT,
Arab. BTRS"LYWN,
o.l. SWSBYRT. or GWGBYRD
.
Hebrew & features in Tanhum
Yerushalmi (cf. ShM f.),
.
where it is explained as Arabic karafs barr (wild celery) or karafs fah. s.
(uncultivated celery):
. For Hebrew KRPS, cf. no. above, and for Hebrew
KRPS SBNHRWT
and Arabic bat. rasalnun, cf. no. above.
Ibn Janah. states the following in the K. at-Talkhs. as quoted by al-Idrs
(IJS :): c
y* z-
[ ,%
M.
The first vernacular term in the Paris MS seems to correspond to
a non-documented O. Occ. or O. Cat. form like *xuxvert, *xusvert or
the like for Petrosilenum sativum. In Cat., we find the diatopic variants xuvert and juvert (see DECLC :a). The usual Cat. word is julivert/jolivert and, in O. Occ., the plant name is jolvert with the variants
jovert, jurvert, juvert (DAO :). GHAT : shows the Romance
23 : om. V
24 : om. OV
25 :
26 : V
27 :
O V
whets the appetite and stimulates digestion, Pers. kamah, Arab. kamah;
KRSYN,
Arab. KR"T, o.l. PWRWS
28 :
O V
kaf
. 29
Arab. H
KSKW
S,
SH
. SKRY
Hebrew KSKW
S is possibly a corruption of the Arabic term huskarsa
castellanos, Madrid .
RWSD
For Hebrew KBWS WRDYM, cf. no. above.
Arabic ward murabban means rose-jam (for murabban see D :;
DRD ). The term features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical
Aphorisms (XXII, ) and is translated by N as: (SWKRY
RWST)
. and by Z as: .
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. sucre rosat or sucre rozat for mit
Rosenessenz gewrzter Zucker (i.e., sugar flavored with the essence of
roses, PSW :b); also see RL :b; CB , , , among others;
RMA , . For the final -d in the Paris and Oxford MSS, see the
introduction.
. 39 38
SDH,
GY
G
KRYSY
Arab. KR"T GBLY,
o.l. PWRWS SLY"
Hebrew designates field-leek, Allium ampeloprasum, and
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (JD ; LW :; FM ;
LF :), where it is stated that and are not Kilayim
(two different species that may not be sown together).
Arabic kurrat gabal means mountain leek and is, according to Maimonides, kurrat nabat., false leek, Allium ampeloprasum L. (M ).
Sa#adya (SAM :)
explains as: (unculti-
35 : om. O
36 :
37 : O V
38 : O V
39 : O
kaf
. 40
G
KWWS. , Arab. TSN
Hebrew or Aramaic KWWS. is derived from the root KWS. to curl,
shrink (JD ; LW :; SDA s.v. ; KA :), which features
in Rabbinic literature, e.g in bShab b. In medieval medical literature,
it has the specific meaning of spasm, for instance, in the Hebrew
translation of Maimonides On the Regimen of Health (cf. BMR IV, ,
) by Moses ibn Tibbon where it features as: .
Arabic tasannug means spasm, Spasmus clonicus vel convulsiones,
(D :; SN ) and features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (III,
, , ; cf. BMMa , , ) and is translated by N and Z as:
and .
. 41
Arab. MTKMS
KMWS,
Hebrew KMWS means wrinkled and features in Rabbinic literature,
e.g. in mSuk . (JD ; LW :, ; KA :, : f.; BM ).
Arabic mutakammas has the same meaning (L ).
. 42
KPYWN, Arab. S. R#, o.l. GWT"
.
Hebrew KPYWN, from the root KPH to bend, upturn, invert (JD ;
LW : f.; KA :, :), features in medieval medical literature
and means epilepsy (EM ); a Hebrew variant is: (cf. MD ,
KZ and below), while in Aramaic we find: (cf. SDA ).
Arabic s. ar# means epilepsy or falling sickness (L ; IR ) and
features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides Medical
Aphorisms (IX, ; XVIII, ; XXI, ; cf. BMMb ), and is translated
by N as: / and by Z as: .
The vernacular term seems to be the O. Occ. gota type of illness
(RL :b; in CB among others for rheumatism). In O. Fr. (maladie de goutte, i.e. gout, FEW :ab), Lat. and O. Cat., we find the
meaning rheumatism (see DECLC :a). For the meaning indicated
40 : O V
41 : om.
42 :
kaf
by the Hebrew and Arabic synonyms, see the O. Occ. expression mal de
cazer de gota for epilepsy (CB ) as well as for the morbo caduco.
morbus comitialis, epilepsia (Nebrija, see DECLC :a). For Cat.
gota del cor (malatia sobtada: morbus comitialis, epilepsia) or gota
coral (mal de caure: morbus comitialis; epilepsia: morbus caducus), see
DECLC :a; cf. also Sp., gota coral (DECLC loc. cit.).
.
KLWNSWT, Arab. RP"YD
Hebrew KLWNSWT or KLWNS"WT, from Latin columnas (KG : f.;
LR ), means beams of the loom or in general beams, poles
(JD ; LW :; KA :, : f.; KT :) and features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. mZab ..
Arabic rafa"id, plur. of rafada, means supporting pillars or columns
(D :).
Maimonides on the mentioned Mishnah (MK :) translates
KLWNSWT as Arabic (a piece of wood), while KLWNS in mKel
. is explained by him as: (a long beam); cf. EG , :
(a long piece of wood like the shaft of a spear).
. 43
KH,
i.e. "SQNQWR, o.l. LDBYRT.
. Arab. HRDWN,
.
Hebrew KH
. designates a species of lizard and features in the Bible (e.g.
in Lev :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in Targ. Lev XI, (KB ;
CD :; JD ; LW :; BM ; FAB f.; LFa ; LZ f.).
Arabic hir
means a certain small reptile, a kind of
. dawn or hirdawn
.
lizard, chameleon
(L ; JAD :) or stellion (KSZ :, :,
:) and Arabic isqanqur or asqanqur means skink, Scincus officinalis
(D :; BAL ; JAD :; LFa ff.; StS f., ; cf. as well M ;
DT : and : possibly Chalcides chalcides or Chalcides ocellatus). The
term also features in Maimonides On Hemorrhoids (Cf. BMH VI, ), and
is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon as: and is transcribed by Z as:
.
For the identification of Hebrew KH
. as Arabic hir
. dawn, cf. Sa#adya
on Lev :: (the gecko, the land
43 :
O V
44 :
45 : om. O
46 :
47 :
O
V
kaf
The vernacular term in the Paris and Oxford MSS is the O. Occ.
ve(s)sig(u)a, vis(s)ig(u)a, viziga or the O. Cat. and O. Occ. vexiga for the
urinary bladder (CB , , , , , among others; RL :b;
FEW :a; DCVB :ab; DECLC :ab). The variant given in
the Vatican MS is its plural.
. 49 48
KHWT, Arab. KMWDH
Hebrew KHWT is derived from KHH, which features in the Bible (e.g.
Is :) and means ) to become inexpressive (eyes) or to be dim
(KB ; CD :; KA :). In Rabbinic literature (e.g. in bMeg a),
KHWT has the meaning of dimness and KHH as an adjective means
dim or faint, dull (JD ; LW :).
Arabic kumuda means pallor, paleness, dullness (WKAS :) and
features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (VI, ; cf. BMMb ) as
,33
W'Q lead-grey and is translated by N as:
and by Z as: .
. 51 50
KRWK, Arab. MTWY
.
Hebrew KRWK, part. pass. of KRK, means twined around, wrapped
up (JD ; LW : f.; KA : ff., :; BM ; KT :) and
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mBer ., where it is explained by
Maimonides as Arabic (multaff ) (MK :).
Arabic mat. w means folded, folded up, folded together, rolled up
(L ).
. 52
KDWRYM, Arab. BN"DQ, o.l. BWDWQS
Hebrew KDWR, plur. KDWRYM, originally means ball, globe (KB ;
CD :; JD ; LW : f.; SD ; KA :, :; KT : n. ),
48 : O
49 :
50 : k P
51 : V
52 :
KSYL,
Arab. P"S
Hebrew KSYL
means a carpenters tool for chipping, axe (KB ;
CD :; JD f.; LW :; KA :; BM f.; KT :,,
f. n. ) and features in the Bible, e.g. in Ps ::
(with hatchet and pike they hacked away at its
carved work). In Rabbinic literature, the term features, for instance, in
mBQ ..
Arabic fas means a kind of hoe, adz, axe and the small protuberance
above the back of the neck (L ; cf. as well Mem no. below). In
medieval medical literature on surgery, the term fas designates a phlebotome (SpLA , f.). The Arabic term features in Maimonides
53 : !k
kaf
54 : om. V
55 : add.
56 : P
57 : V
. 58
KLYL HMLK, Arab. "KLYL "LMLK, o.l. QWRWN" RY"L or MLYLWT.
Hebrew KLYL HMLK designates the plant melilot, Melilotus officinalis
L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab b (JD ;
LW :; SDA , Aram., /; KA :, :; AEY
:; LF : f.).
Arabic ikll al-malik designates the same plant (WKAS :; DT :;
M ; A. Dietrich in E.I.2 Suppl. ). The term is derived from Aramaic
kll malka (SDA ; LW :; LA :).
The first vernacular term seems to be a non-documented O. Occ. plant
name *corona rial or real not documented in our sources (note that the
same adjective appears in entry Yod , polieg rial). For the Occ. adjective
reial [], rial [] and real [], see FEW :b. An
O. Occ. term such as *corona rial is very probable. In fact, in an O. Cat.
aljamiado-text using Hebrew spelling, we find the form QWRWNH RY"L
as a synonym for Lat. MYLYLW[T]WM
(i.e., melilotum) and Arab. "KLYL
.
"LMLYK (GHAT :). The term seems to be a loan translation from
Arab. (perhaps via the Late Lat. corona regia (Sin , n. ), corona regis
(Sin :) and corona rregie: Corona rregie, i. melilotum (Sin :)).
We find various solutions for translating these terms in the different
Romance languages: In Modern Fr., the form couronne royale is documented for kind of melilot (FEW :b). Also cf. the Cat. plant
names corona de rei (DCVB :b), which can designate Melilotus
officinalis, and corona de reina (DECLC :b). In O. Sp., we find the
form corona de rrey, also identified as the Latin melilothum: Emesilie
(i. melilet[um]) i. corona de rrey (Sin :) and Mililotu[m],
i. paratela agrestis, i. corona rregis (i. corona de rrey) (Sin :
). The second vernacular term seems to be the O. Occ. or O. Cat.
mel(l)ilot (FEW :b [documented in ]; DAO :; RL :b;
58 :
om. V
kaf
. 59
K"NWN", Arab. K"NWN, o.l. PWGYRWN
Aramaic K"NWN" (= KNWN") means a (fire) stand, a portable brazier and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a (JD ;
LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; BKH ; KT :, n. ,
n. ).
Arabic kanun means brazier, stove and is derived from Aram.
(WKAS :; FF ).
For the identification, cf. KA :, and EG .
The vernacular term represents the O. Occ. fogairon or fugairon for
Herd, Kamin or kleines Feuer (i.e., stove, fireplace or small fire; PSW
:ba). Mistral has the Modern Occ. forms fougueiroun and
fugueiroun for little stove (see TrFel :b). The spelling PYG"YYRWN
(with Yod in first syllable) in the Vatican MS could indicate the pronunciation [y], as in fugairoun ([fygaj'run]), or is a misspelling (for Hebrew
Waw). For the problem relating to the pronunciation of the O. Occ.
grapheme <u>, see the introduction. In O. Cat., we only find the form
foguar with the meaning foguera, foc que fa molta flama (i.e., open
fire, fire with a lot of flames; DCVB :ba) and the Occitanism
fogayr (DECLC :a).
. 61 60
KHL,
o.l. "WBYR
. Arab. DR#,
.
Hebrew KHL
. means udder, bag and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g.
in mHul
.
(JD ; LW : f.; KA :, :; BM ; KT :,
.
n. b).
Arabic dar#
. means udder (L ).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above:
(MK :).
The vernacular term that appears in the Paris MS represents the Lat.
UBER
for udder. The variant given in the Vatican MS could represent the
same word, but the spelling with -YY- normally indicates a diphthong
(see the introduction). As far as Romance is concerned, FEW :a
59 : O Y
60 : VO
61 :
P V
O e P V
mentions that the Latin word has survived only in a very limited area.
It is documented, for example, in Franco-Provenal as vr or ivre (see
ALF, map ). The variant in the Oxford MS might represent a nondocumented O. Occ word similar to the variants mentioned or could just
be an error.
LAMED
. 2 1
1 : O V
2 :
3 :
4 :
O (cf. entry )
V
O "\ P V
5 : om. V
6 : P,
om. V
that used Hebrew spelling, we find the entry MRWBY, that is PRSYWM
,
with the Arabic synonym MRW (GHAT :; for PRSYWM, see above
entry Lamed ). The variant used in the Vatican MS may be read as
*marrubium laban, a term composed of Lat. or O. Occ. marrubium (for
the O. Occ. form see DAO : and RL :b) and Hebr. laban for
white. This term seems to be a translation of Lat. marrubium album
for Marrubium vulgare L. (in contrast to marrubium nigrum for Ballota
nigra L., see Sin a). For a similar combination, see also the O. Cat.
form MRWBY LBN as a synonym of Arab. MWMKWR (GHAT :).
The variant used in the Paris MS should be interpreted as the Lat. or
O. Occ. marrubiu(m) with the loss of the final -m (for an explanation
of this phenomenon, see the introduction).
. 8 7
LSWN
HS. PWR, Arab. LS"N "L#S. PWR, o.l. LNG" "WYS
Hebrew LSWN
HS. PWR, sparrows tongue, which is not attested in secondary literature, was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation
of Arabic lisan al-#as. afr and designates the fruit of the ash-tree, Fraxinus
excelsior L. Subsequently, we find the term as: in Judah ben
Solomon Natans Kelal Qaz. ar mi ha-Sammim ha-Nifradim (JNK :).
In addition to or , we find in medieval
Hebrew medical literature to indicate the fruit of the ash tree, for instance,
in the Sefer Ahavat nashim, .9
Arabic lisan al-#us. fur (sing.) or lisan al-#as. afr designates the fruit of
the ash tree, Fraxinus excelsior L. (M ; LA :) and features, for
7 : O
8 : O P V
9 Ed. C. Caballero-Navas. The Book of Womens Love and Jewish Medieval Literature on
Women. Sefer Ahavat Nashim, London . See as well L. Ferre and E. Garca Snchez,
Alimentos y Medicamentos en las tres versiones medievales de El Regimen de Salud de
Maimonides, Ciencias de la Naturaleza en al-Andalus II. Textos y Estudios, Madrid ,
pp. .
lamed
Arabic it. riya means a certain food, like threads, made of flour, noodles (L ; DAS : f.; RAP , n. : Itriya was a small soup
noodle of Greek origin which resembled the Italian orzo) and features,
for instance, in Maimonides On the Regimen of Health (BMR I, ),
where it is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon as: (cf. MNWDTS).
.
In the Hebrew translations of Maimonides On Asthma by Joshua Shatibi, Samuel Benveniste, and an anonymous translator (III,; cf. BMA )
we find: , and respectively.
The vernacular term seems to be the plural of the O. Occ. word
menudet for tout menu, tout petit (i.e., fairly fine, fairly small) (RL
:b), which could have the special meaning eine Art Teig (i.e., a
kind of dough) according to the emendation of menuest by Levy in
the entry menudet 4 (PSW :a). Von Wartburg gives the unemended
O. Occ. form menuest (from ) with the meaning sort de pte (i.e.,
kind of pastry) and mentions the Modern Fr. word menudet (from )
for massepain (i.e., marzipan) (both FEW :b).
. 14
L#WNYN, Arab. QTP,
. o.l. "RMWLS
Hebrew L#WNYN or L#YNYM, sing. L#YN, designates ) garden sorrel,
Rumex acetosa (AEY :; DAS :; FM ; FZ : Artemisia;
LF : ff.) and ) garden orache, Artiplex hortensis L. (JD ; LW
:; KA :, :; LA :), and features in Rabbinic literature,
e.g. in mKil ..
Arabic qat. af means garden orache, Artiplex hortensis L. (DT :;
M ; DAS :, , , :).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :), and Maimonides on
the Mishnah cited above: : (MK :).
The vernacular term is the plural of O. Occ. armol(h) (CB , ;
RMM , , th century) for arroche (i.e., orache) (DAO :).
DAO considers the appearance of armolhs in RMM as its first documentation (see DAO Suppl. :). In GHAT :, we find the Romance
which is identified as Arab. qat. af.
term "RMWLLS,
14 :
lamed
. 16 15
L#WNYN YMYYM, Arab. MLWHYH, o.l. MLB" D"WTR"MR
.
O
O V
O, om. P
. 21
LQH, Arab. "#TL
For Hebrew LQH and Arabic i#talla, cf. Yod no. .
. 22
LSWN
TLH,
Arab. LS"N "LHML,
o.l. PLNT"
.
.
. GY
Hebrew LSWN
TLH,
literally lambs tongue, designates the plant plan.
tain, waybread, Plantago major L. (AEY :), and is possibly a loan
20 :
21 : O
22 :
O V
om. OV
lamed
.
LT"H,
Arab. WZG"
.
Hebrew LT"H
means a species of lizard, gecko, Platodactylus muralis
.
(KB ; CD :; JD s.v. ; LW :; KA :; BM ;
BAL f.; BH see index; FAB f.; LFa ff.; LZ f.) and features in
the Bible (Lev :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. in mOhol .), where
it is translated by Sa#adya, Ibn Janah. and Maimonides as Arabic
(cf. IJ ; MK :; RJ ; S ).
Arabic WZG", read WZGH, i.e.wazaga, means a lizard of the species
called gecko, of a leprous hue (L ; BK ; StS ).
For the identification, cf. Se#adyah ibn Danan (SID :):
, :.
.
L#NH, Arab. "LQM
Hebrew L#NH means wormwood, Artemisia absinthium L., and features in the Bible, e.g. in Deut :, and Rabbinic literature (KB ;
CD :; JD ; LW :; KA : s.v. ; BM ; AEY :;
DAS :; FO f.; LF : ff.).
Arabic #alqam designates either wild, or squirting cucumber, Ecballium elaterium, or colocynth, Citrullus colocynthis (L ; DT :,
; M ; DAS : f.).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Deut :: [ . . . ]
(perchance there is among you a stock sprouting poison
weed and wormwood): [ . . . ] (S ),
IJ and SF :.
. 23
LSWN
HSWR,
Arab. LS"N "LTWR, o.l. LNG" BWBYN"
Hebrew LSWN
HSWR,
possibly a loan translation of Arabic lisan at-tawr
as LYS"N "LT"R).
23 :
VO
lamed
. 24
LSWP,
Arab. YHK
.
Hebrew LSWP,
inf. of SWP,
means to smooth, rub, polish, sharpen; to
smear over, plaster and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mPes .
(JD ; LW :; SD ; SDA ; KA :, :; KT see index).
Arabic yahukku
means he scratches, scrapes, rubs, grates, chafes,
.
frets (L ).
V, om. O
above).
27 : V
28 :
VO
lamed
29 : V
30 : O
31 :
32 : V
om. V
LW : f.; KT :, : f., , .
Arabic radf
. means heated stones with which milk is made hot, fleshmeat is roasted and bread is baked (L ; DAS :, , f., , ,
).
. 36
LPT, Arab. LPT, o.l. NPS
Hebrew LPT means turnip, Brassica rapa L., and features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in mKil . (JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : f., :;
AEY :; DAS :; FH , ; FM ; FZ ff.; LF : ff.).
Arabic lift has the same meaning (WKAS :; DT :; M ;
DAS :, , ).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above
(MK :).
The vernacular term is the plural of O. Occ. or O. Cat. nap (DAO
:s; PSW :a; FEW :b; DECLC :b) for Brassica napus
(DAO :), Kohlrbe (PSW :a) or Steckrbe (FEW :b) (i.e.,
swede), documented for the first time in the th century (DAO Suppl.
:). In O. Cat., nap is documented for the first time in the th century
(DECLC loc. cit.). The additional term in MS O seems to correspond to
the plural of O. Occ. and O. Cat. rave for Raphanus sativus (DAO :;
DCVB :a).37
33 M. Steinschneider, Die hebrischen bersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als
Dolmetscher, Berlin , repr. Graz , p. .
34 : om. O
35 : VO
36 : O "t P add. O
37 If we read a Nun instead of the Yod in the last syllable of this additional term the
form might represent the O. Cat. plural form ruens or rvens (DCVB loc. cit.).
lamed
. 39 38
LHH
. TPLH, Arab. H"M
Hebrew LHH
. means moisture, secretion and features in Rabbinic literature (JD ; LW :; KA :, :). In medieval medical literature, the term assumes the meaning of humour, i.e., one of the
four bodily humours or moistures, or especially white humour; i.e.,
phlegm (BM f.; KTP :). The term LHH
. TPLH, literally meaning tasteless, unsalted humour, is not attested in secondary literature and was possibly coined by Shem Tov to render the Arabic [hil
. t. ]
ham.
Arabic ham means crude (L ) and features in medieval medical
literature, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; cf.
BMMb ) as 7{ U}> (crude humours) and is translated by N and
Z as: .
.
41 40
LHY
. S. T HMN#L, Arab. DG
. T. "LKP, that is, the pressing of the footwear
against the foot until it swells and forms a blister
Hebrew LHY
. S. T HMN#L means pressing of the footwear (JD , ;
BM , ).
Arabic da
. gt. al-kaff means pressing of the foot (L ; WKAS
: ff.). Arabic da
. gt. features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (III,
; IV, ; cf. BMMa , ) and is translated by N as: and by Z as:
/.
. 44 43 42
o.l. PLYQMH WYSQW
LHH
Arab. BLGM LZG,
SH
. HLWQH,
.
For Hebrew LHH
(read HLQH),
. see entry . The term LHH
. HLWQH
.
.
literally meaning smooth humour or phlegm, is possibly the result of
38 :
39 :
40
41
42
43
44
V
O V
: O
: VO
: VO
: O V
: O V
LSWN
HYM, Arab. SBY",
o.l. SYPY"
Hebrew LSWN
HYM, literally meaning sea tongue, is not attested in
secondary literature and was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan
translation of Arabic lisan al-bahr
. ossa sepia (cf. below).
Arabic sbiya, from Greek (LS ), designates the cuttlefish,
Sepia officinalis L., or the cuttlebone of a cuttlefish, also called lisan albahr
. (WKAS :; D :; DT :; M ; LFa ).
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. sepia or sipia for sepia
(RL :a; FEW :a; PSW :b, RM , DCVB).
. 47
LSTWT, Arab. KD"N, o.l. G"WT. S
For Hebrew LSTWT, plur. of LST, and Arabic hiddan, plur. of hadd, cf.
Lamed no. .
The vernacular term seems to be the O. Occ. plural gautas (CB ,
; RL :ba) of gauta for Backe, Wange, i.e. cheek (with the
variant galta, see PSW :b). In O. Cat., the form gauta existed too
(documented for the first time in ), with the form galta being
documented since the end of the th century, which then becomes the
common form in modern times (DECLC :ba).
45 : VO !a! P
46 : O V
47 : O
lamed
. 50 49 48
LWTM,
Arab. #LK "L"NB" T,
.
. that is the resin of the terebinth tree, o.l.
TRBYN
TYN"
.
.
Hebrew LWTM
. or LWT. features in the Bible (e.g. in Gen :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. in mShebi .) and is wrongly identified as chestnut
by medieval commentators and translators (Arabic sahballut. , cf. Sa#adya
and Ibn Janah. on Gen :; IJ ; RJ ; S ; and Maimonides on
mShebi ., who adds Pinus pinea; p. ). Midrash Rabba
(:) explains the biblical LWT. as mastic, Pistacia Lenticus L. (cf. LA :; LF :). According to Maimonides, there is a
black type of mastic (Arabic mas. t. ika) which is called al-mas. t. ika annabat. (cf. M ). The correct identification of Hebrew LWTM
. or LWT.
is mastic gum, ladanum resin, Cistus ladaniferus (cf. FEB ff. and
KB f.; CD :; JD ; KA :, :; DAS :; FM ; FO f.;
LF : ff.). For Hebrew resin of the terebinth tree, see Shin
below.
Arabic #ilk al-anbat. designates, according to several Arabic authors
(e.g. Ibn al-Jazzar), the resin of the pistachio plant, Pistacia vera L. Others
(e.g. ar-Raz) declare that it is the resin of the terebinth tree, Pistacia
terebinthus L. (cf. D :; M ; ID :; LF :).
The vernacular term which also appears in entry Shin of this edition
is the (Med.) Lat. (resina) ter(e)binthina, literally (resin) belonging to the
terebinth tree (GH :a; DCC :a; derived from Lat. terebinthus
for Pistachia terebinthus L., see NPRA ), O. Occ. ter(r)ebentina, terbentina or trebentina or the Cat. terebentina for rsine qui coule darbres
appartenant la famille des trbinthaces et celle des conifres; surtout
rsine des pins (i.e., resin that drops from trees belonging to the family
of the terebinthaceous plants and to that of the conifers, especially resin
of the pine trees, DAO :; for further documentation, see RL :b;
FEW :b; CB , ; RMA , ; RPA , , among others; DECLC :b; DCVB :a). In O. Occ., these forms coexisted
with variants showing a labial nasal segment: termentina and trementina
or the like (DAO loc. cit., FEW loc. cit.; CB , ). In O. Cat., such
forms (trementina (), termentina () and tormentina ())
48 : j
49 : O
50 :
P V
seem to be older and more frequent than the variant with a labial
plosive -b-, which perhaps is a later readjustment to the Latin etymon
(see DECLC loc. cit.). In fact, GHAT : shows a form with -m(TRYMYN
TYNH),
labeled as vernacular, prob. Cat., whereas the form
.
.
with -b- (TRYBN
TYNH)
is indicated as Latin.
.
.
. 52 51
LWZYM HWDYYM, Arab. PWPL, o.l. "BYL"NH "YNDYG"
For Hebrew LWZYM, cf. Lamed no. . LWZYM HWDYYM is not
attested in secondary literature and was possibly coined by Shem Tov as
a loan translation of Arabic al-bunduq al-hind (cf. below).
Arabic fawfal, from Persian pupal (VL :), means areca nut, fruit
of the Indian palm-tree, Areca catechu L., which is, according to azZahraw (following DT : n. , al-Idrs (IJS :) and Maimonides
(M )), also called al-bunduq al-hind. Arabic fawfal features, for
instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is transcribed
by N and Z as: .
The vernacular term may be read as O. Occ. avelana *indiga or *endega,
as an Occitanised form of Late Lat. abellana indica, where the adjective
shows the result of Western Romance lenition. For O. Occ. avelana, see
Lamed . See also the O. Cat. synonym "BYL"NH "YNDY"NH, used as a
synonym for Arab. GWZ HNDY (GHAT :).
. 53
LPYTT H#S. B, Arab. "LTW" "L#S. B, that is, straining
LPYTT H#S. B is not attested in secondary literature. It was possibly coined
by Shem Tov as a loan translation of Arabic iltiwa" al-#as. ab (cf. below).
Arabic iltiwa" al-#as. ab means strained nerves; (WKAS :; ll.
: Greek: (cf. LS )).
51 : V
52 :
53 : V
O V
lamed
. 55 54
LPYTH, Arab. "LTW"
Hebrew LPYTH hails from the root LPT, which features in the Bible (e.g.
Ju :) and Rabbinic literature meaning to touch and hold; to twine
around, clasp, cling to; to wrap up, insert, combine (KB ; CD :;
JD ; LW :; KA :, :). The term LPYTH features in EM
as a modern term meaning a strong grasp. It is possible that it has the
unattested meaning of twisting or straining in our text.
Arabic iltiwa" means turn, twist, bend, curve, entwinement (WKAS
:).
For the identification of the Hebrew root LPT as the Arabic root c,
cf. Ibn Janah. and Se#adyah ibn Danan on Rt :: cT e&
(the man gave a start and pulled back) (IJ ; SID :).
. 57 56
LPWTY, Arab. MLTWY
Hebrew LPWT(Y) is a part. pass. of LPT and possibly means twisted,
strained.
Arabic multawin means turned, twisted, wound, bent, crooked, entwined, entangled (WKAS : f.).
. 59 58
LSWN
YM, Arab. BHYRH,
o.l. " STNYY
.
.
Hebrew LSWN
YM means gulf and features in the Bible (e.g. in Is
:) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bErub a (KB ; CD :;
LW :; BM f.).
Arabic buhayra
means lake, small sea (L ).
.
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Is ::
(the LORD will dry up the tongue of the Egyptian sea):
(DS ).
54 : VO
55 : O
56 :
57 : V
om. O
58 : VO
59 : O
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. estanh that means either tang, lac
(i.e., pond, lake) (RL :a, from the Lat. STAGNUM) or tain (i.e.,
tin) (RL :a, from the Lat. STANNUM; cf. also RPA ). Referring
to O. Occ. estanh for pond, lake, von Wartburg points out: Im occit. lebt
es nur in einem schmalen streifen lngs der grenze gegen das iberorom.
(i.e., In Occ., it exists only in a narrow strip along the border with
the Ibero-Romance languages) (FEW :ba). The corresponding
term in O. Cat. is estany (DCVB :b). Variants with a velar ending
(like, for example, estanc) seem to be more frequent in O. Occ. However,
the variants documented in our MSS clearly show the palatal ending.
Following Levy, estanh for pond, lake can have the meaning Hemmung,
Stillung (i.e., restriction, staunching) (PSW :ab): Et aias drap en
clara dou per far estanc (i.e., And you shall have a cloth impregnated
with the white of egg for staunching) (Chirurgie ). A synonym for
the term with this special meaning is the derivate estancament for arresto
(di un flusso) (i.e., the restriction of a flow) (CB ): A estancament de
sanc (i.e., for stanching of blood) (CB ).
MEM
. 1
MWKLH,
. Arab. HRM, that is, the old man who is extremely old
Hebrew MWKLH
. means ripeness, vigour and senile, aged and features in the Bible as the noun KLH,
. e.g. in Job : (KB ; CD :;
BM ).
Arabic harim means decrepit, senile, aged, old (W ; L ).
In Maimonides Medical Aphorisms, the term features as s
j,F (very
old man; cf. X, ) and is translated by N as: and by Z as:
.
For the identification of Hebrew KLH
. as Arabic haram, cf. Sa#adya on
Job :: (you will come to the grave
in ripe old age, as shocks of grain are taken away in their season):
(BS ; SJ ; cf. as well IJ ;
SID : and SF :).
. 3 2
MRQHH,
. Arab. LHLHH
Hebrew MRQHH
. means pot of ointment, spice and features in the
Bible, e.g. in Job : (KB ; CD :; BM ).
Arabic lahlaha designates a kind of perfume (WKAS :; FAQ
f.).
Sa#adya (SJ ) translates the term in the biblical verse mentioned as: (having spices), Ibn Janah. (IJ ) as: yM~7
(cooking-pot), and David b. Abraham al-Fas (SF :) as:
(cooked food).
1 : om. O
2 : J P
3 :
O V
. 5 4
Arab. MLH
"YNDYG"
MLH
. SB",
. HNDY, o.l. S"L
Sabean salt is not attested in secondary literature (for
Hebrew MLH
. SB",
MLH
. cf. KT : f., ff. n. ff.; LFa ff.).
Arabic milh. hind means salt from India (D :; cf. as well GS
n. ; LFa f.). The Arabic term is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon as:
in Maimonides On Poisons (II, ; cf. BMP ).
The vernacular term in the Vatican MS may be read literally as *sal
indica, for Indian salt (a variant of Late Lat. sal indicum, FEW :b
n. ; DuC :a), which belongs to the southern Gallo-Romance area,
including Piemont and Lombardia, and to Catalonia and Spain (see FEW
loc. cit.). The Lat. noun SAL, originally masculine or neuter, becomes
feminine in the locations previously mentioned and masculine in the
northern Gallo-Romance area, as well as in Italian, Sardinian, Retoromance and Portuguese.
The variant used in the Paris MS seems to be sal *indiga or *endega, an
Occitanisation of the Late Lat. form with lenition of the intervocalic velar.
This form is not documented in our sources.6 The variant used in the
Oxford MS shows the loss of the intervocalic velar: sal *india, sal *indeia,
sal *indiea, or similar. A similar form can be found in the compound term
*nos india (cf. entry Alef of our edition) and *avelana india (see entry
Lamed , MS ).
.
8 7
MKBSYN
"T HRYHYM
means sharpening the millstones with iron until
.
they are smooth to crush the wheat as with teeth
Hebrew MKBSYN
"T HRYHYM
means carving steps for the grain,
.
putting the millstones in working order (JD ; LW : f.; BM )
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bMQ a, where it is explained
4 : O P
5 : O
6 For the adjective, also see the entry
see GHAT :.
plural "YNDYQS,
7 : O
V
Lamed ; for O. Cat. we find the masculine
8 :
O
V
mem
10 : O
11 : j P
12 :
VO
Cat. forms litargi or litarge are documented relatively late (for O. Cat. in
, cf. DCVB loc. cit.; for Occ. litargi , cf. FEW loc. cit.), meaning
that our text represents a new first documentation. By contrast, in both
languages the form litargiri is documented already in the th century
(see FEW loc. cit. and DECLC :b).
.
13 Perushei ha-Torah le-R. Moshe Ben Nahman. Ed. by Hayyim Dov Chavel. vols.,
.
.
Jerusalem , vol. , pp. ; English translation: Ramban (Nachmanides).
mem
The vernacular form must be the O. Occ. musc or the O. Cat. mosc for
musc (RPA , , , ; RL :b; PSW :a; FEW :b;
DCVB :a). In O. Cat., the forms mesc or almesc (documented for the
first time at the end of the th century) exist, derived from the Arabic
misk (DECLC :a), whereas forms like mosc seem to be very rare
Latinisms or Italianisms (for this line of reasoning, see DECLC :b,
for the first documentation of mosc in the th century see DCVB loc.
cit.).
. 14
MR, Arab. MWR, o.l. MYR"
Hebrew MR, i.e. MWR (cf. V) is myrrh, see previous entry.
Arabic murr means myrrh, the gum resin of Commiphora abysinnica
Engler and Var. (cf. previous entry) (DT :) and features in medieval
medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI,
) and is translated by N and Z as: (MYR").
Shem Tovs reproduction of two different identifications of MWR,
namely as misk and murr respectively, reflects two contrasting opinions
held at the time in medieval scholarship concerning the true nature of
MWR, as stated in the previous entry.
The vernacular term is the Lat. myrrha (NPRA ) or the O. Occ. and
O. Cat. mi(r)ra (CB , ; RPA , RMA , ; RM ; CB ;
RL :a; DAO :; FEW :a; DECLC :a; DCVB :a) for
myrrh. The same transcript appears in the Hebrew Macer Floridus (see
MF and ). For the identification of Arab. murr as O. Cat. mirra,
cf. AdV , . See also GHAT :, where we find the Romance
(O. Cat.) synonym MYRRH for Arab. MR.
. 16 15
MLPPWN, Arab. QT", o.l. PWQWSS
Hebrew MLPPWN, from Greek (LS ; KG : f.),
means muskmelon, Cucumis melo L., and features in Rabbinic liter-
Commentary on the Torah. Translated and Annotated by Charles B. Chavel. Exodus. New
York , pp. .
14 : P V
15 : om. O
16 : O
19 18 17
22 21 20
MRBKT, Arab. MTRWDH, i.e. to put dry bread in a bowl and to put broth
on it and to leave it covered for a while and to eat it; or to put dry bread
17 : Y% P V
18 : V add.
19 : O
20 : add.
OV
21
: om. V
22 : O
mem
in a pot when [the broth] is cooked and to stir it and to take it from the
fire and to eat it
Hebrew MRBKT, part. pass. fem. Hof#al of RBK, means mixed (of
dough) (KB ; KA :, :) and features in the Bible, e.g. Lev
:.
Arabic matruda means bread, crumbled or broken into small pieces,
MY HDSN,
means ) fatness and ) fatty ashes of burnt wood mixed
Hebrew DSN
with fat on the altar and features in the Bible, e.g. in Lev :. Hebrew
is not attested in secondary literature and is possibly a loan
MY HDSN
translation of Arabic ma" ar-ramad, cf. D :, s.v. ma" awwal or also
ras as. -s. abun: leau tide qui a pass pour la premire fois travers une
couche de cendres de bois (lukewarm water which has passed through
a bed of wood ashes for the first time); Dozy then quotes the following
explanation of this term from Ibn al-Ha
. ssas commentary on ar-Razs
K. al-Mans. u r: W7
N7 7 )
MK ) *
( ' (This is [the
substance] that is called ras as. -s. abun and it is the first dripping of the
ash-water (ma" ar-ramad)). Dozy explains that this detergent has thus
become alcaline and is capable of dissolving fatty substances. Once it is
heated it can be used to wash linen. See as well Wiedemann, Aufstze
:.25
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. word for Laugenwasser (i.e., lye
water) (FEW :b) which is documented in the forms lissiu (RPA ;
23 : O
24 : O !" P V
25
mem
QNTRYD"
S, see GHAT :.
.
30 : B
P VO
31 : VO
32 : O
33 :
34 : V
?[ . . . ] O V
35 :
O V
mem
Arabic "NSY"
usnan,
designating glasswort, which is used for washing ones hands or clothes
(M ; DT :; LF : ff.; SDA : Aram. : alkali, from
Neo Persian usnan). According to Lw (LF :), it is actually a ghost
word, originally > . is Hebrew (JD : a
kind of alkali, or mineral used as a soap) which is identified by Maimonides in his commentary on mShab . (MK :) as . Cf.
Samekh .
The vernacular term seems to represent a feminine form *lessiva or
the like, which is not documented in O. Occ., or a Late Lat. form such
as (aqua/cinis) lixiva (for the form aqua lixiva, see the interpretation of
the feminine in Sp. and Fr. by Coromines in DECLC :ba; for the
Late Lat. etymological basis *cinis lixiva, see FEW :ab). According
to von Wartburg (FEW loc. cit.), the Lat. adjective LIXIVUM became
masculine only in Gallo-Romance and in Catalan (see FEW loc. cit.). In
the rest of the Romance languages, we only find feminine derivations:
the FEW (loc. cit.) explains that Latin had the adjective lixivus ausgelaugt (i.e., leached), derived from LIX Lauge (i.e., leach), besides lixius,
and, as a more recent form, lixivius. The variation in gender is explained
by assuming that the nominalisation of the adjective is based on *cinis
lixivum/lixiva, with the noun cinis varying in gender. The FEW further
remarks that the feminine nouns were lixivia and *lixiva and that masculine and feminine forms coexist in Gallo-Romance and Catalan, with the
masculine forms being almost exclusively restricted to Laugenwasser
(i.e., lye water, see entry Mem ). The semantic difference between the
masculine and the feminine form might be reflected by the different
Hebrew and Arabic meanings given here and in Mem .
. 40 39
MDWH HBYS. H, Arab. D" "LBYS. H
Hebrew MDWH HBYS. H means contagious sickness of the testicles (for
MDWH see BM ) and is possibly a loan translation of Arabic da" al
baida
. (cf. below).
Arabic da" al-bayda
. means disease of the testicles (for da" see L ).
.
MWRS", Arab. WRM
Aramaic MWRS" means abscess, boil and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bGit b (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :;
BM ; Low LIX; PB ).
Arabic waram means swelling, tumour (D :; IR ; MH f.;
SN ) and features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in
Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XVI, ; XIX, , ; XX, ) and is
translated by N and Z as: .
39 : V
40 :
mem
. 41
MWGL", Arab. QYH,
. o.l. BR" G
Aramaic MWGL" means pus and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in
bHul
. a (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; BM ; EG ;
Low LIX; PB , ).
Arabic qayh. means thick purulent matter unmixed with blood (L
; D :: suppuration), features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (e.g. II, ; cf. BMMa ) and is translated by N and Z as: .
The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ.
brach (CB , ), its variant in the Oxford MS the O. Occ. or O. Cat.
brac (RL :b; RM ; FEW :ab; CB , , among others;
DCVB :b; DECLC :b) for pus (RL :b). The final -G in the
Paris and Vatican MSS may represent the voiceless alveolar affricate in
the O. Occ. brach; the Oxford MS features the velar variant brac.
. 42
MPS. LYM, Arab. MP" S. L
Hebrew MPS. LYM means articulations and features in medieval literature, namely in the Sefer ha-Sha#ashu#im (Book of Delight) composed by
Joseph ben Meir ibn Zabara (th century)43 (cf. BM ), and is possibly a loan translation of Arabic mafas. il (cf. below).
Arabic mafas. il means any place of meeting or juncture of two bones
of the body and limbs or members, articulations (L ; FAL :;
cf. as well DKT , , , : ) Articulation, noeud; ) Phalange
de doigt (internodium)) and features in medieval medical literature,
e.g. in Maimonides On the Regimen of Health (BMR IV, ; cf. as well
KZ ) and is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon as: , and in
Medical Aphorisms (XXII, ,), where it is translated by N and Z as:
.
41 : O
42 : O
. 44
MWZY, Arab. MWZ, o.l. PWM" S PYRYWS
Aramaic MWZY, from Middle Persian moz (MC ), plur. of MWZ",
means bananas, Musa paradisiaca sapiens, and features for the first time
in the Geonic period (SDA ; KA : (Supp. Kohut); AEY :;
LA :; LF : ff.).
Arabic mawz means fruit of the banana tree, or Musa paradisiaca
(L ; DAS :). The Arabic term features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XX, ; XXI, ) and is transcribed by N
as: and by Z as: / .
For the Arab. mawz also cf. the Alphita passage Musa, fructus est
in quo dicunt primum parentem pecasse (Sin ). Accordingly, the
banana is called Adams apple, as in the O. Fr. poume de paradis (FEW
:b). Analogously, the variant in MS O should be read as a nondocumented O. Occ. or O. Cat. compound expression *poma de paradis
(for O. Occ. and. O. Cat. poma, apple, see FEW :b; DCVB :b; for
O. Occ. and O. Cat. paradis, paradise, see FEW :a; DECLC ). In
O. Fr., besides the form paradis, we find another derivation from the same
etymon, namely parevis or parvis (FEW loc. cit., besides pares or paras),
so that the vernacular expression found in the Vatican MS could be read
as pome/pume/poume [de] parevis.45 However, the first element in the
might also be interpreted as the plural of Occ. or Cat.
Paris MS (PWM" S)
poma. As for the second element, in O. Occ., we only find one variant,
namely parazis (FEW loc. cit.), whereas in O. Cat. the variant paras is
frequent (DECLC loc. cit.). Neither of these forms fit our MS due to the
presence of the letter Waw. Coromines suspects, however, that the variant
with -v- existed in O. Occ., at least in Gasc., because of the existence of
toponyms.46 If the term is O. Occ. rather than Middle Fr., the Sefer haShimmush would provide the first documentation of an O. Occ. variant
with -v- of the word paradis (outside toponymy). As for the meaning
44 : O V
45 For another case in our text in which the preposition
mem
47 : V
48 :
49 : VO
O V
. 50
MKHL,
. Arab. MRWD
Hebrew MKHL
. means staff, stick used for painting the eye and features
in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel . (JD ; LW :; SDA :
Aram. : paint-stick used for applying kohl to the eye; BM ;
EG ; KT :; Low LX; PB f.).
Arabic mirwad means a certain well-known instrument, with which
the black powder called kuhl
. is applied to the eyes (L ).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned
above (MK :).
. 52 51
MPRQT, Arab. RQBH, that is, the end of the neck
Hebrew MPRQT means neck, nape and features in the Bible, namely in
Sam :, where it is translated by Ibn Janah. as (K- vertebra (IJ ;
SID :), and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bHul
. a (KB ;
JD ; LW :; BM ; Low LXI; PB , ).
Arabic raqaba means neck, or the base of the hinder part thereof,
or the hinder part of the base of the neck (L ; DKT , ;
FAL :). The term features in medieval medical literature, for
instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (I, , ; III, ; VI, ; cf.
BMMa , , and BMMb ) and is translated by N and Z as: .
For the identification of MPRQT as raqaba, cf. SF :.
. 53
Arab. TN
MRH
. ST,
. GYR
means baking pan with lid (KB ; CD :; JD ;
Hebrew MRH
. ST
LW :; BM ; BKH ) and features in the Bible (e.g. in Lev :)
and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMen ..
Arabic t. ingr means a certain vessel of copper or brass (L ).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Lev ::
(If your offering is a meal offering in a pan, it shall be made of
50 : " P
51 : O
52 : V
53 : VO
mem
. 54
MHBT,
Arab. T"
.
. GYN
Hebrew MHBT
means plate or pan and features in the Bible (e.g. in
.
Lev :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMen . (KB ; CD :;
JD ; LW : f.; KA :; BM ; BKH f., ).
Arabic t. agin means frying-pan (L ; DRD ) and is derived
from Greek (LS ).
For the identification, cf. Ibn Janah. on Sam : (IJ ):
M ) :; Maimonides on mKel . (MK :)
explains Hebrew (a tightly covered pot, stew-pot (JD )) as .
Ibn Janah. on Lev : explains MHBT
as Arabic , just like Sa#adya on
.
Lev : (S ), David b. Abraham al-Fas (SF :), and Maimonides
on mMen . (MK :).
.
BM f.). SW"
means plastered, polished, smoothed and features
in Rabbinic literature (JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : ff., :;
56 : P
57 : O
58 :
(cf. entry ) O V
mem
.
MSTLD, Arab. MTQBS.
Hebrew MSTLD, part. Hitpa#el masc. sing. from the root SLD, has the
meaning of bounded, shrunken (JD ; LW :; KA :, :;
BM f.). The Hitpa#el is not attested in the current dictionaries.
Arabic mutaqabbad. means contracted, shrunk (L ).
. 62
M#S. D, Arab. P"S
Hebrew M#S. D means adze, hatchet; tool, billhook and features in the
Bible (e.g. Is :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBQ . (KB ;
CD :; JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM ; EG ;
KT :, , ; Low LXI; PB ).
Arabic fas means a kind of hoe, adze, axe (L ; cf. as well
Kaf no. above). In medieval medical literature on surgery, the term
designates a phlebotome (SpLA , ).
For the identification, cf. IJ ; SID :; Maimonides on mKel
. (MK :). Sa#adya (SAM :) identifies it as: .
. 65 64 63
MTPSYM,
Arab. QW"LB, o.l. PWRMS
.
Hebrew MTPSYM,
which is not attested in secondary literature, is possi.
bly derived from frame, mould (JD ; LW : s.v. ), which
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mDem ., where it is translated by
Maimonides as Arabic (MK :).
Arabic qawalib, plur. of qalab, means a model according to which
the like thereof is made, or proportioned; a mould into which metals are
poured (L ; cf. as well Dalet no. ). The singular form features, for
instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XV, ) and is translated
by N as: and by Z as: .
The vernacular term is the plural of O. Occ./O. Cat. forma, see entry
Dalet .
62 : # P
63 : !"!
P V
64 : O
65 : O,
om. V
mem
. 67 66
MZRQ, Arab. ZR"QH
Hebrew MZRQ means syringe and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Nathan ha-Me"atis Hebrew translation of Ibn Snas K. alQanun (following BM ). The term was possibly coined by Shem Tov
as a loan translation of the Arabic zurraqa.
Arabic zurraqa means pipe, syringe (D :). The word originally
meant shooter or projector and, in medical literature, designates
a syphon or syringe, a plain syringe [ . . . ] consisting of a straight
continuous cylindrical barrel with a long narrow nozzle; and, within, a
piston and handle all in one piece (SpLA ).
. 69 68
M#Y H"BTY
. H,
. that is, everything inside it, the seed, the moisture, the
water
Hebrew M#Y H"BTY
. H
. means the core of the melon (JD ; LW :)
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mEduy ., and is explained by
Maimonides as (the seeds and the juice inside
the melon) (MK :).
. 71 70
MHWDDWT,
Arab. MKRWTH,
.
. o.l. PYT. S "BTWRN
.
Hebrew MHWDDWT,
part. Pu#al fem. plur. from the root HDD,
means
.
.
sharpened (JD ; LW : f.; SD ; BM ) and features in
Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bQid a as MHWDDYM.
.
Arabic mahrut. a means shaped, rounded, polished (L f.; D
:).
The vernacular term represents an O. Occ expression *faitas a(u)
torn, literally for (things) made on the lathe or similar instruments,
which appears in the plural form in the MSS Paris and Oxford (with
au as a contraction of the preposition a and the masculine definite
66 : V P
67 :
VO
O
68 :
69 : O
70 : VO
71 :
O " P V
article). For the perfect participle, see RL :a. For O. Occ. torn lathe,
see PSW :bb (with many other meanings), and for the Cat.
equivalent DECLC :b: En grec era purament el subst. 15, nom
de laparell [ . . . ] El diccionari Aguil ja va aplegar-ne molts testimonis
medievals: un exemple, del segle XIV, dun torn de fuster o boter [ . . . ]
(i.e., In Greek, the substantive 15 was a name of the instrument [ . . . ]
The Aguil dictionary provides many medieval examples, one example
from the th century is the torn of a carpenter or a cooper [ . . . ]). For
further documentation, see entry Gimel .
The variant given in the Vatican MS is the singular *faita al torn.
. 72
MTHL
. HL,
. Arab. MTHLHL"
Hebrew MTHL
. HL,
. part. Hitpa#el masc. sing. from the root HL
. HL,
. means
permeated, affected, injured, weakened or trembling (JD ; LW
: f.; KA : f.; BM f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g.
in mMiqw .. In medieval medical literature, it has the meaning of
porous.
Arabic mutahalhil means uncompact, incoherent (L ) and means
literature.
porous in medical
The Arabic term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (III, ;
cf. BMMa ) as LyLyT s> (porous bodies) and is translated by N
as: and by Z as: . And, in VII,
(cf. BMMb ), we find 0yL (porousness) which is translated by N as:
and by Z as: .
. 74 73
Arab. MWGYT, o.l. "YGY"H
MWSY#,
means deliverer, saviour; protector, aider and features
Hebrew MWSY#
in the Bible (e.g. in Deut :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bSanh a
(KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; BM ).
Arabic mugt has the same meaning (L ).
VO
mem
engaged girl cried for help, there was no one to save her):
(S ); see as well IJ ,
77 : X"E P
mem
80 : V
81 : O "
P V
82 :
83 :
VO
V
84 : T" U
85 : O
P U O
86 : O
V
mem
. 88 87
MPSPS, Arab. YTDLK
Hebrew MPSPS, part. Pi#el masc. sing. of the root PSPS, featured in
Rabbinic literature means separating, parting, tearing, as in mShab .
(JD ; LW :; BM f.). In the context of bodily care, it can also
mean to part the hair of the head as in mNaz .: (a
Nazarite may wash his hair and part it [with his fingers]).
Arabic yatadallaku means he rubbes or presses his body in washing
himself (L ). It features as dalaka in medieval medical literature,
for instance, in Maimonides On the Regimen of Health (IV, ) and is
translated by Moses ibn Tibbon as: .
In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned, Maimonides explains
the term as: rubbing with ones hands (MK :).
. 90 89
MHWL,
Arab. TNBWR,
o.l. TMBWR
S
.
.
.
Hebrew MHWL
means ) dance, dancing, ) chorus of singers and
.
dancers and ) a certain musical instrument (KB ; CD :;
JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : f.; BM f.) and features in the
Bible (e.g. in Ps :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bTaan a.
Arabic t. unbur, plur. t. anabr, denotes the pandore and various types
of long-necked musical instruments. It can generally be distinguished
from the lute by its smaller sound-chest and longer neck (E.I.2 : ff.
(J.C. Chabrier); Palmer, History (see index);91 L ).
For the identification of Hebrew as Arabic t. unbur, cf. Sa#adya on
Ex ::
& (then Miriam the prophetess, Aarons sister, took a timbrel
in her hand, and all the women went out after her in dance with timbrels):
ah. (IJ ) on Ex
(S ; cf. as well SID :). Ibn Jan
: explains as: I (drums).
87 : t" P
88 : j P
89 : om. O
90 :
91
V, om. O
H.G. Palmer, A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century. London .
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. plural tambors (Paris MS; see PSW
:aa) or its graphical variant tanbors (Vatican MS; see RL :ab)
for drums. The FEW only shows the O. Occ. form tabor (FEW :a
b). In O. Cat., the word tanbor/tambor is documented for the first
time in the th century, with Coromines considering it a loan word from
the Arabic term featured above (DECLC :ab).
. 92
MWK, that is S. MR GPN, Arab. QTWN
.
Hebrew MWK means a soft, spongy substance, hackled wool, rag, lint;
cotton wadding; pad; sponge; tow and features in Rabbinic literature,
e.g. in mShab . (JD ; LW : f.; KA :, :; BM ;
DAS :, , , ; Low LIX; PB f., ; cf. as well Samekh
no. and Sade
no. below). Hebrew S. MR GPN means cotton, cotton
.
tree, Gossypium herbaceum L. or Gossypium arboreum L. (JD ;
LW :, ; KA :, :; AEY :; FM ; LF : f.).
Arabic qut. n designates the cotton bush, Gossypium arboreum L.
and Gossypium herbaceum L., and the product obtain from it, cotton
(DT : n. ; M ; DAS : ff., , , ; cf. as well Samekh no. ;
Pe no. and Sade
no. below). Arabic qut. na features, for instance, in
.
Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXII, ) and is translated by N as:
and by Z as: .
For the identification of Hebrew MWK as S. MR GPN, cf. the Arukh
(KA :): , for the identification of MWK as qut. n,
cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above: :
(MWK: a piece of wool or cotton or something similar to
them) (MK :). For the identification of S. MR GPN and Arabic qut. n,
cf. Maimonides on mKil . (MK :).
. 93
MTQLQL, Arab. MPSWD
Hebrew MTQLQL, part. Hitpa#el masc. sing. of the root QLQL, means
disarranged, spoiled, ruined and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in
mDem . (JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ).
92 : VO
93 : O
mem
MSPY#YN,
Arab. MWPYYN
means )
Hebrew MSPY#YN,
part. Hif#il masc. plur. of the root SP#,
making slanting, ) pouring abundantly, selling in large quantities and
) giving overmeasure and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mDem
. (JD f.; LW :, ; KA :, :; BM ff.).
Arabic muwaffin means giving and paying straight away and completely (prorsus totumque dedit aut solvit (FL :)).
In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK:)
Maimonides explains as: (those who
give more than the [required] measure).
. 95
GYM"
MLH
. MH
. S. BY, Arab. MLH
. "NDR"NY, o.l. S"L
Hebrew MLH
. MH
. S. BY literally means mineral-salt. The term is not
attested in secondary literature and was possibly coined by Shem Tov to
render the Arabic milh. andaran.
Arabic milh. andaran designates rock salt (GS n. ; LFa ).
Cf. Mem no. .
Correspondingly, the vernacular term is the O. Occ., O. Cat. or Late
Latin salgema (CB ; RMM ; RL :a)/sal gema (PSW :b;
DAO :; RPA , ; DCVB :a; CA )/salgemma (RMM ,
; RL :a) designating rock salt (PSW :b).
. 97 96
MRY", Arab. G"MWS, o.l. BRWPWL
Hebrew MRY" means fatted steer and features in the Bible, e.g. in Is :
(KB ; CD :; KA :, .; BM f.; FAB f.; KT :).
94 : ! P
95 : VO
96 : O
97 :
Maimonides Medical
Aphorisms (XVIII, ) and is translated by N as:
and by Z as: .
. 100 99
MDBYQ HZHB, Arab. TNK"R, o.l. BWRYYS
Hebrew MDBYQ HZHB literally means sticking of gold and is not
attested in secondary literature. It was possibly coined by Shem Tov as
a loan translation of Arabic lis. aq or lizaq ad-dahab, which designates
malachite, basic
chrysocolla, from Greek 7 gold-solder,
copper carbonate (LS ; WKAS :; GS ff.), which is also called
tinkar in Arabic (cf. below and M ).
98 :
99 : om. P
100 : U
V
P VO
mem
101 :
VO
NUN
. 1
or " SQ,
o.l. "LMWNY"Q
NSDWR,
Arab. WSQ
Hebrew NSDWR,
Persian nausadur (VL :), means gum ammoniac and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bGit a (JD , s.v.
, LW :; SDA : Aramaic Sal ammoniac; KA :,
:).
Arabic wussaq or ussaq also designates gum ammoniac, a product
obtained from Dorema Ammoniacum Don. The North African and
Moroccan gum ammoniac is derived from the plant Ferula communis L.
var. gummifera Battandier or Ferula tingitana L. The Arabic term, which
is written in ten different ways, is derived from Persian usa (VL :)
(D :; DT :; M ; LF :). In Maimonides Medical
Aphorisms (XXI, , ), the term features as iF& and is translated by
N as: ("RMWNY"Q) and by Z as: ("MWNY"Q).
The vernacular term in the Vatican and Oxford Mss is the O. Occ. or
O. Cat. armoniac(h) for gomme ammoniaque, sorte de gomme-rsine
employe en mdicine pour faire empltres (i.e. gum ammoniac, a kind
of gum resin used in medicine for making plasters) (DAO :; for other
references: cf. RMA ; RPA ; AdV , among others). This word is
1 :
VO
forms in the entry Kaf : alaquana, alquana, etc.) or a shift between the
liquid sounds -r- and -l-, which is very frequent in Romance languages
(see, for example, the shift in the opposite direction: Late Lat. calamita >
O. Occ./O. Cat. caramida, in the entry Alef ).
. 3 2
NTP,
o.l. MSTYQ
. Arab. MS. TKY,
.
Hebrew NTP
. means drops of stacte; incense (from the aromatic plant
Commiphora opobalsami) (KB f.; CD :; JD s.v. ;
LW : s.v. ; KA :; BM ; DAS :, ; KT :;
LF : f.) and features in the Bible in Ex :.
Arabic mas. t. ika, from Greek mastic (LS ), means mastic gum (D :; M ; DAS :).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Ex ::
(And the LORD
said to Moses: Take the herbs stacte, onycha, and galbanumthese herbs
together with pure frankincense; let there be an equal part of each):
(S ),
IJ and SF :.
The vernacular term in the Vatican and Paris MSS is the O. Occ. or
O. Cat mastec (CB , , and others; RMA ; RM ; RMM ;
RPA , , ; RL :a; FEW :b; DECLC :a), mastech
(CB , , and others; DECLC loc. cit.), orexclusively Occ.mastic
(RMA , , ; RL :a; FEW :b) for resina del llentiscle,
pasta que la imita usada per tapar forats etc. (i.e. resin of the mastic
shrub, paste which imitates it, used to cover holes) (DECLC :a).
Its variant in the Oxford MS with an ending indicated by the Hebrew
spelling -GY may represent either mastech (with the pronunciation [t]),
mastegue (where -gu- represents a velar pronunciation; see CB , ,
; RMA ; RPA , ; FEW :b; PSW :a) or mastege
(where the -g- represents either a velar or a palatal pronunciation; see
RM ; FEW :b). All these forms are based upon the Gr. ;
the forms with an ending -ge or -gue are explained via the Arabic mas. t. ika
(see FEW :a and our explanation of the Arabic term above), the
other forms via the Gr. (DECLC :ab).
2 : O V
3 : O V
nun
For the identification of Arab. mas. t. ika as O. Cat. mastech, cf. AdV ,
; see also the Romance term MSTYQ,
which is given as the synonym
.
for the Arabic term (spelt M" S. TKY)
in GHAT :.
.
. 5 4
NYNY", Arab. N"NKH, o.l. "MY"WS
Aramaic and Hebrew NYNY" means Bishops Weed, Ammi copticum
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bGit b (JD ; LW :;
SDA f.; KA :, :; AEY :; DAS :; KT :,
n. ; LF : ff.).
Arabic should be read as , i.e. nanahwah, and means
Bishops Weed, Ammi visnaga [L.] Lam. (DT :; M ). The Arabic
term features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XX,
; XXI, ) and is translated by N and Z as: /. ("MY"WS/
"MY"WS).
For the identification, cf. LO Teshuvot on bGit b, p. : ,
.
The vernacular term is the Late Lat., O. Occ., O. Cat. or O. Sp. ameos
(FEW :b; DCVB :b; DCECH :a; RMA ; Sin :,
:, and others) for sorte dombellifre (kind of umbellifer) (FEW
loc. cit.). In O. Occ., this form is documented for the first time in
(see FEW loc. cit.). According to FEW :a, the term was borrowed from the language of pharmacists in the genitive case (((),
Latin ameos); cf. the following quotation given in the FEW: Ameos,
vulgus pharmacopularum vocat, quod recte dicitur Ammi (Est. ).
In Sin , it is stated that Ammi visnaga Lam. is a particular meaning of M. Lat. ameos that might have been restricted to Spain, but
note that the synonymy of ameos and the Arabic nanahwah already
see Sin ,
appears in the Alphita, which is of French origin (nenuche;
n. ).
For the identification of Arab. nanahwah as Lat./O. Cat. ameos, also cf.
AdV , ; see also GHAT :, where we find the O. Cat. synonym
"MY"WS for the corrupted spelling of the Arab. term NNWKH.
4 : V
5 : O
. 8 7 6
RMWN, Arab. GLNR, o.l. BL"WSTY"
NS. SL
.
RMWN means pomegranate blossom and features in
Hebrew NS. SL
Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBer b (JD , ; LW :, :;
SDA : Aramaic ; KA :; BM ; LF : ff.).
Arabic gullanar, from Persian gul-i anar pomegranate rose or blossom (VL :; : ff.), has the same meaning (DT :; M ). The
term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is trans and by Z: (BL"WSTY"Y).
lated by N as: (BLWSTY"
. S)
.
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on mShebi . (MK :).
The vernacular term in the Paris MS is the M. Lat. balaustia (as used,
e.g., in the Alphita, instead of the original BALAUSTIUM indicated in
ThLL :, ff.; DuC :c; see Sin ,; Sin ba; CA ),
which also existed as a loan word in O. Occ. and O. Cat. for fleur du
grenadier sauvage (blossom of the wild pomegranate tree) (DAO :
[i.e. RMA ]; CB ; DCVB :a). This word could also refer to
the fruit or the plant itself, e.g. in O. Occ. (DAO :; RL :b). The
variant in the Vatican MS is the plural of the Romance word; the variant
in the Oxford MS must be corrupt.
For the identification of Arab. gullanar as Late Lat. balaustia and its
O. Cat. loan word cf. AdV , ; see as well GHAT :, where we
find the Arab. term and its O. Cat. synonym in the plural form BLBSTY"
. S
(the second Bet represents the diphthong -au-).
.
NS. HHLB,
Arab. MHLB
.
.
The Hebrew term NS. HHLB
is variously explained as ) spurge, )
.
ornithogalum, ) Asphodelus microcarpus, ) Orchis anatolicus and
) parsley (JD s.v. ; LW :; KA :, :; BM esp.
n. ; AEY :; DAS :; FM ; FZ f.; LA :; LF : ff.,
:; cf. as well Het
. no. ) and features, for instance, in mShebi
..
Arabic mahlab
designates plum tree of mahaleb (black cherry tree),
.
Prunus mahaleb seu cerasus L. and Var. (DT : n. ; M ; DAS :).
6 :
7 : VO
8 : O V
nun
(NS. HHLB
.
.
NRD, Arab. ND
Hebrew NRD, from Greek (LS ), means nard, Nardostachys Jatamansi D.C., which was used for perfumes. The term features
in the Bible (e.g. in Song :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bKer a
(KB f.; CD :; JD ; LW :, ; KA :, :; BM ;
AEY :; FO f.; KT :, n. ff.; LF : ff.).
Arabic nadd means a certain kind of perfume with which one fumigates; a certain wood with which one fumigates; a compound of aloeswood aromatised with musk and ambergris (L ; M ; Wiedemann, Aufstze :: Parfum aus Ambra, Aloe und Moschus).9
Ibn Janah. (IJ ) identifies NRD as (rose; M );10 but cf. gloss
MS Rouen (n. ):
() 0,), likewise al-Fas (SF :) and Sa#adya (Song
9 E. Wiedemann, Aufstze zur Arabischen Wissenschaftsgeschichte. vols., Hildesheim-New York .
10 Cf. Joseph Ben Judah Ben Jacob Ibn Aknin (), Hitgallut ha-Sodot weHofa#at ha-Me"orot. Perush Shir ha-Shirim. Ed. A.S. Halkin, Jerusalem , p. , l. :
: .
carobla,
carruba, carova, garrova, among others (DAO loc. cit.). In O.
Cat., the forms with an initial /g/ (like garrofa) seem to be much more
frequent than forms with an initial /k/ (see DECLC :ba).
. 15 14 13 12
NMYYH, Arab. SNWR, i.e. the wild cat, o.l. Q"NPYR
Hebrew NMYYH means marten and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g.
in bHul
. b (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; BH index,
s.v.; FAB f.: mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon; LZ f.; cf. as well for
Herpestes ichneumon BAL and for marten, Matres foina, BAL ).
Arabic sinnawr means cat (L ; BK ; JAD : ff.; StS f.).
For the identification of NMYYH as sinnawr cf. the explanation of the
term NMYYH in the Arukh (KA :): (a small animal
like a cat).
11 :
12 : V
O P
13 : VO
14 : O
15 : om. PV
nun
NHRT
HHZH,
Arab. KSWNH
"LS. DR
.
.
Hebrew NHRT
(read NeHiRuT)
means roughness and is attested in
.
.
Hebrew medieval medical literature (cf. BM ), while NHRT
HHZH
.
.
means roughness of the chest.
Arabic hasu nat as. -s. adr also means roughness of the chest (for hasu f.).
na see L
The term hasu na features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (VI, ,
; VII, ; XXV,
; cf. BMMb , ) and is translated by N as: and
by Z as: .
. 19 18 17
NRTYQ, Arab. S. DPH, o.l. QWQYLYH
Hebrew NRTYQ, from Greek ! (LS ; KG :; LR
), means case, casket and esp. a physicians medicine chest and
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in yBer V, b (JD ; LW : f.;
KA :, :; BM ; KT :, , n. ; :; Low LXV;
PB f.). The term is also used to designate a snails shell (cf. LW :,
:, s.v. ; KA :). The Hebrew term features in book thirty of
16 :
17 : V
18 : VO
19 : O
O V
20 : V
21 : O
22 :
nun
. 27 26 25 24 23
NHMYM,
Arab. MTSKNYN, and this [features] in Isaiah [as]:
.
(You who inflame yourselves among the terebinths)
Hebrew NHMYM,
part. Nif#al plur. masc. of HMM,
means inflaming
.
.
themselves and features in the Bible, e.g, in Is : (KB ; CD :;
BM ).
Arabic mutasahhanin means warming themselves (D :).
O
VP
27 : ! P
28 : VO
The vernacular term seems to be the plural of the O. Occ. word eruge
for grub (RL :a), and especially for leech (PSW :a). See the
quotation Qui pren eruges et aranhas com apela fadas estranhas (Auz.
Cass. ) (i. e., Who takes leeches and spiders that are called fadas
estranhas (a kind of spiders, lit. strange fairies)). The form in the MS
clearly shows a palatal sound indicated by the Rafe over the Gimel, so we
cannot read it here as the O. Occ. variant or the O. Cat. equivalent erugas
larva of certains insects (DECLC :a; DCVB :a) pronounced
with a velar [g].
. 29
NMLK, Arab. BDYLH
Hebrew NMLK, Nif#al of the root MLK, means ) to take council, to
ask advice or permission, ) to reconsider, change ones mind and )
to debate with someone, think over and features in the Bible (e.g. in
Neh :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBer b (KB f.; CD :;
JD f.; LW : f.; KA : f.; BM f.). The term NMLK in
the sense of the object of ones reconsideration, i.e., substitute, is not
attested in Hebrew secondary literature and was possibly coined by Shem
Tov as a translation of the Arabic badl.
Arabic badl means a substitute; a thing given, or received, or put, or
done, instead of, in place of, in lieu of, or in exchange for, another thing;
a compensation (L ).
. 32 31 30
NPWS, Arab. "SPN"RYH, o.l. PSTYN"GH
.
Hebrew NPWS or NPWS. designates ) radish, Raphanus sativus L., and
) rape, Brassica napus L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in
mKil . (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; AEY :; DAS :;
FM ; LA f.:; LF : f.).
Arabic isfannariya means carrot, Daucus carota L. (DT : n. ;
M ).
29 :
30 : V
VO
31 : O
32 : VO
nun
Sa#adya (SAM :) explains as: (carrot), while, according to EG , it is identical to (= Aramaic ; cf. SDA
s.v. : long radish). Maimonides on mKil . explains the term as:
7o 0A- (Syrian radish).
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. word pastenaga for carrot (DAO :; DAO Suppl. :; RL :a; DCVB :b; FEW
:a; or, in another spelling, pastenagua, see RMA ; CB ).
.
NQ#, Arab. NQW#
The Hebrew NQ# is, according to KB , a by-form of , and only
occurs as K cleft, cavity, ravine in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil .
(JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ); Shem Tov probably uses the
non-documented verb NQ# in the sense of to macerate via semantic
borrowing from the Arabic naqa#.
Arabic naqa# means to macerate, soak, steep (L ).
The Arabic term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; cf.
BMMb ) and is translated by both N and Z as: .
. 34 33
NRTYQ HHLZWN,
i.e. the covering/shell above it and in the language of
.
; for Hebrew NRTYQ, cf. Nun no. and above). Hebrew SBLWL
means snail and features in the Bible, e.g. in Ps : (KB ). For
Hebrew and Arabic HLZWN,
cf. Het
.
. no. above.
. 36 35
N#S. WS. , Arab. SDR, o.l. "WNGL" QBLYNH
Hebrew N#S. WS. designates camel thorn, Alhagi camelorum Fisch., and
features in the Bible, e.g. in Is : (KB ; CD :; BM f.;
AEY : s.v. ; DAS :; FO ; LF : ff.).
33 : O V
34 :
V
35 : e P
36 : O V
37 : V
38 :
VO
nun
Hebrew NPH means fan; winnow; sieve and features in the Bible (e.g.
in Is :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMen . (KB ; CD :;
JD ; LW :; SDA s.v. ; BM ; BKH ff., ; KT :,
n. ).
Arabic munhal or munhul means sieve; flour bag (D :; W ;
ff.).
DAS : f.,
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above
(MK :).
39
40 :
. 42 41
NKWT, Arab. ZM"NH, o.l. QWNTRYY
T.
.
Hebrew NKWT, from (cf. KB f.; CD : ff.; JD ; LW : f.;
SD f.; BM ), means invalidity and is only attested for modern
literature (EM ).
Arabic zamana means disease, or an evil affection; a disease of long
continuance: such as cripples, or deprives of the power to move or to
stand or to walk (L ). The Arabic term features in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (VIII, ; cf. BMMb ) as DL +TB74 (with that
chronic illness) where it is translated by N as: .
The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ.
or O. Cat. adjective contreyt/contrait for paraltic, esguerrat (i.e. paralyzed, mutilated) (DCVB :a; DECLC :a), geschwcht, gelhmt
(i.e. weakened, paralyzed) (PSW :b). The form used in the Oxford
MS must be read as the O. Occ. variant contrach (FEW :b;
DECLC :a; PSW :b), where -YYG represents the sound [t] in
analogy to possible O. Occ. and O. Cat. spellings of this sound.
. 44 43
NQYWN, Arab. BHR"N,
i.e. the fight of nature against the disease
.
Hebrew NQYWN features in the Bible (e.g. Ps :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. in bBer a) and means, besides other things, cleanness
(KB f.; CD :; JD ; LW :). In medieval medical literature,
the term means crisis (of an illness) and features, for instance, in Moses
ibn Tibbons Hebrew translation of Ibn Rushds commentary on Ibn Snas
Urgu za f t. -t. ibb (BM ; Steinschneider, Die hebrischen bersetzungen, p. ; see this introduction).
Arabic buhr
. an means crisis of a disease (L ). The Arabic term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (II, ; III, et passim;
cf. BMMa and ) where it is translated by N a.o. as: ///
and by Z as: /// //
S/
TYRMYNY/
(BHR"N/
BWHR"N/
BHR"N,
o.l. QRYSYZ/
QRYSY
.
.
.
.
TYRYMYNY"W).
.
41 : VO
42 :
43 : V
44 : O
O V
nun
. 46 45
45 : VO
46 :
For the vernacular term, the variant used in the Paris and Vatican MSS
is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. lectuari/lectoari for lectuaire (i.e. electuary)
(RL :b; CB , , , ; RPA ; RMM ), preparat
farmacutic que forma una massa pastosa, compost de plvores o pulpa
aglutinades amb mel o aixarop (i.e., pharmaceutical preparation that
forms a mushy mass, composed of powders or pulps agglutinated with
honey or sirup) (DCVB :a and :b). This is an adaptation from
the Late Lat. ELECTUARIUM (DuC :a) mentioned for the first time
by Isidore of Seville (FEW :ab). The form used in the Oxford MS
could be identified as the O. Cat. variant lletuari (DCVB :a), where
LY- seems to represent the initial palatal l- that is typical for Catalan (spelt
ll in Latin-based writing).
.
NTQ, Arab. KLP
Hebrew NTQ means Trychophytosis, a fungus in the hair or beard and
features in the Bible (e.g. in Lev :) or Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mNeg
. (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; KA :; Low LXV; PB ,
).
Arabic kalaf means reddish-brown, reddish-black, colour; freckles,
pimples of face, skin (WKAS :).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Lev ::
(S ; cf. as well
IJ ).
. 47
NY#, Arab. MK" T,
. o.l. MWQ, i.e. the phlegm which flows from the nose
Hebrew NY# means nasal mucus and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g.
in mNid . (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ) and medieval
medical literature (cf. below and BM ).
47 :
nun
Arabic muhat. means mucus; snivel; what flows from the nose (L
features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Apho). The term
risms (IX, ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by N as:
and by Z as: .
In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :), Maimonides explains (= ) as: (saliva, spittle; cf. WKAS : f.).
In his commentary on Maimonides Mishneh Torah, Tanhum
Yerushalmi
.
remarks that, according to some, NY# is , while, according to others,
it is (ShM ; cf. as well KA :).
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. word moc for Rotz,
Nasenschleim (i.e. snot, nasal mucus) (FEW :b; PSW :b),
humor esps segregat per les glndules mucoses (i.e., thick liquid secreted by the mucous glands) (DCVB :b; DECLC :b).
. 49 48
SRWP,
VO
the streaked and spotted he-goats and all the speckled and spotted shegoats).
Arabic baras means small specks, differing from the rest of the colour;
a whiteness that appears upon the nails; white specks in the skin (L ).
The Arabic term is also used, in addition to baras. , for leprosy (L ibid.),
for which the common Hebrew term is .
The term baras is used by Ibn Janah. (IJ ) as the Arabic equivalent
to Hebrew , which features in Zech : (see Samekh no. ), and
is explained by him as: v,)
FKB (red and white specks); Tanhum
.
Yerushalmi on Zech : remarks that, according to some, is baras,
while according to others, it is balaq (cf. L : Blackness and whiteness
[together, generally in horses]).50 The same term balaq is used by Sa#adya
(S ) as an explanation of (spotted) in Gen :. See as well
MCS :.
. 51
NY#YY, Arab. MK" TY
.
Hebrew NY#YY, from NY# (cf. above Nun no. ), means slimy and
features in medieval medical literature (cf. BM ).
Arabic muhat. means slimy, mucous (cf. above Nun no. ) and
features in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; XX, ; cf. BMMb
) and is translated by N as: and by Z as: /
.
SAMEKH
. 1
SMLK, Arab. Y"SMYN
Hebrew SMLK means jasmine, jasminum sambac, Jasminum Sambac L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBer b (JD ;
LW :; KA : s.v. , :, :; AEY :; FEB ; LF
: f.; :).
Arabic yasamn also designates jasmine, jasminum officinale (D
:; DT : n. ; M ; DAS :, ; LF : f.).
For the identification, cf. LO Perushim on bBer b, p. .
. 2
SM", Arab. ZRNYK, o.l. "WRPYMNT.
Aramaic SM" means drug, pigment, essence (JD ; LW :; SD ;
SDA ; KA :, :; BM ) and features in Rabbinic literature,
e.g. mHul
. .. The Aramaic term is explained by Rashi on bMeg b as:
(cf. as well KA :).
Arabic zirnh or zarnh, from Persian zarnh or zarnq or zarniy or
arsenic, a well-known
. 4 3
SQR", Arab. MGR", o.l. SNPYRH or L"PYS MGN" TY
. S
Hebrew SQR" means red paint and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g.
in mShab : (JD ; LW : f.; SDA s.v. ; KA :, :;
BM ; DAS :).
Arabic magra means red earth, with which one dyes; rubric (L ;
M ).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on mShab . (MK :):
,.
The first vernacular term could not be clearly identified, but it is
certainly related to the Lat. CINNABARIS for cinnabar, vermillion
(FEW :ba), or rather the M. Lat. cinabrium, for which a
variant cinaprium is documented in Sin , n. . If we assume that
the position of the Yod is an error, we might obtain a reading *cinapria.
Alternatively, as the Pe is more usual than the Bet in Latin and Romance
(see below), this might indicate that SNPYRH corresponds to one of
the numerous M. Latin adaptations of the Arabic zungufr, for which we
may quote zinfur and vzifur (see Sin s.v. aziniafor; CA ). As for
O. Occ., we only find the forms cynobre, cinobri and cinabrion (FEW
loc. cit.; DAO :), for Cat. only the form cinabri is attested and
this very late (DCVB :b; DECLC :b). The synonymy with the
Hebrew and Arabic words stems from the color of the substance; see
entry Samekh of this edition.
The second vernacular term is the Lat. expression lapis magnetis for
magnetic stone (for the commentary see entry Mem , see also the
entry Alef , caramita). This synonym was probably added because
3 : VO
4 : V
samekh
5 : add. O
6 : O
7
V
Onofre Pou, Thesaurus puerilis, Valncia , p. .
. 10 9 8
Hebrew SYG means dross, base metal; refuse; galina, silver dross and
features in the Bible in the plural form, e.g. in Is :, and in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in bBekh . SYG HKSP means silver dross and features
in the Bible, e.g. in Prov : ( ) (KB ; JD ; LW : f.;
KA :; BM ; KT :).
Arabic habat al-fid. da
. means dross of silver when it is molten (for
10 : O V
11 :
12 : O P
13 :
O V
14 :
O V
samekh
The first
term given in this entry here is *escoria de ferre
for slag of iron (for escoria, see entry Samekh ; for ferre, see entry Het
.
). The second vernacular term seems to be a non-documented O. Occ.
form *ferruge, a variant of ferruga for filings or cuttings of iron (RL
:b).
15 : O
16 :
O V
. 21 20 19 18 17
SPGNYN, Arab. QT"YP,
and this is a pancake with honey or a doughnut
.
with honey and almonds, o.l. BWNYYT. S
Hebrew SPGNYN means cakes made of spongy dough, a sort of cracker
(JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; DAS :, ; KT :)
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel ..
Arabic qat. a"if means pancakes with honey and butter (D :;
DAS :,; RAP , n. , ) and features in medieval
medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides On Asthma (III, ) and
is translated as: by the anonymous translator (cf. BMA).
Maimonides on mKel . identifies SPGNYN as "isfing: sort of fritters
eaten with honey (D :) and zalabiyya fritters or puff pastry with
honey or almond (cf. Het
. no. above). For the identification of
Hebrew SPGNYN as Arabic zalabiyya, cf. EG and LO Perushim
on bPes a, p. . Cf. as well ShM : [ . . . ]
[ . . . ] ( is and are also called
).
The vernacular term in the Vatican MS is the O. Occ. bonheta for cake,
pastry (PSW :b; for further documentation see DECLC :b).
In Northern Catalan (Conflent, Vallespir), the diatopic variants bunyeta
and bonyeta exist alongside the standard bunyol for massa de forma
rodonenca, feta de pasta de farina ben batuda i mesclada amb alguna
altra substncia (patata, bacall, etc.), i fregida amb oli o sam (i.e. pastry
of roundish shape, made of flour dough, which has been well stirred and
mixed with some other substances (potatoes, stockfish, etc.) and fried
with oil or lard) (DCVB :a and b). The variants in the Paris and
Oxford MSS have to be interpreted as its plural. In the variants used in
the Vatican and Paris MSS, the palatal sound -nh- is clearly indicated by
the spelling -NYY-.
17 : ! P
18 : P
19 : O
20 : V
21 :
O V
samekh
. 23 22
SWLTNYT, Arab. SLHPH,
o.l. TR
.
. TWGH
.
Hebrew SWLTNYT means a small fish; anchovy, sardine; herring; sandsmell (JD ; LW :; KA :, :, : s.v. ; LFa ;
LZ f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bHul
. a, bAZ
a.
Arabic sulahf
. a or sulhaf
. a or sulahf
. ah or silahf
. ah means the tortoise
and also the turtle or sea-tortoise (L ; D :; BK ; JAD : ff.;
KSZ :, :; StS , ; E.I.2 :, s.v. sulahf
. a (F. Vir)). According
to the Arukh (KA :), is Arabic (?), and Romance
(TR
. TWG").
.
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. tartuga for tortoise
(RL :b; PSW ba; CB , , , among others; RM ;
DECLC :a; DCVB :b). In O. Cat., the word is documented for
the first time in the th c. (see DECLC loc. cit.).
In GHAT : we find the same Romance term transcribed in the
same way as in MSS O and V, namely TR
. TWG".
.
. 24
SQYPS, Arab. MNMS
editors L" P OV
28 : VO
29 : VO
samekh
Romance lenition of the plosive in the second syllable. The spelling with
Waw in the third syllable seems to be a corruption on the part of the
copyist.
. 34 33 32 31
SWM"Q, Arab. SM"Q, and this is sumac and it was already mentioned in
the letter Alef
Aramaic SWM"Q means red, dark (SD ; SDA ; BM ) and
features in the latter sense in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Asaf s
Book of Medicines (AV :, : ) and is possibly a
loan translation of Arabic summaq (cf. below). See as well entry Alef .
30 : V
31 : P
32 :
33 : O
34 :
For Arabic summaq, sumac, Rhus coriaria L. and Var., or its berry,
Anacardiaceae, cf. Alef no. above. The term features in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ; XXII, ) and is transcribed by N and Z as:
or .
. 35
SKSWK, Arab. THYG
Hebrew SKSWK means conflict; confusion (BM ; EM ) and
features in Rashis commentary on the Bible (Is :) and the Talmud
(bBQ ). The verb SKSK means to provoke and features in the Bible,
e.g. in Is : (KB s.v. ).
Arabic tahayyug means excitement, agitation, emotional disturbance,
irritation, inflammation (L ).
For the identification of the Hebrew root SKSK as Arabic G, cf.
Sa#adya on Is :: (I will incite Egyptian against
Egyptian): (DS ; RT ), and IJ . Ibn
Janah. (ibid.) translates the term as: +A\) q A,.
. 37 36
SHWS,
Arab. GDRWP
"L"DN, i.e. the earlobe
.
.
Hebrew SHWS
or HS
means the cartilages forming the ear, helix
.
. HWS
.
(JD f.; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; HA ; Low LII) and
features in Rabbinic literature, for instance, in mBekh . (a).
Arabic gudr
. uf al-"udn has the same meaning (L f.; HA ;
FAL :). Arabic gudr
. uf features in medieval medical literature, for
instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (I, , ; cf. BMMa and )
and is translated by N as: and by Z as: .
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned
above: : (MK :) or on mPes .: :
(MK :).
35 : VO
36 : VO
37 :
samekh
. 38
SPHT,
. Arab. QW"BY
Hebrew SPHT
. means scabs, flaking skin (KB ), rising on the skin,
sore (JD ), psoriasis, pityriasis capitis (BM ; Low LXVII;
PB , ) and features in the Bible (e.g. Lev :) and in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in bShebi b, bYeb b.
Arabic qawab is the plural form of quwaba or quwaba" and means
ringworm or tetter, a cutaneous eruption in which scabs peel off from
the skin, and the hair comes off (L ; D :; SN : ichthyosis).
For the identification, cf. Ibn Janah. (IJ ), who identifies Hebrew
, a synonym for Hebrew SPHT
. (KB ; BM ), with Arabic
quwaba": K
.
. 39
o.l. GRWT. S
SPYR, Arab. M" S,
Hebrew SPYR designates Moors pea; French vetch, Vicia Narbonensis L. (JD ; LW :; KA :; AEY :; DAS : f., ;
FM ; FZ f.; LF : ff.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in
mKil ..
Arabic mas, possibly from Persian mas (VL :), means Indian
pea, Phaseolus max L. or Phaseolus mungo L. (D :; L ; DAS
:; ID :).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned
(MK :); see as well LF :, no. ; Sa#adya (SAM :) explains
as: (a kind of vetch).
The Romance term could not be identified.
. 41 40
:; BM ; AEY :; DAS :, :; FM ; LA :;
LF :).
Arabic ga#da means germander or mountain pennyroyal, Teucrium
Polium L. (D :, DT :; M ; DAS :).
The term SY"H is explained in the Arukh (KA :) as (It.
poleggio, puleggio, from Lat. pulegium) or (It. sisimbro-sisimbrio,
from Lat. sisymbrium). In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned,
Maimonides translates the term SY"H as: (mint) (MK :).
The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the Late Lat.
polium montanum, a compound term which is used in contrast to polium
marinum, Teucrium Creticum L. (see Sin a; NPRA ; the genitive
singular poli montani features in RPA ).
The variant given in the Oxford MS has to be read as polium montani
(for the lack of agreement between the noun and the adjective in Lat.
compound terms, see also the introduction). For the meaning of this term
see entry Yod . The same term (transcribed as PWLY"WM MWNT"NY)
.
features in GHAT : and is identified as Arab. ga#da.
. 44 43 42
BGYR MTPY,
SYD HY,
o.l. Q"LS WYW"
. Arab. GYR
.
Hebrew SYD means lime, plaster and features in the Bible (e.g. Num
:) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab . (KB ; JD ; LW
:; SDA : ; KA : s.v. , :; BM ; DAS :, ;
KT : f., ; Low LXVI). Hebrew SYD HY,
. which is attested in EM
() as modern, was possibly coined as a loan translation of Latin calx
viva. That is how the Hebrew term features in the Sefer Keritut by Hillel
ben Samuel of Verona.45
Arabic gr bi-gayr mut. fa" means quicklime (M ; GS : gr = calx
viva in Latin; cf. as well Gimel no. ).
For the identification of Hebrew SYD as Arabic gr, cf. Maimonides on
mShab . (MK :).
The vernacular term in the Vatican and Oxford MSS is the O. Occ.
or O. Cat. calz viva/cals viva, literally living lime, for calcium oxide
42 : O V
43 : P
44 : P V
45 See G. Bos: Medical
samekh
which has not been in contact with water (for calz/cal, see RL :b;
DCVB :a; DECLC :b; for the compound O. Occ. term caus viva,
see RMA ). The variant used in the Paris MS with the spelling WYD"
is corrupt.
. 46
SMDR, Arab. PQ" H
.
Hebrew SMDR means flower buds of the vine or (berry) in the building stage (KB ; JD ; LW :; KA :; BM f.; DAS :;
KT :; LF : f.) and features in the Bible (Song :) and in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in mOrl ..
Arabic fuqqah. means a flower or blossom of any plant (L ).
For the identification, cf. Ibn Janah. (IJ ) on the Bible verse mentioned: s
[ K- , and Maimonides on mOrl . (MK :). In his
translation of the same verse, Sa#adya (SH ) uses the Arabic equivalent
for Hebrew . See as well MCS :.
. 47
SGRYR, Arab. ZMHRYR
Hebrew SGRYR means cloudburst; severe rain storm (KB ; JD ;
LW :; KA :, :; BM ; DAS :; KT :) and features
in the Bible (Prov :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in yMeg I, d.
Arabic zamharr means intense cold (L ; D :).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Prov ::
(An endless dripping on a rainy day and a contentious
wife are alike):
(SM f.), and IJ .
.
46 : V
47 : O
O
V, om. O
samekh
Arabic zubra means ) a (big) piece of iron, ) an anvil of a blacksmith, or ) the upper part of the back, next the neck; or the part
between the two shoulder-blades; or the part where the neck is joined
to the back-bone (L ).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on mShab . (MK :).
The vernacular term of the Vatican MS corresponds to O. Occ. engluge
anvil (PSW :b). The variant of MS P shows a form ending with -a,
similar to the Cat. encluya / encluja (DCVB :a).
. 55 54
G,
[which means in] translation: one who refuses,
SRBN, Arab. LGW
declines
Hebrew SRBN means ) one who waits to be coaxed, declining, )
persistent and ) rebellious, stubborn (JD ; LW :; KA :,
:; BM ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mBer ..
Arabic lagu g means stubborn, intractable, persistent; obstinate, pigheaded, importunate, annoying, of humans (WKAS :; L ;
D :).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned:
, , (MK :).
. 58 57 56
SYP H#WRB, Arab. SYP "LGR"B
Hebrew SYP H#WRB, literally meaning the sword of the raven (JD ,
) and not attested in secondary literature, was possibly coined by
Shem Tov as a loan translation of Arabic sayf al-gurab (cf. below).
Arabic sayf al-gurab (the sword of the raven) designates the plant
Gladiolus communis L. (L ; D :; DT :; M ; DAS :;
LF :).
54 : VO
55 : O
56 : V
57 : om. O
58 :
VO
. 59
SPSL, Arab. MNBR
Hebrew SPSL means frame, bench, stool (JD ; SD ; SDA
(Aram. ); KA :; BM ; BKH , , , ; DAS
: f.; KT : f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel .,
bQid a.
Arabic minbar means a chair, or the pulpit of the preacher in a
mosque (L ; D : f.).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned
above (MK :).
. 62 61 60
59 :
60 :
61
62
63
64
65
V
O
: O V
: O
: VO
: V
: V
samekh
#MY H"RS. , i.e. such [a kind] that common people use, because
SPWN SL
there is [another] kind of it which kings and princes use
#MY H"RS. literally means soap of common people.
Hebrew SPWN SL
For SPWN, cf. Samekh no. .
.
SRYS HMH
is someone in whom the heat that awakens his penis ceased,
.
and it makes him infertile and it (his penis) never becomes erected since
the day it was created. And one says eunuch from the time of seeing the
sun as one says under the sun
66 :
67 : om. V
O V
SNWRYM, Arab. S
Hebrew SNWRYM, plural of SNWR, means dazzling, deception (KB
f.; KA :; BM ; PB n. ; Low LXVII) and features in the
Bible, e.g. in Gen :.
Arabic #asan means weakness of sight or sightlessness by night with
ability to see by day or badness of sight by night and by day (L ;
D :; SN ).
For the identification, cf. SE : :, and Sa#adya on Gen
::
(And the people who were at the entrance of the house, young and old,
they were struck with blinding light, so that they were helpless to find
the entrance):
(S ); see as well SF :.
. 71 70
o.l. " SPWNG"
O V
O V
samekh
as a synonym
In GHAT : we find the Romance (O. Cat.) " SPWN
GH
of Arab. "SPN" G.
. 74 73 72
SRYGYM, and it is written with Sin, Arab. QDB"N
.
Rabbinic Hebrew SRYG, plur. SRYGYM, means grate, lattice (JD ;
LW :; KA :, :; BM ; DAS :) and features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in mOhol .. Its biblical counterpart , plur. ,
means tendrils of the grapevine (KB ) and features, for instance,
in Gen :.
Arabic qudb
. an or qidb
. an (cf. MS O), plural of qad
. b, means branches,
twigs, shoots, stalks (L ).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Gen :: (on
the vine were three branches): (S ); IJ , and
SID :.
72 : V
73 : om.
74 :
V
O V
. 76 75
75 : O
76 : om. P
(cf. entry )
, p. , l. .
samekh
Arabic mufallaq is a peach, and an apricot, and the like, that splits, or
cleaves, from its stone, and becomes dry (L ) or a sort of peach
(D :; LF :).
.
SYB, Arab. LYP
Hebrew SYB means fibrous substance, bast of the palm tree (JD ;
SD ; KA : f., :; BM f.; FE ; FEB ; KT :; LA
:) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mUqz ., bYom a.
Arabic lf is fibre, bast (D :; WKAS :; LA f.:).
For the identification, cf. Hananel
on bYom a: (sic),
.
and Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :).
. 80 79
SYBYY, Arab. LYPYY"
Hebrew SYBYY, from SYB (cf. Samekh no. ), means fibrous and is
attested in EM as modern. It was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a
translation of the Arabic lfyun.
Arabic lfyun has the same meaning (WKAS : f.) and Arabic
lfya designates a plant of uncertain identity, possibly a species of colocynth (WKAS :).
. 82 81
SRTNYM,
Arab. SR" TNYN,
o.l. QMBRYS
.
.
Hebrew SRTN,
plur. SRTNYM
means crab, Cancer (JD f.; LW
.
.
:, ; SD ; KA :, :; BM ; LZ ). The term features
in Rabbinic and medieval medical literature (for numerous references, cf.
BM f.).
Arabic SR" TNYN
must probably be read sarat.n and is the plural form
.
of sarat. an crab, Cancer (L ; D :; BK ; JAD : ff.; StS ).
The term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXII, : tBI
?
n) and is translated by N as: and by Z as:
.
79 : V
80 :
81 : V
82 : V
samekh
SMRTW
. T. QSH,
means a hard rag (for SMRTW
Hebrew SMRTW
. T. QSH
. T. cf. JD ;
LW :; SDA (s.v. Aram. ); KA : f.; BM ; Low LXVII;
PB ). Hebrew SMRTW
. T. features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mShab
., bShebi a.
The Arabic term is corrupt and should be read as hirqa hasina, which
hirqa
cf. L ).
means a rough rag or ragged, patched, garment (for
85 :
86 : VO
O V
AYIN
. 2 1
#YNBY HDS, these are its seeds, Arab. HB
. "L RYH"N
.
Hebrew #YNBY HDS are berries of the myrtle, Myrtus communis L.
(for #YNB cf. KB ; JD ; LW : f.; KA :, : f.; BM ;
for HDS cf. KB ; JD ; KA :; BM ; AEY :; FE ;
FEB ; FM ; FO ff.; KT :; LA :; LF :; for the Aramaic
term for myrtle, cf. Alef no. ). The phrase features in Rabbinic literature,
e.g. yMaas III, d.
Arabic habb
ar-rayh
.
. an means seeds or berries of the myrtle (L ;
D :; M ; DT :; ID :). Rayh
. an originally meant any
odoriferous plant, and subsequently came to designate the myrtle in the
Maghreb and basil in the East (DT :).
For the identification of Hebrew HDS as Arabic rayh
. an, cf. David b.
Abraham al-Fas on Esther : (SF :): (He was foster
father to Hadassah): , and al-Idrs (IJS :);
cf. Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ), where
) Do'AB
HB
K (basil(?) which is the same as ar-rayh
. an al-qaranful) is translated
by Z as: . For the identification of
Hebrew HDS as Arabic as, cf. Alef no. .
. 4 3
#DS HMYM, Arab. T. HLB,
o.l. LYNTYLY"SH
.
.
VO
3 : V
4 :
O V
Cf. Ibn al-Jazzar on Skin Diseases and Other Afflictions of the Outer Part of the Body.
A New Parallel Arabic-English translation of Bk. chs. with a Critical Edition of
5
Moses Ibn Tibbons Medieval Hebrew Translation by G. Bos and a study of the Romance
terminology by Guido Mensching and Julia Zwink (forthcoming).
ayin
. 7 6
#RMWNYM, Arab. QSTL,
S
. o.l. QSTNY"
.
Hebrew #RMWN, plur. #RMWNYM, means plane tree, Platanus orientalis L. (KB ; JD ; LW : f.; KA :; BM ; AEY :,
:; DAS :; FE n. ; FEB ff.; FO ; LA :; LF :;
M ), and features in the Bible (Gen :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g.
in bBB a. In the Rabbinic tradition, #RMWN was also called DWLB (cf.
FEB ff.). In the Middle Ages, Rashi mistakenly identified #RMWN/
DWLB as: chestnut (following FEB ).8
Arabic qast. al or qast. aniya means chestnut (D :; DT :; M ;
ID :).
For the identification of #RMWN as qast. al, cf. SID : on Gen
:: . . , and Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XX, ; XXI, ), where 0M is translated by N as: /
and by Z as: / (QSTNGY).
For the identification of #RMWN
.
as dulb, cf. IJ , SF : and Sa#adya on Gen : (S ).
The meaning chestnut is confirmed by the vernacular term, which
is the plural of O. Occ. casta(i)nha or O. Cat. castanya for chestnut
(DAO :; RL :a; FEW :a; CB , , , ; DCVB
:b; DECLC :b).
. 9
#NB HSW#L,
Arab. #NB "LT#LB, o.l. MWRYLH
6 : O V
7 : O
V
Lw (LF :), however, remarks that the faulty identification already occurred in
the early Rabbinic tradition.
9 : O V
8
For the identification of the Aramaic YNBY T#L as the Arabic #inab
at-ta#lab, cf. LO Teshuvot on bGit a, p. : ,
.
The vernacular term in the Oxford and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ.
maurel(h)a or maurella for Solanum nigrum L. (DAO :; RL :b;
PSW :a; FEW :a; CB , , , , ; RPA ;
RMM , ). The form in the Paris MS with only one Waw in the
first syllable could also be read as the O. Cat. more(l)la, a form which also
existed as a variant in O. Occ. and shows the result of monophthongation
(DECLC :b; DCVB :a; AdV ; FEW loc. cit.; PSW loc. cit.;
RL :b; DAO loc. cit.; CB , among others).
For the identification of Arab. #inab at-ta#lab as O. Cat. morela cf.
a Romance synonym for
AdV , ; see also GHAT, where we find
the same Arab. term spelt as in MS V (GHAT :).
. 10
#RWD, Arab. HM"R
"LWH
.
. S
Hebrew #RWD means wild ass, Equus heminous onager (KB ; JD
; LW :; SDA , Aram. ; KA :; BM ; BAL ;
BH index, s.v.; DAS :; FAB ; KT :; LZ ) and features in the
Bible (Job :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mKil ..
Arabic him
. ar al-wah
. s designates the same animal (L ; DAS :;
JAD : ff.; KSZ :).
For the identification, cf. IJ ; SID : and Maimonides on
mKil . (MK :). See as well MCS :.
. 12 11
o.l. QRDW, this is the DRDR, which features in
#KBYWT, Arab. KRSP,
the Torah
Hebrew #KBYT, plur. #KBYWT, means a species of edible thistles, cardoon, Cynara Cardunculus L. or Cynara Syriaca Boiss. (JD ; LW
:; KA :, :; AEY : s.v. ; FEB ; KT :
n. ; LA ff.:; LF : ff.) or Gundelia Tournefortii (DAS :;
10 :
11 : O
O V
12 :
O, om. V
ayin
Cynara cardunculus
it "LKRSP).
The vernacular terms correspond to the meaning thistle. The form in
the Paris and Vatican MSS is either the Lat. cardo (NPRA ) or the
O. Occ. or O. Cat. card for thistle (DAO :; RL :b; DCVB
:ba; DECLC :a), from the Lat. CARDONE(M) (derived
from cardu(u)s, see Ayin ). In Cat., the form card only exists in the
extreme north of what is Spanish Catalonia today and in the Roussillon
(see DECLC loc. cit.). The variant in the Oxford MS is the O. Occ.
cardo(u)n with the same meaning (DAO loc. cit.; RPA , ). It might
well be that the O. Occ. and O. Cat. word also had the meaning artichoke
suggested by the Hebrew and Arabic synonyms, cf. O. Occ. cardon petit,
indicated as a variety of artichoke in DAO :, or M. and Mod. Fr.
cardon artichoke (a loan-word from Occ., FEW :a). Also cf. the
next entry.
. 14 13
#WLSYN,
Arab. HNDB", o.l. QRDYLS
Hebrew #WLSYN
means endive, Cichorium intibus L. (JD ; LW
:; KA :, : f.; BM ; AEY :; DAS :; FM ;
FZ f.; KT :; LA f.:; LF : ff.) and features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in mShebi ..
Arabic hindaba" or hindiba" means chicory, endive, and designates
several species of Chicoraceae, such as Cichorium intibus L. and Var. and
13 : O
14 : VO
S
#WLSY
Arab. HNDB" BRY, o.l. QRDYLS SLW"
GY
Hebrew means field endive, wild chicory (JD ; LW :;
KA :, : f.), Cichorium divaricatum Schusb. (AEY :; LA
f.:) or Cichorium pumilum (FM ) or Cichorium intybus L.
(LF : f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, eg. in mKil ..
Arabic hindaba" barr is wild chicory (M ; DT :; ID :).
15 : VO
16 :
O V
ayin
17 : V
18 : VO
O V
ayin
R. Hai Gaon as a very thick plant with heads like needles, ATWN
in
.
Arabic (LO Perushim on bErub b, p. ; LA :; LF :).
Arabic qirs. a#na, from Syriac and Aramaic qers. a#anna respectively (cf.
BLS and LA : f.), means eryngium, Eryngium campestre L.
and Var. (DT :; M ; DAS :, ; ID :; KZ ; LA f.:;
LF : f.). The term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI,
; XXII, ) and is transcribed by N as: and by Z as: .
In his commentary on mShebi ., Maimonides translates #QRBNYN
as: (MK :; cf. LA :; for Arabic #uqruban, cf. Nun
no. above).
The first vernacular synonym mentioned in this entry seems to correspond to something like *yringis, *eringes related to the Lat. eryngium (cf.
NPRA ), which appears in M. Lat. as iringus (see Sin b: yringus); the
genitive singular iringi is used as a lemma in the Alphita (Sin , n. ),
cf. also the spelling yringi in Sin :. The same fossilised genitive
form, yringi, is used in an O. Occ. text (see RPA ). Alternatively, it
could be the plural of the O. Fr. iringe (see FEW :b).
The second vernacular synonym given in the Vatican MS is the O. Occ.
panic(h)aut or O. Cat. panicau(t) for Eryngium campestre (RMM ;
CB , [here we also find the identification of panicaut as the Lat.
yringo]; DAO :; DECLC :a). The second vernacular synonym
given in the Paris and Oxford MSS seems to correspond to the O. Cat.
variant panical(t) (DECLC :b; DCVB :a; for the problem of the
graphical representation of word final devoiced obstruents in O. Cat. see
the introduction of this edition).
For the identification of Arab. qirs. a#na as O. Cat. PNYQ"LT,
. which is
panicalt, cf. GHAT :.
.
or KNGR, o.l. QRDW
#R#R, Arab. KRSP
Hebrew #R#R means juniper, Juniperus oxycedrus and Juniperus phoenicea (KB ; BM ; AEY :; FEB ff.; FO f.; FZ ;
LF : f., ) and features in the Bible (e.g. in Jer :) and Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in Tosefta Ketub :.
Arabic harsaf means artichoke, Cynara Scolymus L., or cardoon,
Cynara cardunculus
L. (cf. Ayin no. and Qof no. ).
Persian kangar means artichoke (VL :; D :) and also features in Arabic as kankar, artichoke, Cynara scolymus L. (WKAS :;
M ; DT :).
24 :
VO
ayin
. 26 25
#S. Y QTP,
BLSMY
. Arab. #WD BLS"N, o.l. SYLW
Hebrew #S. Y QTP
. means balsam tree, Commiphora opobalsamum (cf.
Gimel no. above, Qof no. below).
Arabic #ud balasan designates the same plant (cf. Gimel no. above,
Qof no. and Shin no. below).
For the identification of QTP
. as balasan, cf. Gimel no. above.
The vernacular term corresponds to the Lat. xylobalsamum wood of
the balsam tree (NPRA , transcription of , wood
of Commiphora opobalsamum Endl.) in the genitive case in MS P. Cf.
the Lat. form in SinB : xilobalsamum lignum balsami et huiusmodi.
The variant given in MS P is documented as xilobalsami in an O. Occ. text
from the th century (RPA ); see also the transcription into Hebrew
as SYLW
B"LSMY
(PJP ). In O. Cat. we find the form xiloblsam,
documented for the first time in (DCVB :b; DECLC :b),
which is not reflected in our text. The variant in MS V most probably
corresponds to xilobalsamum, where the -M is not spelt out.
. 29 28 27
#TRN,
Arab. QTR"N,
o.l. "LQTR"
.
.
.
Hebrew #TRN
is a sort of resin, tar (JD ; LW :; SDA : Aram.
.
; KA :, :; DAS :; FEB ; KT :; LF :) and
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mShab ., bShab b.
Arabic qat. ran or qit. ran means tar or liquid pitch, that has been
obtained by distilling the wood of different Coniferaceae (L ; D
:; DT :; M ; DAS :) and features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ), where it is transcribed by N as:
and by Z as: .
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned
above (MK :).
The vernacular term is the O. Cat. alquitr for substncia resinosa de
color nerenc o vermell (i.e., resinous substance of blackish or red colour)
25 : M P
26 :
27 : O
28 :
29 :
ayin
32 : V
33 : O
34 :
35 : VO
36 :
VO
O V
#KSWB,
Arab. RTYL"
37 :
ayin
38 Kit
ab al-zabur. Libri Psalmorum David Regis et Prophetae. Versio R. Yapheth ben
Heli Bassorensi Karait, auctore decimi seculi, arabic concinnita. Ed. by J.J.L. Bargs,
Paris , p. .
39 : V
40 : e P
. 41
#WRQYM, Arab. DL
.
Hebrew #WRQYM features in the Bible, namely in Job : as:
in the sense of (my pains) gnaw away (cf. KB f.), but
was subsequently interpreted as referring to nerves (KB ibid.), or to
vessels (cf. Dunash ben Labrat, Teshuvot, s.v. :
).42 In medieval literature, the term #WRQ features in the
sense of vein; artery (BM f., Low LXVIII; PB ) after Arabic
/, but also in the sense of muscle (KTP :) after Arabic 0J/ (cf.
Efros, Philosophical Terms, p. ).
Arabic #adal
. means muscles (L ; DKT , , ; FAL :).
For the identification of #WRQ as #adal,
. cf. Samuel ibn Tibbons Hebrew translation of Maimonides Dalalat al-h
. a"irn (Guide of the Perplexed) :.43 For the identification of Hebrew as Arabic ,
see MCS :.
. 44
#GWR, Arab. KRKY
Hebrew #GWR means crane, Grus grus (KB ; BM f.; BH s.v.
index; FAB ; LZ ) and features in the Bible, e.g. in Is :.
Arabic kurk designates the same bird (WKAS :; BK ; KSZ
:; f.:; StS f.).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Is ::
(I piped like a swift or a swallow, I moaned like a dove):
(DS ; RT ). In his explanation
of Jer :: (And the turtle dove, swift and crane) Ibn
Janah. (IJ f.) wrongly translates as: ZM{ @) ,B%, following the
Targum: (which swaps around the swift and the
crane).
41 : VO
42 Teshuvot de Dunash
ayin
. 46 45
#NWH, Arab. GRZH
Hebrew #NWH or #NBH means stalk of grapes; crop and features in
Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mPeah . (JD ; LW :; SD ;
SDA : Aram. ; KA :; BM ; FH , n. , ; KT
:).
Arabic gurza means sheaf; bundle (L ; D :).
Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned explains the term #NWH as:
(answer) and the variant #NBH as: (grain) (MK :).
. 47
#RLT HGRWN, Arab. LH"H, o.l. LBL"
Hebrew #RLT HGRWN means uvula (KA :, s.v. ; BM )
and features in medieval literature, for instance, in R. Hananels
explana.
tion of the term (cf. JD ; SDA ; LO Perushim on bShab
a, p. ). This term features in a Halakhic discussion in bShab a
concerning the question whether one may cause a newborn baby to vomit
by putting its finger into its mouth on the Sabbath, or whether this is to
be considered as equal to the administration of an emetic, which is forbidden on the Sabbath.
Arabic lahat has the same meaning (D :; WKAS : ff.; DKT
, ; FAL :) and features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (III, ; cf. BMMa ) and is translated by Z as:
("WBWL") and transcribed by N as: .
The vernacular term in the Paris and Oxford MSS is the O. Occ.
leula uvula, documented for the first time in th century Provence
(FEW :ab). The variant given in the Vatican MS might be read
as something like O. Occ. *liuoleta, *libuleta, *liboleta or similar, since, in
Mod. Occ., we find the form liboureto and, in Provenal, niouletto with
the same meaning (see FEW loc. cit.; note that the shift from a liquid to
a vibrant and vice versa is a very frequent type of variation in Romance).
Cf. the Hebrew fragment of Macer Floridus, where we find the form
LW" T",
. interpreted as the O. Occ. lueta, as another variant meaning uvula
(MF , ).
45 : om.
46 : cf. no. V
47 :
O V
. 49 48
V
Ed. A. Zifroni, Jerusalem , p. .
: V, om. O
: VO
ayin
. 54 53
PYTYD"
#LY "YLN HHLTYT,
Arab. "NGD"N, o.l. PWLY D" S"
.
.
Hebrew #LY "YLN HHLTYT
designates the leaves of the plant Ferula
.
asafoetida L., asafedita fennel (for HLTYT
see. Het
.
. no. above) and
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in Tos. AZ . as:
(one may only take drops of
asafoetida from a specialist [as they are poisonous] but its leaves may be
taken from anywhere).55
Arabic angudan or angudan is Ferula asafoetida and, according to
Names, the leaves of asafetida (cf. He
Maimonides Glossary of Drug
above).
For the identification of HLTYT
as angudan, cf. Maimonides on
.
mTevul . (MK :): ; see
as well EG .
The vernacular term in the Vatican MS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. folh/full
das(s)afetida, literally leaf of asafetida. The variant PYYWL" given in the
Oxford MS clearly shows a diphthong in the first syllable and must be
read as O. Occ. fuelha/fue(i)lla/foilla (RL :b; DAO :). For
further comments on folh/fulh and as(s)afetida (including the variant in
MS P), see He and Het
. .
PTYD"
For the identification of Arab. angudan or angudan as " S"
.
53 : O
54 : O
55 Ed. M.S. Zuckermandel, repr. Jerusalem , p. .
56 :
57 :
O
V
58 : VO
ayin
. 59
"LS. NWBR
#S. Y SMN,
Arab. KSB
(#S. SMN
is a kind of as. -s. anawbar) and SID :. Sa#adya
(DS ; RT ) translates the term in the biblical verse mentioned as:
59 :
60 : e P
61 :
. 62
62 : O "D P
63 : O """ P V
ayin
collect either roots or foods, pound them and drink them in wine [ . . . ]).
Cf. as well ShM f., s.v. .
The vernacular term is the plural of the O. Occ. especia for spice,
according to RPA, which quotes the DDS: pices ou espces; [ . . . ]
mdicaments prscrits par le mdecin et dont le pharmacien fait la dispensation (i.e., spices or species; medicines prescribed by the physician and prepared and dispensed by the pharmacist; RPA , ; for
the O. Cat. form espcia see DECLC :b). Von Wartburg points out
that in Late Lat. species was often used with the meaning drugs, spices
(FEW :b).
. 64
#WQS. HHW
Arab. TRP
"L"NP
. TM,
.
.
Hebrew #WQS. HHW
. TM
. literally means end, point of the nose (JD ,
; BM , ) and was possibly coined by Shem Tov
as a loan translation of Arabic t. arf al-anf (cf. below).
Arabic t. arf al-anf, literally end, extremity of the nose (L , ),
designates the wing of the nose (FAL :).
. 67 66 65
TR
o.l. Q"BSY"
#DL, Arab. SY
. G,
Hebrew #DL or "DL means peppergrass, cress, Lepidium latifolium L.,
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mUqz . (JD ; LW :;
KA :, :; AEY :; DAS : f.; FM ; LF : f.).
Arabic st. arag designates the same plant (DT :; M ).
For the identification, cf. EG : () , and Maimonides
on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :).
The vernacular term is most probably to be read as capsia; the variant
in MS V seems to be corrupt. See the index to the Latin translation
of Ibn Snas Kitab al-Qanun, quoted in Sin b: Seitaragiem herba
similis nasturcio, i. capsia; Setaragi, i. capsia. Cf. also Sin :.
Without any doubt, seitaragiem and setaragi represent the Arabic term
discussed above, whereas DuC interprets capsia as Indicum piper
64 : O V
65 : A P :
66 : V
67 : V
om. O
PE
. 1
singular PSTWQ
identified as the same Arabic term (GHAT :).
. 2
PYGM PRDSY, Arab. SD"B, o.l. RWD"
Hebrew PYGM, from Greek (KG :; LS ), designates
the herb rue, Ruta graveolens L. and Chalepensis L. (JD ; LW :;
SDA , Aram. ; KA :, :; BM ; AEY :; FM ;
LA ff.:; LF : ff.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mKil
.. PYGM PRDSY means garden rue and is probably a loan translation of Arabic sadab bustan that features, for instance, in Maimonides
1 : O
2 : V
PYGM SDH,
Arab. T"PSY", o.l. T"P
. SY"
Hebrew means wild rue (Peganum Harmala L. or Haplophyllum Buxbaumii (Poir.) Don.) (cf. Zayin no. above).
Arabic tafsiya designates the plant Thapsia garganica L., false fennel,
bastard turpeth
(cf. Zayin no. above).
For the identification, cf. Zayin no. above.
For the vernacular term, see Zayin no. as well.
. 6 5
S
PRSQ, Arab. KWK, o.l. PRYSG
Hebrew PRSQ, from Greek (KG :; LS ), means
peach, peach tree, Prunus persica Sieb. et Zucc. (JD f.; LW :;
SD ; SDA (Aram.: ); KA :, :; FE ; FM ;
LA : f.; LF : ff.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mKil
., bBM b.
3 : O V
4 : VO
5 : O
6 :
O "V"t P V
pe
7 : V
8 :
O V
. 9
PR"YM, Arab. WHW
. S
Hebrew PR", plur. PR"YM, means ) wild ass, Equus hemionus hemihippus, or ) savage, cruel (KB f.; JD ; BM f.; BAL ; BH
s.v. index; DAS :; FAB ) and features in the Bible (Gen :; Is
:) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. Gen.R. on Gen :.
Arabic wah
. s, plur. wuh
. us, is a collective notion for wild animals
(L ; BK ). For him
a
r al-wah
.
. s, cf. Ayin no. .
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Ps ::
: (giving
drink to all the wild beasts; the wild asses slake their thirst) (ST ).
See as well IJ ; SF :.
. 10
PRQLM, Arab. S. "BH
Hebrew PRQLM features in the plural form or in
Rabbinic literature in the sense of ) leggings, greaves (JD , s.v.
/; KT :, n. s.v. ; cf. Greek :
covering for the leg, gaiter) (LS ), and ) gloves (KA :, s.v.
; LW :, s.v. : cf. Greek covering, garment
(LS ); KG :).
The term features in the sense of gloves as in EG , for
instance, where it is explained as: (a kind of leather glove,
[used namely by hunters]) or as (objects and
nets used for hunting), and in mKel ., where it is explained by
Maimonides as (gloves). It features in mKel . in the sense of
leggings, where it is explained by Maimonides as (gloves).
However, the Arukh (KA : s.v. ) explains the term as:
(something wound around the head; head band), and
following the Arukh the Tosafist Samson of Sens (th century) explains
it in the same way. This meaning of the term is quoted in JD and
is adopted by Levy (LW :) as: Binden, bes. Stirnbinden (bandages,
especially bandages for the brow). Shem Tov probably uses the term in
the medical sense of bandage, conforming with the Arabic #is. aba.
9 :
10 : emendation
editors OA" P VO
pe
Arabic #is. aba means bandage, a thing with which a head is bound or
wound round (L ; D :). The term features in medieval medical
literature, e.g. in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XV, ), where it is
translated by N as: and transcribed by Z as: .
. 11
PRQLYMYN, Arab. S. "YB
For Hebrew PRQLYMYN, plur. of PRQLYM, cf. Pe no. above.
For Arabic #is. aba, plur. #as. a"ib, cf. Pe no. above.
. 14 13 12
PDGR", Arab. NQRS, o.l. PWDGR"
Hebrew PDGR", from Greek (LS ; KG :), means gout
in the feet, sore foot (JD ; LW :; KA :; Low LXXI; PB f.)
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bSot a.
Arabic niqris means arthritis, or gout, or, specially, podagra (L ;
D :; SN ) and features in medieval medical literature, for instance,
in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (e.g. in IX, ; c. BMMb ), where
it is transcribed by N as: and translated by Z as: (PWDGR").
The vernacular term in the Paris and Oxford MSS is the corresponding
O. Occ. or O. Cat. word podagra (RL :b; FEW :b; RMA ;
DECLC :b). See the following quotation from Eluc. (cf. RL loc.
cit.): Podagra, es gota de pes (i.e., Podagra is gout of the feet). The
variant given in the Vatican MS shows a metathesis of the velar and the
liquid sound: *podarca or *podraca. In O. Occ., we find similar forms
with a metathesis like podraga or prodaga (see CB , ,
for the first and CB for the second form). Metathetic forms of this
word were very common in Medieval Romance, cf., e.g., Old Spanish
(DETEMA :b), but also in Latin (see Sin , n. for an example).
The spelling with Qof remains unexplained, however, and is probably a
mistake; but cf. O. Fr. poacre, documented since (FEW :b).
11 : emendation
12 : V
13 : om. V
14 :
editors O !E" P V
. 16 15
RMWN, Arab. QM# "LRM"N
PTMH
SL
.
Hebrew PTMH,
from Greek ! (LS ), means, among other
.
things, a protuberance on the blossom-end of fruits, the upper portion
of a fruit (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; FE ),
RMWN means nipple on a pomegranate (Danby, The
and PTMH
SL
.
Mishnah ;17 Neusner, The Mishnah )18 and features in mUqz ..
Arabic qim# means the stalk of a fruit (D :) and qim# ar-rumman
means the stalk of a pomegranate.
Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned translates PTMH
as:
.
(protuberance).
. 21 20 19
Arab. ZNG"R, o.l. WYRDYT. or PLWR DR"M
PRH
. HNH
. ST,
literally meaning flower of copper, is not attested
Hebrew PRH
. HNH
. ST,
in secondary literature and was possibly coined as a loan translation
of Arabic zahr an-nuh
. as (cf. below). Note, however, that the term also
features as a translation of the Latin flos eris in the Sefer Keritut by Hillel
Ben Samuel of Verona.22 Subsequently, we find the term in Judah ben
Solomon Natans Kelal Qaz. ar mi ha-Sammim ha-Nifradim (JNK :).
Arabic zingar, from Persian zangar (VL :), means verdigris with
its synonym being zahr an-nuh
. as, literally flower of copper (D :,
M ; GS f.; RS :). Arabic zingar features, for instance, in
Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (e.g. in XXI, ), where it is transcribed
by N as: and translated by Z as: (WWYRDYDS).
The meanings of the Hebrew and Arabic terms are confirmed by
the Romance synonyms: the first vernacular synonym given in our
list is the O. Occ. or the O. Cat. word verdet for verdigris or cupric
15 : O
16 : O
17 H. Danby, The Mishnah. Translated from the Hebrew with Introduction and Brief
Explanatory Notes by Herbert Danby, Oxford .
18 J. Neusner, The Mishnah. A New Translation, New Haven and London .
19 : O
20 : O
21 : O V
22 See G. Bos: Medical Terminology in the Hebrew Tradition: Hillel Ben Samuel of
Verona, Sefer ha-Keritut (forthcoming: Journal of Semitic Studies).
pe
carbonate or acetate and other similar matters which arise from humidity (DAO :; RL :a; PSW :a; FEW :b; CB , ;
RMM ; RPA , ; RMA ; DECLC :b). For the identification of Arab. zingar as O. Cat. verdet, cf. AdV , and GHAT :,
where the Hebrew transcription of the Romance (O. Cat.) term corresponds to that used in MSS P and V.
The second vernacular synonym is a non-documented O. Occ. or
O. Cat. compound expression *flor daram or *flor deram, possibly a
(loan) translation of the Arabic term mentioned previously or of the
Latin one (cf. the Alphita, ed. Renzi, p. : flos aeris usti, also see
CA ), with the literal meaning flower of copper (see also the O. Sp.
flor de cobre in Sin :, among others). For the O. Occ. and O. Cat.
words aram and eram (< Late Lat. AERAMEN) for copper, bronze, see
DAO :, RL :a, FEW :b, RPA and DECLC :b. The
variant PWLWR in the Vatican and Oxford MSS shows an epenthetic
-W- between the consonant cluster PL (for this phenomenon, see the
introduction).
. 23
PQW#WT, Arab. HN
. TL,
. o.l. QWLWQWNTYD"
.
Hebrew PQW#WT designates the fruit bitter apple, Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. and features in the Bible, e.g. in Kings :, and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab . (KB ; JD ; LW :; KA :,
:; BM ; AEY :, :; FM ; FO f.; LA f.:;
LF : ff.; PB ; cf. as well Het
. no. ).
Arabic han
z
al
designates
the
same plant (L f.; DT :; M ;
. .
ID :; cf. as well Het
. no. ) and features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ; XXII, ), where it is transcribed
TYD")
and by Z as:
by N as: / (HN
. TL/QLWQN
.
.
(QWLWQYNTYD").
.
For the identification, cf. LO Perushim on bShab b, p. ; IJ f.;
RJ and Maimonides on mShab . (MK : n. ).
For the vernacular term, see entry Het
. . For its identification as Arab.
han
z
al,
cf.
AdV
,
,
GHAT
:;
in the latter we find the Hebrew
. .
transcription QWLYQYNTYDH
for the Romance term.
.
23 : V
. 25 24
S,
o.l. P"P"BRY
PRGYN, Arab. KSK"
The meaning of Hebrew PRGYN is uncertain. Originally PRGYN must
have designated the plant millet, Panicum miliaceum, just like its Syriac
counterpart (LW :; BM ; FM ; LA :). But in the Rabbinic
tradition and in Modern Hebrew, PRGYN (or its singular form PRG) does
not mean millet but rather poppy, Papaver somniferum L. (LW :;
KA :, :; BM ; EM ; AEY :; LF :). PRGYN
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mShebi ..
Arabic hashas designates different kinds of the plant poppy (DT
ID :). The Arabic term features in Maimonides Med:; M ;
ical Aphorisms (XXI, ; XXII, ) and is translated by N as:
(P"PBR) and (PP"BR) and by Z as: (P"PBYR) and
(P"P"WYR); and in Maimonides On Asthma (XII, ), where it is transcribed by Joshua Shatibi and Samuel Benveniste as: and by the
anonymous translator as: (cf. BMA ).
For the identification, cf. the Arukh (KA :): [ . . . ]
S and in
(HPRGYN [ . . . ] and in Arabic KSK"
o.l. PP"WWRW), and Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above
(MK :).
The vernacular term in the Oxford MS is the Latin, O. Occ. or O. Cat.
word papaver for poppy, Papaver somniferum L. (NPRA ; RM ;
CB , , , among others; AdV ); the variant in the Vatican
MS is the Latin genitive singular form papaveris which is also used in
O. Occ. texts (CB , ; NPRA loc. cit.). The variant in the Paris
MS may represent a Latin inflected form like papavere(m) or a semilearned Romance form papavre or *papaure (for the O. Fr. papavre,
documented in the compound expression papavre sauvage, see FEW
:b).
For the identification of Arab. hashas as O. Cat. papaver or the same
term transcribed into Hebrew characters
as PP"WYR cf. AdV , ,
GHAT :.
24 : V
25 : O
pe
. 27 26
PLG, Arab. P"LG, o.l. PWLYTYQY
.
Aram. PLG or PLG" means ) part, half and ) in the combination
the demon Palga, a disease (paralysis?) (JD ; LW :;
SDA , Aram. : apoplexy, a demon; BM ) and features in
Rabbinic literature. In medieval medical literature, the term assumes
the meaning of pain in one side of the head, hemiplegia or paralysis
(BM ; PB ) and features for instance, in Nathan ben Joel Falaqueras S. ori ha-Guf (Balm for the Body), MS Oxford, Hunt Don. , Uri
, Neubauer , fol. b, where it is explained as:
(loss of sensation and movement in a part of the body).28
Arabic falig means palsy or paralysis, whether partial or general:
hemiplegia or paraplegia (L f.; D :; KZ f.; SN ) and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (III, ; XXII, ; cf. BMMa ), where it is translated and/or transcribed by N as: / / and by Z as: , and in Maimonides On
Asthma (XIII, ) where it is translated by Samuel Benveniste as: (cf.
BMA ).
The vernacular term in the Oxford and Vatican MSS is unclear and
might correspond to a non-documented form related to the Latin adjective paralyticus. In O. Occ., we find the adjectives paralitics, paralitix, paralix and palazinos (FEW :b; RL :b; PSW :a) and in O. Cat.
paraltic (DECLC :aa); the latter is documented with the meaning paralysis (DECLC loc. cit.; DCVB :b). The variants in the
Oxford and Vatican MSS could correspond to a hypothetical O. Occ. or
O. Cat. form like *paletic, *palatic, with syncope and loss of the -r-. The
syncope is frequent in O. Sp., where we find forms like parletico, parlitico, perlaticos and perleticos where the -r- is preserved, however; see
DETEMA :b. The variant in the Paris MS seems to be a corrupt
variant of the Latin nominative plural or genitive singular paralytici.
26 : VO
27 :
O V
On Nathan ben Joel Falaquera and his medical encyclopaedia cf. G. Bos-R. Fontaine, Medico-philosophical controversies in Nathan b. Jo"el Falaquera Sefer Zori
ha.
Guf , Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. XC, JulyOctober :.
28
. 30 29
PRPRT, Arab. "LW"N T#"M
.
Hebrew PRPRT means a minor dish; dish served with bread, appetizer,
dessert (JD ; LW :; KA :; BM f.; KT :, n. )
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mBer ., bShab a.
Arabic alwan t. a#am means all kinds of food, for alwan, plur. of lawn,
cf. WKAS : f.
For the identification cf. SAM :: . A Geonic commentary on bSuk a (LO Nispakhim on bSuk a, p. ) explains the plural
form PRPR"WT as: kinds [of food] and cooked (flesh)meat. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :) explains
as: (the term for a relish).
. 31
PTYGYL, Arab. GL"YL
Hebrew PTYGYL means gorgeous dress and features in the Bible in Is
: (KB ; BM ).
Arabic gilala, plur. gala"il, means a garment that is worn next to the
body, beneath the other garments, and likewise beneath the coat of mail; a
piece of cloth with which a woman makes her posteriors [to appear] large,
binding it upon her hinder part, beneath her waist-wrapper (L ;
DAS :; Stillman, Arab Dress ).32
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Is ::
29 : WY P
30 :
31 : V
O V
32 Y.K. Stillman, Arab Dress. A Short History. From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times.
Edited by N.A. Stillman, Leiden-Boston-Cologne .
pe
. 33
PRS, Arab. #Q"B, o.l. WWLTWR
.
Hebrew PRS means vulture, or bearded vulture, Gypaetus barbatus
(KB ; BM ; EM ; BAL ; BH s.v. index; LZ ), and
features in the Bible (Lev :), Rabbinic literature, namely in bHul
. a,
and in medieval literature (cf. BM ).
Arabic #uqab means eagle (L ; D :; BK , ; JAD : ff.;
StS f.).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Lev ::
(the following you
shall abominate among the birdsthey shall not be eaten, they are an
abomination: the eagle, the vulture and the black vulture):
(S ). See as well
IJ .
The vernacular term is the Latin vultur or the O. Occ. or O. Cat. voltor
for vulture (RL :a; DCVB :a; DECLC :b; FEW :a
b); the vocalisation in MS P rather suggests the Romance reading.
. 34
PLPL HKWSYYM,
Arab. PLPL "LSWD"N, o.l. TRWP
S DYRWBYYS
.
P V
Cat. xufla without the epithet has the meaning tubercle of Cyperus
esculentus L. according to DECLC (:a). In our MSS, the first element
appears as (O. Occ.) trufas, i.e. fungi, mushrooms, truffles (PSW :b
a; RL :b; DAO :). Rouax is the city of Edessa (Chaldea),
also known as Roays at the time of the Crusades (DECLC :b). The
toponym does not refer to the origin of this plant but rather seems to be
based on a play on words, which is extensively discussed by Coromines
(DECLC loc. cit.). The term in question as well as the pun xufles/trufas
de Roays (ridiculous story, joke, also cf. PSW loc. cit.) and the relation
between the two would need some further investigation against the
backdrop of our text and the Regimen sanitatis by Arnau de Vilanova
(ARS , n. ), particularly because the DECLC (loc. cit.) does not
include the use of the expression as a plant name documented here in its
argumentation. The variant given in the Vatican MS shows an epenthetic
Waw; see the introduction for similar cases. In any case, it is noteworthy
that earth almonds (that is the tubercles of Cyperus esculentus, see above
with respect to the Arabic term) are subterranean like truffles.
. 36 35
PDGNG, Arab. DRYRH
The Hebrew term PDGNG could not be retrieved.
Arabic darra means perfume-powder; a kind of perfume; the par qasab at-tb or calamus aromaticus (false sweet-flag, Cymticles of the
.
. .
bopogon martinii), also called qas. ab ad-darra (L ; DT :; FAQ
f.). The last term features in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (XXI,
) and is translated by N as: and by Z as: .
. 38 37
PLYYTWN,
Arab. G"LYH
.
Hebrew PLYYTWN
or PWLYYTWN,
from Latin foliatum (GH :;
.
.
KG : f.), means an ointment or oil prepared from leaves of spikenard (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; LF :; SMC f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mShab ., bShab a, b.
35 : V
36 : VO
37 :
38 : O
pe
39 :
VO P
pe
. 44
PLPL LBN is pepper which has not ripened sufficiently
Hebrew PLPL LBN means white pepper, obtained from the fully ripe
berries of Piper nigrum from which the outer layer of dark skin is
removed (EM ; FM ; LF :) and features in medieval medical
literature. For Hebrew PLPL, cf. no. above.
The Arabic counterpart fulful abyad. (D :; LA :) features in
medieval medical literature as well, e.g. in Maimonides On Asthma (IX,
; cf. BMA ), where it is translated by all translators as: .
. 45
PLPL "RWK, Arab. D"R PLPL, o.l. PYBRY LWNG
Hebrew PLPL #RWK means long pepper, the unripe spadices of various
types of pepper, Piper longum L., Piper chaba Hunt. (LW :; SDA ;
KA : f., :; BM ; EM ; FM ; LA :; LF :)
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bPes b and in medieval medical
literature (cf. BJ ).
Arabic darfulful, from Persian dr filfil (VL :), means long pepper, Piper longum L. (L ; DT :; M ; ID :) and features
in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XIII, ; XXI, , ), where it is
translated by N as: and by Z as: .
The vernacular term, which perfectly reflects the Hebrew and Arabic synonyms, is the O. Occ. pebre lonc or the O. Cat. pebre llong
or pebre/pebra lonch, formed in an analogous way to the Latin piper
longum (RMM ; PSW :a; DCVB :b; AdV , , , ;
NPRA ). For the problem of graphically representing the Cat. word
initial palatal l- in Hebrew spelling and the phenomenon of word final
devoiced obstruents, see the introduction.
For the identification of Arab. darfulful as O. Cat. pebre/pebra lonch,
(obviously the
cf. AdV , ; also cf. GHAT, where PYPRYS LWNGY
genitive singular of piper longum) features in the Latin column as the
synonym for the Arabic term (GHAT :). This identification can
already be found in the index to the Latin translation of Ibn Snas K.
al-Qanun (see Sin :).
44 : O
45 :
O V
. 48 47 46
PLSLWS, these are field-lupines, Arab. TRMWS BRY
Hebrew PLSLWS, perhaps from Greek or a kind of
bean, calavance, Vigna sinensis (LS ; KG :, , s.v. ;
LW :; KR ; but cf. LF :: could be a Semitic formation, like
that directly precedes it, but it is not likely), means lupine,
Lupinum luteus L. (JD ; KA :; :; AEY :; FM ;
LA :; LF : f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mKil ..
Arabic turmus (from Greek ! (LS )) barr designates wild
lupine, possibly Lupinus angustifolius L. (L ; D :; DT :;
M ; DAS : f.; ID :).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :): "%"t
, and Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :).
. 49
PTDH,
Arab. ZMRD, o.l. MYRGD"
.
Hebrew PTDH
means topaz (KB ; JD ; BM f.; EM )
.
and features in the Bible, e.g. in Ex :.
Arabic zumurrud or zumurrud, from Persian zumrud (VL :),
means emerald (L ; D :; E.I.2, : ff., s.v. zumurrud (Ghada
al-Hijjawi al-Qaddumi)).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Ex ::
(Set in it mounted
stones, in four rows of stones. The first row shall be a row of carnelian,
chrysolite, and emerald):
(S ); and IJ . According to
David b. Abraham al-Fas (SF :), PTDH
is identical to the
.
(corundum).
The vernacular word confirms the meaning of the Arabic word, i.e.
emerald. The form used in MS O corresponds to the O. Occ./O. Cat.
maracde or the variants miracde and meracde, documented for O. Occ
and O. Cat. respectively (DAO :; RL :a; PSW :a; DECLC
:a). The form in MS V reflects variants spelt with -g-, such as
46 : e!%"t P V
47 :
48 : V
49 : O V
O V
pe
O. Occ. maragde (RL :a; FEW :b). The dictionaries quoted also
show forms ending in -a, e.g. maracda for O. Occ. and maragda for
O. Cat., to which we might add *meragda or *miragda as suggested by
MS P.
For the identification of Arab. zumurrud/zumurrud and the Romance
([Remove] the fire pans of those who have sinned at the cost of their
lives, and let them be made into hammered sheets as plating for the
altarfor once they have been used for offering to the LORD, they
have become sacredand let them serve as a warning to the people of
Israel):
50 : V
51 : O
. 52
PYYLH, Arab. QS. RYH
Hebrew PYYLH should be read as PYYL" or PYYLY, from Greek
(LS ; KG : f.), meaning a broad, flat bowl; drinking vessel, and
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mNeg . (JD ; LW :;
SD ; KA : f., :; BKH ff.; KT :, n. ).
Arabic qas. rya means pot, flower pot; barrel (D :; W ).
The Geonic commentary on Tohorot (EG ) explains as:
(bowls and cups); Maimonides on mSot . (MK :) as:
(earthern vessel); see as well BTJ .
. 53
GH
52 : O
53 : O
pe
. 54
PRYSWT,
Arab. #B"DH, o.l. "RMT. S.
Hebrew PRYSWT
means ) separation, parting and ) abstinence,
restriction, self-restraint, piety and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g.
in bYoma b (JD ; LW :; BM f.).
Arabic #ibada means religious service; worship, adoration, devotion,
obedience (L ).
In his commentary on mAb ., Maimonides (MK :) explains
the term as: (to beware of impure things).
Judah ibn Tibbon uses the term for the Arabic (abstinence)
55
in his translation of Bahya
. ibn Paqudas Book of the Duties of the Heart.
The vernacular term in the Vatican MS is the O. Occ. (h)ermitan for
hermit (RL :b; PSW :b; FEW :b). The variant in the Paris
MS is the O. Occ. plural ermitas (RL loc. cit.), a misspelling of the singular,
(h)ermitan (based on the copyists confusion of final Nun and final Sade),
.
or represents the plural of O. Occ. or O. Cat. ermetat (PSW :a,
DCVB :a) uncultivated land.
. 57 56
59 58
PRWS. DWR, Arab. DHLYZ, the PRWS. DWR is a Greek word, and it is [the
area] between the gate and the kings court before one enters before the
king; and [a spot] in the pubic region of a woman, [namely] in the labia
is [also] called PRWS. DWR
Hebrew PRWS. DWR or PRWZDWR, possibly hailing from Greek (LN ; LR ; BLS ; Segal, Grammar60); other etymologies:
! before the door (LS ; KG :; KA :; KT :,
n. ); going or coming to, approach (LS ; LW :),
means ) veranda, vestibule (JD ; LW :; KA : f., : f.;
DAS : f.; KT :), and features in this meaning in Rabbinic literature,
54 : !Y P V, om. O
55 Sefer Hovot ha-Levavot, ed. A. Zifroni,
e.g. in mAb ., and ) the forepart of the female genitals, the lower end
of the vagina or uterus and features in this meaning in Rabbinic literature as well, e.g. in mNid ., bHul
. a (JD ; LW :; KA : f.,
: f.; LN ; KT : n. ; Low LXXII; PB f.).
Arabic dihlz, from Persian dihlz (VL :), means an entrancepassage of a house; an entrance-hall, a vestibule (L f.; D :).
For the identification, cf. EG , and Maimonides on mAb .
(MK :). The explanation of the Hebrew term ( . . . )
above stems from the Geonic Commentary on Seder Tohorot (EG ;
cf. KA :).
. 61
PLTR,
. Arab. PR"N, o.l. PWRNYYR
Hebrew PLTR,
. from Greek seller (LS ; KG :; LR
), means shop-keeper, esp. seller of bakers wares (JD ; LW :;
SD ; KA : f.; KT :, :) and features in Rabbinic literature,
e.g. in mAZ ..
Arabic farran means a baker of bread (L ; DAS :; DRD ;
MT , ff.).
Sa#adya (SAM :) explains "t as: ]
[ (the owner of the oven who sells the bread in baskets
in the market); in ETP , is explained as: (merchant). In
his commentary on mDem ., Maimonides (MK : f.) explains the
term as: (someone who buys
bread from a baker and sells it to people).
The O. Occ. fornier has a meaning similar to the Arabic, namely
Backofenbesorger, -heizer, Bcker (i.e., the one who manages/heats the
oven, baker) (RL :b; PSW :b; FEW :a). The form given here
shows a double Yod, which indicates the diphthong -ie-. In O. Cat., we
only find forms without diphthong like forner (DECLC :b).
.
PRWR, Arab. BR"M
Hebrew PRWR means cooking pot (KB ; JD ; SD ; BM ;
BKH , ; DAS :; KT : n. ) and features in the Bible (Num
61 :
pe
(The people would go about and gather it, grind it between mill stones
or pound it in a mortar, boil it in a pot, and make it into cakes. It tasted
like rich cream):
(S ).
Cf. IJ and SF :.
. 64 63 62
SYN,
PSP
Arab. BQ, o.l. DNN"
S,
plur. PSP
SYN,
Hebrew PSP
can mean, amongst other things, bug, bed
bug (JD , LW :; KA :, :; BM f.; LZ f.) and
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mTer ..
Arabic baqq means ) mosquitoes and ) bugs (L ; D :).
For the identification, cf. the Arukh (:), and Maimonides on the
Mishnah mentioned above (MK :).
The term indicated as vernacular, which is missing in both MSS O and
V, remains unexplained.
. 66 65
PDLQWN, Arab. HQNH,
o.l. QLSTRY
.
.
The Hebrew term could not be identified. Shem Tov uses the same
term in Sefer ha-Shimmush, Book (MS Paris , fol. b):
= Arab.: B_ Ku p,Q (On the manner of
irrigating the bladder) (SpLa ).
Arabic huqna
means the administration of a clyster; enema (L ;
.
FAQ f.) and features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in
62 : V
63 :
64 : om. OV
O P, om. V
65 : O
66 : O V
69 : V
70 : O V
71 : VO
pe
Arabic hi
. gab means ) a partition, a bar, ) a veil or curtain and
) diaphragm (L ; D :; DKT , ; FAL :). The term
features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides Medical
Aphorisms (e.g. VI, ; cf. BMMb ), and is translated by N inter alia
as: , and by Z as: .
For the identification of Hebrew PRGWD as Arabic hi
. gab with the
meaning curtain, cf. the Geonic Commentary on mKel . (EG ).
.
PQWQLYWT, Arab. QTN
.
The Hebrew term PQWQLYWT is corrupt and should be read as PWQLYWT or better PWQLYN or PQWLYN, the plural of PWQL". The term
possibly hails from Greek , diminutive of wool in its
raw state (LS ) (but cf. LW :: from Greek bundle
(LS ), and FH , n. : Latin poculum), meaning pod or capsule
of a plant, boll of flax (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; EM ;
SDA , s.v. ; KG :; LR ), and features in the plural form
in bNid a with the meaning cotton tufts (JD ), and is explained
by Rashi ad loc. as: cotton (cf. as well LF :).
Arabic qut. n designates the cotton bush, Gossypium arboreum L. and
Gossypium herbaceum L., and the product obtained from it, cotton (cf.
Mem no. and Samekh no. ).
. 72
in o.l. SWNGWL
S. W).
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. sanglot for hiccough
(RL :a; PSW :ba; DECLC :a; CB , , ; RM
; RMM ).
72 :
. 73
Arabic QS#R"R
seems to be corrupt and should be read either as
qus#arra, meaning tremor, quaking, quivering; shivering and esp.
trembling or shivering of the back preceeding fever (D :; L )
or as iqsi#rar, meaning tremor, quaking, quivering, shivering (L ).
Arabic qus#arra features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (e.g. VI, ;
cf. BMMb f.) and is translated by N as: and by Z as:
S).
/ (PLS. WT in o.l. PLWRS/PLWR
For the identification, cf. SID : (on Is :):
(shudder and trembling); Sa#adya translates the term PLS. WT in the
same verse (DS ; RT ) as: (shaking, shivering), Ibn Janah.
(IJ ) as: Z) , (fear and anxiety), and David b. Abraham al-Fas
(SF :) as: (shudder of fear).
. 74
76 75
PYHWQ, Arab. TT"WB, o.l. BDLY"R, this is if someone opens his mouth
because of great fatigue, i.e. because of great weakness and tiredness from
suffering from fever
Hebrew PYHWQ means yawning and features in Rabbinic literature,
e.g. in bBer b (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM f.;
Low LXX).
Arabic tata"ub means a state of relaxation and sluggishness; a yawning
or opening the mouth and stretching oneself on being affected by sluggishness or drowsiness or anxiety; or a yawning or opening the mouth
and emitting wind from the stomach by reason of some affection thereof
(L ), and features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms
(IX, ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by N as:
73 : V
74 : O
75 : O, om. V
76
: om. V
pe
(L , ).
. 81 80 79
GRGRT, Arab. "LKRZH "LKBYRH which is R"S "LHLQWM
PYQH SL
.
GRGRT means thyroid cartilage, Adams apple, larHebrew PYQH SL
ynx (JD ; LW : f.; KA :, :; BM ; Low LXXI; PB )
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mNeg ..
Arabic haraza means vertebra (L ; FAL :; HA ) and
al-haraza al-kabra literally means the large vertebra.
Arabic hulqum means ) larynx and trachea, ) pharynx, ) ante.
rior and lower part of the neck (L ; DKT , , ; FAL :)
and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides Medical
Aphorisms (VII, ; cf. BMMb f.), where it is translated by N as:
and by Z as: .
77 : O
78 : P V
79 : O
80 : V
81 :
PTWMTY
HSDYM,
Arab. HLMTY
"LTDYY
.
.
Hebrew PTWMTY
HSDYM
is the dual form of PTWMT
HSDYM
and
.
.
means the nipples of female breasts. Hebrew PTWMT,
from
Greek
.
! base, foundation; in anatomy fundus of the univales, lower parts
of the testes (KA :; LS ), means ) button at the top of the
fruit, and ) nipple (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM ;
PB ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in the meaning nipple
in mNid ., and in the meaning button at the top of the fruit in bBer
82 : eYt P
83 : O
84 : P
85 : VO
86 : O
87 : O V
88 : emendation
editors O, P
pe
89 :
O " P
. 90
PYTQ", Arab. PTQ
Syriac PYTQ" means rupture; hernia (BLS ).
Arabic fatq means ) a rent, a slit; ) a rupture, a hernia, or ) a rent,
or a gap in the clouds (L ; D :), and features in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; cf. BMMb ) in the sense of hernia, where
it is translated by N as: and by Z as: (BQY#H in
Latin QRBTWR")
(cf. Shin ).
.
.
PYTQWT, Arab. PTWQ
Hebrew PTQH, plur. PYTQWT, meaning hernia and derived from the
root PTQ to split; to release; to throw (LW :; KA :; BM )
is not attested in secondary literature.
Arabic fataq, plur. futuq; see previous entry.
90 :
SADE
.
. 2 1
S. MH
Arab. SRT"N,
o.l. QRNQ
. SRTNY,
.
.
Hebrew S. MH
. means ) growth, sprout, plant, and ) morbid growth,
swelling, ulcer, eruption (JD ; LW :; KA : f., : f.; BM
f., Low LXXIV s.v. ). In the latter sense the term features
in medieval medical literature (cf. BM ). S. MH
means a
. SRTNY
.
cancerous growth (tumour) (for SRTNY,
cf. BM ).
.
Arabic sarat. an means ) crab, ) a certain sign of the Zodiac,
Cancer and ) the disease called cancer (L f.; DT :; M ) and
features in the meaning of cancer, for instance, in Maimonides Medical
Aphorisms (e.g. II, ; cf. BMMa ) and is translated by N and Z as:
/.
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. cranc(h) for crab, sign of
the Zodiac and the disease called cancer (RL .a; DAO :; FEW
:a; CB , , among others; RM , , ; RMA , among
others; [cranc daigua, literally water crab], [crancs fluvials for
crayfish]; RPA ; DECLC :b).
. 5 4 3
or MYWBZG,
o.l. " STPYZQR"
S. MWQY HHR, Arab. ZBYB "LGBL
.
Hebrew S. MWQYM means raisins (KB ; JD ; LW :; SD
; KA :; BM f.; DAS :; FE ; KT :; LF :) and
features in the Bible ( Sam :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mMaas
.. Hebrew S. MWQY HHR, literally meaning mountain raisins, was
possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of Arabic zabb algabal and features subsequently in medieval medical literature, e.g. in
1 :
2 :
V
O
3 : O
4 : VO
5 : O V
sade
.
. 8 7 6
S. LBH",
. Arab. S. LB" H,
. o.l. "YNGYLS
Aramaic S. LBH"
. (= S. LWBH")
. means eel and features in Rabbinic literature in bAZ a (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, : f.; LFa
).
Arabic (read silbah;
. according to Fraenkel (FF ) it is derived
from the Aramaic term) also means eel (D :).
For the identification, cf. the Arukh (KA :):
( =) (What is ? An unclean fish
and its name in Arabic is the same).
In correspondence with the meaning of the Arabic and Hebrew terms,
the vernacular term in the Paris and Oxford MSS is the plural of O. Occ.
enguila for eel (RL :b), which existed alongside the more frequent O. Occ. or O. Cat. anguila (RL loc. cit.; FEW :a; CB ;
DECLC :ab; DCBV :b); in O. Occ, we also find anguilla or
anguilha (CB , , , , ). The feminine plural ending -YS in
the Oxford and Vatican MSS might suggest an -es reading, which is the
usual Catalan ending, whereas the usual Occitan plural ending would be
-as (cf. Fernndez Gonzlez, p. ). However, it is more plausible that
the -LY- spelling reflects the variants with a palatal l (ll, lh) mentioned
above.
. 10 9
S. PWRN, Arab. " TP"R
"LTB,
.
. o.l. "BL"QTY
. BZ"NTY
.
Hebrew S. PWRN means, besides other things, onycha, unguis odorati
(JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; LF :) and features in
Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bKer ab, and in medieval medical literature
(cf. below and references in BM ). Instead of S. PWRN, the biblical
term SHLT
which features in Ex : indicates the same ingredient,
.
according to medieval commentators (see below, and KB ).
Arabic (read ) (az. far at. -t.b) designates fragrant nail, unguis odorati, a drug prepared from the opercula of
6 : O
7 : O
8 : O
9 : O
10 :
O V
BL"QS" BYS"NS",
is wrongly interpreted by Magdalena Nom de Du as
blanca vicensa (GHAT :).
. 12 11
S. MR GPN, Arab. QTWN,
o.l. QWTWN
.
.
Hebrew S. MR GPN means cotton, cotton tree, Gossypium herbaceum
L. or Gossypium arboreum L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in
mKil . (cf. Mem no. and Samekh no. above).
Arabic qut. n designates the cotton bush, Gossypium arboreum L. and
Gossypium herbaceum L., and the product obtained from it, cotton
(cf. Mem no. , Samekh no. and Pe no. above). Arabic qut. na
features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXII, ) and
is translated by N as: and by Z as: .
For the identification of Hebrew S. MR GPN as Arabic qut. n, cf. Maimonides on mKil . (MK :).
11 : O
12 : om. PV
sade
.
"YSNWSRWN
TWM
.
Hebrew S. YPY S. MR means pieces of wool, hatchelled wool (JD ;
LW :; KA : f., :; BM ; KT : n. ) and features
in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a, and in medieval Responsa
literature, cf. BT :.
Arabic zufa rat. b means the grease of wool, lanoline (DT :; M ;
LA f.:; cf. as well Dalet no. ) and features in medieval medical
literature, e.g. in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXIII, ) where it is
translated by N as: and by Z as: .
For the term indicated as vernacular, see Dalet .
13 : V
14 : VO
15 : O
16 :
O V
. 18 17
S. YS. HDRS. YN, Arab. ZRNB, o.l. PLWR DSNMWMW
Hebrew or Aramaic S. YS. HDRS. YN literally means blossom of cinnamon (for DRS. YN cf. as well Dalet no. ). The term is not attested in
secondary literature and was possibly coined by Shem Tov as the Hebrew
equivalent to the Arabic zarnab.
Arabic zarnab has not yet been identified satisfactorily. Lane (L )
explains it as a certain perfume; or a certain sweet-smelling tree; or a
species of sweet-smelling plant; leaves of a sweet-smelling plant which
has the name of W
0(, locusts foot; saffron. Issa (ID :) identifies
it as the common yew, Taxus Baccata L. The association with the
Indian bixin, Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb., is discussed by Ibn al-Bayt.ar
(IBF : f., ) and Lw (LF : ff.). According to Dozy (D :)
and Maimonides (M ; Medical Aphorisms XXI, ), it is identical
with the Persian falanga, a red seed used in the composition of perfumes
(VL :). For further references, cf. M .
The vernacular term in the Vatican and Oxford MSS is the O. Occ.
or O. Cat. compound expression flor de cinamomi for blossom of cinnamon, in accordance with the Hebrew term. The term cinamoni is
documented very late; von Wartburg dates the first documentation in
O. Occ. to (FEW :a); however, it can be found (with an initial s-) in earlier O. Occ. texts compiled in the middle of the th century
(RMA ; RPA , , , ); for the O. Cat. word, Coromines
indicates the end of the th century (DECLC :a). The Paris variant
seems to have the Latin cinamomum instead of the Romance form ending in -i (cf. entry Dalet ). For the loss of final -m in this form as well
as for the epenthetic Waw in the Oxford variant of flor, see the introduction.
. 19
S. PY#Y BQR, Arab. RWT "LBQR
Hebrew S. PY#Y BQR means animals droppings, dung and features in the
Bible in Ez : (KB ; BM f.).
Arabic rawt al-baqar has the same meaning (L ).
17 : O
18 :
19 : VO
O V
sade
.
O V
.
S. LWHYT,
Arab. BRNYH
.
Hebrew S. LWHYT
means flask, bottle with a wide belly and a narrow
.
neck, vase and features in the Bible ( Kings :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mParah . (KB ; JD ; LW :; SD ; KA :;
BM f.; BKH ; Low LXXIV; PB , ).
Arabic barniyya means a kind of vessel of baked clay; flask, bottle,
generally of glass (L ; cf. as well KZ and Sade
no. below).
.
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :), and IJ . See as well
MCS :.
. 22 21
S. PHT,
. Arab. KWZ, o.l. BWTLYH
.
Hebrew S. PHT
. means pitcher and features in the Bible, e.g. in Kings
: (KB ; BM ; BKH , ; DAS :, :, ).
Arabic kuz, from Persian kuza (VL :), means pitcher, small jug
(WKAS : f.).
For the identification, cf. IJ . David b. Abraham al-Fas (SF :)
explains S. PHT
. as Arabic (see previous entry) or (receptacle).
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. word botelha/botella for
bottle (RL :b; DECLC :b; FEW :a).
. 25 24 23
S. YLHT",
Arab. SQYQH,
and it is a pain in one side of the head
.
Aramaic S. YLHT"
means pain in one side of the head, hemicrania,
.
migraine (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; PB f.) and
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bGit b.
Arabic saqqa has the same meaning (L ; SN ) and features in
medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (e.g.
21 : O
22 :
O V
23 : VO
24 : O V
25 :
O V
sade
.
26 : O
27 The Code of
(and Moses said to Aaron, Take a jar, put one omer of manna in it, and
place it before the LORD, to be kept throughout the ages):
. See
as well IJ .
. 29
S. "T HSTN
MBLY HP
. S. , Arab. DRB "LBWL
S. MH
. BYN HS. L#WT, Arab. D"T "LGNB
Hebrew S. MH
. BYN HS. L#WT literally means growth between the sides/
ribs (for S. MH,
no. ). It is possible that this term, which is not
. cf. Sade
.
attested in secondary literature, was coined by Shem Tov as an equivalent
to the Arabic dat al-ganb.
ganb means pleurisy, Pleuritis costalis, and is translated
Arabic dat al-
in Bet no. as: . See also next entry.
. 34 33 32 31
Arab. SW
S. H, o.l PLBYRSYN
S. MH
WYR"
. BTRP
. SH,
literally means growth in the diaphragm, memAramaic S. MH
. BTRP
. S"
diaphragm, membrane, cf. JD ; SDA ;
brane. For Aramaic TRP
. S",
Low LIV; PB , . It is possible that this term, which is not attested
in secondary literature, was coined by Shem Tov as an equivalent to the
Arabic saws. a.
29 : O
30 :
VO
31 : VO
32 : VO
33 :
34 : T P
O V
sade
.
Arabic saws. a means pleurisy, Pleuritis (D :; SN : Brustfellentzndung; SpLA ; Ullmann, Rufus von Ephesos ),35 and features,
for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; XII, , ; cf.
BMMb ) and is translated by N as: and by Z as: /
. See as well Shin no. .
The vernacular term corresponds to an O. Occ. compound term
*plevesin/pleu(re)sin vera, which seems to designate the real pleurisy
in contrast to the illness treated in Bet and Shin . For further
information, see Bet ; for the letter Dalet in the Vatican MS, see the
introduction.
. 36
S. MH
. HMWH,
. Arab. SRS"M
Hebrew S. MH
. HMWH,
. which literally means a growth in the brain and
which is not attested in secondary literature, was possibly coined by Shem
Tov as an equivalent to the Arabic sirsam or sirsam.
Arabic sirsam or sirsam, from Persian sarsam inflammation of the
head (VL :), means phrenitis (D :; SN ; Dols, Majnun
f.)37 and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (VI, ; cf. BMMb ), where it is translated by N as:
/ and by Z as: .
. 38
S. MH
. BLWBN H#YN, Arab. WDQH
Hebrew S. MH
. BLWBN H#YN, which literally means a growth in the white
of the eyes (for LWBN H#YN, cf. BM ) and which is not attested in
35 M. Ullmann, Rufus von Ephesos. Krankenjournale. Hrsg., bersetzt und erlutert.
Wiesbaden . Ullmann remarks: saus. a designates a disease that has not been
defined accurately. According to Ibn Wafid in Dozy suppl. I a, it is a growth in
the thoracic diaphragm. The pain caused by this disease can radiate as far as the
collarbones. According to Ibn Sna (Qanun I ,), saus. a is a growth in the membranes,
diaphragms, and muscles of the thorax. He names them in conjunction with birsam and
dat al-ganb. Ibn Manz
. ur (Lis. ,b ff.) speaks of a wind that is trapped between the
ribs and is experienced as a shooting pain. On the whole, pleurisy can be considered
as the right translation. M.W. Dols, Medieval Islamic Medicine, Berkeley , p. ,
distinguishes between saus. a and dat al-ganb as: pleurisy and true pleurisy.
36 : V
37 M.W. Dols, Majn
un: The Madman in Medieval Islamic Society. Edited by Diana
E. Immisch, Oxford .
38 : O
(an ulcer affecting the flesh, not the bones or tendons) (FL :)
or fistulous ulcer which spreads under the skin (Greek: ; cf.
LS ); cf. az-Zahraw, Kitab at-tas. rf, Book , Part , chapter
(SpLA ): 7 h T] s( 7 aI) ,'$L NJ/> v2 s() ;] k
eE L) N/) +B\Q P(- h @K) 7 +,- Q 7 h, G
) F )
AHB C<
7) U( ) I*/ ) Cg/
<& & ^W- m [? d) (
{Q +,L/
(3B C? d) \n7 '? & i$T% (When an abscess occurs in any of the
fleshy parts and becomes chronic and eventually collects pus, and then it
breaks open or is perforated, and all the contained matter comes out and
the site is left hollow, like a vessel, and the overlying skin thinned like a
rag, but the suppuration has not gone so far as to involve bone or tendon
or ligamentand hence it merits the name of sinus and is not called
a fistula). The Arabic term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms
(XV, ) and is translated both by N and Z as: .
39 :
sade
.
. 41 40
S. MH
. BS. PWRN H" S. B#, Arab. D" HS,
. o.l. GL"YY
Hebrew S. MH
. BS. PWRN H" S. B#, literally meaning growth in the fingernail, is not attested in secondary literature and was possibly coined by
Shem Tov as an equivalent to the Arabic dahis.
.
Arabic dahis
. means paronychia or whitlow (D :; SN ), cf. azZahraw, Kitab at-tas. rf, Book , Part , chapter (SpLA f.): z]
h3>
`% a? f() 0
)& , sn
H au a? U_Q C (Paronychia is
a growth of flesh under the nail of the thumb or big toe; it may also occur
in the other fingers and toes).
The vernacular term (only given in MS O) is not clear to us and might
be a corruption or a dialectal variant belonging to Provenal ungldo
(Haute Loire, FEW :a, variant oyda) engourdissement douloureux
du bout des doigts, cause par un grand froid/apostume aux racines des
ongles, panaris (painful numbness of the fingertips/abscess at the roots
of the fingernails, whitlow); cf. Middle and Modern French ongle.
. 42
S. MH
Arab. S. PRD#
. MTHT
. HLSWN,
Hebrew S. MH
literally meaning growth under the
. MTHT
. HLSWN,
tongue, is not attested in secondary literature, and was possibly coined
by Shem Tov as an equivalent to the Arabic dafda#.
.
Arabic is corrupt, as it is not Arabic but rather Hebrew, corresponding to Arabic: , dafda#,
meaning ranula (SN ; cf. az.
Zahraw, Kitab at-tas. rf, Bk. , Part , ch. (SpLA f.)): ;
@2,M +L2- / L h'? Ul* hJHJ +o? s() L au (Sometimes there
occurs under the tongue a swelling resembling a small frog which hinders the natural movements of the tongue)); cf. Hebrew text, MS Paris
, fol. a:
. For the Hebrew term meaning ranula, a semantic borrowing from the Arabic, see BM .
40 : O
41 : om. PV
42 :
VO
. 44 43
S. MHYM,
Arab. "NB"T or DM"MYL, o.l. PLYRWNQS
.
Hebrew S. MH,
means ) growth, sprout, plant and )
. plur. S. MHYM,
.
morbid growth, swelling, ulcer, eruption and features in the second
meaning in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBQ a (cf. Sade
).
.
Arabic nabt, plur. anbat, means abcess, ulcer, boil (D :) and
Arabic dummal, plur. damaml, means a kind of purulent pustule, or
imposthume (L , SN ). The term dummal features in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (XXIII, a) and is transcribed by N as: , while
Z translates it as: .
All variants of the vernacular term given here are derivates of Lat.
FURUNCULUS for furuncle (FEW :a). The variants given in the
Paris and Vatican MSS are the O. Occ. form flayronx or flayrons (CB ,
, ). The variant in the Oxford MS seems to correspond to the
O. Occ. form floiron(c)x (CB ; RL :b), spelt with an epenthetic
Waw between the consonant cluster Pe + Lamed (for this phenomenon,
see also the introduction). Von Wartburg points out that these variants
underwent a metathesis of the l, perhaps due to a popular etymology, by
tracing them back to FLOS (FEW :b).
.
S. MHYM
DQYM BKL H#WR, Arab. BTWR
.
Hebrew S. MHYM
DQYM BKL H#WR, literally meaning small growths
.
everywhere in the skin, is not attested in secondary literature, and was
possibly coined by Shem Tov as an equivalent to the Arabic butur.
(L ;
Arabic batr, plur. butur, means pimples, or small pustules
, ).
Arabic batr features in Maimonides Medical
SN , SpLA
is translated by N as: , while
Aphorisms (VI, ; cf. BMMb ) and
it is transcribed by Z as: .
43 : O
44 :
O V
sade
.
.
T.
S. RBT, Arab. TSYY
Hebrew S. RBT means scar, scald and features in the Bible (e.g. Lev
:), while in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mNeg ., it features as S. RBH
(KB ; JD ; KA :; BM f.; Low LXXV; PB f., ).
Arabic tasyt. means something burned; flesh-meat roasted (L
f.).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Lev ::
(But if
the discoloration has remained stationary, not having spread on the skin,
and it is faded, it is the swelling from the burn. The priest shall pronounce
him clean, for it is the scar of the burn):
P V
Kitab al-zabur. Libri Psalmorum David Regis et Prophetae. Versio R. Yapheth ben
Heli Bassorensi Karait, auctore decimi seculi, arabic concinnata. Ed. by J.J.L. Bargs,
Paris , p. .
47
. 48
S. B, Arab. DB
.
Hebrew S. B means thorntail lizard, Uromastix aegyptius, and features in
the Bible (Lev :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bHul
. a (KB ;
JD ; LW : f.; BM ; BAL ; BH s.v. index; FAB f.;
LZ ).
Arabic dabb
means a species of lizard, lacerta caudiverbera, lacerta
.
Aegyptia (L f.; BK , , ; JAD : ff.; KSZ : thorntail
lizard; StS ).
For the identification, see Sa#adya on Lev ::
(The following shall be unclean
for you from among the things that swarm on the earth: the mole, the
mouse, and great lizards of every variety):
(S); see as well
IJ , IQR : and SID :.
. 49
S. BT, Arab. KLBTYN, o.l. TN"LY
S
.
Hebrew S. BT means ) couple, pair, set, and ) a pair of tongs (KB
; JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; KT :, ) and
features in the Bible (Ru :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mErub
..
Arabic kalbatayn is the oblique form of kalbatan, meaning tongs,
smiths tongs (L ; WKAS :; DAS :).
For the identification, cf. IJ , gloss MS Rouen (n. ), and Maimonides on mErub . (MK :). See as well MCS :.
The vernacular term is the plural of O. Occ. or O. Cat. tenalha/ tenalla
for tongs (RL :b; DCVB :b; FEW :a).
. 50
: VO
49 : O V
50 :
O V
sade
.
QOF
. 4 3 2 1
1 : N P
2 :
O V
3 : O P
4 : O
5 Ch.M. Horowitz, Toratan shel Rishonim. Halakhische Schriften der Geonim. parts.
Frankfurt a.M. .
9 8 7 6
[] 10
QSW"Y
HHMWRYM, Arab. QT" "LHMYR,
o.l. QWGWMRY "M"R,
.
Hebrew QSW"Y
HHMWRYM and its synonym YRWQT HMWR
(cf. Yod
.
6 :
7 : O V
8 : O V
9 [] :
V, om. O
10 : XO P V,
om. O
qof
TYRY"WM
SYQ
(see above) with elacterium. Alternatively, the element
.
"L- could be an agglutinated Arabic article, see, e. g., the variants in Alef
and Ayin of this edition.
. 11
QRWSTMLYN,
Arab. KMTRY, o.l. PYRS
.
Hebrew QRWSTMLYN,
plur. of QRWSTML
or QRWSTMYL,
from Greek
.
.
.
(LS ), means Crustamenian pears, quinces, Crustumina pira (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; FE f.; FH ;
FM ; LA f.:; LF :, :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil ..
Arabic kummatra, from Syriac kummatra (BLS ), means pear;
11 : VO
12 : V
. 15 14 13
Arab. QS. B "LDRYRH, o.l. Q"LMWS "RWM" TYQW
QNH BSM,
S
.
Hebrew & , which means wohlriechender Kalmus; Kahnbartgras
(aromatic sweet calamus), Andropogon nardus, and features in the Bible
in Ex : (KB , : aromatic cane, Cymbopogon; BM ;
AEY :; FO f.; LF : ff.).
Arabic qas. ab ad-darra means Calamus aromaticus; perfumed reed;
false sweet-flag, Andropogon
or Cymbopogon Martinii Roxb. (L ;
DT :; M ).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Ex ::
(Next take choice spices: five hundred weight of solidified myrrh, half
as muchtwo hundred and fiftyof fragrant cinnamon, two hundred
and fifty of aromatic cane):
(S ); see as well Ibn Jan
ah. (RJ and
IJ ), and SID :.
The vernacular term is the (Late) Latin calamus aromaticus for Acorus
calamus L. (MLWB :; for further documentation see NPRA ). We
also find this Latin compound term in O. Occ. and O. Cat. medical recipes
(RMA ; AdV ; also in the genitive singular: RM ; RPA ).
. 17 16
QDH, Arab. QWST,
. o.l. QWSTW
. S
Hebrew QDH means cinnamon blossom, clove of cinnamon, Flores
Cassiae, Laurus Cassia, and features in the Bible (e.g. Ex :) and
Rabbinic literature (e.g. bKer a) and, as QDH LBNH, in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in mKil ., where it designates the tree Poncirus trifoliata,
Trifoliate Orange (KB ; JD ; LW :; KA :, : f.;
BM ; AEY :; FEB f.; FM ; FO ff.; LA :;
LF :, :, ).
Arabic qust. means costus (DT :; M ).
13 : V
14 :
O V
15 :
16 : VO
17 :
VO
O V
qof
. 19
QWMWS, Arab. S. MG #RBY, o.l. GWMY "R"BYQWM
Hebrew QWMWS, from Greek (LS ; KG : f.; LR ),
means gum, resin (JD ; LW :; SDA , Aram. : gum
arabic; KA :, : f.; KT :; LA :; LF : ff.; SB :)
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mShab ., bGit a.
Arabic s. amg #arab means gum arabic, viscous secretion gained from
the bark of the acacia tree which represents several varieties of the acacia
imported from Africa: Acacia senegalensis, Acacia abyssinica and Acacia
nilotica and many others (L ; M ; LF : f.; E.I.2 : f., s.v.
s. amgh (A. Dietrich)) and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in
Maimonides On Asthma (XII, ), where it is translated by Joshua Shatibi
as: and by Samuel Benveniste as: (GWM" "RBYQH)
(cf. BMA ).
RYSYNH
(gomma resina, gum-resin) and the Latin GWMH "R"BYQ".
Also cf. Sin :, adapted from the index to the Latin translation of Ibn
Snas K. al-Qanun: Azemayze, i. alazabe [read: Azamac alarabi], i. goma
arabica (cf. Sin ).
. 22 21 20
Arab. QRPH QRNPLYH, o.l. QNYL"
QNMWN BSM,
Hebrew & means sweet cinnamon and features in the Bible in
Ex : (KB ; BM ; for Hebrew QNMWN, cf. Qof no. below;
for Hebrew &, cf. Bet no. above).
Arabic qirfa qaranfulya means clove-cinnamon (D :, ; DT
:, :; M , ; LF :; for Arabic qaranful and its identification
as , cf. Bet no. above).
Sa#adya on Ex : (S ) explains as: (aloeswood); ibn Janah. likewise (IJ ); Se#adyah ibn Danan (SID :)
explains it as: (Indian aloeswood), and David Kimhi,
. Sefer
ha-Shorashim, col. as: (this is the
fragrant substance which is called Indian aloeswood in vernacular).23
In his commentary on mUqz ., Maimonides (MK :) explains the
20 : O
21 : O
22 : om. PV
23 David Kimhi,
qof
24 : om. OV
25 Hitgallut ha-Sodot we-Hofa#at
Jerusalem .
26 : O
27 : V
qof
The second vernacular term is the O. Occ. vetriol or the O. Occ. and
O. Cat. vitriol for sulfate, which is documented in an O. Occ. recipe for
the production of writing ink (PSW :b, for further documentation
see DAO loc. cit.; DCVB :a; RL :ba). For the identification
of Romance (O. Cat.) WYTRY"WL
as Arabic QLQNT, see GHAT :.
.
See as well the following O. Cat. text fragment: [C]alcatar fa aquela obra
matexa que fa vedriol, e s spcie de atrament, id est, vedriol (AdV )
(i.e., calcatar works in the same way as vedriol, and it is a type of atrament,
id est, vedriol).
.
QWRTMYN,
Arab. QRTM
.
.
Hebrew QWRTMYN
either designates the plant safflower, Carthamus
.
tinctorius L. and Var., or its seeds (cf. Het
. no. above).
Arabic qirt. im, from Aramaic (SDA f.: safflower seed),
designates the same plant and its seeds (cf. Het
. no. above).
. 31
o.l. SDRW
31 :
O V
whereas the common form is sajolida or the like (DECLC :b; DCVB
bic H"
. SSH, see GHAT :. The variants in the Paris and Vatican MSS
might be corrupt or represent forms that are not documented in our
sources.
.
QSWT,
Arab. QT"
Hebrew QSWT
means cucumber (JD ; LW :; KA :;
BM ; FM ; LF : ff.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g.
mKil ..
Arabic qitta" designates a species of cucumber, Cucumis sativus L.
confused with pumpkin and melon. (cf. Mem no.
and was often
above).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned
above (MK :).
. 33 32
o.l. QMWMYL"
QWBLY, Arab. B"BWNG,
Aramaic QWBLY means camomile, Matricaria chamomilla L., or wild
camomile, feverfew, Matricaria Parthenium L. (SDA ; LA f.:;
LF :).
Arabic babunag from Persian babunah (VL :) means camomile,
Matricaria chamomilla L., or Roman camomile, Anthemis nobilis L.
(L ; D :; DT :; M ; ID :) and features in medieval medical
literature, e.g. Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ; XXIII, ) and
is translated by both N and Z as: (QMWMYL").
For the identification cf. Rav Hai Gaons commentary to bBer b:
(a
decoction of dry sisin is explained as a decoction of QWBLY and these
are herbs called babunag in Arabic34); see as well HTG .
The vernacular term is the Late Lat., O. Occ. or O. Cat. camomilla
for Anthemis arvensis, among others (DAO :; RPA ; CA ;
32 : O
33 : V
34 Cf. Portions of Hai Gaons Commentary to Berakhot, in J. Mann, Texts and Studies
in Jewish History and Literature, vol. I, Cincinnati , p. .
qof
T.
QS. H,
o.l. GY
. Arab. SWNYZ,
Hebrew QS. H
. means black cumin, Nigella sativa L. and features in the
Bible (Is :, ) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mUqz . (KB ;
JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM ; AEY :; FH ;
FM ; FO f.; LA f.:; LF : ff.).
Arabic su nz, from Persian su nz (VL :), also means black cumin,
Nigella sativa L. and Var., Nigella damascena L. and Var., Nigella hispanica L. and Var. (DT :; M ).
For the identification, cf. the Geonic Commentary on Tohorot (EG
); Ibn Janah. (IJ ; RJ ) and David b. Abraham al-Fas (SF :)
on Is :, , and Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above (MK :).
The vernacular term is the Late Latin git for Nigella sativa L., a name
also used in Romance medico-botanical texts (NPRA ; Sin b;
DETEMA :c).
T. PYPRYNH as
For the identification of Romance (O. Cat.) or Lat. GY
35 : VO
36 : V
37 :
O V
. 40 39 38
QRBS, Arab. KRWYH, o.l. KRWY
Hebrew QRBS or QRBWS means caraway, Carum carvi L. The term
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (FM ; LA :;
LF :).
Arabic karawya or karawiya or karawya, from Syriac karwaya (BLS
f.), designates the same plant (WKAS :; DT :; M ).
For the identification, cf. SAM :, and Maimonides on the
Mishnah cited above (MK :).
The vernacular term is the Lat. or the O. Occ./ O. Cat. carvi for
fruit of caraway (AdV ; RPA ; RMA ; RM , (here as
carvit); AdV ; Sin :). In addition to these, in O. Cat., we find the
forms alcarahuia and alcaravia, from Arabic, to designate the same plant,
Carum carvi L., documented for the first time in (DECLC :b;
DCVB :a). For the O. Sp. carvi and alcaravea see DETEMA :a
and :c; for the O. Fr. karvy (th c.), see AdOr .
. 41
QNH, Arab. #WD "LRTB,
. o.l. LYNY" LWB"
Hebrew QNH (cf. Greek or (LS )) means inter alia
reed, Arundo donax L., or spice reed and features in the Bible (e.g. in Is
:) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShebi . (JD f.; LW : f.;
SD f.; SDA f., Aram. ; KA :; BM f.; AEY :;
FM ; LA f.:; LF : ff.).
Arabic #ud ar-rat. b or al-#ud ar-rat. b literally means tender wood and
designates, just like the term #ud or al-#ud al-hind, Indian aloeswood
(Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) (D :; DT :; M ; LF :; cf. Qof
above).
Sa#adya on Is : (S ) or Song : (SH ) translates the term
as: (costus). Joseph ben Judah ibn Aknin on Song : (Hitgallut
ha-Sodot, p. , l. ) remarks that QNH is the same as
(Calamus odoratus; false sweet-flag); the same interpretation can be
38 : O aYN
39 : V
P V
40 : O V
41 :
O V
qof
QWM HHLB,
Arab. MYS "LLBN, o.l. GSP"
.
Hebrew QWM HHLB
means curdled milk, whey and features in Rab.
binic literature, e.g. in bNed b (JD ; LW :; SDA , Aram.
; KA :, :; BM ; DAS : f., ).
Arabic ms or ms. al-laban means whey (D :; DAS :, ).
For the identification, cf. the Arukh (KA :): [ . . . ]
(QM [ . . . ] i.e. al-ms. ); Maimonides on mNed .: ,
(QWM is whey and in the Maghreb we call it ms)
(MK :).
The vernacular variant seems to represent a non-documented O. Occ.
*gaspa. In DFO :b and TrFel :c, we find the Mod. Occ. gaspo (with
the variants galaspo, guispo) whey, serosity, cheese that one makes with
skimmed milk corresponding to the meaning of the Hebrew and Arabic
variants.
42 :
VO
. 44 43
QYQ or QYQYWN, Arab. KRW#, o.l. Q" TPWSY"
.
Hebrew QYQ or QYQYWN, from Greek (LS ), means recinus
tree, castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, and features in the Bible (Jh
:) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab . (KB ; JD ;
KA :, : f.; BM ; AEY :; FEB ff.; FM ; FO
ff.; LA ff.:; LF : ff.).
Arabic hirwa# has the same meaning (DT :; M ).
For theidentification, cf. IJ and Maimonides on the Mishnah cited
above (MK :).
The vernacular term is the Late Lat., O. Occ. and O. Cat. catapucia
for Euphorbia lathyris (DCVB :b; for further documentation see
CB , , ; DECLC :a; Sin a; MLWB :). For the
meaning recinus, see, e. g., M. Fr. grande catapuce and Mod. Occ.
cacapuo (FEW :b). In AdV , the Lat. catapucia minor is
identified as the Arabic habb
al-hirwa#.
.
. 46 45
43 : V
44 :
O V
45 : (cf. entry ) O
46 : (cf. entry )
qof
. 49 48 47
QYSWS, Arab. LBL"B, o.l. QWRYWLH
Hebrew QYSWS, from Greek (LS ; KG :; LR ), means
ivy, Hedera helix L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil .
(JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : f., :; AEY :; FM ;
LF : ff.).
Arabic lablab, from Syriac hbelbl
a (BLS ; LA ff.:), originally
.
a general term for twining, climbing plants, then especially for ivy,
Hedera Helix L., but also bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L., and other
species (WKAS : ff.; DT :; M ; LF :).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned
(MK :). See as well EG .
The vernacular term in the Paris MS is O. Occ. correiola or the O. Cat.
corriola for Convolvulus arvensis L. (DCVB :a; DECLC :a;
CB , ). For the identification of Romance (O. Cat.) QWRYWLH as
Arabic LBLB, see GHAT :. The variant in the Vatican and Oxford
MSS is the O. Occ. corrigiola or the O. Cat. corretjola (DAO :;
DECLC loc. cit.; DCVB loc. cit.).
. 50
HWS. YN, Arab. GM"R "LDWM
QWR SL
Hebrew QWR means heart or palm cabbage or terminal bud of a palm
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mUqz . (JD f.; LW :;
SDA f.; KA : f., :; BM ; FE f.; LF :). QWR
HWS. YN means terminal bud or palm cabbage of palm leaves (for
SL
HWS. /HWS. " cf. JD ; SDA ; FE f.).
Arabic gummar ad-dawm means either core or palm cabbage of the
date palm or its terminal bud (DT :; M ; LF : f.).
For the identification, cf. the Geonic Commentary on Tohorot (EG
), Hananel
on bErub b, and Maimonides on the Mishnah men.
tioned (MK :).
47 : om. O
48 : for O
cf. entry
V, for O cf. entry
49 :
50 : O
. 51
DQL, Arab. GM"R
QWR SL
"LNKL
DQL means heart or palm cabbage or terminal bud
Hebrew QWR SL
of a palm tree (for Hebrew QWR, cf. references above no. and for
Hebrew DQL, cf. Dalet no. above).
Arabic gummar an-nahl means either core or palm cabbage of the
date palm or its terminal bud (for references, cf. above no. : gummar
ad-dawm).
For the identification of Hebrew DQL as Arabic nahl, cf. Maimonides
51 : O
52 : O V
53 :
om. OP
qof
o.l. SYLW
QTP,
"LBLS"N BL" SK,
BLSMY
. Arab. SGRH
Hebrew QTP
. means balsam, balsam tree, Commiphora opobalsamum,
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShebi .. (cf. Gimel no.
above).
Arabic sagarat al-balasan bi-la sakk means balsam tree without
doubt (cf. Gimel no. above).
The identification as stated by Shem Tov is a literal quotation from
Maimonides commentary on the Mishnah cited above (MK :):
: (QTP
. is without doubt the balsam tree).
For the commentary on the vernacular term, see entry Ayin .
. 59 58
SYM,
QSY
Arab. GB"YR,
o.l. " STYL
. S
SYM
SYN
SYN
Hebrew QSY
or QSY
or GSY
means splints put around a
fracture and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a:
(But he may go out [on a
Sabbath] with a bandage on a wound or with splints on a fracture), and
in Tos. Miqw. : (splints on a fracture) (JD f., ;
LW :, :; KA : f., : f., :; BM , ). Cf. as well
EG .
Arabic gaba"ir means splints; pieces of wood with which bones are
set, or reduced from a fractured state (L , SpLA f.).
The vernacular term is the plural of O. Occ. estela or O. Cat. estella
for splints, oddments of wood, latte de bois mince sur laquelle on
met ltoffe du fourreau (i.e., small wooden slat, on which the cloth of
the sheath is put) (PSW :; FEW :b; DCVB :b; DECLC
:b).
54 : L P
55 :
O V
56 : om. OV
57 : O !
58 : O V
59 : VO
P, om. V
. 61 60
QBSH, Arab. TKMH
Hebrew QBSH means indigestion and features in medieval medical literature (cf. BM : Brechdurchfall; cholerine (diarrhoea with vomiting)), and in medieval philosophical literature, e.g. in Judah ibn Tibbons Hebrew translation of Sa#adyas Book of Beliefs and Opinions where
the original text has tuhm.62 The Hebrew term was possibly coined by
The term features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in the example mentioned from Sa#adyas Book of Beliefs and Opinions and in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (e.g. II, , VII, , ; VIII, ; IX, ; cf. BMMa
and BMMb , , , ), where it is translated by N as: and by Z
as: / /.
. 66 65 64 63
67
QDQD, Arab. Y"PWK or H"MH, that is, the middle of the head, and the
pulsating place in the case of a child before his head becomes hard
Hebrew QDQD means vertex, skull, head, crown, fontanel and features
in the Bible (e.g. Gen :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. bMen a
(KB ; JD ; LW :; KA :; BM f.; Low LXXV; PB f.).
60 :
61 :
O V
O V
62 Sefer ha-Emunot we-ha-De#ot, ed. Y. Fischel, Leipzig , p. ; Arabic text, ed.
J. Kafih,
. Jerusalem n.d., p. .
63 : V
64 : O
65 : O
66 : om. O
67 : V
qof
Arabic yafuh means the top of the head, the part where the ante
rior and posterior
bones of the head meet (L ; DKT , ,
; FAL :), and Arabic hama means fontanel (D :; FAL
:).
For the identification, cf. Ibn Janah. on Gen :: .
, (QDQD is the middle
of the head and it is called yafuh in Arabic and others explained it as
Sa#adya on Gen : (S ), who
Arabic hama) (RJ ). Cf. as well
translated the Hebrew term as Arabic hama.
. 68
G "LWGH
QMTY
. HPNYM, Arab. TSN
Hebrew QMT. means fold, crease, wrinkle, crumple and features in
Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mNeg . (JD ; LW :; KA : f.,
:; BM ; cf. as well Qof no. below). Hebrew QMTY
. HPNYM
means folds/wrinkles of the face.
Arabic tasannug means contraction, shrivelling, shrinking, convulsive contraction, spasm, fit, cramp (L ), and tasannug al-wagh contraction, etc. of the face. Arabic tasannug features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (e.g. III, , , ; IV, ; VI, ; cf. BMMa and BMMb
), where it is translated by N as: , , , and by
Z as: , . Cf. as well KZ and SN .
. 70 69
QWRNS, Arab. MTRQH
.
Hebrew QWRNS means mallet, hammer, from Greek (LS ;
LN ; LR ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel .
(JD ; LW :; SD ; SDA , Aram. ; KA :,
:).
Arabic mit. raqa means rod or stick; hammer of the blacksmith (L
f.).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned
(MK :).
68 :
69 : pYe P
70 : VO
VO
. 71
QSQW
S BHZH,
[Arab.] KRKRH P#LS. DR
.
Hebrew QSQW
S BHZH
means a rattling [sound] in the chest (for
.
cf. JD f.; LW :; BM ) and was possibly coined by Shem Tov
after the Arabic harhara fi-s. -s. adr.
LYQNY"H/QSY"
LYNGY"H).
The identification goes back to Maimonides mKer . (MK :):
; see as well his Mishneh Torah, Klei ha-miqdash ,
where he explains the term used by him in the passage mentioned
as: ( =) .
The vernacular term is the Late Latin, O. Occ. and O. Cat. cassia
lignea probably meaning Cinnamomum cassia (DAO :; CA ;
in DCVB :b as cassia ligna; DECLC :a). For the identification
71 : V
72 : O
73 : O
74 : O
qof
QMSWNYM,
Arab. #LYQ, o.l. RWMZY
plur. QMSWNYM,
Hebrew QYMWS,
means weed; thorn, nettle and
features in the Bible (e.g. Is :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. bBQ a
(KB ; JD ; BM ; LF : f.).
Arabic #ullayq designates ) raspberry, Rubus idaeus L. and Var.
(L ; DT :), ) common bramble, Rubus fructicosus L. (L ;
M ; DAS :), ) weed (DAS :) and ) bindweed (L ;
DAS :). The term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (e.g.
XXI, ) and is translated by N as: / and by Z as: /
(RWMYG).
Sa#adya (SM ) and Ibn Janah. (IJ ) on Prov : translate
as: ; David b. Abraham al-F
as (SF :) explains the term
as: (a kind of thistle). Both these explanations feature in
Tanhum
Yerushalmis commentary on Hos :.75 Jephet ben #Eli on the
.
same verse explains QYMWS as: (lycium).76
The vernacular term seems to correspond to the O. Occ. romeze
or the syncopated form ronze for Rubus fructicosus (DAO :;
FEW :b; CB ). In O. Cat., this plant is called romeguera (see
DECLC :bb, and for the identification of RWMGYRH as Arabic
#LYQ, see GHAT :).
. 78 77
QNTR
Arab. TLH "LBN
. SLBNY,
BN"Y, which
Hebrew QNTR
should be emended into QNTR
. SLBNY
. SL
means builders pronged tool, bit, or auger and features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in mKel . (JD ; KA :, :).
Arabic atalat al-banna means builders auger, wimble, gimlet (L
).
For the identification of Hebrew as Arabic #atala, cf. Maimonides
on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :). The Geonic Commentary on
75 H. Shy (ed.), Tanhum ha-Yerushalmis Commentary on the Minor Prophets. A critical
.
edition with an introduction translated into Hebrew and annotated, Jerusalem ,
p. .
76 P. Birnbaum (ed.), The Arabic commentary of Yefet Ben #Ali the Karaite on the Book
of Hosea, Philadelphia , p. .
77 : pa K P
78 : O V
79 : V
80 :
VO
qof
. 83 82 81
QWSYH,
Arab. MDHN, that is, a vessel that women use for their fragrance oil
QWSYH,
read Q"SWH/QY"SWH or QYSYH/QSWH, features in the Bible
(only in the plur.), e.g. in Ex :, and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in
mSanh . with the meaning jug, vessel for libation (KB ; JD ;
LW :; KA : f., , : f.; BKH ).
Arabic mudhun means utensil for oil; a flask or phial (L ).
For the identification cf. Sa#adya on Ex : (S ): (and
jars): ; see as well IJ .
. 84
QWDRYM, Arab. MKDRH
Hebrew QWDRYM, plural of QWDR, means being dark, unclean and
features in the Bible (e.g. Job :) (KB ; BM ; Low LXXV;
PB ). The verb QDR features in the Hif#il as: in Rabbinic
literature (e.g. yShabc) and means to be sad.
Arabic mukaddira means to be turbid, unclean; sad (WKAS : f.;
L ; D :).
For the identification, cf. Ibn Janah. (IJ f.) on Job :
(They are dark with ice; snow obscures them): ^27
NfL ([ , a E (Q IB fB) .,L NT 7 (Q @ @T
[+,-] [ (Its meaning is: which are dark from the beginning of the frost.
Its darkness is ascribed to this time [of the year] because of the streams
which darken the water occur [in it].) See as well MCS :.
. 85
QWP" DMH
. T",
. Arab. YN "L"BR
Aramaic QWP" DMH
. T"
. means eye of a needle and features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in bBer b (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :;
DAS :).
Arabic #ayn al-ibra has the same meaning (L f., f.).
81 :
82 : O
VO
83 : O
84 : O,
(cf. entry ) V
O P om. V
85 :
. 87 86
QWRSYL, Arab. K#B, o.l. TLWN
.
Hebrew QWRSYL or QRSWL means bent, joint, ankle and features in
the Bible (only in the plur.; e.g. Ps :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g.
in mOhol . (KB ; JD ; LW :; SD ; SDA , Aram.
; KA :, :; BM ; Low LXXVIII; PB , ).
Arabic ka#b means inter alia anklebone (of the foot); talus, astragalus;
malleolus (WKAS :; L ; DKT , , ; FAL :).
The Arabic term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XVI, ),
where it is translated by N as: . For the identification, cf. the Geonic
Commentary on Tohorot (EG ): (and this is the place
of the ka#b); see as well Maimonides on mOhol . (MK :). See as
well MCS :.
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or Cat. talo(n) for heel (see
FEW :a; RL :a; DCVB :ab; DECLC :ab). For the
discussion on the representation of the n-mobile, see the introduction to
this edition.
. 89 88
QWRT. DM, Arab. NQTH
. DM
Hebrew QWRT. DM means drop of coagulated blood, a particle of
blood and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bHul
. b (JD ;
LW :; SDA , Aram. ; KA :, :; BM ).
Arabic nuqt. at dam has the same meaning (for nuqt. a see L ).
. 92 91 90
these are filings which fall down during the craftsmans
QLYPY HNH
. ST,
striking with the hammer
means filings of copper. Hebrew QLYPH,
Hebrew QLYPY HNH
. ST
plur. QLYPYN or QLYPWT, means peeling, shell, peel and features
86 :
87 : " P
O Ye P om. V
88 :
89 : O
90 :
91 : om. O
92 :
qof
. 97 96
QYSM, Arab. KL"L
Hebrew QYSM means chip (of wood), fragment, splinter, toothpick
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mBez. . (JD ; LW :;
SDA , Aram. ; KA :, :; BM f.; KT :, :;
Low LXXVII, PB ).
Arabic hilal means a thing with which one perforates or transpierces;
a woodenthing or pin with which one pins a garment; a toothpick; a long
thorn or prickle (L ).
Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :) explains the term
as: (a small piece of wood), and on mHul
. . (MK :)
as: (a small piece of wood like a spindle).
. 100 99 98
QLH,
. Arab. DL#
. #SLWG MN "LKRNB "W MN "LSLQ "W MN "LKS
Hebrew QLH,
. means tube, stem, stalk and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bKet b (JD ; LW :; SDA , Aram. ;
KA : f.; BM ; FH ).
Arabic dila#
#uslug min al-kurunb aw min as-silq aw min al-hass means
.
VO
qof
P VO
QWTLYT,
Arab. G
.
Hebrew QWTLYT
or QTLYT,
possibly from Greek (LS ;
.
.
KG :; LR ), means the thigh with the knee pan; hip joint; hip
bone; lumbar region or sacrum region; socket of hip bone (JD ;
LW :; KA :, :; Low LXXVI; PB ) and features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in mOhol ..
Arabic #ugan or #ug, plural of #ugaya, means a piece of the size of a
gobbet of flesh conjoined with a sinew which descends from the knee
of the camel to the foot; all sinews that conjoin with the solid hoof; any
sinew in a fore leg or in a hind leg; or a sinew in the interior of the shank
of the horse and of the bull (L ).
Maimonides on mOhol . (MK :) explains as:
(lumbar region), and AQ, fol. b, as: (socket of
the hip and what is connected to it). Cf as well ShM f.
.
Q"NWN, Arab. TBQ
.
Hebrew Q"NWN should be emended into QNWN, from Greek 7
(LS ; KG :; LR ), meaning reed basket and features in
Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel . (JD ; LW :; KA :,
:; KT :, f.).
Arabic t. abaq means a certain household utensil; a dish, or plate
(L ).
106 : O
107 : om. P
108 :
O V
qof
. 110 109
QTRY
HR
.
. S. YH, Arab. PQ"R "LTHR
.
Aramaic QTRY
HR
.
. S. YH means the joints of his hips and features in the
Bible, namely in Dan : (KB ; PB ).
Arabic faqar az. -z. ahr means vertebra of the back (L , ;
FAL :, :).
For the identification, cf. Ibn Janah. on the verse mentioned (IJ ).
.
David b. Abraham al-Fas (SF :) translates the term as:
. 112 111
Arab. #NKBWT, o.l. TRNYYNH
QWRY #SN,
should be emended into QWRY #KBYS,
which means
Hebrew QWRY #SN
spiders web and features in the Bible, namely in Is : (KB ;
BM ).
Arabic #ankabut means spider (L ; E.I.2 :, s.v. #ankabut
(J. Ruska); BK , ; JAD : ff.; StS f.).
For the identification of as #ankabut, cf. Sa#adya on Is .:
(They hatch adders eggs and weave spider webs; he who eats of those
eggs will die, and if one is crushed, it hatches out a viper):
(DS ); cf. as well IJ ; MCS :; SF :;
SID :.
The vernacular term in the Paris and Oxford MSS might be a medieval
predecessor of the Mod. Occ. taragnino or Mod. Cat. taranyina/teranyina
for toile daraigne (spiders web) (TrFel :b; DCVB :a; DECLC
:a; for other modern Gallo-Romance forms, see FEW :b). The
Catalan terms are documented for the first time at the end of the th
century. In O. Occ., we find the form telarina, documented in the th
109 : O
110 : O
111 : VP
112 : O
113 : V
114 : V
115 : V
116 :
om. O
qof
(L , ).
. 120 119
o.l. PRDYS.
QWR", Arab. H
. GL,
Hebrew QWR" means partridge, Ammoperdix heyi, and features in
the Bible (e.g. Jer :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mHul
. .
(KB ; JD ; LW :; KA :; BM f.; BAL f.; FAB f.;
LZ f.).
Arabic hagal also designates partridge, the Barbary partridge and the
Greek partridge
(L ; BK ; JAD : ff.; KSZ :, :, :).
For the identification, cf. Ibn Janah. (IJ ); SF :; SID :,
and Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above (MK :).
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. perditz, perdiz or perdis for partridge (CB , , ; RMM ; FEW :a; PSW :a; RL
117 : V& P VO
118 :
119 : VO
120 :
om. P
:a). Only forms like perdiu or (a)pardiu existed in O. Cat. to designate the same bird (DECLC :a; DCVB :b). For the discussion of
the development of word final /ts/ to /u/ in O. Cat., see the introduction.
. 122 121
QWSSWT, Arab. PYH" QRWSH WHMW
S. H
.
For Hebrew QWSSWT, part. fem. plur. of QSS, meaning being sourish,
cf. Qof no. above.
Arabic fha qurus. a wa-hum
. uda
. means in it is a biting quality, affecting
the tongue and tasting like vinegar (L , ).
. 124 123
QTRY
HR
.
. S. YH, Arab. PQ"R "LTHR
.
For Hebrew QTRY
HR
.
. S. YH and Arabic faqar az. -z. ahr, cf. Qof no.
above.
. 126 125
QM#H, Arab. GR#H
Hebrew QM#H should be emended into: or , meaning a
quaffing, full draught (JD ; LW :; BM ), which features in
Rabbinic literature, e.g. mShab ..
Arabic gur#a means a gulp, a sup, or sip, or a mouthful (L ) and
features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides On Asthma
(IX, ) as: t/
, which is translated as: by Joshua Shatibi and the
anonymous translator and as: (MLW" LWGMYW) by Samuel
Benveniste (cf. BMA ).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned
(MK :): :.
121 : ! P
122 :
123 : V
124 : V
125 : VO
126 : V
om. O
RESH
. 2 1
RBH, Arab. KTYR", o.l. DRGGNT
Hebrew RBH, literally meaning numerous, many, great, much, is possibly a loan translation coined by Shem Tov from Arabic katra (cf.
below).
Arabic katra, literally meaning numerous, many, great, much, means
as well tragacanth,
gum resin from some kinds of astragalus (e.g. Astragalus gummifer Labill., A. microcephalus Willd., A. stomatodes Bge.); it
can also refer to the plants themselves (WKAS :; M ; DT :;
LF : ff.). The term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (III,
; XXI, ; cf. BMMa ) and is translated by N as: (DRG"G"N)
and by Z as: () (GWM" DRG"NT(Y)).
The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ. and
O. Cat. dragagan(t) for matria gomosa que surt naturalment de larbust
oriental tragacant [arbust asitic del gnere Astragalus; DCVB :a]
(i.e., gummy matter that leaks naturally from the oriental bush tragacanth [Asian bush of the genus Astragalus]) (DCVB :ba; for
further documentation see RMA (guoma dragagan); CB , ;
DAO :). The variant in the Oxford MS seems to reflect a misinterpretation of the -n in dragagan as a n-mobile. In GHAT :, we find
the identification of Romance (O. Cat.) DRGG"N as the Arab. KTYR"; see
also the identification of Arab. katra as O. Cat. dragagant (among other
Sin :: Achizira (o achizia) i. dravariants) in AdV , . See also
gagantum i. alquitira, which is an adaptation of an entry in the index to
the Latin translation of Ibn Snas K. al-Qanun.
1 : V
2 :
O V
. 4 3
RYMYN, Arab. NBQ, o.l. QWRNY"L, Lat. "WRNGS
Hebrew RYM, plur. RYMYN, designates the fruit of the Christs thorn,
Zizyphus spina Christi, and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mDem
. (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; AEY :; FE ;
FM ; LF : ff.).
Arabic nabq or nabiq designates the fruit of the Christs thorn,
Zizyphus spina Christi or Zizyphus Napeca Lam. (DT : n. ; M ;
LF : ff.).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya, Alfaz. al-Mishnah (SAM :); see
as well Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above (MK :).
The vernacular term seems to represent a non-documented O. Occ.
term *corneal, *cornial or *cornhal for the fruit of the Cornelean cherry
(Cornus mas). In Italian dialects, we find similar forms to designate this
fruit, all derivates of the Late Latin CORNALIS; e.g. the Piemontese cornal (cf. FEW :b). DAO : quotes the common O. Occ. name
cuernia besides others to designate this fruit. In Cat., the form corniol
exists (with the meaning Cornus sanguinea or sativa, DCVB :a),
which is quite near to our form here.
The term labelled as Latin might be the plural of O. Occ. auranja or
orenga (DAO :), variants of the more common arange for Citrus
aurantium amarum (FEW :ab).
The synonymy of the Hebrew and Arabic terms on the one hand
(both with the meaning fruit of the Christs thorn) and of the forms
labelled here as vernacular and Latin on the other hand needs some
further investigation. However, GHAT : identifies the Arab. NBQ
as the Romance (O. Cat.) serbes (i.e., the fruit of Sorbus domestica; cf. the
commentary on Ayin of this edition) and corneas labelled as Latin, a
form also derived from CORNUS.
3 : V
4 :
om. PV
resh
. 9 8 7 6 5
RGYLH, Arab. BQLH "LHMQH,
and this is the species whose leaves are
.
tender, o.l. BYRDWLG"
Hebrew RGYLH means portulaca, purslane, Portulaca oleracea L., and
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShebi . (JD ; LW :,
; KA :, :; BM ; FM ; LA ff.:; LF : ff.).
Arabic baqlat al-hamq
a" also designates portulaca, purslane, Portu.
laca oleracea L. (DT :; M ).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above
(MK :): :; cf. the Arukh (KA
:): (a plant which is called
PWRQQL" and in Arabic RGL"). See as well SAM f.:.
The vernacular term is the same word as in Het
. . The form in the
Paris MS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. variant verdolaga (DAO :; CB ,
, among others; DECLC :a; DCVB :a).
The variant in the Vatican MS should be read as bortolaiga (see entry
Het
. ).
For the identification of Arab. baqla al-hamq
a" as O. Cat. verdolaga, cf.
.
AdV , .
. 12 11 10
S
RWBY", Arab. LWBY", o.l. PYSWL
Aramaic RWBY" designates a type of legume (SDA f.) which features
in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab b, and which is identified by
some as fenugreek or flax-seed (cf. JD f.; LW :; KA :,
:) and by others as string-bean, Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl., also called
Egyptian bean ( ) or Libyan bean () (cf. LF : ff.; LO
Teshuvot on bRH b, p. ). According to Brll, Jahrbcher I, the
5 : O Y P V
6 : VO
7 :
8 : om. O
O V
9 :
10 :
11 :
V, om. O
O
O
12 :
O V
term
(see below).13
14 : VO
15 :
resh
16 : O
17 : O !
P V
O V
18 :
RMS. , Arab. RM"D SHN "LDY PYH BQYH N"R, i.e. RMS. hot ashes in
19 : T P
20 :
V
21 : V
22 : om. O
23
N.M. Nathan, Ein anonymes Wrterbuch zur Misna und Jad Hahazaka.
Berlin .
.
resh
. 26 25 24
RBWY HSTN
WS. "TW MBLY HP
. S. , Arab. SLS "LBWL
above).
.
Arabic salas al-bawl means Diabetes Spasticus; Krampfhafte Harnruhr (spasmodic diabetes) (SN ).
. 27
Arab. RSH,
RH
. S,
. derived from my heart is astir with gracious words
(cf. Ps :)
Hebrew RH
. S means to be moved, to feel, to think and features in the
Bible, e.g. in Ps :, and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in Midrash Tehillim
to Ps : (KB ; JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ).
Arabic rasaha
. means he was or became moist with sweat (L f.).
For the identification, cf. Ibn Janah. (IJ ): F
F
! " # F $% .&'()* +
, -. /(# 0, .
12 3
4 (my heart is astir with gracious
words (Ps :), to cause to well forth, that is metaphorically. It is said: to
let the water well forth, that is to make it stream forth through digging
and nabat. with a fatah. [as vowel] for the ba" is the exudation from the
wellhead, as if it is sweat that is exuded from the stone. And this term and
its meaning are related to ar-rash).
. See as well MCS :, :.
. 28
RPPWT, Arab. "KTL" G
Hebrew RPPWT, from the root RPP to vibrate, to shake, to tremble
(JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; cf. as well Low LXXX and
PB ), is only attested in secondary literature as refafot, plur. of refafah
(cf. BM ), with the meaning convulsion. The term is particularly
prevalent in medieval magical literature for the art of palmomancy, that
is, the art of prognostication from twitchings in the limbs, called ihtilag in
24 :
25 :
26
27
28
O
O
: O
: O V
: VO
medieval medical
literature, e.g. in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (cf.
for instance III, ; cf. BMMa ), where it is translated by N as:
and Z as: .
.
Arab. R#SH
R#YSH,
from the root R#S to tremble, to shake (KB f.;
Hebrew R#YSH,
JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM f.), meaning trembling
or shaking, is attested in medieval literature (BM ).
Arabic ri#sa means a tremour, quivering, quaking or shivering that
befalls a man in consequence of a disease that attacks him, not quitting
him (L ) and features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (VII, ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by N and Z as: .
For the identification of Hebrew R#S as Arabic ra#asa or irta#asa, cf.
Ibn Barun (WB ), and Judah ben Quraysh (IQR :). See as well
MCS :.
. 29
29 :
O V
resh
30 :
31 : !Y P
O V
.
Arab. DBYB
RH
. S,
Hebrew RH
. S means a creeping thing, reptile and features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in mTer . (JD ; LW :; SDA , Aram. :
) maggot, vermin; ) reptile; KA :; BM ; LZ ).
Arabic dabb means anything that creeps or crawls upon the earth
(L ).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above
(MK :).
. 32
RQW#Y PHYM,
Arab. S. P"YH
.
. RQ"Q
Hebrew RQW#Y PHYM
means plates which have been beaten flat and
.
features in the Bible in Num : (KB ; KA :; BM ).
Arabic s. afa"ih. riqaq means thin planks, boards, leaves (L , ;
for s. afa"ih,
. cf. as well Gimel no. ).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Num ::
([remove] the fire pans of those who have sinned at the cost
of their lives, and let them be made into hammered sheets as plating for
the altarfor once they have been used for offering to the LORD, they
have become sacredand let them serve as a warning to the people of
Israel):
(S ).
. 34 33
i.e. cupping glasses
RBYDWT, Arab. MH"
. GM,
Hebrew RBYDH, plur. RBYDWT, was possibly coined by Shem Tov in the
sense of cupping glass on the basis of the Aramaic , which means
incision, scratch (JD ; LW : f.; SDA ; KA : f., :;
Low LXXX) and features e.g. in bShab a as: incision
of a scalpel.
32 : O
33 : O V
34 :
resh
Arabic mih
. gama, plur. mah
. agim, means glass vessel of the sA]; the
utensil in which the blood produced by the operation of 7A] is collected
by sucking (L ). Arabic mih
. gama features in Maimonides Medical
Aphorisms (e.g. III, ; cf. BMMa ) and is translated by N as:
and by Z as: /.
For the identification, cf. LO Perushim on bShab b, p. , where
is explained as Arabic mih
. gama cupping glass; see as
well the Arukh (KA :), s.v. : .
.
RTT, Arab. R#DH
Hebrew RTT means trembling and features in the Bible (Hos :)
and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBer a (KB ; JD ; LW : f.;
SD ; KA : f.; BM ; PB ).
Arabic ra#da or ri#da means a tremor, quivering, quaking, shivering,
or commotion (L ), and features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms
(VII, , ; XXII, ; XXIII, ; cf. BMMb f., f.) where it is
translated by N as: / and by Z as: /.
For the identification, cf. Jephet ben Eli,35 David b. Abraham alFas (SF :), and Tanhum
Yerushalmi36 on Hos :; see as well
.
SID :. According to Ibn Janah. (IJ f.), is somewhat
similar to a pain in the joints called: ,<( (cf. Ibn Barun ).
. 37
"LM"S
R"MWT, Arab. H
. GR
Hebrew R"MWT features in the Bible, e.g. in Job :. Its meaning is not
clear; it possibly designates black corals, sea shells, pearls, (KB ).
Arabic ha
. gar al-mas means diamond (see Alef no. above).
Sa#adya on Job : (BS ; SJ ) translates the term as:
(coral).
35 P. Birnbaum (ed.), The Arabic commentary of Yefet Ben #Ali the Karaite on the Book
of Hosea, Philadelphia , p. .
36 H. Shy (ed.), Tanhum ha-Yerushalmis Commentary on the Minor Prophets. A critical
.
edition with an introduction translated into Hebrew and annotated, Jerusalem ,
pp. .
37 : O V
. 38
R" S H#YN, Arab. "LM"Q "L"KBR
Hebrew R" S H#YN literally means head of the eye and features in
medieval literature, for instance, in Maimonides Mishneh Torah (Beit
Miqdash :):
(if moisture oozed out of the head of his eye near his nose or out of
the tail of his eye near his temples)39 (BM ). The English translation
should be emended to: if moisture oozed out from the inner angle of his
eye near his nose or from the outer angle of his eye near his temples. For
cf. Zayin .
Arabic al-ma"q al-akbar means the inner angle of the eye (DKT ;
FAL :). The Arabic term features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXIII, ; XXV, ), where it is translated by N as:
/ and by Z as: /
. See as well Zayin : (the outer angle of the
eye).
.
RDYDYM, Arab. "RDYH
Hebrew or Aramaic RDYD, plur. RDYDYM, means shawl, headcloth
and features in the Bible (e.g. Is :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. mKel
. (KB ; JD ; LW :; SD ; KA :, :; BM f.;
KT :, , , ).
Arabic rida", plur. ardiya, means a certain garment, being of a single
piece, covering the upper half of the body; or lying upon the shoulders
and back; or falling upon the belly and there ending (L ; Kalfon
Stillman, Index).40
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Is ::
(the lace gowns and the linen vests; and the kerchiefs and the
capes): (DS ); see as well the Arukh
(KA :); IJ ; SF :; and WB .
38 : O P
39 The Code of Maimonides, Book Eight, The Book of Temple
resh
. 42 41
RTM, Arab. RTM
Hebrew RWTM (cf. MSS O and V) means gorse, broom, Retama
roetam, and features in the Bible, e.g. in Ps : (KB ; KA :,
:; BM f.; AEY :; DAS :; FEB ff.; FO f.;
LA :; LF : ff.).
Arabic ratam designates the same plant (DT : n. , :; DAS :,
, , ).
For the identification cf. Sa#adya on Ps ::
(a warriors sharp arrows, with hot coals of broom-wood):
(ST ); IJ ; SID :; SF :
and WB , (n. ). See as well MCS :.
. 43
RMWN HRYM, which grows overseas, Arab. M#"D
Hebrew RMWN HRYM literally means mountain pomegranate and
was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of the Arabic
ar-rumman al-barr wild pomegranate tree (cf. M ). For Hebrew
RMWN, cf. FE ff.; LF : ff.
The Arabic term mugad or mugat or mu#at designates the root of
Bruguieri
D.C.44This identification is the
glossostemon, Glossostemon
result of modern research undertaken by Schweinfurth. In medieval
Arabic medical literature, the term is used erroneously for the rind of the
root of the wild pomegranate tree (cf. Maimonides Medical Aphorisms
(XXI, ) and L ; D :; DT : n. ; M ; LF : f., ; cf. as
well Shin no. ).
41 : ] P
42 : Y PO
43 : P
VO
44 Cf. El. S. Amin, O. Awad, M. Abd El Samad and M.N. Iskander, Isolation of estrone
from moghat roots and from pollen grains of Egyptian date palm, Phytochemistry, vol.
(), pp. .
47
R#P R#PYM, i.e. stones with which one lights a fire, as it is written in
Genesis Rabbah (cf. :): He, the Holy One, blessed be He, made him
find two flints which he struck against each other and light came forth,
"LZN"D
Arab. H
. GR
For Hebrew R#P or R#PYM, cf. Resh no. above.
Arabic ha
. gar az-zinad means flint (L ; D :).
. 48
RHM,
Arab. RKM
.
Hebrew RHM
. means vulture, the Egyptian vulture, Vultur percnopterus or Neophron percnopterus, and features in the Bible (e.g. Lev :)
and Rabbinic literature, e.g. bHul
. a (KB ; JD ; BM ;
BAL , ; BH s.v. index; FAB f.; LZ ).
Arabic raham designates the same bird (L ; BK ; JAD :
:; StS f.).
; KSZ :,
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Lev : (S ); IJ ; SID
:; WB . See as well MCS :.
. 49
R" S HHW
the tip of the nose; i.e. the end which extends to the lip
. TM,
.
In secondary literature, R" S HHW
. TM
. is only attested as: the top (central
circle) of the oblate part of a female breast (JD ; LW :; KA :;
BM ).
45 : om. O
46
:
O
V
47 : O V
48 : O
49 : om. O
resh
. 50
RWH
S
. #W#YM, Arab. TSWY
Hebrew RWH
. #W#YM means spirit of confusion and features in the
Bible in Is : (KB ; BM ).
Arabic tasws means disorder; disturbance, ailment, indisposition
(L ; D :; HaF ).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Is ::
(The LORD has mixed
within her a spirit of distortion, which shall lead Egypt astray in all her
undertakings as a vomiting drunkard goes astray):
(DS ). Ibn Barun remarks that the term #W#YM is related to N-P men
of the lowest class of society; also the foolish and the fickle, and that it
basically means the same as W, i.e. small species of ants, small locusts
(WB , see as well f., n. , and , n. ). David b. Abraham
al-Fas (SF :) explains the term as: (tortuosity). See as well
MCS :.
. 51
RMWN HRYM, which grows overseas, Arab. M#"D
For Hebrew RMWN HRYM and Arabic M#"D, cf. Resh no. above.
50 : om. O
51 :
om. OV
SHIN
. 2 1
SBT,
Arab. SBT,
o.l. "NYT.
means dill, Anethum graveolens L., and features in RabHebrew SBT
binic literature, e.g. in mUqz . (JD ; LW :; SDA s.v.
; KA : f., :; BM ; AEY :; FH ; FM ;
LA f.:; LF : ff.).
Arabic sibitt or the vulgar form sabat designates the same plant. The
to Aramaic sbitta (BLS
; L ; DT :; M ;
Arabic goes back
DAS :).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above
(MK :).
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. anet for Anethum graveolens (DAO :; for further documentation cf. RL :b; FEW :a;
CB , , , , , , , , , ; DECLC :a;
DCVB :a).
SM
Arab. MRZNGWS or "D"N "LP"R, o.l. MGWR"NH
SWQ
SQ
means marjoram, Origanum majorana L.,
Aramaic SM
or SYM
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab b, where the biblical
is explained as (JD ; LW :; SDA f.; AEY :;
FH ; FO ; LA :; LF :).
Arabic marzangus designates the plant marjoram, Origanum majorana L. A corrupt form of the same Arabic term is mardaqus (L f.;
D : s.v. Y)WW
7; DT :; M ; DAS :; LA f.:).
1 :
2 : "
3 :
P
P
O
4 :
O V
SQ
as Arabic mardaqus (marFor the identification of Hebrew SYM
dagus), cf. LO Teshuvot on bShab b, p. :
SQ
is called mardagus where we live) and BT .
(SYM
The vernacular term is the Late Latin maiorana (cf. FEW :a)
or O. Occ. majorana, maiorana or majurana for Origanum majorana
(DAO :; for further documentation, see RL :a; FEW :b;
RMA ; CB ). In O. Cat., we usually find Arabisms such as (a)moraduix (cf. DECLC :a) to designate the same plant, but the DCVB
:a indicates the O. Cat. form majorana (var. mayorana), which is
documented both in medical recipes and as a diatopic synonym (used,
for example, in the Eastern Pyrenees) for Cat. moraduix.
which correIn GHAT :, we find the Arab. entry MRZNGWS,
sponds to the Arab. synonym in our text. This Arab. entry is glossed by
(which might correspond to
the Romance (O. Cat.) terms MWRDWSY
SYT,
Arab. QYS. WM, o.l. "BRWNTNWM
.
O V
shin
. 8 7
SMYR,
Arab. HSK,
o.l. " TRYPWLY
MRYNY
.
.
7 : j P
8 :
O V
10 : O
11 :
12 : O V
13 :
O V
shin
Hebrew SHLT means onycha, unguis odorati and features in the Bible
and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bKer b (KB ; JD ;
(e.g. Ex :)
LW :; KA :; BM f.; KT :).
Arabic ladan means ladanum, the resin of Cistus creticus L., Cistus
ladaniferus L. and others. The term is Semitic: Akkadian ladinnu, ladnu,
ladunu; Syriac ladna (BLS ; WKAS :; DT :; M ; LF : ff.).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Ex ::
(And the LORD
said to Moses: Take the herbs stacte, onycha, and galbanumthese herbs
together with pure frankincense; let there be an equal part of each):
The vernacular term is the Latin ladanum or the Cat. ldanum for
substncia resinosa aromtica que flueix de certs arbusts del gnere
Cistus (i.e. aromatic resinous substance that flows from certain bushes
of the genus Cistus) (DCVB :b; for further documentation see
NPRA ; FEW :a). For the identification of Romance (O. Cat.)
L"DNWM as Arab. L"DN, see GHAT :. In O. Occ., we find the forms
laudanum (), lacdanum () and lapdanum (), in addition
to the form lapdan without the Latin ending (DAO :; for further
documentation, see PSW :a, RMA : olei lapdami). In O. Cat.,
there are the forms lapdanum (around ), laudano, ldan (th c.)
and lpadanum (DECLC :a, for further etymological analysis, see
DCECH :ab).
14 :
. 15
Arab. ZNGPWR
SSR,
means vermillion, minium and features in the Bible, e.g.
Hebrew SSR
in Ez : (KB ; BM ; DAS :, :).
Arabic ZNGPWR, possibly a corruption of Persian sangarf (VL :),
SMN
"PRSMWN, Arab. DHN BLS"N, o.l. BSMY
Hebrew SMN
"PRSMWN means oil of the balsam tree, Commiphora
opobalsamum, and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBB b (for
Hebrew "PRSMWN or Aramaic "PRSM", cf. JD ; LW :, ;
SDA f.; KA : f., :; FEB ff.; FO ; KT : f.; LF :).
Arabic duhn balasan has the same meaning (DT :; MS : ff.;
cf. as well Gimel no. , Ayin no. and Qof no. above).
For the identification of "PRSM" as Arabic balasan, cf. LO Liqqut. ei
Geonim on bBer a, p. .
The vernacular term in MSS P and V is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. basme
(or O. Occ. bazme) for substance odorifrante qui dcoule par incision
de diffrents arbres (i.e., odoriferous substance that flows out of different
trees after incision) (DAO :; for further information see FEW :a;
PSW :b; RL :b; RMM , ; DCVB :b). The variant
given in the Oxford MS is the genitive singular of Late Latin balsamum
(balsamum est liquidum medicamentum oculorum curationi necessarium, quod arboribus destillat in modo picis, Probus commentary on
Virgils Georgics :; cf. ThLL :), which is identified as Arab.
duhn al-balasan by Arnau de Villanova (cf. AdV ).
15 : V
16 :
17 :
shin
. 18
SYPWN,
Arab. SLT, o.l. SYGL,
i.e. oats
Hebrew SYPWN,
from Greek - (KG :; LW : and LA
f.:: Gr. ; KA :: Gr. ), is identified as ) oats, Avena
sativa L., ) spelt wheat, Triticum spelta and ) rye and features in
Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel . (JD ; LW : f.; KA :;
BM ; DAS : ff.; FH , f.; FM , ; KT :,
n. ; LA f.:; LF : ff.).
Arabic sult means naked barley (L ; D :: rye; DT ::
shucked barley grains that have been separated from their husks during
threshing).
Sa#adya (SAM :) explains as: (darnel); Maimonides
on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :) translates the term as:
(darnel, cf. DT :), while, on mKil . (MK :), he remarks that
it is: (a kind of wild barley).
The vernacular term in the Oxford and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ.
seg(u)(i)el, seg(u)il(h), sigil or the O. Cat. sguel for rye (PSW :a;
for further documentation, see DAO :; RL :b; FEW :b;
CB , , , , , ; DCVB :ba). The vernacular
term in the Paris MS may represent some of these variants (except for
forms with an i or a diphthong in the second syllable), and, in addition,
the O. Occ. variants seg(u)al, segalh or the O. Cat. sgal (FEW loc.
cit.; PSW loc. cit.; DAO loc. cit.; DCVB loc. cit.). In O. Cat., forms
like sgol or segle seem to be more frequent (DCVB loc. cit.; DECLC
:b).
. 20 19
SBWLT
HWDYYT, Arab. SNBL HNDY, o.l. " SPYQ"
N"RDY
Hebrew SBWLT
means ear of corn and features in the Bible (e.g. Gen
:) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mPeah . (KB ; JD ;
LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; BM ; AEY :; DAS :;
FH , , ; FO ; KT :; LA :). In Rabbinic literature,
O V
V
: O V
SBWLT
HWDYYT is not attested in secondary literature and was possibly
coined by Shem Tov after Arabic sunbul hind Indian nard (cf. below).
Arabic sunbul hind means Indian nard, Nardostachys jatamansi DC
and Var. (L ; DT :; M ; DAS :; LF : ff.). The term also
features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is translated
HHWDYY).
by N as: and by Z as: (H" SPYQ"
" SPYQ
"NRDY (O. Cat.), where it is identified as Arab. SNBL HYNDY.
. 21
SBWLT
RWMYYT, Arab. SNBL RWMY, o.l. " SPYQ"
S"LTYQ"
.
Hebrew SBWLT
RWMYYT, which is not attested in secondary literature,
was possibly coined by Shem Tov after Arabic sunbul rum Greek nard
21 : O V
22 The Romance form seems to be spelt in a corrupt way.
shin
. 23
SHL
Arab. HRP,
o.l. NSTWR
S
. or SHLYM,
.
.
.
Hebrew SHL,
in secondary
. only attested in the plural form SHLYM
.
literature, means garden cress; pepperwort, Lepidium sativum L., and
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMaas . (KB ; JD ;
LW :; KA :, :; BM ; AEY :; DAS :; FM ;
KT :; LA ff.:; LF : ff.).
Arabic hurf
designates the same plant (DT :; M ). The term
.
features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (e.g. XX, ) and is translated
S. /NRYTWR
T/
and by Z as:
by N as: // (NSTWR
.
.
. HRP)
.
TWR
(MS
S. W).
.
Sa#adya (SAM :) identifies as , which is a synonym for h. urf, as is explicitly stated by Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :). Menahem ben Judah de Lonzano ( ca. )
states in his Sefer ha-Ma#arikh that Hebrew SHLYM
is Arabic hurf
or
.
.
rasad (garden-cress) (cf. M ).24
The vernacular term corresponds to the plural of O. Occ. nazitor(t)
(th c.) or na(s)sitor(t) for Lepidum sativum (DAO :; for further documentation see PSW :b; FEW :b; RMA , , ;
CB , , , , , , ). The DCVB also lists a Cat. nasitort
for the Roussillon area (DCVB :a), but Coromines suggests that this
form corresponds to the O. Occ. word, whereas the usual Cat. form is
morritort (DECLC :a; for morritort also see DCVB :b). The
form we have here in our MSS does not include an -Y-, so that we might
read *nastort, *naztort or the like, a form that is nearer to the Lat. etymon
NASTURTIUM (for the etymon see FEW loc. cit.). A similar case is the
O. Occ. naustor (CB ); also cf. the Cat. Latinism nasturci, which is,
however, documented for the first time in at the earliest (DECLC
loc. cit.).
For the identification of Romance (O. Cat) MNYTWR
T,
.
. perhaps a
23 : O
24 Ed. Tel Aviv , p. .
. 27 26 25
SWMR,
Arab. R"ZY"NG or BSB"S, o.l. PNWLYY
Hebrew SWMR
means fennel, Foeniculum vulgare and its varieties (cf.
Zayin above).
Arabic raziyanag has the same meaning (cf. Zayin above). Raziyanag
is common in Egypt and the East, whereas, in the Maghreb, the Arabic
name basbas is used for fennel. The Arabic term features, for example, in
Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XX, ; XXI, , ) and is translated
by N as: and by Z as: and (PYNWQLY). Cf. as well Shin
no. below.
.
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. fenol(h), fenhol(h), fenoil(h), fenoyl
or fenoil(l) or the O. Cat. fenoll or fenoyl for Foeniculum officinale
(DCVB :a; for further documentation, see DAO :; RL :b;
DECLC :a; FEW :ab; RPA , , ; RM , , , ,
, ; RMM , , , , , , ; RMA , , ,
; CB , ).
For the identification of Romance (O. Cat.) PNWL as Latin PNYQWLY
see GHAT :.
and Arab. R"ZYNG,
. 29
SBR",
Arab. HRML,
o.l. SQW
T"
.
.
Aramaic SBR"
means Syrian rue, Peganum harmala L., and features in
Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab b (JD ; LW :, ; KA : f.,
:; SDA ; AEY :; LA f.:, ff.:; LF : ff.).
Arabic harmal
designates the same plant (DT :; M ).
.
For the identification, cf. LO Teshuvot on bShab b, p. ; BT ,
and Arukh (KA :).
The vernacular term is the Latin cicuta for Conium maculatum L.
(NPRA ), which also appears in O. Occ. recipes (see RMA ),30 or the
25 : V, O not readable
26 : O V
27 : O V
28 Ed. A.M. Luncz, Jerusalem
29 : VO
30 Oppi qui la manjat
shin
O. Occ. cicuda (RL :b; DAO :). For the graphical representation
of Romance /d/ by Hebrew Tet,
. see the introduction. In Cat., the learned
word cicuta is documented for the first time in the th c., the hereditary
ceguta in and ceguda in (DECLC :b).
. 31
SMN
QYQ, Arab. DHN "LKRW#, o.l. "WLY DYQT"PWSY"
.
Hebrew SMN
QYQ means oil of the recinus tree or castor oil plant,
Ricinus communis L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab
. (JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ; DAS :, :; FEB ff.;
FM ; LA ff.:; LF :).
Arabic duhn al-hirwa# has the same meaning (L ; DT :; M ).
SWMNYT,
Arab. TWM BRY, i.e. " SQWRDYWN,
o.l. "LYY "GRST
Hebrew SWMNYT
means wild garlic, Allium sativum L., and features
in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (JD ; LW :; KA :;
BM ; AEY :; DAS :; FM ; KT :; LF : f.).
it or [who has eaten] cicuta or henbane should have his head shaved and anointed with
the juice of celery mixed with vinegar and should have rubbed his hands and feet and he
shall be healed).
31 : O V
32 : VO
33 : O
34 : V
35 : V, om. O
36 : add. O
IJS :.
SYBW
T",
. i.e. a big fish like a big mammal in the sea
Aramaic SYBW
T"
. means a scaled fish and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in yTaan IV, b, where it is described as one of the pure
fishes which did not return with the Israelites from their Babylonian exile.
The exact identification of the species is uncertain (JD f.; LW :,
f.; SDA ; KA :, :; BM ; KT :, n. ; LFa
ff.; LZ f., f., f.).
37 Receptari de Micer Johan, MS. del segle XV, published by E. Molin i Brass in
BABL, VII, , .
38 : V
39 : O
shin
. 41 40
SMN
"LWNYM, Arab. DHN "LS. NWBR, o.l. "WLY DPYNY" S
Hebrew "LWN, plur. "LWNYM, can refer to different kinds of big trees,
such as: oak (= "allon) and terebinth (= "elon or "elah) (cf. Alef no.
SMN
"NPQNYN, i.e. SMN
HHWS. "H, Arab. ZYT "L"NP"Q, that is, oil for
consumption
Hebrew SMN
"NPQNYN or "NPQNYN which is also spelled as:
"NPQYNWN, from Greek % (LS ; KG : f., ; LR ),
means oil made of unripe olives (JD ; LW :; KA : f.; :;
DAS :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMen .. Hebrew
SMN
HHWS. "H is a literal translation of Arabic zayt al-infaq.
Arabic zayt al-infaq also means oil made of unripe olives. Arabic
infaq or unfaq is the Arabic transcription of the Greek %,
which designates the oil extracted from olives before they are mature (cf.
D : f.; M ; HS ; IBA :; IBF:,). See as well Shin no.
below.
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned
(MK : f.), where he explains as:
(that is, the oil which the physicians call: zayt al-inf
aq).
40 : O
41 : O
42 : V
43 :
. 45 44
SNT
S
SW
HMLK, Arab. SQ"YQ
"LN#M"N, o.l. RWSYL
SNT
Hebrew SW
HMLK means kings lily, white lily, Lilium candidum
L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (JD ; LW
:; KA :; BM ; AEY :; DAS :; FM ; LA
:; LF : f., , :).
Arabic saqa"iq an-nu#man means anemone, Anemone coronaria L.
or Anemone hortensis L (DT :; M ; DAS : ff.).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned
(MK :).
The vernacular term is the plural of O. Occ. rozel(l)a or O. Cat. rosella
(for the documentation, see DAO :; RL :b; DCVB :ab;
DECLC :b). For the O. Occ. term, Raynouard gives the meaning
roselle, nom donn la fleur du pavot (i.e. roselle, name given to the
poppy flower) (RL loc. cit.), while the DAO gives the meaning Papaver
rhoeas (DAO loc. cit.). The DCVB lists different meanings: firstly, in
ancient times, small rose, thenamong othersthe flower of Papaver
rhoeas and Anemone nemorosa (DCVB loc. cit.). This last meaning
corresponds to the Arabic synonym commented upon above. Note that
Papaver rhoeas and Anemone coronaria look similar. However, the latter
is white and has different petals.
S
S#W#YT,
Arab. GLB"N,
o.l. PYSWL
Hebrew S#W#YT
means a species of beans, perhaps Vigna sinensis or
nilotica, Lathyrus cicera or Phaseolus vulgaris, and features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in mKil . (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ;
AEY :; DAS : f., ; FM ; LF : ff.).
Arabic gulubban or guluban or gulaban or gilban designates vetch,
Lathyrus sativus L. (cf. Tet
. no. above).
44 :
45 :
46
47
48
VO
O
: V
: O V
: O V
shin
SMN
SMLQ, Arab. DHN "LY"SMYN, o.l. "WLY ZNBRY
Hebrew SMN
SMLQ means jasmine oil, just like Arabic duhn alyasamn.
For Hebrew SMLK and Arabic duhn al-yasamn, cf. Samekh no.
above.
The vernacular term could not be identified. Whereas the first item
corresponds to O. Occ./O. Cat. oli oil, (cf. entry Shin ), the second
49 : O V
50 : O
51 : O
52 :
VO
part could not be found in any of our sources. A reading ginebre (cf. entry
Alef ) does not seem probable, both because of the meaning (ginger)
and the spelling with initial Zayin. The first argument would also exclude
Cat. senabre (mustard). What we find here might instead be a non- documented noun or adjective *sambre or *sambri (spelt *sanbre/*sanbri),
related to Arabic zanbaq (cf. O. Fr. sambac(e) jasminum sambac, M. Fr.
oile de sambac(in), O. Fr. sabacin, oile sabacin in FEW :b). For the
M. Lat. term oleum sambacimun, see CA . But perhaps the most plausible explanation for this rather strange form with its unetymological r
would be that the letter Resh is erroneous for Samekh, so that we would
obtain a reading oli(i) sanbaci (for M. Lat. sambacus, see CA loc. cit.).
.
SPN,
Arab. QWNYYL
Hebrew SPN
means rock badger, hyrax, dassie, Procavia syriaca, and
features in the Bible. e.g. in Lev : (KB ; BM ; BAL f.; BH
index, s.v.; FAB f.).
Arabic QWNYYL is a corruption of QNLYH (,L) meaning rabbit
(D :).
53 : W P
54 :
O V
shin
SRPYM,
Arab. S. MWG"T, o.l. GWM" S
Hebrew , plur. , means resin; gum and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBer a (JD ; LW :; KA :, :;
BM f.).
Arabic s. amg, plur. s. umugat, has the same meaning (D :; IR f.).
Arabic s. amg features, for instance, in Maimonides On Asthma (XII,
) and is translated by the anonymous translator as Hebrew: (cf.
BMA ).
For the identification, cf. previous entry.
The vernacular term is the plural of O. Occ. gom(m)a, guoma or guome
or of the O. Cat. goma for gum (FEW :a; DCVB :b; for further
documentation see DAO :; RL :b; DECLC :; RPA , ,
).
.
SN,
Arab. SWSN, o.l. "YLY
SW
SN
or SW
SNH,
Hebrew SW
featuring in the Bible (e.g. Hos :) and
Rabbinic literature (e.g. mToh .), means lily, a flower which has many
different species, such as Lilium canditum L. (KB f.; JD f.;
LW :; BM f.; AEY :; DAS : ff.; FH ; FM ;
FO ff.; LA f.:; LF : ff.).
Arabic sawsan means ) iris and ) lily, Lilium canditum L. (L ;
DT :; M ).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Song ::
(I am a rose of Sharon, a lily of the valleys):
(SH ); see as well IJ ; IQR :; MCS :;
SF :.
The vernacular term is the O. Occ. ili, yli, ile or iele for iris (RL :a)
or lily (DAO :; for further documentation see RM ). These
forms existed besides the ones with initial l-: lili, liri, lis, lir, liris and lire
(DAO loc. cit.; RL loc. cit.; PSW :b; FEW :a). In O. Cat., we only
find forms of this type: l(l)iri and lir (DECLC :a; DCVB :b). All
these forms are derived from Lat. LILIUM (cf. DAO loc. cit.; FEW loc.
cit.; DECLC loc. cit.).
. 57 56 55
HT"NYM, i.e. the milky juice which flows from them when they are
SRP
unripe, Arab. LBN "LTYN
Hebrew T"NH, plur. T"NYM, means fig tree; fig, Ficus carica L., and
features in the Bible (e.g. Num :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. mKil
. (KB ; JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM f.; AEY
:; DAS :; FE ff.; FH index, s.v.; FM ; FO ff.; LF
: ff.). Hebrew means resin of figs and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in Tos. Miqw . (BM ; FE ; LF :; cf. as
well in mOrl .). For Hebrew , cf. Shin no. above.
Arabic laban at-tn means the milky juice or sap of Ficus carica L.
(WKAS :; DT :).
For the identification of Hebrew T"NH as Arabic tn, cf. Sa#adya on
Gen ::
(Then the eyes of both of them were opened and they perceived that
they were naked; and they sewed together fig leaves and made themselves
loincloths):
(S ); see as well IQR :; MCS :; SF :;
WB .
. 58
S#WRYM,
SRP
Arab. HSW
S#YR
.
Hebrew , plur. , featuring in the Bible (e.g. Ex :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. mPes .), means barley, Hordeum sativum L. (KB
f.; JD ; SDA : Aram. ; KA :; BM ff.; AEY
:; DAS : f.; FO ff.; FM ; LA f.:; LF : ff.). Hebrew means resin, gum (cf. Shin no. above) and seems to be used
as a loan translation of Arabic hasw
(cf. below).
.
55 : O
56 : O
57 : O
58 : O
shin
Arabic hasw
sa#r means barley broth (for sa#r, cf. DT :) and
.
features, for instance, in Maimonides On Asthma (IX, , XI, ; cf.
BMA ), where it is translated by Joshua Shatibi as: /
, by Samuel Benveniste as: / , and by the
anonymous translator as: .
For the identification of Hebrew as Arabic sa#r, cf. Sa#adya on
Deut :: (a land of wheat
and barley, of vines, figs, and pomegranates, a land of olive trees and
honey): (S ); cf. IJ
n. : U2F (gloss MS Rouen), and MCS :.
. 61 60 59
SBBYM,
Arab. ST"Y",
o.l. " SQYRL
S
.
Hebrew SBBYM
means splinters and features in the Bible in Hos :
(KB ; KA : f., :; BM f.).
Arabic saz. aya, plur. of saz. ya, has the same meaning (L ).
59 : V
60 : V
61 : V
62 Commentary on the Minor
Prophets. A critical edition with an introduction translated into Hebrew and annotated by Hadassa Shy, Jerusalem , pp. .
63 Cf. Ph. Birnbaum (ed.), The Arabic commentary of Yefet Ben Ali the Karaite on the
Book of Hosea, Philadelphia , p. .
. 64
STWT,
Arab. M"LNKWNY"
.
Hebrew STWT
means madness; folly and features in Rabbinic litera.
ture, e.g. in bSot a (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA : f., :;
BM f.). In medieval medical literature, Hebrew STWT
is used for
.
the Arabic madness; insanity (cf. Maimonides Medical Aphorisms
VI, , ; XVI, ; cf. BMMb , ).
Arabic ,By7 or ,y7 means melancholy (D : s.v. ,[,7;
IR , ; KZ ; SN ) and features, for instance, in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (e.g. II, ; cf. BMMa ) where it is transcribed by N
as: and by Z as: .
. 66 65
or "YNGNWS
SQWY,
Arab. "STSQ", o.l. "NDRWPSY"
Hebrew SQWY
features in medieval medical literature and philosophical
literature, e.g. in Sefer Emunah Ramah (The Exalted Faith) composed
by Abraham Ibn Daud (),67 and means dropsy (BM ;
KTP :).
Arabic istisqa" has the same meaning (D :; IR , , , ;
KZ ) and features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms
(e.g. XI, ) and is translated by N as: and by Z as: (for Hebrew
, cf. He no. above).
The variant in the Paris MS is a non-documented form *endropesia or *indropesia for dropsy; the variant in the Oxford MS seems
to be corrupt. The usual forms in O. Occ. are ydropisia and ydropizia
(RL :a). For O. Cat., the forms hydropesia and ydropisia are documented (DCVB :ab; DECLC :a). The nasal element which
our forms show is documented in the Norman French form hyndropisie
(FEW :b).
The second vernacular term in the Paris MS might be read as *ainganos
or the like and seems to correspond to the O. Occ. aiganos, which
designates the same illness (CB , ). In O. Cat., we find the forms
ayguanus, aiguanuz or aiguans, idem (DCVB :a; DECLC :b).
64 : O
65 : O, om. V
66 : O
67 Ed. S. Weil, Berlin ,
V
p. .
shin
The variants in the Vatican and Oxford MSS might be interpreted as other
non-documented forms.
. 68
SSW#,
Arab. PTQ
Hebrew SSW#
means rending, splitting and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bZeb b (JD ; LW :; KA :).
Arabic fatq means ) a rent, a slit; ) a rupture, a hernia, or ) a
rent, or a gap in the clouds (cf. Pe no. above).
68 : V
69 :
VO
70 : O
71 : O, om. P
72 :
P (= no. ) V
SDPWN,
Arab. DQ
Hebrew SDPWN
means scorching, burning; blast, blight, a sudden
damaging epidemic or natural phenomenon which seems to be caused by
a blast of wind, and features in the Bible (e.g. Deut :) and Rabbinic
literature, e.g. bBM a (KB ; JD f.; LW :; KA :;
BM ; DAS :, , :; FH , , ; Low LXXXI; PB ,
).
Arabic diqq means hectic fever (L ; SN ; cf. as well Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms, e.g. III, : , cf. BMMa ), which is translated
by N as: , and by Z as: .
Sa#adya (S ) on the verse mentioned translates as:
(dryness and heat); but cf. ibid. n. : :.
shin
. 73
SLPW
HYT,
i.e. the womb of a woman
.
Hebrew SLPW
HYT
means, besides other things, womb and features
.
in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bHul
. b (JD f.; LW :; KA :,
:; BM f.; Low LXXXIII; PB , ).
. 75 74
SRPT
HSTN,
Arab. HRQH
"LBWL
.
Hebrew (burning of urine), is not attested in secondary
literature and is possibly a loan translation coined by Shem Tov from
Arabic harqat
al-bawl (cf. below).
.
Arabic harqat
al-bawl means Harnbrennen; Dysuria (SN ).
.
. 78 77 76
SWHM,
Arab. BL"R, o.l. QRYST"L
.
Hebrew SWHM,
featuring in the Bible (e.g. Gen :), designates different kinds of stones, such as Beryllion, Sardius, Sardonyx, Aquila, Symmachus etc. (KB ; BM f.).
Arabic billawr, bullar or ballur means rock-crystal (L ; D :;
E.I.2 : f., s.v. billawr (J. Ruska-[C.J. Lamm])).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Gen ::
(The gold of that land is good; bdellium is there,
and lapis lazuli): (S );
see as well IJ ; SID :; SF :. For a general account, cf.
ShT : f.
The vernacular term in the Paris MS is the O. Occ. cristal or the O. Occ.
and O. Cat. crestal for crystal, glass (RL :b; for further documentation, see DECLC :a; FEW :b; DAO :; DCVB :b).
The variant given in the Oxford MS clearly shows the result of palatalisation in the word final liquid sound, indicated by the spelling with double Yod, which corresponds to the O. Occ. crestail(l), crestalh, cristall or
73 : O
74 :
75 : O V
76 :
77 : O
78 :
om. V
SPWPRT
HQNH, Arab. "NBWB "LQS. BH
Hebrew SPWPRT
HQNH means tube of reed and features as SPWPRT
QNH in Rabbinic literature in bHul
SL
. b (JD ; LW :; KA
:, :; BM f.; LF :).
Arabic unbub al-qas. aba has the same meaning (L , ; DT:).
See as well Alef no. .
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on mPar . (MK :).
. 83 82 81
SPYR
MRWQM, i.e. the first form the foetus assumes in the amniotic sac
and it conceals the form of a human being
Hebrew SPYR
MRWQM means a foetus having an articulated shape
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKer . (JD ; LW : f.;
BM ; Low LXXXIV; PB ).
79 : om. V
80 : (cf. entry
81 : VO
82 : VO
83 : V
) V
shin
SS MSZR,
Arab. KT"N MPTWL
means twisted linen and features in the Bible (e.g. Ex
Hebrew SS MSZR
:) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. bYom b (KB , ; JD ;
BM ; DAS :, , ).
Arabic kattan maftul means twisted flax, Linum usitatissimum L.
(WKAS : f.; DT : n. ; LF :).
For the identification, cf. Ibn Janah. (IJ and ); SID :,
:. See as well MCS :.
.
SLHBT,
Arab. S#LH
Hebrew SLHBT
means flame, flaming fire and features in the Bible
(e.g. Job :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. bBQ b (KB ; JD ;
LW :; SDA , Aram. ; KA : f.; BM f.; KT :).
Arabic su#la means a firebrand; a piece of wood in which fire is
kindled; a lighted wick; flame of fire (L ).
Sa#adya on Job : (BS ; SJ ) and David b. Abraham al-Fas
(SF :) translate the term as: (blaze); Ibn Janah. (IJ )
remarks that is Syriac, meaning (flame).
. 90 89 88 87 86 85 84
SW#,
i.e. [Arab.] "LTLBYD, because he rubs the surface of something [to
be] mended and Targum Onkelos has for (Lev :):
Arabic talbd means ) to form, press, felt, make ones hair stick
together; ) to line, cover, mend (WKAS : f.).
. 92 91
SY
WRDY HHMWRYM,
SR
Arab. P"WNY", o.l. P"WNYH
.
SY
WRDY HHMWRYM
Hebrew SR
means the roots of peony. Cf. Waw
.
no. above.
Arabic fa" u niya or afa" uniya, from Greek (LS ), means
peony, Paeonia corallina Retz. or Paeonia foemina Garsault (D :;
DT :; LF :), and, according to Maimonides (cf. M ), it also
designates the roots of ward al-ham
. r (cf. Waw no. above).
The Arabic ,B)- features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (e.g. XXI,
) and is transcribed by N as: (P"WYN") and by Z as:
(PY"WNY"H).
The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS corresponds to the
O. Occ. and Cat. peonia for peony (DAO :; for further documentation, see RM ; DCVB :a; DECLC :b) or Lat. paeonia (idem)
(NPRA ; GH :). The O. Occ. term is documented for the first
84 : VO
85 :
86 : O
87 : O j
P V
88 : O V
89 : O
90 : V
91 : P V
92 :
O V
shin
time in the th c. (DAO Suppl. :). In Cat. this word does not appear
before the th c. (DECLC loc. cit.).
. 93
TH,
SY
. Arab. S. P, o.l. SWL
TH
Hebrew SY
. means, besides other things, row, line and features in
Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mNeg . (JD ; LW :; SD ;
BM ; KT :, ).
Arabic s. aff means a rank, row or line (L ).
Since Occ./Cat. sol, meaning both sun and soil (for sun see DAO :;
DCVB :bb; for soil see RL :b; DAO :; DCVB
:b), matches neither the Hebrew lemma nor the Arabic synonym,
we might consider instead some form related to O. Cat. solc furrow
(from Lat. SULCUS; cf. DCVB :a; DECLC :b). DCVB (loc. cit.)
mentions some meanings corresponding to line (see the meaning of
the Arabic and Hebrew words above) in a figurative sense, e. g. wake.
However, a variant without the final /-k/ could not be found. Instead,
we find variants in which the -l- is missing (cf. DECLC :a: soc(h)
and [sk], Roussillon area). For Occ. this word is only documented later
(cf. solco in the same meaning, see TrFel :c, and solc in the modern Limousin dialect, see FEW :b). Note that here as well the final
/-k/ is always present. We therefore have to suppose a corruption in our
MSS.
.
SYPWT,
Arab. SNWN"T
Hebrew SYPH,
plur. SYPWT,
means, amongst other things, rubbing,
smoothing and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mMen . (JD f.;
BM ). Shem Tov possibly uses this term in the non-documented
sense of dentifrice, a semantic borrowing from the Arabic sanun (see
below).
Arabic sanun, plur. sanunat, means a dentifrice; a medicine with
which the teeth are rubbed and cleansed, compounded for the purpose
of strengthening and freshening them (L ; FAQ ).
93 :
om. O
. 94
SYPH,
Arab. SNWN
o.l. PWMWSTYR"
SWR
HYRQWT, Arab. S"HTR
G,
.
Hebrew SWR
HYRQWT should be emended into "SR HYRQWT, literally
meaning prince of vegetables. The term is not attested in secondary
literature and is possibly a loan translation coined by Shem Tov after the
Arabic sahtarag = Persian sah-tara or sah-tarra (cf. below).
ahtarag is the Arabic form of the Persian sah-tara or sah-tarra (VL
S
:), which literally means king of vegetables and designates fumitory, Fumaria officinalis L. (D :; DT :, :; M ; LF :).
The Arabic G1F features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI,
and by Z as:
) and is translated by N as: (PWM TYR")
.
(PWMW).
The vernacular term is the Late Latin, O. Occ. or O. Cat. fumus terre,
fumusterre or the O. Occ. fumosterre for Fumaria officinalis (DAO :;
for further documentation, see RMA ; CB and ; DECLC
:a; Sin :, :, :). For the identification of Romance
see GHAT :.
(O. Cat.) PWMSTYRH
as the Arab. SHTRY
G,
.
. 99 98
HSW
S,
Arab. #RWQ "LSWS, o.l. RYQLYSY"
SWR
SY
HSW
S means roots of licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
Hebrew SWR
SY
SWS is the Hebrew form of Aramaic SW
S",
which features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in bSuk b (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :;
BM f.; AEY :; LA f.:; LF : ff.).
Arabic #uruq as-sus has the same meaning (DT :; M ; DAS :,
). The term features as
%
/ in Maimonides On Asthma (VII,
; XII, , ; cf. BMA , , ) and is transcribed by Joshua Shatibi
94 :
95 :
O
O
96 : VO
97 :
98 : O V
99 : O
shin
SM
SH
BYTH means she had intercourse and features in RabHebrew SM
binic literature, e.g. in mMiqw .: (JD ; LW
:; KA :; BM ).
Arabic gama#aha zawguha means her husband slept with her (L
). The Arabic h7 features, for instance, in Maimonides On Asthma
(X, , ; cf. BMA , ) and is translated by as Joshua Shatibi: , by
Samuel Benveniste as: and by the anonymous translator as: .
100 : V
101 : "! P
102 : V
103 :
O V
SWPYN",
Arab. MBRD
Aramaic SWPYN"
means file and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in
mKel . (JD ; LW :; SDA ; BM ; KT : n. a).
Arabic mibrad has the same meaning (L ; SpLA ).
For the identification cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned
(MK :); cf. EG f.
.
PTWTY LHM,
SRP
Arab. HSW
PT"T
.
.
futat
Hebrew is probably a loan translation of Arabic hasw
.
(cf. below). Hebrew PTWTY LHM
features in the Bible, namely in Ez
.
: (KB ; BM ). For Hebrew , cf. Shin no. above.
Arabic hasw
futat means broth of bread crumbs (L ). For Arabic
.
hasw,
cf. Shin no. above.
.
For the identification cf. Judah ben Quraysh (IQR :) on Lev ::
: (Break it into bits); cf. SID :.
. 106 105
SHT,
. Arab. QSYL, i.e. grains which are used for fodder and for binding
sheaves
Hebrew SHT
. means low growth, corn in its earliest stage (used instead
of grass) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab . (JD ;
LW : f.; KA :; BM ; DAS :; KT : f., , ).
Arabic QSYL should be emended into QS. YL, qas.l, meaning barley,
wheat reaped when green (D :; DAS : f.; HaF ).
For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above
(MK :).
104 :
105 : P
106 :
shin
. 107
SLBTH,
borrowed from MSWLBWT
Hebrew SLBTH,
from the root SLB,
is not attested in this form in
SS MSZR
Arab. KT"N MGZWL
means twisted linen (cf. Shin no. above); Aramaic
Hebrew SS MSZR
SDR"
means, besides other things, twisted rope and features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in bGit a, where it is described as a remedy against
blindness (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :).
Arabic kattan magzul means flax that has been spun, i.e. linen
(L ; for kattan cf. Shin no. above).
SZRH,
Arab. KRZH "LS. LB
Hebrew SZRH
or SDRH
(cf. MS V) means cord, esp. spinal column;
skeleton and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in ySot XI, c (JD ;
LW :; SD ; KA :, :; BM ).
Arabic harazat as. -s. ulb means spinal vertebrae (L , ; FAL
:, :)
and features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (I,
; cf. BMMa ) as IL* 6
and is translated by N as:
and by Z as: .
The Geonic Commentary on Tohorot (EG ) explains the term
as Hebrew , and Arabic (vertebrae); Maimonides on mNaz .
(MK :) explains the term as:
(backbone, and this is the complete vertebral column).
107 : VO
108 : om. OV
109 : U P V
110 : V
om. O
. 112 111
SMN
H#YQRYN, i.e. oil in which spices are put such as nard [oil] and the
like, so that it smells good and is beneficial
Hebrew SMN
H#YQRYN means oil in which roots have been soaked
and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab b (JD ; LW
:; KA :; BM ).
. 117 116 115 114 113
S. H, in o.l. its name is PLWRSY
S WYR"
SW
Arabic saws. a means pleurisy (cf. Sade
no. above).
.
The vernacular term is the compound expression pleuresis vera (in the
Paris and Vatican MSS) and pleuresin vera (in the Oxford MS). For the
commentary, see the entry Bet .
. 119 118
SMN
HMRKB, so named because it is placed upon and put (lit. loaded)
upon whatever it can be used for, Arab. ZYT RK"BY
Hebrew SMN
HMRKB is possibly a loan translation coined by Shem Tov
from Arabic zayt rikab meaning olive oil, so called because brought
on camels from Syria (L ). According to Ibn al-Bayt.ar (IBA :;
IBF :,) it is the same as HB> a?6 (cf. Shin no. above); i.e.
oil extract from olives that are still green, and that the name rikab was
only given to it by the people of Irak because it was transported to them
111 : V
112 :
V
113 :
114 :
115
116
117
118
119
O
O V
: om. O
: O
: add. O
: om. O
: om. O
shin
SR
that is "L"STQS. "T
SYM
Hebrew SR
can refer, amongst other things, to elements (cf. KTP
:, Efros, Studies, )123 and features in medieval literature.
Arabic al-ust. uqussat means elements as well and is a transcription
of Greek ' (EGL f.). The term features, for instance, in the
title of the Arabic paraphrase of Euclids Elements, entitled K. al-us. u l or
K. al-ust. uqussat, which was translated by Moses ibn Tibbon in the year
as: (cf. MS Uri
, Neubauer ;124 Steinschneider, Die hebrischen bersetzungen,
f.).125
See as well Yod no. .
. 126
SBR",
Arab. HRML
.
SPWLY
H" S. TWMK",
Arab. KML "LM#DH
.
Hebrew SPWL,
meaning the lower part, extremity features in an anatomical context, for instance, in mNid . as: (the lower part
of the abdomen) (cf. JD ; LW :; BM ; Low LXXXIV: groin,
120 S.K. Hamarneh and G. Sonnedecker, A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis al-Zahr
aw
in Moorish Spain with Special Reference to the Adhan, Leiden .
121 : om. O
122 : P
123 I. Efros, Studies in Medieval Jewish Philosophy, New YorkLondon .
124 Ad. Neubauer, Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, Oxford
, repr. . And: Supplement of Addenda and Corrigenda compiled under the
direction of Malachi Beit-Ari and edited by R.A. May, Oxford .
125 M. Steinschneider, Die hebrischen bersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als
Dolmetscher, Berlin , repr. Graz, Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, .
126 : om. OV
127 : V : om. O
128 : V
129 : om.
TAV
. 1
TRY"Q", Arab. TRY"Q
Hebrew TRY"Q", from Greek ! (LS ; KG :; LR ),
means theriac, a certain compound believed to be an antidote against
poisonous bites; in general, a remedy, medicine and features in Rabbinic
literature, e.g. in bShab b (JD ; LW :; KA :; KT :;
Low LXXXV; PB ), and medieval medical literature, e.g. in The Book
of Medicines composed by Asaf (AV :: ).
Arabic tiryaq, Arabicised from the Greek term, means theriac; also
called treacle; an antidote for poisons; a certain compound medicine,
comprising many ingredients [ . . . ]; it is a remedy against the bite or
sting of rapacious venomous reptiles and the like, and poisonous (L ;
FAQ ff.). The Arabic tiryaq features, for instance, in Maimonides
Medical Aphorisms (e.g. XXII, ) and is translated by N and Z as: .
. 3 2
TRMWSYN, Arab. TRMWS, o.l. LWPYNS
Hebrew TRMWS, plur. TRMWSYN, from Greek ! (LS ; KG
:; LR ), means lupine, Lupinus termis L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (JD ; LW :, ; SDA
(Aram. ); KA :, :; AEY :; DAS : f.; FH ,
; FM ; LA f.:; LF : ff.).
Arabic turmus has the same meaning (DT :; M ). The term
features, for instance, in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ; XXII,
) and is translated by N as: and by Z as: or (LWPYN).
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya, Alfaz. al-Mishnah (SAM :),
and Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above (MK :).
The vernacular term is the plural of O. Occ. lopin or lupin for lupine, documented for the first time in (DAO :; for further
1 : V
2 : V
3 :
4 :
5 : O
6 :
om. V
VO c"a P
tav
7 :
. 8
Arab. SL#, o.l. LWPY"H
TLTWLY BSR,
plur. TLTWLYN or TLTWLY BSR,
TNSMT,
Arab. S"HYN
8 :
O P
tav
.
TR#LH, Arab. SDR
Hebrew TR#LH means reeling and features in the Bible only in the
following combinations ) wine of staggering (cf. Ps :), )
cup, goblet of staggering (cf. Is :) and )
cup of staggering (cf. Is :) (KB ; BM f.).
Arabic sadar means vertigo (L ; SN ), and features, e.g. in
Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (XXV, ), where it is translated by N
as: .
For the identification, cf. Ibn Janah. (IJ ): . .
( h,' 27 : . ; cf. Sa#adya on Ps : (ST
): : (wine that makes us reel); see as well SID
:.
.
THMS,
Arab. KT"
.
. TYP
.
The meaning of Hebrew THMS,
featuring in the Bible in Lev : and
.
Deut :, is uncertain, it is identified as a kind of owl; a cuckoo; or
kestrel, Falco tinnunculus (KB ; BM ; FAB f.).
Arabic hut. t. af, plur. hat. at.f, means swallow (L ; BK f.; JAD
:; StS).
: ff.; KSZ
For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Lev ::
(the ostrich, the nighthawk, the sea gull; hawks
of every variety): (S ); see
as well IJ and SID :.
. 9
TWL#T SNY,
Arab. S. WP MS. BWG QRMZ
9 :
O V
[ . . . ] Persian and Arabic qirmiz, which are collected from the leaves of
TWSBT,
Arab. MQ#DH
features in medieval scientific-philosophical literature
Hebrew TWSBT
in the sense of basis, groundline (BM ; KTP : f.). In the sense
of anus, it is not attested in secondary literature and is possibly a loan
translation coined by Shem Tov after the Arabic maq#ada.
Arabic maq#ada means anus (L ; DKT , , ; FAL
:), and features in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (I, ; VI, ;
IX, ; XIII, ; XXII, , , ; XXIV, , ; cf. BMMa and BMMb
, ) where it is translated by N as: and by Z as: .
.
T#LWL, Arab. #BT
Hebrew T#LWL, featuring in the Bible only in the plur. T#LWLYM (e.g. in
Is :), means ) acts of mischief, mischiefmaker and ) ill treatment
(KB f.; BM ).
Arabic #abat means play or sport in which is no profit to be reckoned,
or of which no account is to be made (L ).
Sa#adya on Is : translates (babes) as: (S ; RT ),
and Is :: (So I will choose to mock them) as:
(S ; RT ); Ibn Jan
ah. (IJ ) explains
10 :
tav
as: ?}) (?t[B =) ty 7 C +% f c (that is, the
misfortunes and afflictions I will cause them).
. 11
TWRMYL, Arab. GL"P
Hebrew TWRMYL means ) (leather) bag and ) seed-bag, pod and
features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a (JD ; LW :;
SDA , Aram. ; KA : f., :; BM f.; KT :). Cf.
as well Tav no. below.
Arabic gilaf means a receptacle used as a repository; and a covering,
or an envelope; scabbard or sheath; a case or covering enclosing the
scabbard; enclosing membrane; pellicle of the egg; the calyx of a flower
(L ; cf. FAL :: ILK Z}P pericardium). Cf. as well Tav no.
below.
For the identification cf. Maimonides on mShebi .: :
(MK
:).
.
TWNB", Arab. KDR, o.l. "DWRMYMNT.
Aramaic TWNB" means stupour, type of spirit; loss of sensation; numbness and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bNid b (JD ;
LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; Low LXXXIV; PB ).
Arabic hadar means numbness (L ; SN : Fhllosigkeit. Paral The Arabic term features in Maimonides Medical Aphoysis sensus).
risms (VII, ; XX,, ; XXIII, , ; cf. BMMb ), where it is translated by N as: / / , and
by Z as: /.
The vernacular term is documented in O. Cat. as adurmiment or
adormiment for the act and effect of adormir (DCVB :a; for further documentation see DECLC :a), an abstact noun derived from
adormir for to put to sleep, to anesthetise, to kill, documented for the
first time in the th century (DCVB loc. cit.; DECLC loc. cit.). In
O. Occ., we cannot find an analogous noun in our sources, but the verb
adormir, adurmir is documented with the meaning to fall asleep, to doze
11 : O
P V
(RL :b; for further documentation see FEW :a) and, according to
the common word-formation processes in O. Occ., we could hypothesise
a form like *adormimen or *adurmimen analogously to afortir afortimen (see WfP ).
. 13 12
TYQ, Arab. GL"P as well, but TYQ is made of wood and TWRML is made
of leather
Hebrew TYQ, from Greek ! (LS ; KG :; LR ), means
casing, sheath and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel .
(JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; KT :, ; : f.;
:, , ; Low LXXXV; PB ).
Arabic gilaf means a receptacle used as a repository; and a covering
or an envelope; scabbard or sheath; a case or covering enclosing the
scabbard; enclosing membrane; pellicle of the egg; the calyx of a flower
(cf. Tav no. above).
For the identification of Hebrew TYQ as Arabic gilaf, cf. Maimonides
on mKel . (MK :).
For Hebrew TWRML, cf. Tav no. above.
. 15 14
TRWD, Arab. ML#QH
Hebrew TRWD means spoon, ladle and features in Rabbinic literature,
e.g. in mKel . (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM f.;
KT :, , n. ; : f., , ).
Arabic mil#aqa means spoon (WKAS : ff.; KZ ).
For the identification, cf. the Geonic Commentary on Tohorot (EG ),
and Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above (MK :). See as well
ShM f. and ShMu .
12 : P
13 :
V, om. O
14 : P
15 :
tav
. 20 19 18 17 16
Arab. TBN MKH, o.l. " SQYNN
TBN MS",
TY
. or PLY" DMYKH
Hebrew TBN means crushed stalks, straw, chaff (KB ) and Hebrew
featuring in the Bible in Gen :, designates a territory in North
MS",
is not attested in secondary literature
Arabia (KB ). Hebrew TBN MS"
and is perhaps a loan translation coined by Shem Tov after Arabic
tibn Makka, meaning straw of Mecca, Cymbopogon schoenanthus L.
(DT :; M ; LF : ff.).
The first vernacular term in the Paris MS is the O. Occ. squinanti
spelt with a prothetic e- (RPA ). This form was taken from the
M. Lat. squinantum (the Alphita: Sin : and CA ; cf. NPRA :
schoenanthus) in the genitive singular form. The meaning is Cymbopogon schoenanthus L. The variant in the Vatican MS is the O. Occ. squenente or, alternatively, might correspond to the Lat. variant schoenianthe
or some similar form, with the same meaning (NPRA loc. cit.; for further documentation, see DAO Suppl. :). The variant in the Oxford
MS is the O. Occ. squinant, spelt with a prothetic e- (like all the other
variants in our MSS) or the O. Cat. esquinant with the same meaning,
documented from the th to the th c. (cf. DECLC :b; for further
documentation, see DCVB :; RPA ).
The second vernacular term is not documented in the Occitan and
Catalan dictionaries, but also appears in GHAT : as P"LH DMYQH, as
16 : V
17 : O P
18 :
19 : O
V
O V
20 :
O kE " P V
21 :
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