Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
1. Today we can travel very far within a short time by jet planes. We can
communicate with people overseas through the telephone and by e-mail.
we can cure many diseases and transplant organs from person to person.
This progress has been made possible by science and scientists.
2. Science is the study of natural phenomena.
Examples
(a) Science studies what happens in our surroundings and why they
happen.
(b) Science studies the growth of a human being from the time it is formed
in the mother's
womb until it is an adult.
(c) Science studies why a ball falls to the ground.
3. A scientist uses his knowledge on science to solve problems, to discover
and invent new
things help mankind.
4. Science is always expanding because we have and inquisitive mind
which is always asking
questions and trying to find answers to them.
5. However, science has limits and cannot answer all questions or solve all
problems. For
example, scientists cannot cure all diseases and
cannot prevent volcanic eruptions or
earthquakes.
1. Natural phenomena are incidents that take place on their own in our
natural surroundings.
2. Natural phenomena take place all the time involving living things and
non-living things.
3. Examples of natural phenomena include:
a) earthquakes
b) volcanic eruptions
c) monsoons
d) eclipses of the moon and the sun
e) formation of rainbow
f) formation of seeds and fruits
g) freezing of water and melting of ice
h) germination of seeds
j) birth of babies and their growth
i) turtles returning to the shore a lay eggs.
4. Scientists get a lot of knowledge by studying these natural phenomena.
5. As a result of their work, we are now able to understand and control
some of these phenomena for our benefit.
6. For example, we are able to invent machines for predicting
earthquakes, we are able to understand and cure many diseases and we
are able to control rivers and use their water to produce electricity.
With the discovery of more drugs we are now able to live healthily.
Advance in surgery has even made the transfer of organs from person to
person possible. We can expect to live much longer than our forefathers.
Science involves the study o many things. It can be divided into many
branches so that each branch deals with the study of particular things an
offers different careers.
working in a
laboratory.
3. Other common apparatus that can be found in the laboratory are shown
below.
temperature.
4. Temperature is measured in units of degree Celsius (oC).
5. Temperature is measured with a thermometer.
the iron nail rusted in th presence of water. Therefore, the hypothesis can
be accepted.
When you are carrying out the investigation, the following steps have to
be followed.
Collecting data
a) When you are collecting data all the observations or measurements
have to be recorded
honestly and accurately.
b) Data that are collected can include the quantity of chemicals, length of
an object, time
taken, etc.
Analysing and interpreting (evaluating) data
a) Data collected from and experiment are changed to figures that can be
entered into a table
or chart in graphic from for analysing data.
b) Data can be interpreted in the form of a table or graph . This step is
substantied with a
statement to show what took place during the investigation and then
finding a meaning for
what has been observed.
Making conclusions
1. An accurate statement describing the problem identified is made.
2. The acceptance or then rejection of the hypothesis.
Eksperiment 1
The experiment below is carried to study the relationship between the
length of the pendulum and the time taken for the simple pendulum to
swing.
4. The value of a physical quantity can be written using the standard form
with a prefix.
Example 1.
Change the value of physical quantities below to the standard form, and
to prefix form.
Using a ruler
1. The length of a straight line or of a straight object be measured with a
metre ruler.
2. The eye must be vertically above the mark that is to be read. At this
position a more
accurate reading can be obtained.
3. A number af readings should be taken to get an average value that is
more accurate.
Example:
First reading for length = 4.5 cm
Second reading for length = 4.4 cm
Third reading for length = 4.6 cm
Total length 13.5 cm
Example:
First reading for length = 5.5 cm
Second reading for length = 5.4 cm
Third reading for length = 5.6 cm.
Total length = 16.5 cm
container.
Example:
5. The vernier calipers can be used to measure short lengths such as the
thickness of an
eraser. It can also be used to measure the internal
and external diameters of object such
as a boiling tube, a measuring
cylinder, a test tube and the mouth of a conical flask.
1. Area of a square.
- The area of a square is measured using the following formula.
2. Area of a triangle
-The area of a triangle is measured using the following formula:
Example:
1. The area of irregular shapes like leaves and petals can be estimated by
using graph paper.
2. The outline of an irregular figure (leaf) is traced on graph paper.
3. Mark
figure.
is counted.
Example:
Initial reading of the burette = 35 cm3 (or ml)
Final reading of the burette = 45 cm3
Volume of water = 45 - 35 = 10cm3
Therefore, the volume of water in the conical flask = 10 cm 3
Example:
2. The solid is gently lowered into the water. Water will flow out of the can
into the cylinder.
3. The volume of water that has been displaced is equal to the volume of
the solid.
Volume of solid = volume of water in the measuring cylinder.
Concept of Mass
1. The weight of an object is the force of the gravitational pull that acts on
the object.
2. The weight of an object can change. It depends on the gravitational
force that acts on the
object at a given place. Because of this, the
weight of an object differs from place to place.
3. The S.I unit for weight is Newton (N).
4. The weight of an object is measured by using a spring balance or a
compression balance.
.
Importance Of Standard Units In Everyday Life
2. Units of length, mass, volume and area of the British Imperial System of
measurements are
given below.
3. Table below the change of factor of units in the standard unit system
Situations in the absence of standard units are shown in the chart below