Agri-Crop Grade 10 LM

10
Technology & Livelihood Education

Agricultural Crop Production
Learners Material
GOVERNMENT PROPERTY
NOT FOR SALE
ALLOTTED TO
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Division _________________________________________________
First
Year
of
Use:
_________________________________________
Technology
& Livelihood Education
Source
of Grade 10
Fund
(Year
Agricultural
Crop
Production
included):__________________________
1
Learners Material
First Edition, 2014
ISBN: ___________
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC
Undersecretary: Yolanda S. Quijano, PhD
Assistant Secretary: Elena R. Ruiz, PhD
Development Team of the Teaching Guide

Consultant: PEDRITO S. NITURAL , PhD
Central Luzon State University
Science City of Munos, Nueva Ecija
Subject Specialist & Management:
EMMANUEL S. VALDEZ, ALBERT B. ERNI
Authors:
JESUS B. NAZARENO, MDM
Principal III, Bersamin Agro-Industrial High School
Division of Pangasinan II, Region I
RODOLFO C. SAJORDA, MSAE

Principal, Queen of Heart Academy
Dasmarinas City, Cavite
Validated By: Dr. Dennis M. Lucas, Sr

EPP/TLE Div. Coordinator
Division Of Puerto Princessa City
Andres Z. Taguiam, PhD

Technological University of the Philippines
Dasmarinas City Campus
Editors: Lourdes Lualhati, Rogelio Limsan

Reviewers: Dr. Cristina Celarta, Restituta Paragas
Illustrator: James M. Gaje
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Quarter I
TITLE
PAGE
MODULE 1 - ENTREPRENEURSHIP
WHAT IS THIS MODULE ALL ABOUT
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRE TEST
LESSON I
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECS)
WHAT IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS
WHAT TO REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
WHAT TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
REFERENCES
LESSON II
Market and Environment
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT

WILL YOU LEARN
WILL YOU KNOW
TO PROCESS
TO REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
TO TRANSFER
1
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
REFERENCES
MODULE II - Agricultural Crop Work (Rice Production)

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ALL ABOUT
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRETEST
Quarter II
LESSON I
Preparation of materials, tools, and equipment for
rice production work
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS
WHAT TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON II
Site Selection and Soil analysis
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS
WHAT TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
2
LESSON III
Land preparation (Irrigated/rainfed)
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT

WILL YOU LEARN
WILL YOU KNOW
TO PROCESS
TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON IV
Seed Selection
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS
WHAT TO TRANSFER.
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
QUARTER III
LESSON V
Seedling production
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT

WILL YOU LEARN
WILL YOU KNOW
TO PROCESS
3
WHAT TO TRANSFER.
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON VI
Planting/Transplanting
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS
WHAT TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON VII
Nutrient Management
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRE TEST
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS
WHAT TO TRANSFER.
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON VIII
Water Management
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRE TEST
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
4
WHAT TO PROCESS.
WHAT TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
QUARTER IV
LESSON IX
Pest Management
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRE TEST
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS.
WHAT TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON X
Harvesting , Threshing , Drying, Storing and Milling
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRE TEST
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS.
WHAT TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON XI
Marketing, and Keeping Farm Records and Accounts
5

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRE TEST
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS.
WHAT TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
REFERENCES
QUARTER 1
Learning Material No. I
6
PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PECS)

ACROSS MARKET AND ENVIRONMENT
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs)
Content Standards
Performance Standards
The
learner
demonstrates
The learner independently creates a
understanding
of
ones
PECs
in plan of action that strengthens/ further
Agricultural-Crop Production
develops his/her PECs in AgriculturalCrop Production.
Time
Allotment 4
hours
Quarter I
Module 1
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
Introduction
In this module you will learn more about entrepreneurship and the
entrepreneurial competencies related to Agricultural-Crop Production. You will
have a first-hand experience in educational activities leading to personal
assessment of your entrepreneurial competencies of a successful crop
producer/agri-entrepreneur within your province. There are some activities
below that will help you align your competencies with the competencies of
successful practitioners. Moreover, this module is designed to stimulate your
mind to think about entrepreneurship, its role in the business community in
particular and to the economic and social development in general.
Now, to start with this module, let us first learn what is the difference
between entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurs are people with skills and capabilities to build, organize
and evaluate business opportunities. They are individuals who can strategically
identify products or services needed by the community and deliver these at the
right time and the right place.
Entrepreneurs are agents of economic change; they organize, manage
and assume risks of a business. Some of the good qualities of an entrepreneur
are opportunity seeker, risk taker, goal setter, excellent planner, confident
problem solver, hardworking, persistent and committed worker.
7
Entrepreneurship on the other hand is not just a simple business activity. It

is a strategic process of innovation and new venture creation. Basically,
entrepreneurship is both an art and a science of converting business ideas into
marketable products or services to improve the quality of living.
Now that you have a little background knowledge about entrepreneur and
entrepreneurship, can you now walk through in assessing your Personal
Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs)? Always remember that Successful
entrepreneurs continuously develop and improve their PECs.
To begin with, let us first try to find out the competencies you will master
after finishing this module.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
-
identify areas for improvement, development and growth;

align your PECs according to your business/career choice; and
create a plan of action that ensures success in your business/career
choice
Now that you have an idea about the enabling knowledge and skill that
you will develop/achieve and master, try to take the first challenge in this module
the pre-assessment.
Pre-assessment
As part of your initial activity, you will be challenged to test your knowledge
on the topic. To diagnose/assess what you already know about personal
entrepreneurial competencies. Answer the tasks below.
Task 1: Matching Type

Direction: Match the entrepreneurial competencies in column A with their
meaning in column B. Write the letter of the correct answers in your test
notebook /test paper.
A
____1. Creative
B
makes a wise decision towards the
attainment of the set objectives
strategic thinking and setting of goals
trusts in ones ability
adaptable to change
innovative, have edge over other competitors
solid dedication
skillful in record keeping
a.
____2. Profit Oriented

____3. Discipline
____4. Decision Making
____5. People Skill
____6. Planner
____7. Self-confidence
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
____8. Hardworking
____9. Ability to accept change
____10. Committed
h. always sticks to the plan

i. works diligently
j effective and efficient communication skills
and relationship with people
k. always looks for income
Task 2: Guide Questions

Direction: The following are guide questions which encapsulate the entire
module. Write your answers on your assignment notebook, then share these in
class.
A. Explain why entrepreneurial activities are important to social development
and progress of the economy.
B. What entrepreneurial activities do you know and are capable of doing
which are related to agri-business?
C. Given the opportunity to own a business that relates with agricultural
crop-production, are you confident to manage it? Explain your answer.
D. What do you think are the most important competencies you must
possess in order to become successful in your chosen business?
E. Name successful entrepreneurs from your province whose business is
related to agricultural-crop production. Be able to share with the class
their PECs that made them successful.
After all the guide questions have been answered to the best of your
knowledge and skills, share these with your classmates. You, too, may compare
your insights, personal knowledge, and relevant experiences on the topic to
make it more exciting and engaging.
LEARNING GOALS AND TARGET
9
After reading and understanding the objectives of this module and having
gone through pre-assessment and answering the guide questions, you will be
asked to set your own personal goals. These goals will inspire you to further
achieve the ultimate objective of this module. In the end, these goals would
motivate you to learn more about PECs.
Goals and TargetsLearning Activities Ultimate Goal

Figure 1: Strategic process to achieve the objectives of this module.
READING RESOURCES AND INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITIES
After setting your own personal goals and targets to achieve the objectives
of this module, check first your inherent knowledge of PECs. Try to answer the
following guide questions with the help of your classmates.
Task 3: Group Activity
Direction: Answer the following guide questions on a separate sheet of paper.
Share your answer with the class.
1 Explain the importance of assessing ones PECs before engaging in a
particular entrepreneurial activity.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
______.
2 Are there other strategies or approaches where you can assess your PECs?
Explain how these would become more useful in selecting a viable business
venture.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
______.
10
3 What are the desirable personal characteristics, attributes, lifestyles, skills,

and traits of a prospective entrepreneur? Why do you think these are
important?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
______.
4 Why is there a need to assess ones PECs in terms of characteristics,
attributes, lifestyles, skills, and traits before starting a particular business?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
5 What is the significance of evaluating PECs of a successful entrepreneur?
What helpful insights can you draw from this activity?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________.
How was your experience in answering the guide questions together with
your classmates? Were you able to benefit from them? What insights have you
realized?
This time youre going to study the lessons that will enrich your knowledge
about PECs. Read carefully all the important details about the succeeding topic.
Know
Assessment of Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) and skills

vis--vis a practicing entrepreneur/employee in a province.
Here is an example of how a successful practitioner behaves. You can
11
evaluate her attitude towards agricultural crop production and the business
opportunity that lies ahead.
REBECCA C. TUBONGBANUA: WOMAN FARMER-SCIENTIST
September 26, 2010 filipino achievers
Woman-Farmer-Scientist
Rebecca Tubongbanua is a successful agri-entrepreneur from San
Isidro,Buenavista, Guimaras. She entered the world of business in 2003, with a
measly capital amounting seven thousand pesos.
She toiled for several years experimenting and perfecting her sulfite-free
and low-sugar technology in processing indigenous fruits, primarily the Guimaras
mangoes.
She put up an agri-business firm-the McNester, which caters to
consumers in the national and global market as well. Her processed commodities
include mango jam, mango-calamansi concentrate, dried mango, mango
chutney, calamansi juice, mango with calamansi juice, mango sauce, mango
ketchup-regular, pineapple ketchup-hot and spicy, Indian mango pickles, and
pineapple marmalade.
Tagbanua was elected as President of the Guimaras, Producers and

Processors Association. In 2007, she was chosen as Magsasakang Siyentista
(Farmers Scientist), and elected as Secretary General of the National Scientists
Association. In addition, she was nominated as Gawad Saka Awardee, and
because of her numerous achievements, she was cited by former Agriculture
Secretary Arthur Yap in 2010 as one of the top 200 agri-entrepreneur of the
country.
The entrepreneurial competencies refer to the important characteristics
that should be possessed by an individual in order to perform entrepreneurial
functions effectively. In this module, you will learn some of the most important
characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills, and traits of a successful entrepreneur
in order to be successful in a chosen career.
Below are few important characteristics/traits/attributes of a good
entrepreneur:
Hardworking: One of the important characteristics of a good

entrepreneur is being a hard worker. This means habitually working
diligently for hours. Hardworking people keep on improving their
performance to produce good products and/or provide good services.
12
Self-confident: Entrepreneurs have confidence in their own ability

and judgment. They exhibit self-confidence which enables them to
cope with all the risks in operating their own business.
Discipline: Successful entrepreneurs always stick to the plan and

fight the temptation to do what is unimportant.
Committed: A good entrepreneur accepts full responsibility in all

aspects of his/her business. He/she gives full commitment and solid
dedication to make the business succeed.
Ability to accept change: Nothing is permanent but change.

Change occurs frequently. When one owns a business, he/she
should cope with and thrive on changes. He capitalizes on positive
changes to make his business grow.
Creative: An entrepreneur should be creative and innovative to stay

in business and in order to have an edge over other competitors.
Has the Initiative: An entrepreneur takes the initiative. He assumes

responsibility in the failure or success of his business.
Profit-Oriented: A person enters the world of business to generate

profit or additional income. Therefore, he must see to it that the
business would prosper.
Listed below are the important skills of a successful entrepreneur.
Planner: Planning is a strategic thinking and setting of goals to

achieve objectives and carefully maximizing all the available
resources. A good entrepreneur develops and applies step-by-step
plans to realize goals. He knows that planning is effective only when
combined with diligent action.
People Skills: are skills which are very important in order to be

successful in any kind of business. People skills refer to an effective
and efficient communication and relationship with people working in
and out of the business. In day-to-day business transactions, one
13
needs to deal with people. Well- developed people skills can spell out
the difference between success and failure of the business.
Decision Making: Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to think

quickly and make a wise decision towards the pre-determined set of
objectives. No one can deny that the ability to make decision is an
important skill that an entrepreneur should possess. Sound decision
should spring out from given facts/information and should be directed
towards the pre-determined objectives.
Process
In order to firm up what you have learned and to have a better

appreciation of the different entrepreneurial competencies, try to read the PECs
checklist presented below, then answer the same.
Task 4: PECs Checklist
Directions: Using the PECs Checklist, assess yourself by indicating a check (/)
mark in either strengths and/or development areas column. Interpret the results
by counting the total number of check marks in each of the columns. After
accomplishing the checklist, form a group and share your insights and
experiences why you have come up with that personal assessment.
Table 1: PECs Checklist
Personal Assessment in terms of:
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
of an Entrepreneur
Hardworking
- Works diligently
Self-confident
- Confidence in ones ability
Discipline
- Sticks to the plan
Committed
- Solid dedication
14
Strength
Development
Areas
Ability to accept change

- Adaptable to change
Creative
- Innovative to have an edge over
other competitors
Profit-oriented
- Always looks for income
Planner
- Strategically thinks and sets goals
People Skills
- Has effective and efficient
communication skills and
relationship with people
Decision Making
- Makes a wise decision towards the
set objectives
TOTAL
Interpretation/Insights:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
Reflect
and
How was your experience in discovering your strengths and the areas to
be developed? Did you gain valuable experience in exchanging insights with your
classmates? To learn more and deepen your understanding of PECs, do Task 5
below.
Task 5: Interview
Interview successful agri-business owners or entrepreneurs in your
15
province whose type of business is related with agricultural-crop production.

Focus your interview on PECs and other business-related attributes that help
them become successful. Analyze the result of the interview and reflect on the
similarities and/or differences. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Sample Interview Guide

Name of Proprietor/Practitioner: _____________________________________
Age: _______________________ Number of Years in Business: ___________
Business Name: _________________________________________________
Business Address: _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
1 What are your preparations before you engaged in this type of
business/job?
2 What are your special skills/characteristics that are related to your
business/job?
3 How did you solve business-related problems during the early years of
your business operation?
4 Did you follow the tips from a successful businessman/practitioner before
you engaged in your business?
5 What are your best business practices that you can share with aspiring
students?
6 What are your salient characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills, and traits
that made you successful in your business/job?
Note: Ask the needed information from the interview to supply answer/s to
Row 1 in the table below. Meanwhile, fill out the second row with your
PECs.
Personal
Entrepreneurial
Competencies
Successful
Entrepreneur
the province
Characteristic
s
in
16
Attribute
s
Lifestyle
s
Skills
Traits
My PECs
Using the information from the table above, analyze, and reflect on the
similarities and differences in your answers. Put your reflection on the
table below. Write your conclusion on the space provided on the next
page.
Personal
Entrepreneurial
Competencies
Similarities
Differences
Characteristics
Attributes
Lifestyles
Skills
Traits
Conclusion:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________ .
Transfer
17
After performing the activities on the importance of PECs, let us determine

how much you have learned. Perform Task 6 to determine how well you have
understood the lesson.
Task 6: Preparation of a Plan of Action
Directions: Using the table below and the information generated from Task 5
(Interview), prepare an action plan that indicates how you would align
your PECs to the PECs of the successful agri-business owners in
your province.
Objective
To align my
PECs with the
PECs of a
successful
entrepreneur
in
agribuisness/agri
-crop..
Area
Activities
Characteristics
Skills
Attributes
Traits
18
Strategies
Time
Frame
Expected
Outcome
Task 7: Essential Questions

Direction: Read and study the following questions below. You may use a
separate sheet of paper or your notebook to write your answers.
1. Why is there a need to compare and align your PECs with the PECs of a
successful entrepreneur?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________________________.
2. How does your action plan help sustain your strong PECs and/or address
your development areas?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________________________.
3. What plan of action would you do to address your development areas?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________.
ENVIRONMENT AND MARKET (EM)

Content Standards
Performance Standards
The learner demonstrates understanding The learner independently creates a

of environment and market in agricultural- business vicinity map reflective of potential
crop production in ones province.
market in agri-business in a province.
Time Allotment: 4 hours
19
Quarter I
Module 2
Environment and Market
Introduction
People who aspire to start a business need to explore the economic,
cultural and social conditions prevailing in the area. Needs and wants of the
people around the vicinity that are not met may be considered as business
opportunities. Identifying the needs of the community, its resources, available raw
materials, skills, and appropriate technology can help a new entrepreneur in
seizing a business opportunity.
To be successful in any kind of business venture, potential entrepreneurs
should always look closely at the environment and market. They should always
be watchful of the existing opportunities and constraints. The opportunities in the
business environment are those factors that provide possibilities for a business to
expand and make more profits. Constraints, on the other hand, are those factors
that limit the ability to grow, hence reducing the chance of generating profit. One
of the best ways to evaluate the opportunities and constraints is to conduct
SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis.
SWOT analysis is a managerial tool to assess the environment. It gathers
important information, which in turn is used in crafting a strategic plan. Strengths
and weaknesses are internal in an organization. Basically they relate to
resources owned by the organization, things that one has control over, as- well
as the extent of its marketing capability.
Opportunities and Threats exist in the external environment. Opportunities
relate to the market, development of new technologies, and external factors such
as government policies, climate, and trends. Threats relate to what the
competition is doing as well as legal and other constraints.
Now that you have read some of the important things to consider to
succeed in any business, you are now ready to explore more about the
environment and market.
To begin with, lets first try to find out the competencies that you will
master after finishing this module.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
-
identify what is of Value to the customer;

identify the customer to sell to;
20
explain what makes a product unique and competitive;

apply creativity and innovative techniques to develop marketable product;
and
employ a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) to the product/service.
Now that you have an idea about the things you will learn, try to take the
first challenge in this module-- the pre-assessment.
Pre-assessment
Task I: Multiple Choice

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. This is generated by examining what goods and services are sold outside
the community.
A. Business Creation
C. Business Concept
B. Business Pricing
D. Business Idea
2. A process of making a new product to be sold to the customers.
A. Product Analysis
C. Product Development
B. Product Conceptualization
D. Product Implementation
3. These are luxuries, advantages, and desires that every individual
considers beyond necessary.
A. Wants
C. Requirements
B. Desires
D. Needs
4. This is the factor or consideration presented by a seller as the reason that
one product or service is better and different from that of the competitors.
A. Unique Selling Plan
C. Unique Pricing Policy
B. Unique Selling Proposition
D. Finding Value-Added
5. In this stage, the needs of the target market are identified, reviewed, and
evaluated.
A. Concept Development
C. Project Development
B. Economic Analysis
D. Refine Specification
6. This is the introduction of a new idea to make the product and services
more attractive and saleable to prospective customers.
21
A. New Idea
C. Product Development
B. Creativity
D. Innovation
7. A managerial tool used to assess the environment in gathering important
information used for strategic planning.
A. Environmental Scanning
C. WOTS Analysis
B. SWOT Analysis
D. Survey Analysis
8. A marketing practice of creating name, symbol or design that identifies
and differentiate a product from others.
A. Product Naming
C. Branding
D. Tagline
9. This is a meaningful and unforgettable statement that captures the
essence of your brand.
A. Product Naming
C. Branding
D. Tagline
10. These are the things that people cannot live without.
A. Wants
C. Requirements
B. Desires
D. Needs
Task 2: Guide Questions:
Directions: Read and study the guide questions below. You may use a
separate sheet of paper to write your responses to the guide
questions.
1. How does one determine the product or service to be offered/delivered to
the target customers?
2. How does one select an entrepreneurial activity?
3. When can one say that a certain product has a value?
4. Are innovation and creativity to your product/service important? Explain.
5. How can one effectively respond to the needs of the target customer?
6. What is the importance of scanning the environment and market in
generating business idea?
7. What is your level of confidence in formulating a business idea after your
self assessment? Explain.
After all the guide questions have been answered and skills have been
22
mastered, share them with your classmates. Discuss your insights, personal
knowledge of, and relevant experiences on the topic to make it more exciting and
engaging.
LEARNING GOALS AND TARGET
After reading and understanding the objectives of this module and having
gone through pre-assessment and answering the guide questions, you will be
asked to set your own personal goals. These goals will inspire you to further
achieve the ultimate objective of this module. In the end, these goals would
motivate you to learn more about Environment and Market.
Goals and Targets

Learning Activities Ultimate Goal
Figure 2: Strategic process to reach the objectives of this module
READING RESOURCES AND INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITIES
After setting your own personal goals and targets to achieve the objectives
of this module, you will have the opportunity to read and learn more about
environment and market. You, too, will also be given a chance to do practical
exercises and activities to deepen your understanding of the topic.
Know
Product Development
When we talk of product development, we are referring to a process of
making a new product to be sold by a business or enterprise to its customers.
Product development may involve modification of an existing product or
its presentation, or formulation of an entirely new product that satisfies a newly
defined customers needs and/or want and/or a market place.
The term development in this module refers collectively to the entire
process of identifying a market opportunity, creating a product to appeal to the
identified market, and finally, testing, modifying and refining the product until this
will be ready for production. This product can be any item to be sold to the
consumers.
There are basic, yet vital questions that you can ask yourself. When you
23
shall find acceptable answers to these, you can say that you are ready to
develop a product and/or render service.
1. For whom are the product/service aimed?
2. What benefit will the customers expect from it?
3. How will the product differ from the existing brand? Or from their
competitor?
Likewise, needs and wants of the people within the area should also be
taken into consideration. Everyone has his or her own needs and wants.
However, people have different concepts of needs and wants. Needs in
business are important things that every individual do without in a society. These
include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Basic commodities for consumption

Clothing and other personal belongings
Shelter, sanitation and health
Education
Basic needs are essential to every individual so he/she may be able to live
with dignity and pride in the community of people. These needs can obviously
help you generate business ideas and subsequently to develop a marketable
product.
Wants are desires, luxury, and extravagance that signify wealth and an
expensive way of living. Wants or desires are considered above all the basic
necessities of life. Some examples are the eagerness or the passion of every
individual which are non- basic needs like fashion accessories, shoes, clothes,
travelling around the world, eating in an exclusive restaurant, watching movies,
concerts, plays, having luxurious cars, wearing expensive jewelry, perfume, living
in impressive homes, and others.
Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of
business that you may engage into because they can serve as the measure of
your success. Some other good points that you might consider in business
undertakings are the people, their needs, wants, lifestyle, culture, and tradition,
and social orientation.
To summarize, product development entirely depends on the needs and
wants of the customers. Another important issue to deal with are the key concept
of developing a product. The succeeding topic shall enlighten you about the
procedure in coming up with a product concept.
Concepts of Developing a Product
Concept development is a very critical phase in developing of a product.
From this stage, the needs of the target market are identified and competitive
products are reviewed before the product specifications are defined. The product
concept is selected along with an economic analysis to come up with an outline
24
of how a product is being developed. Below is a figure that shows the stages of
concept development of a product.
Concept Development
Figure 3: Concept Development

The process of product development follows these steps:
A. Identify Customer Needs - Using survey forms, interviews, researches,
focused group discussions, and observations an entrepreneur can easily
identify customers needs and wants. In this stage, the information that can
possibly be gathered here are product specifications (performance, taste,
size, color, shape, life span of the product, etc.). This stage is very important
because this would determine the product to be produced or provided.
B. Establish Target Specifications - Based on customers' needs and reviews
of competitive products, you may now establish target specifications of the
prospective new product and/or service. Target specifications are essentially
a wish-list.
C. Analyze Competitive Products - It is imperative to analyze existing
competitive products to provide important information on establishing
product/service specifications. Other products may exhibit successful design
attributes that should be emulated or improved upon in the new
product/service.
D. Generate Product Concepts - After having gone through with the previous
processes, you may now develop a number of product concepts to illustrate
what types of product/service are both technically feasible and would best
meet the requirements of the target consumers/market.
E. Select a Product Concept - Through the process of evaluation between
attributes, a final concept is selected. After the final selection, additional
market research can be applied to obtain feedbacks from certain key
customers.
F. Refine Product Specifications - In this stage, product/service specifications
are refined on the basis of input from the foregoing activities. Final
25
specifications are the results of extensive study. Expected service life and
projected selling price are being considered in this stage.
G. Perform Economic Analysis - Throughout the process of product
development, it is very important to always review and estimate the
economic implications regarding development expenses, manufacturing
costs, and selling price of the product/service to be offered/provided.
H. Plan the Remaining Development Project - In this final stage of concept
development, you may prepare a detailed development plan which includes
a list of activities, the necessary resources and expenses, and a
development schedule with milestones for tracking progress.
Finding Value
People buy for a reason, there should be something in your

product/service that would give consumers a good reason to go back and buy for
more. There must be something that has to make you the best option for your
target customers; otherwise they have no reason to buy what you are selling.
This implies further, that you offer something to your customers which they will
value or treasure.
The value that you incorporate to your product is called value proposition.
Value proposition is a believable collection of the most persuasive reasons
people should notice you and take the action you are asking for. Value is created
by fulfilling deep desires and solving deep problems. This is what gets the people
moving, and keep them spending for your product/service.
26
Innovation
Innovation is the introduction of something new in your product/service.
This may be a new idea, a new method or a device. If you want to increase your
sales and profit you must innovate. Some of the possible innovations in your
products are change in packaging, improved taste, color, size, shape, and
perhaps price. Some of the possible innovations in providing services are
application of new improved methods, additional feature of product/ services, and
possibly, freebies.
Let us go back to what Mrs.Tubongbanua did with the Guimaras mangoes
aside from its known qualities. She made mango jam, mango calamansi
concentrate, mango sauce, mango ketchup-regular to make a difference from
other existing products in the market.
Unique Selling Proposition (USP)
Unique Selling Proposition is the factor or consideration presented by a
seller as the reason that the product or service being offered is different from and
better than that of other key players or competitors. Before you can begin to sell
your product or service to your target customers, you have to sell yourself into it.
This is especially important when your product or service is similar to those
around you.
USP would require careful analysis of other businesses' ads and
marketing messages. If you analyze what they say or what they sell, apart from
the qualities of their product or service, you can learn a great deal about how
companies distinguished themselves from competitors.
Here's how to discover your USP and use it to increase your sales and
profit:
Use empathy: Put yourself in the shoes of your customers. Always

focus on the needs of the target customers and forget falling in love with
your own product or service. Always remember, you are making this
product or providing for the target customers to eventually increase sales
and earn high profit. You are not making this product or service for
yourself. Essential questions such as what could make them come back
again and again and ignore your competitors? Most possible answers will
be focused on the quality, availability, convenience, cleanliness, reliability,
and friendliness. Agriculture products are not that hard to sell because
they form part of our basic needs of everyone.
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Identify what motivates your customers. It is very important for you to

understand and find out what drives and motivates your customers to buy
your product/service. Make some efforts to find out, analyze, and utilize
the information that motivates the customers in their decisions to purchase
your product/service.
Discover the actual and genuine reasons why customers buy your
product instead of that of your competitor's . Information is very
important in decision making. Competitive entrepreneur always endeavor
to improve his/her products/services and constantly provide satisfaction
and sustain patronage of customers. As your business grows, you should
always consider the process of asking your customers some important
information and feedback that you can use to improve your
product/services.
Process
In order to firm up your understanding of the topic previously presented,

you will be tasked to form a group and conduct an interview with a successful
agri-entrepreneur/practitioner. You have to document this interview and present
this to the whole class for reflection and appreciation.
Task 3: Interview
Directions: Select a successful entrepreneur/practitioner. Conduct an interview
by utilizing the sets of questions below. Document the interview and
present this to the class.
1. How did you identify your customers?
2. What were your considerations in selecting your customers?
3. Explain how your product/service become unique from other product/s.
4. Did you consult somebody before you engage in this business? Cite
sample insights that you gained from the consultation.
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5. What were your preparations before you started the actual business?
6. What creative and innovative techniques did you adapt to your
product/service? What was the effect of the innovative techniques on the
sales and profits of your business?
7. What strategies did you consider to have a unique selling proposition for
your product/service?
Reflect
Understand
and
Task 4: Video Viewing

In order to deepen your understanding of the lesson, perform the following
tasks:
1. Browse the internet on topics related to:
a. customers needs and wants particularly on agricultural crops;
b. techniques in identifying customers needs and wants;
c. creativity/innovations in products and services in the market,
agricultural crops in particular;
d. unique selling proposition; and
e. product development.
2. Prepare a short narrative report about the aforementioned topics. You may
highlight the aspect that intensifies your knowledge of product
development.
Transfer
Task 5: Product Conceptualization

Directions: Using the figures below develop your own concept for your
29
product/services.
1. Identify Customers Need

2. Target Specifications
7. Prepare a Development Plan
-
3. Analyze a Competitive Product

-
6. Refine Product Specification

-
5. Select a Product Concept

4. Generate Product Concept
-
________________________________________________________________
30
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________
Know
Generating Ideas for Business

The process of developing/generating business idea is not a simple
process. Some people come up with a bunch of business ideas, while some are
without ideas. There are two problems that arise; first is the
excessive generation of ideas that makes one remain in the dreaming stage,
and second, when one fails to generate.
The most optimal way is to have a systematic approach in generating and
selecting ideas that will be translated into a viable business. Here are some basic
yet very important considerations that you may use to generate possible ideas for
business:
1. Examine the existing goods and services. Are you satisfied with the
product? What do other people who use the product say about it? How can it
be improved? There are many ways of improving a product from the way it is
crafted up to the time it is packed and sold. You can also improve the
materials used in crafting the product. In addition, you introduce new ways of
using the product, making it more useful and adaptable to the customers
many needs. When you are improving the product or enhancing it, you are
doing an innovation. You can also do an invention by introducing an entirely
new product to replace the old one.
Business ideas may also be generated by examining what goods and
services are sold outside the community. Very often, these products are sold in
a form that can still be enhanced or improved.
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2.
Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the
customers, institution, and communities are missing in terms of goods and
services. Sometimes, these needs are already obvious and felt at the
moment. Other needs are not that obvious because they can only be felt in
the future, in the event of certain developments in the community. For
example, a province will have its electrification facility in the next six months.
Only by that time will the entrepreneur could think of agricultural products
which are made using electrically-powered tools or equipment.
3. Examine how the needs are being satisfied. Needs for the products and
services are referred to as market demand. To satisfy these needs is to
supply the products and services that meet the demands of the market. The
term market refers to whoever will use or buy the product or services, and
these include people or institutions such as other businesses, establishments,
organizations, or government agencies.
There is a very good business opportunity when there is absolute lack of
supply of a pressing market demand.
Businesses or industries in the locality also have needs for goods and
services. Their needs for raw materials, maintenance, and other services such
as selling and distribution are good sources of ideas for business.
4. Examine the available resources around you. Observe what materials or
skills are available in abundance in your area. A business can be started out
of available raw materials by selling them in raw form and by processing and
manufacturing them into finished products. For example, in a copraproducing town, there will be many coconut husks and shells available as
waste products. These can be collected and made into coco rags/doormat
and charcoal bricks; then sold profitably outside the community.
A group of people in your neighborhood may have some special skills that
can be harnessed for business. For example, women in the Mountain Province
possess loom weaving skills that have been passed on from one generation to
the next. Some communities there set up weaving businesses to produce
blankets, decorative items, and various souvenir items for sale to tourists and
lowland communities.
Business ideas can come from your own skills. The work and experience
you may have in agricultural arts, industrial arts, home economics, and ICT
classes will provide you with business opportunities to acquire the needed skills
which will earn for you extra income, should you decide to engage in incomegenerating activities. With your skills, you may also try on doing things during
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your spare time. Many products were invented this way.

5. Read magazines, news articles, and other publications on new products
and techniques or advances in technology. You can pick up new business
ideas from Newsweek, Readers Digest, Business Magazines, Go Negosyo,
KAB materials or Small-Industry Journal. The Internet serves as a library
where you may browse and surf on possible businesses. It will also guide
you on how to put the right product in the right place, at the right price and at
the right time.
Listings of possible businesses to set up in an area may also be available
from banks or local non-government organizations.
Key Concepts of Selecting a Business Idea
Once you have embarked on identifying the business opportunities, you

will eventually see that there are many possibilities available for you. It is very
unlikely that you will have enough resources to pursue all of them at once.
Which one will you choose?
You have to select the most promising one from among a hundred and
one ideas. It will be good to do this in stages. In the first stage, screen your
ideas to narrow them down to about five choices. In the next stage, trim down
the five choices to two options. In the final stage, choose between the two and
decide which business idea is worth pursuing.
In screening your ideas, examine each one in terms of the following
factors:
1. How much capital is needed to put up the business?
2. How big is the demand for the product? Do many people need this
product and will continue to need it for a long time?
3. How is the demand met? Who are processing the products to meet
the need (competition or demand)? How much of the need is now
being met (supply)?
4. Do you have the background and experience needed to run this
particular business?
5. Will the business be legal, not going against any existing or
foreseeable government regulation?
6. Is the business in line with your interest and expertise?
Your answers to these questions will be helpful in screening which ones
from among your many ideas are worth examining further and worth pursuing.
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Branding
Branding is a marketing practice of creating name, symbol or design that

identifies and differentiates product/service from that of the competitors. It is also
a promise to your customers. It tells them what they can expect from your
product/ service and it differentiates your offerings from other competitors. Your
brand is derived from who you are, who you want to be, and who people perceive
you to be.
Branding is one of the most important aspects of any business. An
effective brand strategy gives you a major edge in increasingly competitive
markets.
The features of a good product brand are as follows:
- delivers the message clearly
- confirms your credibility
- connects your target prospects emotionally
- motivates the buyer
- concretizes user loyalty
Here are some simple tips to publicize your brand.
.
Develop a tagline. Write a meaningful, unforgettable, and easy-toremember statement that captures the essence of your brand.
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Design a great logo. Create a logo suitable to your business and

consistent with your tagline and advertise it.
Write down your brand messaging. Select key messages you want
to communicate about your brand.
Be true to your brand. Deliver your brand promise.
Be
consistent. Be reliable and consistent every time.
Process
In generating a business idea, you should first identify what type of

business is suited to your business idea. You should analyze and scan the
potential environment, study the marketing practices and strategies of your
competitors, analyze the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and the
Threats in your environment to ensure that the products/goods and service you
are planning to offer will be patronized within the easy reach by your target
markets/consumers.
Bear in mind these simple rules for successful SWOT analysis.
Be realistic about the strengths and weaknesses of your business when

conducting SWOT analysis.
SWOT analysis should distinguish between where your business is today,

and where it could be in the future.
SWOT should always be specific. Avoid any grey areas.
Always apply SWOT in relation to your competition i.e. better than or

worse than your competition.
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Keep your SWOT short and simple. Avoid complexity and over analysis
SWOT is subjective.
Task 6: SWOT Analysis

Directions:
In generating a business idea, environmental scanning is very
important. Utilize the SWOT analysis table below to list all your observations.
Consider the strategies below to select the best business idea.
Strength (S)
Weaknesses (W)
Opportunities (O)
Threats (T)
Strategize:
SW Utilize the strengths to overcome the weakness

OS - Capitalize on the opportunities to eliminate the weakness
ST Maximize on your strengths to eliminate the external threats
OT Take advantage of the available opportunities to eliminate the
external threats.
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Strategies/Activities:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________
Analysis:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________
My Best Business Idea:

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Reflect
and
In order to deepen your understanding of the topics previously discussed,

you will be asked to perform the following activities:
Task 7: Extra Readings and Video Viewing
Reading books and watching videos have been considered two of the
most effective educational activities that help learners deepen their
understanding of a certain topic. In this particular circumstance, you will be asked
to conduct extra readings and video viewings on the following topics:
A. Steps in selecting a business idea
B. Criteria of a viable business idea
C. Benefits of a good brand
D. Ways of developing a product
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After successfully performing the assigned task, make a narrative report

about this and share it with the class.
Transfer
Task 9: Making my own Logo

Direction: Generate a clear appealing product brand with logo and tagline.
Logo
Taglin
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GRADE 10 LEARNING MATERIALS
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K TO 12 CURRICULUM
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AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION NC I (RICE)
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Content Standard
The
learner
demonstrates
understanding of concepts and
principles underlying theories
and
actual
application
in
agricultural
crop
production
(Rice).
Performance Standard
The
learner
independently
demonstrates common competencies
in agricultural crop production work
(Rice)
as prescribed in TESDA
Training Regulation.
Quarter II
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What
is
this
lesson
all
71
Due to the adverse effects of climate change, rice

production here in the Philippines has been threatened
tremendously. The food sufficiency target of the government for
the year 2015 has been stalled. This module will equip you with
the necessary knowledge and skills in rice production and make
them agents of the new technologies to boost rice production.
Through this module, your knowledge, skills, and attitudes will be
enhanced in line with selecting good quality seeds of rice,
preparing the land for planting (irrigated/rainfed) varieties,
preparing seedbeds and sowing of seeds, demonstrating care and
management of seedlings, pulling of seedlings, transplanting of
seedlings/direct seeding, fertilizer application, irrigation and
drainage practices,
controlling weeds, controlling pests and
diseases, harvesting, threshing, drying and storage, marketing and
keeping of farm records and accounts.
What will you
Rice is the staple food of all the Filipinos hence, rice production
is an important industry in the Philippines. It is the backbone of
Philippine economy for it does not only give benefit to rice growers but
also to other industries like rice threshing, warehousing, milling, seed
production, and many others, that offer a lot of job opportunities. Being
the prime commodity, rice leads the growth of the agricultural sector. It
is indispensable to sustainable development. Rice accounts for the
majority of the total value of production in agriculture. This is primarily
because rice is the most preferred commodity of the population.
Furthermore, majority of the people depend on farm labor and ricerelated businesses for their livelihood.
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At the end of this module, you must be able to:

1. select the ideal site for planting rice;
2. prepare the land for planting rice (irrigated/rainfed);
3. select good quality seeds;
4. prepare seedbed, sow seeds, and demonstrate care and
management of seedlings;
5. pull and transplant seedlings/practice direct seeding;
6. fertilize the rice plant;
7. perform irrigation and drainage practices;
8. identify weeds and their control methods;
9. control pests and diseases;
10.
harvest, thresh, dry, and store rice seeds;
11.
market rice seeds and prepare and keep farm records
and accounts.
12.
perform routine check-up of tools and equipment;
13.
demonstrate manual handling procedures;
14.
use personal protective equipment and personal health
and
safety requirements;
15.
familiarize with common OHS hazards risks and its
control.
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WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?
74
Pre-assessment
75
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Let us find out how much you already know about rice production.
Read and understand the questions below. Choose the letter of the best
answer and write it on your answer sheet.
1. Which of the following is a digging tool?
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Shovel
D. Pruning shear
2. Which tool is used for cleaning the levees?
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Mattock
D. Shovel
3. What tool does NOT belong to the group?
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Mattock
D. Shovel
4. Farm tools are needed in rice production operations because they
A. make work easier.
B. make work faster.
C. save time and effort.
D. make work faster, easier and economical.
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5. What PPE should a student wear when he/she is exposed to dust?

He/She should wear
A.
eye and respiratory protection.
B.
hard cap.
C.
hearing protection.
D.
safety footwear.
6. The environmental impact of improper disposal of waste and
agricultural chemicals are the following EXCEPT:
A. air pollution
B. dirty and ugly surroundings
C. friendly and healthy surroundings
D. water contamination
7. What equipment in rice production is used to draw water from a
source?
A.
Sprayer
B.
Sprinkler
C.
Water pail
D.
Water pump
8.Why do we need to conduct pre-operative check up of tools,
Implements, and equipment before starting to work?
A. To check if the tools are serviceable
B. To determine the functionality of tools and implements
C. To repair defective tools
D. All of the above
9. Which of the following PPE is used to protect hands from injury?
A. Boots
B. Goggles
C. Gloves
D. Mask
10.Which of the following does not affect rice yield?
A. Climate
B. Location
C. Transportation
D. Soil
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11.Water supply is an important factor in rice production because it

directly affects the
A. frequency of planting.
B. photosynthesis activity.
C. physical characteristics of the plant.
D. population of common pests and diseases.
12.The following are attributes of an ideal rice field except
A. good drainage
B. pH range of 6.2 7.0.
C. high clay soil
D. high organic matter
13.The best implement to level the field is
A. harrow.
B. harvester.
C. rotary tiller.
D. wood plow.
14.To prepare the land for planting upland rice, plowing and harrowing
should be done
A. 1 2 times.
B. 2 - 3 times.
C. 3 - 4 times.
D. 4 5 times.
15.Which of the following is not a characteristic of a well- prepared land
for planting?
A. Dilapidated dikes
B. Dikes are clean and narrow
C. Well puddled and soft
D. Weeds and stalks are thoroughly incorporated with the soil
16.When is the best time to fix levees?
A. After the first harrowing
B. After the first plowing
C. Before the first plowing
D. Before the second harrowing
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17.Which among the following is the recommended time of soaking rice

seeds before sowing?
A. 24 hrs.
B. 29 hrs.
C. 34 hrs.
D. 39 hrs.
18.
The ultimate purpose of raising dapog seedlings is to

A. economize .
B. delay transplanting.
C. produce healthy seedlings.
D. raise seedlings even in a restricted area.
19. Which of the following is one of the advantages of using the

straight row planting system?
A. It is the cause of overcrowding of plants.
B. It makes hand weeding difficult.
C. It makes mechanical weeding easy.
D. It provides uneven spaces for growing plants.
20. What is the average seeding rate per hectare using the dapog
method?
A. 22 kg
B. 33 kg
C. 44 kg
D. 66 kg
21.
to
To speed up the germination of the incubated seeds we need
A. allow the seeds to dry up.

B.
moisten the seeds occasionally by sprinkling.
C.
sprinkle the seeds with warm water.
D.
re-soak the seeds after 2 days.
22. Which of the following is the recommended seedling rate per hill for
growing rice?
A. 2-3
B. 3-4
C. 4-5
D. 6-7
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23.
Replanting of missing hills should be done ______ days after
planting to complete the required plant population in a given area.
A. 3-5
B. 5-7
C. 7-9
D. 10-12
24.
Which one is the function of nitrogen in plant?

A. Encourages root growth
B. Makes stalks bigger
C. Helps in the production of seeds
D. Stimulates growth of the leaves and stems
25.
To reduce application of chemical fertilizer that contains
nitrogen, green manuring could be done. Green manures are
A. organic materials that come from animals.
B. leguminous plants that are plowed under.
C. concentrated form of plant food.
D. organic materials that are thoroughly decomposed.
26.
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is panicle initiation in rice?

The beginning of the reproductive phase
Its appearance of the first tiller
The caryopsis becoming milky
Its appearance of the panicle from the flag leaf sheet
27. Below are ways by which irrigation water is lost except one:
A. evaporation
B. percolation
C. seepage
D. absorption
28.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which is an example of a broadleaf weed?

Mutha
Kangkong
Ubod-ubod
Bayakibok
29. When mixing liquid herbicide, remember to

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A.
B.
C.
D.
pour herbicide before the water.

pour herbicide and water at the same time.
pour water ahead of herbicide.
never pour herbicide ahead of the water.
30. This is the most destructive rice pest which attacks the plant
from seedling stage to maturity .
A. rice stem borer
B. plant hopper
C. rice bug
D. maggot
31. This method of insect control utilizes the natural enemies of
insects to control the pest.
A. Biological
B. Cultural
C. Chemical
D. Physical
32. Which among the following is not needed in cleaning rice
grains?
A. 1.5 mm fish net and stirrer
B. Canvas and winnowing basket
C. Blower and shifter
D. Sickle and reaper
33. What is the most popular method of drying rice grains?
A. Solar dryer
B. Mechanical dryer
C. Batch dryer
D. Air dryer
34.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which is not a guide in storing rice seeds?

Store grains after drying
Store fertilizer near pile of rice grains
Separate the old from the new harvest when piling
Observe good housekeeping before storing in the bodega.
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35.
A.
B.
C.
D.
When a farmer relies on good management practices to

prevent the occurrence of insect pests and diseases in his farm,
he is using the?
Genetic control
Chemical control
Biological control
Cultural control
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LESSON 1
Farm Tools and Equipment
I.
INTRODUCTION
The different farm tools and equipment in agronomic crop
work have been profoundly taken up in your lessons last year.
Their proper operations and maintenance were discussed, too.
But for you to be able to perform properly the different rice
production activities, the important tools and equipment to be
used will be discussed in this lesson with emphasis on their
correct operation and maintenance as well as safety precautions
in using them and the protective gears to be used.
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What
is
this
lesson
87
The lesson is all about the farm tools and equipment used in rice
production. You will learn this within 12 days.
What will you
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify the different tools and equipment in rice production;
2. describe the specific uses of each tool and equipment;
3. perform the proper care and maintenance of each tool and
equipment;
4. observe safety precautions in the use of farm tools and equipment.
Know
HAND TOOLS
Hand tools are usually light and are used without the help of animals or
machines. They are being used in performing farm activities which involve
small yet important jobs to be done. Below are some of the examples:
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1. Bolo .There are different kinds of bolo used
for different purposes. In crop production it

is used for cutting of weeds particularly tall
shrubs and grasses .
2. Shovel is used in removing trash, digging
loose soil, moving soil from one place to

another, and for mixing soil media and
fertilizers. It is also used in the repair and
construction of levees and in irrigation
management.
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3. Rake is used for cleaning the ground and
leveling the topsoil during seedbed

preparation particularly in the dry method
of seedling production.
FARM IMPLEMENTS
These are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or
mounted to machineries (hand tractor, tractor) which are usually used in the
preparation of large tract of land. These are usually made of a special kind of
metal.
Examples :
1. Plows. These are farm implements used in rice production operations either
pulled by a working animal or a tractor. The plow is specifically used for
tilling large areas, making furrows and ditches to facilitate irrigation and
drainage.
Plows pulled by working animals are made of either a combination of
metal or wood or pure metal . Due to intensive farm mechanization it is
becoming extinct in some regions. They are used to till areas with a
shallower depth than that of the disc plows which are pulled by tractors.
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Carabao drawn plow
Disc plow drawn by a tractor
2. Harrow. The native wooden harrow is made of wood with a metal tooth and
pulled by a carabao while the disc harrow is a metal mounted to a tractor.
Harrows are used for tilling and pulverizing the soil in upland rice
production where the soil is tilled dry while waiting for the rain or water
supply.
Harrow
3. Rotavator. The rotavator is an implement attached to a tractor used for land
preparation. It could be used for wet and dry land preparation. One passing
of rotavator is equivalent to the combined effect of one plowing and
harrowing in land preparation.
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EQUIPMENT
These are machineries used in farm operations especially in rice
production. They are used in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs
and produce. Using these equipment requires a highly skilled operator .
1. Hand tractor. It is the most useful and convenient equipment of the
farmers. It is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing a wide area of
land. It is also used to transport other materials from the house to the farm
and a very important equipment in the mobility of most farmers.
2. Four wheel tractor. It is used to pull disc plow disc harrow and rotavator
in preparing much wider area of land. It is also used to draw a trailer to
transport bulk of materials, equipment, farm inputs, and harvest. It is very
useful during harvest and other post harvest activities.
3. Water pump. This equipment is very important to draw irrigation water
from a source such as deep well, rivers and lakes. In some areas where
water is scarce, second cropping of rice could be done using a water pump.
4. Combine harvester .This equipment performs the harvesting and threshing
at the same time. The grains are deposited in its compartment and could be
easily transported to the nearest road when hauling the harvests.
Hand Tractor
Small Tractor
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Big Four wheel Tractor
Combine Harvester
Rice Thresher
Photos Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture ,CLSU
LET US REMEMBER
Using the right tools and equipment for the specific farm operation
makes it easier and more economical.
After knowing the farm tools and equipment, continue the lesson in doing
pre-operative check-up of equipment.
Activity#1
Give at least five reasons why it is very important to do pre-operational
check-up of equipment?
Nowadays due to intensive farm mechanization, many types of farm
machineries are being introduced to the Filipino farmers. Before operating these
machines, one needs to read and familiarize the operations manual to be able
to operate them efficiently and attain their maximum usage. For safety reasons,
whenever using these farm machineries, always do the following:
Always Remember to Check Equipment Before Operating

A pre-operational check of all the equipment to be used will assure the
user that it is in a safe operating condition. Check the tires for proper inflation
and defects, windows for visibility, seat position, seat belts, brakes for
adjustment, steering response, rear view mirrors, slow-moving vehicle emblem,
reflectors, and running lights for day or night time operation.
93
Safety Check: Walk around the tractor, hand tractor, thresher, reaper and any
attached implement checking the area for obstacles that may be under or
near the tractor which include stones, boards, children's toys etc. Make
sure there are no bystanders; remember this is a working area. Check
whether the wheels are free, or stuck in the ground. Check for any loose
parts or objects on the tractor such as tools on the platforms or around
brakes and other controls.
Inspect around: Walk around the tractor, hand tractor a second time to check
the equipment itself. This time look at the tires for wear and inflation, the
power take-off shaft for shielding and guarding (rotate the shield to make
sure it moves freely), the hitch for proper hitch pin and safety clip. Pay
particular attention to the ground under the tractor for any signs of
liquid leaks such as oil, coolant or fuel.
Check the oil of all engines attached to machineries to be used: Remove the
dipstick, wipe it clean, and check the oil level. If oil is required, remember
to wipe off the filler cap before you remove it to avoid dirt falling into the
engine. Use a clean funnel and clean the top of the oil can to prevent rust
or other foreign objects going in with the oil.
Check the radiator: Slowly remove the red cap and check the liquid level.
Check the air pre-cleaner and air cleaner. Remove and shake out any dirt.
Always check the fuel gauge. Fill if necessary, through it should have been filled
at the end of the last day the tractor was used.
Have a fire extinguisher. Your tractor should have a fire extinguisher in case of
fire during operation or refueling and in area of storage and milling .
Make sure it is charged and easily accessible.
Remember:
Smooth operations of all machines are ensured if periodic
maintenance is done. These can affect performance and your
safety!
Hazardous activities
During the maintenance of agricultural machinery, there are many
activities which are potentially hazardous.
Always observe the safety
procedures in doing the maintenance of the equipment and tools.
94
Hazardous activities
Lubricating
Things to be done to ensure safety
If you need to remove the guard to

lubricate the machine, never lubricate
while the machine is in motion.
Checking hydraulic systems
Remember that hydraulic oil is under

high pressure. The external
signs
of oil injection may be slight, but the

internal damage is not
and may
lead to surgery or amputation.
If checking for leaks, use something

(eg. a piece of card run along
the
hose) to show where the leak is. Do

not use your hands.
Release the pressure before working

on the system
Sharpening
When working on, for example a forage

harvester, only the actual sharpening
should take place with the machine in
motion. All activities before and after,
like. guard removal, should be done
with the machine stationary, even if
rundown takes a long time.
Beware of flying particles when

sharpening machinery. Use protective
equipment such as goggles.
Working under machines
When working under raised machines,

jacks should be used and correctly
located, and additional support (eg
axle stands) provided.
When working on hydraulically-raised

equipment (eg. trailers) use props.
Never rely on the hydraulics.
Hammering
Beware of flying particles. Always use
95
the appropriate personal
protective
equipment. It offers protection not only

against flying particles, but also from
against many risks.
Cleaning
Be aware of the danger of falling off or

into a machinery, particularly
in
wet or muddy conditions. Make sure

you know how to access machines
safely, especially large machines such
as combines.
Dont clean with machines running

and with guards removed.
Blockages
Many accidents happen while cleaning

machine blockages often because
operators attempt to clear a blockage
while the machine is still powered.
Again, the key question to ask is:

Have I been trained to do this job
properly? If the answer is no, do not
attempt it.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Personal protective equipment, or PPE, is designed to protect workers
from serious workplace injuries or illnesses resulting from contact with
chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace
hazards. Among them are face shields, safety googles, hard hats, and safety
shoes. Protective equipment includes a variety of devices and garments such as
goggles, coveralls, gloves, vests, earplugs, and respirators.
Protection from head injuries
Hard hats can protect workers from head impact, penetration injuries,
and high impact injuries such as those caused by falling or flying objects, fixed
objects, or contact with electrical conductors. It also prevents the long hair from
getting caught in machine parts such as belts and chains. Ordinary hats shall
be worn by a farmer whenever working in the farm to protect himself against
96
ultraviolet rays of the sun.
Protection from leg and foot injury

In addition to foot guards and safety shoes, leggings (e.g., leather or other
appropriate material) can help prevent injuries by protecting workers from
hazards such as falling or rolling objects, sharp objects, wet and slippery
surfaces, molten metals, hot surfaces, and electrical hazards while working in
the farm shop. Pants should be worn to protect the legs from itchy worms and
snake bites when working in the farm.
Protection from eyes and face injury
Besides spectacles and goggles, personal protective equipment such as
special helmets or shields, spectacles with side shields, and face shields can
protect workers from the hazards of flying fragments, large chips, hot sparks,
optical radiation, splashes from molten metals, as well as objects, particles,
sand, dirt, mists, dusts, and glare. Sun glasses should be worn during
harvesting and other post-harvest jobs to protect the eyes.
Protection from hearing injury
Wearing earplugs or earmuffs can help prevent damage to hearing.
Exposure to high noise levels can cause irreversible hearing loss or impairment
as well as physical and psychological stress. Earplugs made from foam, waxed
cotton, or fiberglass wool are self-forming and usually fit well. A professional
should fit your workers individually for molded or preformed earplugs. Clean
earplugs regularly, and replace those that are no longer functional.
Protection from hand injury
Workers exposed to harmful substances causing skin absorption, severe
cuts or lacerations, severe abrasions, chemical burns, thermal burns, and
harmful extreme temperature will benefit from hand protection. Wear leather
globes while operating some machines; but when handling chemicals use
rubber gloves.
Protection from body injury
In some cases, workers must shield most of their bodies against hazards
in the workplace, such as exposure to heat and radiation, hot metals, scalding
97
liquids, body fluids, hazardous materials or waste, and others. In addition to

fire-retardant wool and fire retardant cotton, materials used in whole-body
personal protective equipment, include leather, synthetics, rubber, and plastic.
Respiratory Protection
Workers must use appropriate respirators to protect against adverse
health effects caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs,
fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors. Respirators generally cover the
nose and mouth or the entire face or head and help prevent illness and injury.
A proper fit is essential, for respirators to be effective.
Process
Activity #1
Conduct an interactive activity with the class by forming two
groups, one group will enumerate what farm operations will be
undertaken, and the other group will indicate what farm tools/equipment
to use together with the applicable PPE to wear and vice-versa. The group
with the highest score will be the winner.
Activity #2
Students will be asked to draw from the box containing the names
of farm tools and equipment and explain how and when it will be used in
accomplishing rice production activities.
Activity #3
Get your partner, list two farm equipment and make a research in
the internet on the different parts that need to be maintained, and the
procedure on how to do the maintenance.
98
Activity#4
Report to the class your output on Activity#3.
Reflect
and
Activity #1
Group yourselves into three, and go to a nearby farm. Observe how
a new farm equipment is used. Make a step by step description of how
each equipment is used, to know how to operate these properly. Share it
with the class.
Activity #2
Using the rice reaper of the nearest farm in the locality, make a report
about the conditions of the parts needed to be maintained. Are they in the
best condition? Why or why not? Share it with class.
Transfer
Activity#1
You are the farm manager of the San Pedro Apartado Multi-Purpose
Cooperative and tasked to prepare the farm equipment conditions
analysis. Make a list of the equipment; evaluate each equipment and
identify the parts that need maintenance.
99
List of equipment
Condition
Parts that need

maintenance
Activity # 2
Divide the class into groups and with the supervision of the teacher or
the farm technician or the owner of the combine harvester in the nearby farm in
the locality, let each group will conduct pre-operational check-up of the combine
harvester.
Summative Test
The students will be grouped and asked to attach a rotavator to the

tractor. Each group will be rated using a rubric.
Glossary of Terms
Hand tools tools that are usually light and are used to do minor
operation in the farm.
Farm implements accessories pulled by animals or mounted to
100
machines to make the farm operation easier.

Equipment powered tool machines used in farming operations.
Repair to restore to good condition and make it functional.
Prepare to gather all the needed materials ready for a specific work.
Combustible- any materials that will burn not just by a spark
Flammable- is a material that can easily catch fire under normal
circumstances and with the help of minimal ignition source
Ignition- cause of burning by providing heat or spark
ROPS- Roll Over Protective Structure

MSDS- Material Safety Data Sheet
ATV-All Terrain Vehicle
PTO- Power Take Off
Safety- the physical or environmental conditions of work which
comply with the prescribed Occupational Health Safety
(OHS) standards and which allow the workers to perform
his or her job without or within acceptable exposure to
hazards.
Occupational safety- the practices related to the promotion of
safety in production and work process
Health- a sound state of the body and mind of a worker that
enables him or her to perform normal job.
101
LESSON II
SITE SELECTION AND SOIL ANALYSIS
Photo Courtesy of Dr.Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Introduction
Like any other plant, rice needs an appropriate kind of soil as well as
good location to attain the highest possible yield.
102
103
What
is
this
lesson
104
The lesson is all about the factors to consider in site selection for
planting rice and doing soil analysis. You will learn this within twelve days.
What will you
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to

1. identify the factors to consider in site selection;
2. select a site appropriate for rice production;
3. collect soil sample and analyze ; and
4. appreciate the value of selecting a good site for rice production
Know
If given a chance to select a good site for rice production, here are the
important factors to consider to ensure optimum growth and development.
These are soil, climate, and location.
The following are the different factors to be considered in
selecting a good site for rice production, as stated in the CompetencyBased Learning Module (CBLM) for Rice Production:
105
1. Soil. A rice field should possess the following attributes:

a. high clay content
b. a 2:1 ratio of top clay mineral montmorillionite
c. medium amount of organic matter
d. good drainage
e. top soil 18 20 cm deep
f. soil pH range of 6.2 -7.0
2. Climate. Climate change is one of the factors posing challenge to
rice production nowadays. These factors include rainfall, sunlight,
wind velocity, and temperature.
a. Rainfall. In rainfed areas, the start of the rainy season
determines the planting time. This is because the source of
water supply for non-irrigated rice field comes directly from
rainfall. On the other hand too much rainfall causes floods
that submerged the plants. Water directly affects the
photosynthetic activity of the rice plant.
b. Sunlight. It is the foremost source of energy of all plant life.
When water supply is not limited, sunshine is the most
important climatic factor that influences rice yield.
Therefore, site should be free of any barrier to sunlight
c. Temperature. It is a limiting factor in rice production.
However, in the Philippines, temperature is almost constant,
hence, it is not a critical problem.
d. Wind velocity. Gentle wind is beneficial to rice plant because
new air blown around the plant causes replenishment of
carbon dioxide. Strong wind such as heavy wind during
typhoon may cause lodging and shattering of rice grain,
reduction of photosynthetic activities and may enhance
growth of bacterial leaf diseases.
3. Location. Farm location greatly affects the profitability of rice
production. The following are some factors to consider:
a. the farm should be near the road to facilitate ease of
transport.
b. there should be available laborers in the different stages of
rice production.
c. good irrigation and drainage.
d. proximity to drying pavement and other post-harvest
facilities.
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A good site should have access to farm service road
Soil Sampling and Soil Analysis

The success of rice production starts with knowing the kind of soil
where you are going to plant. The rice plant is nutrient sensitive; its ability
to produce good harvest depends on the nutrients present in the soil. Soil
sampling and analysis are important to determine the pH level and the
nutrients present in the soil. The result of the soil analysis will be the basis
of fertilizer application.
Procedures to Follow in Soil Sampling
1. Make a sketch of the area showing sampling areas (SA).Divide the
farm into sampling areas. Each SA should be more or less uniform in
cropping history, past lime and fertilizer treatments, slope, degree of
erosion and soil texture and color.
2. In each SA dig from 5 -10 pits and collect samples corresponding to
the size of the sampling area. Spot sample is taken in the following
manner:
clear the soil surface area
using a shovel or spade dig a pit to a depth of 20-30 centimeters
from one vertical side of the pit take a slice of soil 2-3 cm thick
with a single downward thrust of the spade. Using a knife or trowel
trim the slice of soil on both sides to a bar of 3-4 cm width.
place the thin bar of soil in a pail or any suitable clean container.
if the subsoil sample is needed, take a bar of soil from the
succeeding 20 to 30 cm soil depth. The subsoil and surface soil
should be placed in separate containers.
Take composite soil samples. After collecting the samples from
107
the different sampling areas, they will be pulverized and mixed

thoroughly in the container. Place the composite soil sample of about
kilogram, in a clean plastic bag. After which, it is now ready for
chemical analysis, using a simple Soil Testing Kit (STK) for qualitative
analysis of soil pH, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium or by
running a complete chemical analysis in a soil laboratory. Results of
both test will serve as the basis for the farmers in making
recommendation on the amount of fertilizer materials to be applied to
satisfy the nutrient requirement of the crop.
Photo Courtesy of Dr. Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Important
things
to
Selecting the appropriate site plays a vital role in the success of rice
production.
Factors to consider in selecting the site
a. accessibility of the farm to the road
b. availability of good labor supply
c. good irrigation and drainage
d. proximity of threshing and drying pavement
Factors that affect growth and development of the crop
1. kinds of soil
2. climate
3. location
Soil pH for rice is from 6.2 to 7.0
108
Process
Activity#1
Select at least four cooperating farmers in the community and
conduct an on-site inspection of their farm. Based on your
observation identify the ideal site. Use the table below and check the
spaces if the factors are met.
Score card in selecting the site
Name of Farmer:_______________
Location:______________________
Directions: Of the four sites visited, write the appropriate rating based on
the scale listed below, considering the adaptability of factors in selecting
the site.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Factors to consider in
selecting the site
Accessibility
Availability of water supply
Exposure to sunlight
Soil condition
Site
A
Rating scale: Description

5 very good
4 good
3 fair
2 poor
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Reflect
and
Activity#1
Select four cooperating farmers in the locality, get the data on their
average harvest (number of cavans) for the past three years. Compare and
analyze to see if the differences were affected by the farm location.
Activity#2
Search the internet for videos/film showing pictures of different farm
locations in the country. Compare the data on harvest, if available and
arrive at a conclusion if there are differences or none. Share your findings
with the class.
Transfer
Each student will identify a farmer/partner. Proceed to his farm location

and together get a soil sample, strictly following the procedure. Perform the
soil analysis to determine the pH value of the soil.
Post-assessment
110
A. Answer the following questions in your quiz notebook. Write only the
letter of the correct answer.
1. There are three important factors that affect rice yield. Which of
the following is not among the factors?
A. Climate
B. Kind of soil
C. Location
D. Topography
2. Water supply is an important factor in rice production because
it directly affects the
A. frequency of planting.
B. photosynthetic activity of the rice plant.
C. physical characteristics of the rice plant.
D. population of common pests and diseases.
3. An ideal rice field possesses all of the following attributes
except:
A. Good drainage
B. High clay content
C. High organic matter
D. pH range of 6.2 7.0
4. Rainfall, sunlight, and temperature are referred to as
A. climate.
B. season.
C. weather.
D. all of the above
5. What is the ideal soil pH for rice production?
A. 6.2 7.0
B. 6.5 8.0
D. 7.0 8.0
D. 7.5 8.0
B. Describe the appropriate site for planting rice crop.
111
Glossary of Terms
Soil - is a loose and friable material of the earth surface where plants
grow and develop.
Climate - is the weather condition of a locality,
Temperature - is the degree of hotness and coldness of the
environment.
pH - is a value used to express the relative acidity or alkalinity of the
soil.
112
LESSON III
PREPARE THE LAND FOR PLANTING RICE (IRRIGATED/RAINFED)
Photo Courtesy Dr. Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
INTRODUCTION
Thorough land preparation is necessary either for rainfed or irrigated
rice production method in order to have bountiful harvest.
113
114
What
is
this
lesson
115
This lesson provides the learner with the appropriate land preparation
techniques and strategies. It includes the tools and equipment needed and
the steps in undertaking these activities. You will learn this within thirteen
days.
What will you

1. use the appropriate tools and equipment in preparing the land for
planting of rice
2. demonstrate the proper way of plowing and harrowing;
3. prepare and level the land thoroughly; and
4. observe safety precautions in using tools, implements, and
equipment.
Know
Prepare the Land for Planting
High yield in rice production could be traced back to land

preparation. Many problems in cultural management practices could be
116
prevented with well-puddled and well-leveled rice paddies. Aside from

making the soil soft for easy transplanting, a well leveled soil prevents the
emergence of early weeds. It also facilitates mixing of organic matter such
as rice straw, weeds and stubbles with the soil which promotes
decomposition. Proper soil preparation serves to level the field for uniform
distribution of irrigation water, fertilizers and pesticides. It also aids in the
efficient control of some pests like the golden snail. During dry season
planting, it also prevents or minimizes water seepage from the field thereby
resulting to efficient water management.
If land preparation is not uniform, growth of plant is uneven causing
variations of plant development and stage maturity resulting in possible
decrease in harvest. Land preparation should be started at least four weeks
before transplanting.
Photo Courtesy of Bersamin Agro-Industrial High School
Plowing is the process of breaking up the soil usually 15 cm. deep to

incorporate and cover inorganic matter. It can be accomplished with a power
tiller or moldboard plow hitched to a carabao. To prepare the field for
plowing follow these steps:
1. remove from the field anything that may cause injury to the plowmen
and farm animals or damage to the implements.
2. Cut tall grasses and remove stubbles that may interfere with plowing.
3. In irrigated fields, flood the field 2 7 days before plowing to soften
the soil. Keep the surface of the soil covered with water to prevent the
soil from sticking to the plow. Keep the soil flooded with about one cm
depth of water for one week to soften the clods and allow weeds and
stubbles to decompose before harrowing is done. In rainfed areas, the
field is better plowed while it is dry.
`
117
Plow under the weeds and stubbles 10 to 15 cm deep, three to four

weeks before transplanting or direct seeding to allow decomposition and to
recycle plant nutrients. If organic materials are not fully decomposed, soil
tends to become acidic and some nutrients become less available. Draining
removes toxic substances, allowing organic matter to decompose and help
the plant produce deeper and stronger roots. Decomposition is faster in
moist soil.
Harrowing . Leveling can best be accomplished by leaving just enough

water in the field, about 2-5 cm to expose the high and low areas.
Harrowing is done 2-3 times depending on the soil condition.
Leveling the field can be done by scraping the mud from high spots
moving it to the low areas. A bamboo pole maybe attached to the base of the
harrow teeth to help in leveling.
To prevent the field from drying and hardening, use enough water. If
possible, wait for 7 to 10 days between two successive harrowings to allow
more weed seeds to germinate before these are turned under the soil giving
more time for plowed fresh organic matter to decompose.
Harrow the field at least twice with one week interval for irrigated field
and at least one day for rainfed field due to limited supply of water. The first
harrowing is done a week after plowing to break the soil clods and to
incorporate the stubbles. This will allow dropped rice seeds during the
previous cropping and weed seeds to germinate. The second harrowing
which is also the first levelling should be done across the direction of the
first harrowing. This further incorporates the volunteer plants and allowing
the remaining dropped seeds and weed seeds to germinate. These practices
118
help reduce the initial pest host population and maintain the hardpan
which minimizes water seepage.
Photo Courtesy of Bersamin Agro-Industrial High School.
A rotavator drawn by a tractor for easier, faster and safer land preparation
both for wet or dry method.
Rotavating - This method of land preparation is employed with the
use of a rotary tiller or rotavator drawn by a tractor. A rotary tiller may take
the place of a plow and harrow because it changes the soil into fine tilth
having sufficient depth. One or two rounds of rotavation followed by one
harrowing is enough to have a preferably level field. Prepared land can be
planted after 2- 3 days. Chopped rice straw and weeds may be fully
decomposed but are already
in the process of decomposition.
Decomposition produces too much heat and carbon dioxide (CO2) which may
cause the newly transplanted seedlings to exhibit slow growth.
Final leveling of the field using a carabao drawn leveler.

119
LET US REMEMBER
After the last leveling there should be no higher or lower levels of the
rice paddies.
Cleaning and Repairing Levees of Rice Paddies

Just after plowing, the levees must be repaired to prevent seepage
from the paddy. Look for rat holes, cracks or breaks, and plaster with mud.
Levees that are properly repaired and plastered with mud are unfavorable to
rat infestation, growth of weeds and host plants or insects. During dry
season rice production, a canal at the middle of the paddies should be
constructed to facilitate irrigation.
Photo Courtesy of Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
The best time to fix the levee is after the first plowing because the
upturned soil near the levees can be used for plastering in the work. The
following are the steps in repairing levees.
1. Clean the levees. Trim the thick portions of both sides of the levees
using a bolo. Patch all rat holes, breaks, and soft spots.
2. Repair the levees by using soil which has been broken up during
the first plowing for patching soft spots and cracks. Break up and
rebuild the portion of the levees containing rat holes.
3. Patch-up/cover/fill the levee with mud making sure that all cracks
are sealed properly.
4. Dikes must be cleaned to remove pest, compact to prevent seepage,
and maintain at 15 cm high x 20 cm wide to prevent rat
burrowing. Ditches will ensure even water distribution and
drainage.
120
Fields used solely for year-round rice production must be allowed to

rest or fallow for at least 30 days or more before plowing for the next
cropping season. This will break the life cycle of majority of the insects.
Rainfed rice fields are often prepared during April and May. Plow field
after the first rain then harrow. Leave it for 7 or more days to allow weed
seeds to germinate, afterwhich the field will be plowed and harrowed again
to kill the emerging weeds. Plowing and harrowing may be done 2-3 times
until the field is ready for transplanting.
IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER
Lowland rice requires well puddled and well prepared soil. This
ensures a soil surface that is weed-free, soft and leveled to make
transplanting of seedlings/planting of seeds easier. It also facilitates
mixing of organic matter such as rice straw, weeds, and stubbles with
the soil to hasten decomposition. Proper land preparation is
undertaken to level the field, for uniform distribution of irrigation
water, fertilizer, and pesticides. It also prevents or minimizes water
seepage from the field.
In upland rice culture, plowing should be done across the slope.
Observe safety measures in using tools and equipment.
Process
Activity #1
Each student will be asked to visit a certain farm to evaluate if
121
thorough land preparation has been done. Use the checklist below.
V Good
91100
ACTIVITIES
RATING
Good
Fair
8190
7580
Poor
70-74
1. Cleared the area before plowing

2. Followed correct procedure in
plowing
3 Harrowed the field well
4.Repaired the levees
5.Observed
proper
use
of
tools/equipment
6. Used PPE
Reflect
and
Activity #2
Students will be grouped into five and be assigned to do land

preparation in specific areas. After the job has been done, let each group
evaluate the work of the other group. Take note of the lapses of each group,
and present observations to the class.
Transfer
Activity#3
122
Pretend to be an outstanding farmer who will demonstrate the proper

way of harrowing and leveling rice paddies before planting using either a
carabao drawn harrow or hand tractor. Explain why paddies should be wellleveled.
Post-assessment
A. Write AGREE if the statement is correct and DISAGREE if the

statement is wrong. Write your answers on your quiz notebook.
1. Well-puddled and well-prepared soil for lowland rice varieties
ensures a soil surface that is free from weeds, soft and leveled to
make planting easy.
2. Uneven growth of plants is caused by poor land preparation.
3. Harrowing can be best accomplished by leaving just enough water
in the field to expose the high and low spots.
4. Levees should be covered with mud to render them unfavorable for
rats and insect pests.
5. The land should be plowed and harrowed 4-5 times alternately.
B. Answer briefly.
1. Describe the steps in preparing the land for irrigated and rain fed
rice planting.
RESOURCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bolo
Moldboard plow
Harrow
Draft carabao
Shovel
123
6. Pick mattock
7. Hand tractor
8. Tractor
Glossary of Terms
Tools simple devices used in the farm such as bolo, digging bar,
and shovel
Equipment machineries used in the farm such as tractor
Farm implements devices such as plow and harrow
Levee dike or bund that surrounds a paddy
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
Puddled soil a soil surface which was plowed and harrowed several
times, leveled and ready for planting.
Seepage sideward loss of water
124
LESSON IV
SEED SELECTION
Photo Courtesy of Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
125
126
What
is
this
lesson
127
This lesson deals with the principle of selecting good quality seeds to
grow. It includes the characteristics of good seeds, sources of good seeds,
seed testing, and computing the percentage of germination. You will learn
these in thirteen days.
What will you
After studying the lesson, you must be able to

1.
2.
3.
4.
identify and select good seeds for planting;

test the viability of seeds using ragdoll method;
compute for the percentage germination; and
appreciate the importance of testing seeds before planting;
Know
Using high quality seeds of a recommended rice variety will result in a

considerable increase in the yield.
The characteristics of certified seeds are the following:
1.
pure
2.
clean
3.
with the same size and shape
4.
85% or higher percentage of germination
5.
free from seed borne diseases
Seeds of improved variety should be certified by the National Seed
128
Quality Control Services (NSQCS). It could be proven through a blue card

attached to the sack. Good quality seeds could be availed from agencies
such as the PhilRice and other accredited seed producers enumerated
below.
Sources of Good Seeds
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PhilRice
Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI)
Agricultural Productivity Commission (APC)
Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB)
Seed Grower cooperators in your locality
Reliable dealers of farm supplies
How to avail good seeds

1. Buy seeds from accredited seed growers stated above.
2. If there are no accredited seed growers in the locality, then buy
seeds from reliable sources (i.e. farmers whose fields have
uniform crop growth) or produce your own high quality seeds .
However, make sure to perform a seed germination test to
ensure quality. There should be at least 85% germination.
3. If the variety has not yet been tested in the area, make initial
selection based on recommended environment and cropping
season. Then, conduct at least two seasons of trial in the
locality.
4. During wet season, consider the prevalent pests in the area and
the shattering and lodging characteristics of a variety. In the
dry season, consider planting hybrid varieties because these
varieties tend to perform better during dry season.
5. In rainfed areas, farmers tend to use varieties for irrigated
lowland areas owing probably to lack of access to rainfed
varieties. It is recommended to first choose varieties intended
for rainfed environment. Consider also traditional or regionally
preferred varieties for rainfed environment knowing that crops
can develop adaptability in an area.
129
6. Farmers also often prefer new varieties, believing that they yield
better. However, a variety may be released based on reasons
other than yield (e.g. better grain quality and resistance to
pests). Thus, it is important to know the characteristics of the
varieties but, more importantly, to conduct adaptability trials.
Your choice of an appropriate variety is determined by specific
conditions in the farm. The following are the desirable characteristics of
high yielding rice varieties:
1. Early maturing and non-seasonal (100 130 days from seeding to
maturity)
2. Resistant to pest, diseases, drought and lodging
3. Nitrogen-responsive (this means that when you apply nitrogen to
the rice plant, the yield increases)
4. High grain weight (6 7 mg)
5. High grain milling quality (whole )
6. High milling recovery (66% -70%)
The following are some rice varieties recommended for irrigated and
rainfed regions of the Philippines:
Irrigated Varieties
Variety
10 Rc230H
NSIC 2010
Rc232H
NSIC 2010
Rc234H
NSIC 2010
Rc236H
NSIC 2011
Rc21 SR
NSIC 2011
Rc23
Agronomic Characteristics
Ave.
Max
Maturity Height
Yield
Yield
days
(cm)
(Tons)
(Tons)
Disease & Insect Pest Reactions

Blast
BLB
Tungro
BPH
GLH
6.7
10.6
108
103
S (S)
MR
10.7
110
110
S (S)
MS
6.5
9.8
115
119
S (S)
MS
6.2
10.9
114
115
S (S)
MS
4.5
7.3
122
90
7.6
108
108
130
Borer
NSIC 2011
Rc244H
NSIC 2011
Rc246H
11 Rc248H
NSIC 2011
Rc250H
NSIC 2011
Rc252H
NSIC 2011
Rc254H
NSIC 2011
Rc256H
NSIC 2011
Rc258H
NSIC 2011
Rc260H
NSIC 2011
Rc262H
NSIC 2011
Rc264H
NSIC 2011
Rc266H
NSIC 2011
Rc268H
11.2
110
104
7.2
11.4
106
103
7.1
10.3
108
112
6.5
8.9
109
109
MR
6.8
9.8
108
105
6.1
10.2
117
118
6.3
9.9
109
104
MS
MS
6.7
9.8
106
103
6.5
10
109
107
6.4
10.4
114
113
MR
6.3
10.9
118
115
MS
6.3
10.2
110
111
MS
6.5
12.7
115
113
MS
Rainfed Varieties
Variety
RC100
PSB RC102
PSB RC12
PSB RC14
PSB RC36
PSB RC38
PSB RC40
PSB RC98
Agronomic Characteristics
Ave.
Max
Maturity
Yield
Yield
Height
days
(Tons)
(Tons)
4.1
2.3
3.5
3.6
3.1
3.2
3.1
2.6
4.1
4.4
6
6.1
5.3
5
4.9
4.5
118
117
109
110
127
127
130
116
111
101
89
92
121
119
126
98
Disease & Insect Pests Reactions

Blast
BLB
Tungro
BPH
GLH
Borer
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S
S
S
S
MS
MS
MS
I/S
I
I
I
I
S
S
S
R
S
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
I
MS
S
MS
I
MS
I
Source:www.philrice.gov.ph
Legend:
I - Insusceptible
S-Susceptible
MR- Moderately Resistant
R-Resistant
MS-Moderately Susceptible
There are other factors to consider in the selection of good seeds

aside from the desirable characteristics, and these are:
1. Genetic purity. The seed should not be mixed with other rice variety.
2. Physical purity of composition. Seeds should be free from inert matter,
chaff, and weed seeds. They must be clean.
3. Moisture content. The ideal moisture content of rice seeds for sowing is
14%.
4. Capacity of the seed to germinate or viability. The international
standards for viability require a minimum of 80% germination.
131
The four general classifications of agricultural seeds according to their

purity and quality are as follows:
1. Breeder seeds. This is the purest seed of rice varieties obtained
through selection, introduction, and hybridization. Hybridization
means that a selected seed is planted and during the reproductive
stage , it is crossed with another plant.
2. Foundation seeds. This type of seed is produced from breeder seeds in
the government seed farm where its varietal purity is maintained.
3. Registered seeds. This seed is produced from the foundation seed.
4. Certified seeds. This type of seed is produced from the registered seed.
Testing the Viability of Seeds
Before sowing it is highly recommended that a test be conducted to
determine the viability of the seeds. Many seeds fail to germinate because
they have been kept too long under bad conditions. That renders them too
weak when grown or too immature when harvested. Every plant grower
should determine the germinating power of seeds by testing them to ensure
high percentage of germination, less expenses, time and effort.
Methods Of Seed Testing

There are two methods of testing the viability of seeds, the rag doll
and the seedbed. This should be done before sowing in seedbed or before
directly seeding in paddy.
1. Rag Doll Method
132
Courtesy of Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty College of Agriculture, CLSU
The following are the steps in the rag doll method:

a. Prepare a clean rag measuring 20.32cm X 30.48cm and a stick
25.4cm long.
b. Prepare at least 100 seeds for testing. Do not select.
c. Lay the rag on any flat surface and distribute the seeds evenly
in rows on the rag.
d. Roll the rag around the stick for support. Moisten the cloth and
place it in a warm moist place.
e. Unroll the rag after 5 days. Determine the germination rate
following the formula.
% germination = No. of seeds germinated x 100
No. of seeds sown
Examples:
Regina Mae wants to test the viability of her palay seeds. She
sow 100 seeds and after 7 days only 86 seeds germinated.
What is the percentage germination of the seeds?
Solution: % germination = 86 X 100 = 86%
100
If the percentage of germination is 80% or above,
use the seeds at the required quantity. If it is below 80%
germination, adjust the seed bulk to the seeding rate. To
133
adjust use the formula:

Adjusted Amount of Seeds =
100%
x rate of seeding
% germination
You will now compute the adjusted seeding rate of the

given.
6.
Seed bulk
Germination
Seeding rate
=
=
=
60 kg
78%
50 kg
How much adjusted amount of seeds will you sow per hectare
using the given bulk, germination percentage and seeding
rate. Substitute the values:
Adjusted amount of seeds =
100
78
X 50 kg
= 1.28 x 50 kg.
= 64.10 kg/ha.
2. Seed Box Method
If you decide to use the seed box method, do the following

steps:
134
a. Prepare a small seed box and fill it with sterilized soil.

b. Get 100-150 seeds (depending on your choice) at random. Sow
the seeds in rows in the seed box. Cover the seeds lightly with
soil. Water the seeds occasionally.
c. When seeds have germinated, determine the percentage
germination as in the rag doll method.
To ensure high crop yield and good quality, viable seeds should be
selected. Desirable characteristics such as early maturing, resistance to
lodging and nitrogen responsiveness are not the only factors to consider
when buying rice seeds. Other factors such as purity, physical composition,
moisture content, and capacity of the seed to germinate should be included.
Seed viability is a characteristic of rice essential to profitable rice
production because good quality seeds bring about a maximum yield with
minimum expenditure of time, money and effort.
Seed viability test should be done before the seed is sown in seed beds
or directly seeding in paddies following the rag doll or seed box methods.
Process
Activity #1
1. Prepare the following and perform the rag doll method of testing the
viability of seeds.
a. 20.32cm X 30.48cm rag
b. handful of rice seeds
c. 25.4cm stick
d. water
2. After 5 days, open your rag doll and determine the viability percentage
of germination of your tested seeds. Write the result in your activity
notebook.
135
Reflect
and
Activity#2
Organize a simple symposium in the class and invite two farmers to
share their farming experiences. Select one farmer using seeds sourced from
his neighbor, sowing same seeds without testing the viability; the other
using seeds acquired from a certified seed grower which is tested before
sowing. Draw some conclusions from the shared experiences of the farmers.
Deepen knowledge by having an intellectual discussion with the farm
technician assigned in the locality.
Transfer
Activity#3
Tie-up with the technician of the Department of Agriculture and a
cooperating farmer. Identify a certain farm lot along the road to be used as
demonstration farm for seed growing venture. Students will act as junior
technicians working and learning jointly with the farmers.
Post-assessment
136
A.
Read the following questions/statements. Select the best answer then

write the letter corresponding to the right answer.
1. The following are characteristics of high yielding rice varieties
except one.
a. Early maturing and non seasonal
b. Resistant to drought
c. Nitrogen responsive
d. Late maturing and seasonal
2. The capacity of the seed to germinate refers to:
a. viability
c. vitality
b. fertility
d. germ inability
3. Why is seed testing important?
a. It saves time in planting
B. It saves labor
c. It saves cost of inputs

d. All of the above
4. A seed germination test showed that of the 120 seeds used in the
test, 98 germinated. The percentage germination of the seed is
a. 68.71%
c. 81.67%
b. 76.18%
d. 87.76%
5. Which of the following is not a variety of rice?
a. NSIC RC10
c. TSG
B. BPI RI10
d. IR 36
B.
Answer the following.

1. What are the desirable characteristics of good seeds? (5pts)
2. Compute for the percentage of germination using the problem
below.
Rudy tested his seeds before planting. He sowed 150 seeds
using the rag doll method. After 5 days he found out that only 120
137
seeds germinated. What is the percentage germination?

In case the percentage of germination is below 80% find the
adjusted amount of seeds if the seed bulk is 60 kgs and the
seeding rate is 50 kg.
RESOURCES
1. Seeds
2. Piece of cloth
3. Container on which to soak the seeds
Glossary of Terms
Seed viability - the ability of the seed to germinate normally

Lodging the bending of plants at ground level
138
QUARTER III
LESSON V
SEEDLING MANAGEMENT
139
140
What
is
this
lesson
141
This lesson is very important in ensuring healthy seedlings growth

and for a good harvest. It is all about how to prepare the seed bed, how to
sow seeds, and take care of seedlings. You will learn these within twelve
days.
What will you

1.
2.
3.
4.
prepare seed bed, sow seeds and care for rice seedlings;
sow seeds in wet and dry seed bed;
practice proper care and management of rice seedlings; and
internalize the relevance of proper seedbed preparation, sowing and
care of seedlings.
5.
Know
6.
In rice farming, it is very important to know the varieties your neighbor

will be planting, as well as their expected date of sowing. This will give you
the best idea when to sow your seeds to have almost a uniform date of
harvesting, and for a more convenient transport of farm equipment and
harvest.
Once you have identified the best variety of rice suited to the climatic
conditions of the locality which is high yielding and with high quality of
harvest, you must decide on the method of raising seedlings you will use
based on the availability of water. The following points should be considered:
142
1. Select a site far from the residential area and away from wandering
chicken. If not, protect the area against stray animals with a nylon net
or chicken wire.
2. The site must have undergone soil analysis to be able to correct soil
deficiency and to ensure healthy seed growth.
3. Make sure it is far from fields infected with tungro, grassy stunt, and
other diseases. It should not be lighted at night to avoid attracting
adult stem borers, brown plant hoppers, and green leaf hoppers.
4. Monitor fields nearby to detect the presence of virus-infected plants
particularly from ratoon of previous crop.
5. Protect against insect vectors. If there is an abnormally high
incidence of virus infestation in the area, look for better site.
Methods of Raising Seedlings

1. Wetbed Method
Seedlings raised in wetbed method

Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
The wetbed method is widely used in areas where water

abounds, even in rainfed areas and in the second/dry cropping
season. It is usually done 25-30 days before transplanting. The steps
in the wet-bed method are:
a. Plow and harrow the field a day before sowing of seeds. Then
prepare seed bed plots of any convenient length,
approximately 1-1.5 meter wide. Do this in 1 to 2 days. While
harrowing, allow water to flow out of the bed for some time.
143
b.
c.
d.
e.
This will allow the weed seeds to be carried out thus leaving
lesser weeds to grow in the seedbed.
Use mud around to raise the seedbed to about 4-5 cm.
higher than the original soil level. Level the bed and slightly
incline to the side using a wooden plank. This will facilitate
irrigation and drainage, and to ensure uniform growth of the
seedlings.
Incorporate carbonized rice hull or organic materials on bed
for easier pulling of seedlings later.
Use a plot of about 400-500 sq. meters to sow 44 kg. of
inbred seeds and 20 kg. for hybrid seeds (adjust seed bulk
based on actual % of germination) for a one-hectare field .
For seedbeds with poor soil, apply 60-100 grams of nitrogen
fertilizer before sowing. Then sow seeds uniformly.
Incubating the Seeds

1. Put the seeds in a container filled with water for 24 hours. Stir
the water in the container while pouring seeds to allow the
empty ones to float thereby separating them from the good
ones.
2. After 24 hours of soaking, transfer the seeds in sacks. Half fill

the sacks with seeds for easier germination.
144
3. After soaking and putting in a half- filled sack, incubate the

seeds in a warm and shady place for 36-48 hours. Moisten the
seeds regularly by sprinkling with water to speed up
germination.
Sowing the pre-germinated seeds

After the seeds have germinated, they are
broadcasted
uniformly on the surface of the seedbed. Avoid sowing too thickly to
ensure healthy seedling growth. Too dense sowing will result in thin
and weak stems.
Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty ,College of Agriculture, CLSU
Care and maintenance of the Seedlings

After sowing, the pre-germinated seeds should be submerged in
water overnight. Drain them the following day to ensure uniform
germination.
Start shallow irrigation 2-3 cm depth within 3-5 days after
sowing. Then apply nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 5 kgs per 40-50 sq
m seedbed. Continue irrigation, by gradually increasing the water
145
depth to 5 cm. As a rule of thumb, you have to visit your seedbed

always to detect occurrence of insect pests and diseases. Upon
detection, immediately spray with appropriate insecticide or
fungicide, following the rate recommended by the manufacturer.
Transplant the seedlings using the following guide: 16 - 18 days old
for the early maturing varieties harvestable after 116 days, and 20 25 days old for varieties that are harvestable after 126 days or more.
2.
Dapog Method
This method is used in irrigated land with a well managed and

controlled irrigation system. It is characterized by the absence of the
soil medium, restricted area (40 sqm/ha.) and early transplanting.
Preparation of Seedbed
1. Construct seedbed the same way as the wetbed
method.
2. Cover the bed with banana leaves Remove the midrib,
plastic sheets or heavy coarse paper to prevent the roots
of the seedlings from getting in contact with the seedbed
underneath and to facilitate separation of seedlings.
3. Surround the seedbed with bamboo slats or banana
stems held in place with a stick.
Pre-germination of seeds
1. Soak and incubate the same way as in wetbed.
2. Sow seeds uniformly at the rate of one cavan (44 kg) per
146
40 square meters. You will need 1 cavan (66 kg) seeds

for one hectare field. Adjust seedbulk based on the
percentage of germination of the seeds.
3. Keep lining the roots in contact with the banana leaves or
plastic to prevent the seedlings from drying.
4. Press the seedbed lightly using a wooden board every morning
and afternoon for 3 - 4 days.
Care and maintenance of the seedlings
Water the dapog seedlings every morning and afternoon, using
water sprinkler until the seedlings are ready for transplanting.
Seedlings will be ready for transplanting, 10-12 days after sowing.
Instead of pulling the young plants, cut into one square foot or to any
convenient size, then roll each piece.
Control of insect pests and diseases will be done following the
same procedure in the production of seedlings in seedbed method.
THINGS TO REMEMBER
The farmers decision on the method to use in raising seedlings

depends on the availability of water. However, wetbed method is widely used
in areas where water abounds.
Production of healthy seedlings require utmost care, to ensure healthy
plant growth and high production.
Process
Activity#1
147
area.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Form a
group
to perform
the following activities in an identified
Prepare a 3m x 1m seed bed.

Germinate seeds just enough for the area.
Demonstrate proper sowing.
Discuss how to take care of your seedlings.
Assign an observer group to fill up the rubric for scoring on the table
below to determine how good the work group manage their activity, and
vice-versa.
A. Seedbed preparation
Activities
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rating
3
Rating
3
Cleared the area

Prepared seedbed about 4-5 cm
Leveled the seedbed surface
Selected the proper site for seedbed
Sowed seeds uniformly with the
right thickness
B. Care of seedlings
Activities
1
1. Visited the seedbed at least once
2. Sprayed insecticides when there was
occurrence of insect pests
3. Collected golden apple snail (GAS)
eggs
4. Removed weeds
5. Applied irrigation water at
recommended depth
Legend:
1 = 75-79%
2 = 80-85%
3 = 86-90% 4 = 91-95%
148
5 = 96-100%
Reflect
and
Activity#2
Present and discuss to the class the findings of the observers group
performed in the activity above. Prepare a plan of action on how to improve
ones performance in doing the same task.
Transfer
Activity #3
Using the experiences gained from the above activities, and enriched
by extensive readings on the topic, present to the class a discussion paper
on the best method of raising seedlings for rice production both in irrigated
and rainfed field conditions.
Post-assessment
Direction: Choose the correct answer and write the letter on your quiz
notebook.
149
1. The ideal size intended for raising seedlings using seedbed method is
_______________:
a.1-1.5 m wide with any convenient length.
b. 1-1.5 m wide x 10 m.
c. 4m x 2m only.
d. 5m x 5m.
2. The recommended soaking time for rice seeds before sowing the
seedbed is________________:
a. 20-22 hours.
c. 28-30 hours.
b. 24 hours.
d. 36-48 hours.
3. How many hours of soaking will it take to incubate seeds before
sowing in the seedbed?
a. 36 to 48
c. 46 to 50
b. 40 to 48
d. 48 to 72
4. Five days after sowing, the seedbed is irrigated for two days at a
depth of
a. 1-2 centimeter.
c. 3-4 centimeters.
b. 2-3 centimeters.
d. 4-5 centimeters.
5. Rudy wanted to produce healthy seedlings in his rice farm How
many times in a week should he visit the young plants?
a. Only once
c. 3 times
b. Twice
d. 4 times
6. Which among the following methods of raising rice seedlings is more
economical?
a. Dapog
c. Seed bed
b. Dry bed
d. Seed box
7. How much nitrogen should be applied per square meter

in a seed bed with poor soil?
a. 50 to 80 grams
c. 60 to 100 grams
b. 55 to 85 grams
d. 100 to 125 grams
150
8. What is the average seeding rate of seeds sown using the

dapog seedbed method?
a. 22 kg
c. 44 kg
b. 33 kg
d. 66 kg
9. What is the recommended age of seedlings for transplanting

of late maturing rice varieties that are harvestable in 126
days after sowing?
a. 12 - 15 days
c. 18 - 20 days
b. 16 - 18 days
d. 20 - 25 days
10. Which of the following methods of raising seedlings work best
in areas where water is sufficiently available?
a. Wetbed
c. Dry bed
b. Seed box
d. Dapog
Resources
1. area for the seed bed
2. seeds
3. bolo
4. plow and harrow if needed
5. plunks
6. draft carabao/hand tractor
7. shovel
8. fertilizer
9. PPE
10.Insecticides
Glossary of Terms
Seedbed a well-prepared plot where seeds are sown

151
Dapog method a method of raising rice seedlings characterized by

the absence of soil medium
Fertilizer any substance which is added to the soil to supply the
nutrients needed to enhance plant growth.
152
LESSON VI
PULLING AND TRANSPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS/DIRECT SEEDING
Photo, Courtesy of Dr. Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
153
154
What
is
this
lesson
155
Just like any other crop, raising rice seedlings needs extra care during
planting and transplanting. This lesson discusses the steps in pulling
seedlings, the system of transplanting, and direct seeding. You will these
within twelve days.
What will you
At the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1. discuss the steps in pulling and bundling seedlings;
2. pull and bundle seedlings appropriately;
3. transplant seedlings following the recommended distance , depth, and
rate of planting; and
4. state the advantages of direct seeding.
Know
Proper Way of Pulling Seedlings
156
Hand pulling of seedlings
Pulling seedlings with the use of scythe
Photo Courtesy of Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
1. Irrigate the seedbed overnight to a depth of at least 3-5 centimeters

to soften the soil and facilitate pulling of seedlings
2. Hold the seedlings close to the base and gently pull them.
3. Another method is to use a scythe to cut through the soil half inch
below the stem, This method is faster, and avoids stress and damage
to the stem while ensuring that adequate roots of the seedlings are
retained.
4. Bundle them in any convenient size for ease of handling.
Seedlings raised through dapog method are prepared following the steps
below.
1. Cut the bed into convenient size of at least one square foot and roll
each piece. Do not prune the seedlings.
2. Roll the matted dapog seedlings.
3. Tie the rolled seedlings.
157
Pulling and Transplanting of Seedlings

Pulling of seedlings will be done one day before transplanting. According
to the CBLM year 3, early maturing rice varieties that can be harvested from
110 to 115 days after transplanting will be transplanted from 16 to18 days
after sowing. However, late maturing varieties will be transplanted from 20
to 25 days after sowing.
Proper Transplanting of Seedlings
Right after the final harrowing, level the field using a wooden plank
attached to a harrow. Then allow the mud to subside. With the aid of a
wooden planting guide prepare lines by pulling on the leveled field. These
lines will serve as guides in transplanting at a uniform p distance of
planting. An example is 20 cm x 20 cm or any desired distance depending
on the variety. This is to allow the plant to attain its maximum tillering and
it also facilitates weed control later, using a rotary weeder.
Photo Courtesy of Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
1. Straight row planting. Seedlings are transplanted in straight rows

where definite spacing is maintained between plants.
Straight row planting enhances the attainment of an optimum
plant population and it facilitates the application of fertilizer and
weeding operations using a rotary weeder.
Use guides or markers to attain straight rows. Hold the
seedlings in between the thumb and the first and second finger and
insert these gently into the soil. Plant seedlings in spots indicated by
the guides or markers.
After planting a row, move backward to the next row and
158
resume planting. Handle seedlings carefully before transplanting to

avoid injury. In case there is a delay in transplanting, it is suggested
to increase the number of seedlings per hill by one for each day that
transplanting is delayed. This compensates the reduced tillering
capacity once the seedlings get older due to transplanting delay.
For inbred varieties of rice, transplant 2-3 seedlings per hill
and 1-2 seedlings for the hybrid varieties at a depth of 2-3
centimeters. Transplant early maturing varieties 16-20 days after
sowing while medium maturing ones at 16-30 days after sowing.
If transplanting is delayed up to 30 days for early maturing and
35 days for medium maturing varieties, increase the seedling rate to
5 8 seedlings per hill.
For highland rice culture, cold tolerant traditional varieties are
transplanted 30 45 days at a distance of 15 cm x 20 cm with 2 3
seedlings per hill
Proper way of holding seedling to transplant
Random transplanting
159
2. Random transplanting.This method of transplanting has no specific

distance in planting. However, planters tend to plant too close or too
far which sometimes adversely affect the potential yield of the variety
and the use of rotary weeder. This method is faster but it requires use
of more seeds (66 to 68 kg/ha.). It is economical, however, because it
does not entail high cost of labor.
Seedlings raised in dapog method should be transplanted 4 - 7
seedlings per hill using the straight row or random planting method.
After planting, place extra seedlings along the alleyways of the field to
be used for replanting 3-5 days after transplanting.
Direct Seeding
This method could be done in irrigated and dry rainfed planting.

Direct seeding in puddled soil is recommended in areas where irrigation
facilities are costly, scarce, and just rely on rain.
For land preparation, follow the procedure in preparing irrigated field
for transplanting. Follow the procedure in pre-germinating the seeds.
Broadcast 80-100 kg/ha of pre-germinated rice seeds in well-prepared and
leveled paddies. A new technology has been introduced with the use of a
drum seeder . The drum seeder regulates the distance of planting and the
number of seeds per hill. For upland or rainfed areas, pre-germinated seeds
are drilled in rows or in furrows at the rate of 2-3 seeds/hill at a distance of
20-30 centimeters. Drain the field the following day to facilitate uniform
germination of seeds.
160
Direct seeding with the use of drum seeder.
Direct seeding of pre-germinated seeds using the drum seeder saves

seeds and facilitates mechanical weeding. Drum seeder regulates plant
distance with fairly low rate of seeds at 50-100 kg per hectare.
A mechanical seeder
For rainfed rice planting, seeds are planted by means of mechanical

seeder seen in the figure above. Another method is by dibbling or drilling.
Dibbling. Seeds are dibbled in straight rows at 15 cm x 15 cm to 25
cm x 25 cm. with 5 - 8 seeds per hill.
Drilling. Seeds are planted in furrows made by plow with the same
distance and rate of seeding as in dibbling.
161
A day before transplanting, pull seedlings carefully to minimize

seedling damage.
Clean and bundle seedlings for ease of transporting.
Random transplanting has no definite distance and alignment
between plants while straight row planting has uniform distance and
spaces.
Direct seeding can be done by broadcasting or with the use of a drum
seeder or mechanical seeder. It requires less labor in planting.
Process
Activity #1
1. Divide the class into two groups. The first group will pull seedlings
while the second group will transplant seedlings.
2. Demonstrate direct seeding by broadcast system.
The teacher will fill up the rubrics based on student performance in the
activities to find out their learned skills.
Activities
Name of students
Hold seedlings
close to
ground
Pull seedling
gently
1.
2.
3.
162
Clean and
bundle
seedlings
Follow proper
distance and
rate of
planting
Legend:
1 = 75-79%
2 = 80-85%
3 = 86-90%
4 = 91-95%
5 = 96-100%
Reflect
and
Activity#2
Watch a video presentation of new technologies in transplanting rice
seedling like the use of a transplanting machine. Brainstorm on the
advantages and disadvantages of mechanical seeder over the manual
transplanting method. Emphasize on the positive impact of farm
mechanization in boosting production.
Transfer
Activity#3
Organize a small farmer learning cell and act as an agent of change in
the community. Demonstrate the use of transplanter and seeder
technologies in the locality. Each student should have at least five farmerlearners/cooperators.
Post-assessment
163
A. Answer the following test items. Write the letter of your choice in your
quiz notebook.
1. The random system of transplanting
a. provides enough space for growing plant.
b. makes weeding using rotary weeder difficult.
c. makes hand pulling of weeds difficult.
d. causes overcrowding of plants.
2. What is the average number of transplanted seedlings per hill?
a. 2-3 seedlings
b. 3-4 seedlings
c. 4-5 seedlings
d. 6-7 seedlings
3. What
rice?
a.
b.
c.
d.
should be considered in straight row system of transplanting

Its variety, season, and fertility of the soil
The provision of enough space for photosynthesis
Its spacing of the plant for easy weeding
The harvesting of rice plants during the maturity period
4. What is the average rate of transplanting for hybrid seedlings per hill?
a. 1 2
c. 4 - 7
b. 3 6
d. 7 - 10
5. When is the right time to replant missing hills after transplanting?
a. 3 5 days after planting
b. 5 - 7 days after planting
c. 7 9 days after planting
d. 10 12 days after planting
B. Answer the following:
164
1.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of

direct seeding?
2.
How and when do you pull seedlings for
transplanting?
RESOURCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
references
seedlings raised in seed bed
pre-germinated seeds
string (planting guide)
dibbler
Glossary of Terms
Random planting - a system of planting with no definite distance or

alignment usually done by contract
Straight row planting - a system of planting with specific distance
and spacing
Transplanting - means to plant the seedlings from the seed bed to
the paddies
Dibbler - a small pointer tool used for making holes in the soil for
planting seeds.
Dibbling - the process of preparing the holes in the field for planting
of seeds or seedlings using a dibbler..
Mechanical seeder- a machine used in direct seeding of pregerminated seeds in either lowland or upland field condition.
Drum seeder- an equipment used for direct seeding of pre-germinated
seeds, either lowland or upland field condition.
165
166
LESSON VII
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
167
168
What
is
this
lesson
This lesson will equip you with the knowledge on the macro and
micro elements of the soil and their functions, the kinds of fertilizer
materials, and amount of fertilizer to apply, methods of applying fertilizer,
and the time to apply it. You will learn these within thirteen days.
What will you

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
identify the macro and micro elements needed by the plants;

state the functions of each macro element;
enumerate the kinds of fertilizer materials;
apply fertilizer appropriately;
compute the recommended rate of fertilizer per given area;
appreciate the value of proper fertilization.
Know
Proper application of fertilizer will give you more returns from your rice
crop at less cost. For maximum returns, fertilizer should be applied at the
right amount, place, and at the time the crop needs it. Indiscriminate
application of fertilizer will result in plant over growth which will make the
plant susceptible to pests and diseases causing it to be less productive.
The result of the soil analysis explained and discussed in Lesson 2
should be the basis in determining the right amount of fertilizer to be
169
applied.
The assigned Municipal Agricultural Officer in your locality could be
tapped to provide assistance in case the soil intended for rice production
has not been analyzed.
In the absence of soil analysis, refer to any available Fertilizer
Recommendation Maps in your locality. Follow the average general
recommendation and time of application.
The Macro and Micro Elements of the Soil and their Functions
According to the CBLM Year 3 there are 10 essential plant foods

needed for the development of any crop. However, only three are usually
taken from the soil, air and water in sufficient amount. These are the macro
elements: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) or NPK. The
micro elements are sulfur, zinc, molybdenum, copper, boron, manganese,
and magnesium. The functions of the macro elements, signs and symptoms
of deficiency, and sources are identified below:
Nitrogen (N)
Functions:
Stimulates growth of the leaves and stems
It gives dark green color to plant
Deficiency symptoms:
Pale yellow in color
Lower leaves will die early
Short and stunted plant
Excess of nitrogen causes the plant to lodge before booting
which will cause decrease in the yield of rice. If you observe the
plants to be dark green it is already prone to lodging. Do not apply
nitrogenous fertilizer anymore.
Sources of Nitrogen
1. Ammonium sulfate (21 0 0)
2. Ammonium phosphate (16 20 0)
3. Urea (46 0 0)
4. Organic fertilizer
5. Liquid fertilizer
170
Phosphorous (P)
Functions:
1. Encourages root growth
2. Hastens maturity of the plant
3. Helps in the production of seeds
Not enough tillers per hill
Sources:
1. Superphosphate (0-20-0)
2. Ammonium phosphate(16-20-0)
3. Triphosphate(0-45-0)
4. Complete fertilizer (14-14-14)
5. Liquid fertilizer
6. Organic fertilizer
Potassium (K)
Functions:
1. Increases the vigor of the plant.
2. Plant becomes more resistant to disease.
3. Stalks become stronger.
4. Grains become bigger and plump.
Plant growth, root development, and seed development are
usually reduced.
Sources:
1.Muriate of potash (0-0-60)
2.Complete fertilizer (14 14 14)
Proper Storing of Fertilizers
Although fertilizers are not highly poisonous chemicals, always
keep them out of reach of children and away from the supply of foods.
Store fertilizers in a dry and cool place. They should be protected from
moist and rain. Do not allow the fertilizer bags to touch the cement
floors to prevent caking due to accumulation of moisture.
171
Kinds of Fertilizer
There are two kinds of fertilizers: organic and inorganic.

1. Organic fertilizer refers to the fertilizer that comes from decayed
plant and animal residues such as:
a. Animal manure. Animal manures are especially valuable in
crop production. In addition as plant food, they supply
large amounts of organic matter to the soil. The
composition depends chiefly on the kind of manure and the
condition of their storage. Well-decomposed manure is
better than fresh. These are main components in
composting and vermi-composting.
Average Chemical Composition of Manures
Manure
Cattle
Carabao
Swine
Poultry
Type
Moisture%
Composition %
N
Ca
Mg
Fresh
79.9
2.06
0.66
0.77
0.70
0.16
Decomposed
71.4
2.41
0.75
0.88
0.88
0.12
Fresh
71.0
1.22
0.85
0.79
0.15
0.09
Decomposed
67.8
1.09
0.82
0.70
0.19
Fresh
73.8
2.76
2.64
1.47
1.26
0.09
Decomposed
70.5
2.11
2.41
0.97
0.35
0.04
Fresh
82.2
3.17
3.25
2.35
0.52
0.25
Decomposed
44.6
3.17
3.29
2.41
0.65
0.37
Source:THE III, SEDP Series
Preparing soil mixture using organic fertilizer as one of the component

Courtesy of Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty ,College of Agriculture, CLSU
172
b. Green manures are green growing plants that are plowed under.
Leguminous plants are mainly used for this purpose due to
their capacity to produce nutrients in their root nodules. Upon
decomposition, nutrients become available to new crops grown
in the area. Green manure supplies the crop its needed
nutrients like nitrogen and others.
c. Compost is an organic material consisting of very fine,
thoroughly decomposed mixture of manure, plant parts, and
other organic matter. It contains mineral elements needed for
plant growth. It is prepared by piling up animal manure, soil,
crop residues, lime or wood ashes. It could also be produced
through vermi-composting using African night crawlers (ANC)
worms which produce cast which is a very good source of
organic material.
2. Inorganic Fertilizer. These are the commercial fertilizers. They
are concentrated form of plant food which maybe complete or
incomplete. A complete fertilizer contains all the three macro
elements (NPK). An incomplete fertilizer contains only one or two of
these elements N, P or K.
Inorganic fertilizers are classified according to the number of
fertilizer elements present.
a. Single element fertilizers. These contain only one
element. Examples:
Ammonium sulphate(21-0-0)
Urea (46-0-0)
Ordinary superphosphate (20-0-0)
Muriate of potash (0-0-60)
b. Incomplete fertilizers. These fertilizers contain only
two fertilizer elements. Examples:
Mono-ammonium phosphate (21-53-0)(18-46-0)
and (16-20-0) (11-18-0)
c. Complete Fertilizers. These contain all three major
elements, N,P,K in percentages indicated respectively by
the three numerals .Examples:
12-12-12, 14-14-14, 12-24-12, 10-25-25, 5-10-16
173
All the commercial fertilizers are manufactured to meet the demands

of different crops and different soil types. They provide the plants with ready
concentrated amount of nutrients for plant growth, the same elements
found in an organic fertilizer but greater in percentage. But its excessive
use results in depleted organic matter and losses in soil friability and its
ability to resist drought. Commercial fertilizers should be supplements but
never as replacements for compost and manures. It will be best to use a
combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers to be able to preserve and
improve the quality of the soil.
According to the Palay Check Program of PhilRice, here is the
recommended rate of application of fertilizers based on the identified
deficiencies. It will be better if you will still follow your computed rate of
fertilizer application based on the result of the soil analysis.
Deficiencies
P and K
deficient
are
P
and
deficient
Irrigated
First application:
not
3-3.5 bags 14-14-1412S
For fine-textured soil:
First application:
3-3.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
0.5 bag 16-20-0 + 0.5
bag 0-0-60
Rain fed
First application:
4-4.5 bags 14-14-1412S
First application:
4-4.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
1 bag 16-20-0 + 1
bag 0-0-60
are For medium-textured

soil:
First application:
3.5 bags 14-14-1412S + 0.5 bag 16-200
For medium-textured
soil:
First application:
4.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
1 bag 16-20-0
At EPI:
0.5 bag 0-0-60
First application:
3-3.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
0.5 16-20-0
First application:
3-3.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
At EPI:
1 bag 0-0-60
First application:
4-4.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
1 bag 16-20-0
First application:
4-4.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
Only P is deficient
Only K is deficient
174
0.5 bag 0-0-60

For medium-textured
soil:
First application:
3.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
0.5 bag 0-0-60
At EPI:
0.5 bag 0-0-60
1 bag 0-0-60
For medium-textured
soil:
First application:
4.5 bags 14-14-1412S + 0.5 bag 0-0-60
At EPI:
1 bag 0-0-60
WHEN TO APPLY FERTILIZER

1. Basal Application. Right before the last harrowing, one or two
days before transplanting, drain all water from the field and apply
1/2 of the recommended nitrogen (N), all the phosphorus (P) and
potassium (K) depending on the variety used and the age of
seedlings when transplanted. It will be best to use a combination of
organic and inorganic fertilizers in the basal application using 10
bags of organic fertilizer per hectare together with the
recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer
2. Top dress. Timely application of top dress fertilizer is very
important to supply the needed nutrients for healthy and long
panicle. Apply or broadcast the remaining nitrogen 5 7 days
before panicle initiation or 70 72 days before maturity.
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Roger C. Nazareno, Farmer, San Pedro Apartado Multi-Purpose Cooperative, Pangasinan
3. Foliar Application. Different brands of foliar fertilizer have

different composition but the method and timing of application are
the same. Start application 45 days after transplanting at 10 14
days interval. Refer to the table below for the direction.
175
Crop
Fertilizer
Time of application
Interval
day
Rate
Tbs/16 l
Crop Giant (Orange

level) 15 15 30 +
ME
Early in the morning or

late in the afternoon.
Start application 45 days
after transplanting
Apply 15 days after
transplanting
10 14
4- 6
4 x / 15 days
interval
6-8
RICE
Foliar Plus
15 15 30 + ME
Proper Timing of Top Dressing In Rice

Sufficient nutrients from tillering to early panicle initiation and
flowering stages will result to good crop growth, good panicle development,
and attainment of the yield potential of a given variety.
MATURITY
Irrigated
VEM (100 105)
IR -56, IR-58
IR 36, IR 60,
BPI R; 10
UPL R, -4
MM (115 130)
IR 42, IR 64
BPI R; 4,
IR 46, IR 52
RAINFED
MM (120 130)
C 22
Wagwag
TRANSPLANTED
18 21 days
Panicle initiation (DAYS)
TRANSPLANTED
25 28 days
48 56
58 66
48 -56
58 -66
48 56
75 - 80
Legend: VEM = Very early maturity

MM = Moderate Maturity
Correct Amount of Fertilizer to be Applied
In computing the right amount of fertilizers to be applied in a given
area, make use of the result of soil analysis and the recommended rate of
application of fertilizers. It requires the ability to compute for the fertilizer
need in a given crop per unit area. One way of expressing fertilizer rate is by
kilogram nitrogen (N) phosphoric acid (P2O5) and kilogram soluble
176
potassium (K2O) per hectare. Another way is by bags of the fertilizer material
per hectare. For farmers it is advisable to use the latter but for extension
men, the former is used to facilitate communication.
The amount of fertilizer to be applied per hectare to supply a certain
amount of plant nutrient depends on the recommended rate and
composition of the fertilizer material to be used.
Fertilizer Computation Formula:

Formula # 1
Weight of fertilizer material=
Recommended rate
x 100
% nutrient of the fertilizer material
Formula # 2
Number of fertilizer bags = Weight of nutrient
Weight of nutrient per bag
Sample Problems and Computations

The recommended rate is given in the form of NPK. Calculate the
number of kilograms of ammonium sulfate (21% N or 2100) or Urea (450-0), super phosphate (20% P2O5 or 0200) and muriate of potash (60%
K2O or 0060) to meet the 1007040 fertilizer recommendation.
Example # 1
The recommended rate for Nitrogen is 10000/ha. Convert the weight
of fertilizer using the formula:
Weight of fertilizer material= Recommended rate

177
x 100
Step1. Determine the kind of fertilizer to use to meet the N

recommended rate. The recommendations could be supplied with
ammonium sulfate (21 0 - ) or urea (46 0 0). If you use urea:
= 100 kg x 100
46
= 100 kg
.46
= 217.39 kg
Step 2. Convert the computed weight of fertilizer material into number
of bags by dividing it with 50 kg which is the commercial weight per
bag of the fertilizer material.
=
217.39 kg
50 kg/bag
= 4.35 or 4.4 bags
Therefore, approximately 4.4 bags of urea per hectare are
needed to supply the fertilizer recommended rate of 100-0-0.
Example # 2
Step 1. Determine the amount of fertilizer to use to meet the
recommended rate for phosphorous 0-70-0. The recommendations
could be supplied with super phosphate (0 20 -0 ):
= 70 kg x 100
20
= 70 kg or 3.5 x 100
.20
= 350 kg
= 350 kg
50 kg/bag
178
= 7 bags
Therefore, a total of 7 bags per hectare are needed to supply the
fertilizer recommended rate of 0-70-0.
Example # 3
Step 1. Determine the amount of fertilizer to use to meet the
recommended rate for potassium 0-0-40. The recommendations could
be supplied with muriate of potash (0- 0-60 ):
= 40 kg x 100
60
= 40 kg or 0.6666 x 100
.60
= 66.67 kg
=
66.67 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.33bags
Therefore, approximately 1.33 bags per hectare are needed to
supply the fertilizer recommended rate of 0-0-60.
Example # 4
The fertilizer recommendation for a given area is 8050-0 per hectare.
Compute the kind and amount of fertilizer needed to meet the requirement.
Step 1. Determine the fertilizer to be used. The recommendation could
be supplied by:
ammonium phosphate (1620-0) and urea (4600) or
ammonium sulfate (21-00) or urea (4600) and ordinary
phosphate (0160) or superphosphate (0200).
179
Step 2. If you use two single element fertilizers follow the same
sequence as example 1. If ammonium phosphate is to be used (16200) or superphosphate (0-20-0)
Step 3. Determine the weight of the fertilizer with the formula:
x 100
= 50 kg x 100
20
= 30 kg
.20
= 250 kg
Step 4. Change into number of bags by dividing with 50 kg/bag.
= 250 kg
50 kg/ha
= 5 bags
Step 5. Find the nutrient weight of nitrogen. Since 16200 has 16%
nitrogen and 20% phosphorus 250 kilograms 16200 contains 25 kg
N and 30 kg phosphorus.
Therefore, 250 kg of 16200 will supply 40500 nutrient
weight.
Step 6. Subtract the nutrient
recommendation rate.
80 50 0
- 40 50 0
40 0 0
weight
in
step
from
Step 7. Suppose urea is available, compute for the remaining

nutrient.
180
the
= 40 kg x 100
46
= 36 kg
.46
= 86.96 kg
Step 8. Change the number of kilograms into bags per hectare.
=
86.96 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.74 bags
Finally, 5 bags of ammonium phosphate and 1.74 bags of urea
are needed to satisfy the recommendation.
Example # 5.
Suppose the fertilizer recommendation is 1006060 per hectare. In
this case, you may use complete fertilizer 141414 and urea (4600) to
come up with the recommendation.
Step 1. Compute for the smaller content first which is 60 to determine
the amount of complete fertilizer needed to supply the requirement .
x 100
= 60 kg x 100
14
= 60 kg
0.14
= 428.6 kg
Step 2. Convert the weight of fertilizer material into number of bags by
dividing the weight of fertilizer material per hectare by 50 kg.
=
428.6 kg
50 kg/ha
= 8.6 bags
181
Step 3. Since 141414 contains 14% NPK equivalent to 60 kg

determine the remaining or lacking amount of nitrogen by
subtracting the computed weight from the recommended rate.
100 - 60 - 60
- 60 - 60 - 60
40 - 00 00
Step 4. Compute for the lacking amount of nitrogen using urea

(46-0-0)
= 40 kg x 100
46
= 86.96 kg
Step 5. Convert the number of kilograms into bags/ha.

=
86.96.2 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.74 bags
So you need 8.6 bags of 141414 and 1.7 bags of urea to
supply the fertilizer recommendation per hectare.
LET US REMEMBER
Oversupply of nutrients result to increased susceptibility of the crop

to pests, lodging, etc.
Undersupply and untimely application slow down the growth of

seedlings, lower number of tillers, and lower grain weight.
The macro elements are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK).

The two kinds of fertilizers are the organic and inorganic.
The methods of applying fertilizers are basal, top dress, and foliar .
Fertilizer computation formulas:
Formula # 1
182
x 100
Formula # 2
Number of fertilizer bags = Weight of nutrient
Weight of nutrient per bag
Process
Activity#1
Solve these problems.
1. The fertilizer recommendation for rice crop planted in clay loam soil
type is (45 0 0). Determine the amount of fertilizer needed to
supply the recommended rate if you use ammonium sulfate (21-0-0)
and urea (46-0-0) to supply the nitrogen.
2. The fertilizer recommendation for clay soil is 40 20 0. Determine
the kind and amount of fertilizer needed to supply the recommended
rate using ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) as the source of (N)and
ordinary superphosphate (0-20-0) as the source of P2O5.
Reflect
and
Activity#2
183
Research from the internet how to formulate soil nutrient booster,

using materials that can be sourced out from the locality. Present your
output to the class for deliberations. Once polished, each group should
come up with their own sample output.
Transfer
Activity#3
Conduct some field research on the possible combinations of different
kinds and amount of fertilizers to come up with the best yield result.
Course the recommendations to the farmer cooperators/learners for field
trials to validate research results.
Post-assessment
Compute what is being asked. Write your answers on your quiz

notebook.
Mang Seve Dalaw, a traditional farmer was encouraged by the
success stories of farmers adopting the new technologies of farming. He had
his farm analyzed for the first time and came up with the recommended rate
of fertilizer application of 95-65-50.Find the number of bags needed using
the following fertilizers:
Complete fertilizer 14-14-14
Ammonium phosphate 16-20-0
Urea 45-0-0
184
RESOURCES
Reference
Fertilizer samples
a. Organic
b. Inorganic
Glossary of Terms
Fertilizer any substance added to the soil to supply the needed

nutrient elements for plant growth
Macro elements - substances or nutrients needed by plants in large
quantities
Micro elements - substances or nutrients needed by plants in small
quantities
Organic fertilizer - a fertilizer that comes from decomposed plant and
animal residues
Inorganic fertilizer - a commercially prepared and in concentrated
form of plant food which may be complete or incomplete. It is
complete when the three macro elements are present (NPK);
incomplete when one or two elements are lacking
Fertilizer ratio - the relative percentage of N, P2O5 and K2O in a
fertilizer grade. Example: 1414-14 has a ratio of 1.1.1 NPK
Fertilizer recommendation - the recommended rate of fertilizer
application expressed in kilograms N,P and K per hectare
Example: 905030 fertilizer recommendation indicates that
in a certain kind of soil you need to apply 90 kg N, 50 kg P2O5 and
30 kg K2O per hectare.
Fertilizer formula - the quantity and analysis of fertilizer materials
which make up a mixed fertilizer
Example: ammonium sulfate, urea, super phosphate and
muriate of potash
185
Fertilizer grade - the minimum guarantee of the nutrient content in

terms of percent N, P and K.
Example: If urea is 46 percent N that means 46 kg of every
100 kg of the fertilizer material (46%) is available N.
186
LESSON VIII
WATER MANAGEMENT
187
188
What
is
this
lesson
Water management is very essential in rice production. This lesson

presents the types of irrigation system, schedule of irrigation, water use and
disposal and the six stages of rice growth when the field is to be drained .
You will learn these in thirteen days.
What will you

1.
2.
3.
4.
determine the right depth of water at a certain stage of plant growth;

irrigate and drain the field appropriately;
choose the appropriate method of irrigating the field; and
consider the importance of water in the management of lowland rice
production.
Know
189
Due to climate change, the supply of water is becoming scarce nowadays.

The extreme changes of weather conditions in the different regions of the
country caused a dramatic impact in rice production. Places with extreme
rainfall experience flooding while those with scarce rainfall face long
drought. Both situations cause soil degradation, resulting in loss of
agricultural production.
Dams that hold water for irrigation purposes become destructive during
rainy season due to excessive supply of water, yet becomes inutile to supply
water during summer when it is needed most in the rice fields. Farmers
turn to use of water pumps to source out water from deep wells but the
water level below is getting deeper each year making it very expensive for
farmers to sustain a profitable rice production.
Water is life. It is one of the most important factors in increasing
production of our staple food. It determines the availability of nutrients in
the soil and control weeds. Hence, efficient utilization and conservation of
irrigation water are necessary.
Water insufficiency in any stage most especially during the vegetative
and reproductive growth stages is evident. It reduces plant height, tiller
number, and yield. Water is most critical from panicle initiation to grain
development. Lack of water during these stages leads to production of
unfilled grains.
Water Management
For efficient water management in irrigated rice production, take note

of the following desirable recommended water depth at different stages of
growth:
a. After transplanting, irrigate the puddied field with a depth of
2 - 3 centimeters.
b. Maintain this water depth from 35 D A T(Days After
Transplanting), then gradually increase the level up to 5 cm
as the crop grows. Avoid deep flooding to minimize
percolation and seepage. Keep farm ditches well-shaped and
free of weeds to allow quick flow of irrigation water with
minimum loss.
190
c. At tillering stage, keep water depth at 2 - 3 centimeters.

d. Maintain the water depth at 35 cm during panicle initiation
stage.
e. At ripening stage, maintain deep inflow of water 20 days
after flowering then drain the field 2 3 weeks before
harvesting.
For rainfed areas construct bigger and higher dikes to impound more
water. It should be about 25 30 cm high to free it from rats, holes and
breaks. Start impounding water during the early stage of growthgradually
increasing from 5 cm. to a maximum of 15 cm as the crop becomes taller.
When there is abundant water supply, the field must be kept
submerged for 3-5 days after transplanting. A depth of 2-3 cm is enough to
get higher yield. But a depth of 5-10 cm helps control weeds. However, there
are periods when the rice field has to be drained for a specific purpose and
water efficiency. These are:
1. during transplanting, for ease and more accurate distance
and spacing of planting
2. during early stage of growth, to attain maximum tillering and
to prevent late tillers to come out for a uniform plant growth
and development
3. during weeding, for easier control of weeds using a
mechanical weeder
4. fertilizer application, for the plants to be able to absorb the
maximum nutrients from the applied fertilizers
5. maximum tillering stage, to attain uniform growth, and
6. two weeks before harvesting, to facilitate grain development
and maturity and for ease of harvesting and transport
Draining the field during the maximum tillering stage prevents the
emergence of late tillers and the accumulation of toxic nitrogen which the
plant needs. It is necessary to let the water flow out of the rice field while
the paddy is being drained. Water must be channeled to other paddies that
need it.
191
Types of Irrigation System
a. Reservoir type. A large dam or a small water impounding dam is

constructed across a stream of river where water is impounded for
irrigation and for domestic use. The flow of irrigation water is
dependent on the selection of the methods of water distribution to
meet the water needs of the service area. The rotation method is
usually employed to ensure even distribution of available water supply
and to ensure that a wider area will be supplied with irrigation water.
b. The run-off-the-river type. In this method a controllable gate is
constructed along the river or stream . When water outlet is closed,
water level rise which could be diverted to the canals and laterals. The
quantity of water entering the main canal is regulated at the intake
gate. The available water supply is dependent on the elevation at the
source. As a general rule, the supply is proportionate to the height of
the source and volume flowing from the source. During periods of
high flow when available supply becomes abundant, the continuous
method is usually practiced. When the supply is scarce, the rotational
method is employed.
c. Pumping type. This method makes use of a pump powered by an
engine installed to draw water from underground or open sources like
rivers and lakes. The available water supply is dependent upon the
capacity of the pumps and the water level. Energy is used to run the
system, hence, higher operation expenses are incurred. When using
this type, never allow the rice paddies to dry and have cracks, which
will cause water seepage making irrigation more expensive.
Whatever type of irrigation is used, cooperation among farmers
is to be practiced at all times in order to implement the schedule of
irrigation calendar for an efficient and effective rotation method.
192
Irrigating the field using water pump , at the panicle initiation stage of rice where water
supply is very important.
Efficient Water Use and Disposal

To determine the right amount of water to use, consider the following:
1. Rice variety. You may need more water for the late maturing varieties
than early maturing varieties.
2. Season. Wet season crops need less water than dry season crops.
3. Types of soil. Clay or clay loam soil needs less water than light soil
such as sand.
4. Presence of weeds. Flooding the field always prevent the growth of
weeds.
Water may be lost through the following processes:
1. Evaporation. It is the direct loss of water from the water surface or
moist soil surface. The amount of water that evaporates is influenced
by high intensity of sunlight, strong and dry wind, and high
temperature. Second crop rice production which is on time with the
summer season needs more water to sustain growth and yield.
2. Transpiration. It is the loss of water from the leaves. Transpiration is
affected by the weather condition. More water will be lost during dry
season which explains the need of constant irrigation.
3. Seepage. Water moves sideways within the soil. It may pass through
the dike or below the ground. This can be minimized if the dikes and
levees are well-maintained.
193
4. Percolation. It is the downward flow of water. Its occurrence is high if

the soil is sandy, deep, and has a deep water table. Well-puddled rice
paddies minimize percolation and tend to hold water efficiently.
The three systems of irrigation are:

1. reservoir type
2. run off the river or free flowing
3. pumping type
The methods of water distribution are:

1. rotational
2. continuous method
The factors to consider in determining the right amount of irrigation

water to use are:
1. rice variety
2. season
3. type of soil
4. presence of weeds
The six stages of rice growth when the rice field has to be drained:
1. during transplanting
2. early stage of growth
3. weeding
4. fertilizer application
5. maximum tillering stage
6. two weeks before harvesting
Adequate water supply is needed to:

o
facilitate land preparation especially leveling;
ensure good crop establishment with faster root development;
194
promote seedling vigor and normal crop growth and

development with minimal lodging; and
facilitate better nutrient uptake with the right amount and

timing of water.
Efficient water management means

o
Achieve 3-5 cm water depth every irrigation time from early

tillering until 1-2 weeks before crop maturity or harvest.
A water depth of about 3-5 cm will be maintained from 10 DAT
or 10-15 DAS to near crop maturity will ensure water status for
optimum crop growth and yield. However, under field
conditions, irrigation water supply may be insufficient to
maintain a flooded soil condition or a certain surface water
depth. While a certain flood water depth can control weeds,
saturated soil condition at an early crop growth stage can
reduce snail mobility and damage.
Stop irrigation one week before harvesting for medium textured soil
and 2 weeks before harvesting for fine textured soil.
This ensures sufficient moisture to complete grain filling and
facilitates harvest operations. This also helps ensure better
grain appearance, i.e., grains will not be splashed with mud
and water.
Process
Activity#1
Make a powerpoint presentation on effective and efficient water
management on rice production. Encourage fellow students interactions to
broaden your knowledge.
195
Reflect
and
Activity#2
Access the website of the different agencies and companies engaged in
rice research. Study and compare their water management technologies.
Select one which you believe is best suited to the community and present it
in class.
Transfer
Activity#3
As an offshoot of your research papers that you had presented in the
class, demonstrate the technology selected in the assigned area in the
school farm. Encourage your farmer-cooperators/learners to explore the fun
of cooperative work and learn with you.
Post-assessment
Answer the following questions. Write your answer on your quiz notebook.
196
1. Enumerate the procedure in installing the water pump to irrigate rice

paddies.
2. Describe in, at least, 10 sentences how to minimize water loses in the
rice paddies.
3. Identify the six stages of rice growth when the field is to be drained
and give the importance of doing it.
Resources
1. References
2. Foot rule to measure the depth of water
3. Irrigation pump, if necessary
Glossary of Terms
DAT days after transplanting

Tillering stage starts with the development and appearance of the
first shoot/tiller and ends when the plant stops producing tillers
Panicle initiation beginning of the reproductive phase
characterized by the formation of the panicle within the stalks
Milk stage stage of rice growth when the content of the grain
becomes milky
Irrigation the application of water needed by the plant by means of
any method
Drainage a shallow canal to remove excess water from the field when
not needed
197
198
QUARTER IV
LESSON IX
PEST MANAGEMENT
199
200
What
is
this
lesson
201
This lesson covers the pest management in rice production to include

weeds, insect pests, and diseases . It covers the kinds of weeds, methods of
weeding, kinds of herbicides, and methods of applying them. The signs and
symptoms of major insect pests and diseases of rice and their control will be
discussed too. You will learn these within fifteen days.
What will you
After the lesson you should be able to:

1. classify the types of weeds, insects, and pests found in rice fields;
2. discuss the importance of pest management;
3. undertake pest management using appropriate methods;
4. explain the methods of applying chemicals to control pests;
5. explain the integrated pest management (IPM)
6. observe safety measures in handling chemicals; and
7. cite the potential loss in production due to pests.
Know
The rice field is a complete battleground for existence, where our human
interest clashes with many organisms. While we are doing our best to
produce the highest possible yield to ensure food sufficiency, pests such as
rodents, birds, insects eat their way for their survival too. The bacteria and
fungi invade plant tissues and the weeds compete with the plants for food.
202
Mother nature is sometimes cruel that plants wither during drought and
submerge them when flood comes. It takes a lot of challenges to produce
enough food for the ballooning population. With enough knowledge and
skills in pest management, we could limit their effects and continue to
increase production to help contribute to sustainable development through
sustained rice production.
In the past, farmers immediately apply toxic chemicals upon detection
of some pests in the rice field. It is their most convenient way of controlling
them. But, due to increased awareness and understanding of the ill effects
of these chemicals in our environment,friendly technologies have been
developed to reduce significantly the destructive pests through integrated
pest management. It is a combination of effective cultural, biological,
chemical, genetic, and physical cropping practices.
Both approaches, the chemical and IPM should be both used with
responsible discretion of the farmers to boost production and at the same
time protect our mother earth for a sustainable livable environment.
For us to implement these approaches wisely, we need to know more

about these pests:
Weeds are plants that grow in places where they are not wanted. Weeds
reduce rice yields by competing with rice plants for sunlight, moisture,
space, and soil nutrients. They also serve as alternate hosts of insect pests
and diseases. They are more serious in upland and direct seeded wet land
than in transplanted irrigated rice paddies.
The types of weeds commonly found in rice fields are:

1. Grasses. These are monocotyledonous plants which have long narrow
leaves, usually flat leaves with parallel veins and round hollow stem.
Among these are:
a. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pens
Common name: bakbaka or galut-galut (Iloc.), kawadkawad
(Tag.), Bermuda grass or runners (Eng.)
203
b. Echinochloa glabrescens Muriro

Echinochloa crusgalli sbsp. Hispidula
Common name: marapagay (Iloc.), bayakibok (Tag.), Barnyard
grass (Eng.) and lagton (Bicol)
c. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Common names: dukayang or bulang (Iloc.), pulang puwit
(Tag.), jungle rice (Eng.)
d. Paspalum sp
Common name: karunsi (Iloc.), plastic grass (Eng.)
e. Rottboellia chochichinensis (L)
Common name: marapagay, sagisi (Iloc.), aguingay (Tag.)
Echinoclora colona (Dakayang, left), Echinocloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv (center),

Rottboella chochichinensis
(Marapagay, right).
Sources: CBLM Year 3
2. Sedges. These are weeds with triangular stem, long narrow leaves and
modified rhizomes for storage and propagation. Examples are:
a. Fimbrystilis littoralis Gaud
Common name: siraw-siraw (Iloc.), ubud-ubod, taulat (Tag.),
gumi (Pangasinan), sirisibuyas (Bicol)
b. Cyrperus iria (L)
Common name: payong-payong (Iloc.), umbrella sedge (Eng.)
c. Scirpus maritimus( L)
Common name: bawang-bawang, marilango, marabawang or
buslig (Iloc.), apulid (Tag.), bulrush (Eng.)
d. Cyperus difformis (L.)
Common names: marabutones, ballayang (Iloc.), payongpayong, tagataga (Tag.)
e. Cyperus rotundus (L.)
Common name: barsanga (Iloc.), mutha (Eng.)
204
f. Schenoplectus grossus (L.) Palla

Common names: bilid-bilid (Iloc.), giant bulrush (Eng.), Tikiw
(Tag.)
Fimbristylis littoralis Guad. (left), Cyperus iria (right)

Source: CBLM Year 3
3. Broadleaves. These are dicotyledonous plants with netted veined
leaves. Among the most common in rice fields are:
a. Monochoria vaginalis Presl
Common name: gabing uwak, biga-bigaan (Tag.), bil-lagut
(Iloc.), Upi-upi (Bicol)
b. Ipomoea aguatica (Forssk)
Common name: balangeg (Iloc.), kangkong (Tag.), swamp
cabbage (Eng.)
c. Sphenoclea zeylanica (Gaertn.)
Common names: sili-silian (Tag.), marasili (Iloc.)
d. Ipomoea triloba (L. Common names: marakamote (Iloc.)
kamokamoteha Tag.)
205
Monochoria vaginalis
Sphenochlea zeylanica Gaertn

Source :CBLM Year 3
Methods of Weed Control
In all cases, all kinds of weeds must be controlled before they could
compete with the plants. It is therefore more economical to make use of the
cultural and biological methods before resorting to chemicals.
A. Physical/mechanical method. Weeds can be controlled by means of:
1. hand pulling or hand weeding
2. use of mechanical weeders or rotary weeder possible when
transplanted, using the straight row planting and mechanical
seeder in direct row planting
3. efficient use of irrigation water which prevents the emergence of
all kinds of weeds
B. Cultural method. This involves good land preparation and flooding
during land preparation to remove weed seeds, closer crop spacing,
and use of varieties that are taller and will produce more tillers early
in the season.
C. Chemical Control. Herbicides may be used to kill weeds or suppress
their growth.
Chemical control is cheaper than hand weeding and can be
used in all rice environments. However, the continued use of the same
herbicides leads to build-up of perennial weeds which are difficult to
control with herbicide. This can be prevented by hand or mechanical
weeding periodically. Herbicides are applied either pre-emergence
(before weeds germinate) or post-emergence (after weeds have
germinated) in granular or sprayable form.
Pre-emergence application of granular or sprayable herbicides
controls most annual weeds. This is applied 3-5 DAT in a water depth
of 3-5 centimeters.
Post-emergence herbicides control annual broadleaf weeds and
sedges. This is applied 20-25 DAT. Drain water from the paddy before
spraying. Reflood the paddy the following day to a depth of 5-7 cm. to
206
suppress late germinating weeds.

In spraying herbicides always follow the recommended rate of
application so as not to incur damage to the growing plant.
D. Preventive Method. Before sowing the seeds make use of big

container in soaking to allow the weed seeds to float and discard.
During the land preparation for the seed bed just after leveling the
bed, flood and allow the water to flow out to discard the floating seeds.
Use certified seeds, wire mesh in canal, and remove weeds before
seeds mature.
Pointers for Effective Herbicide Application
1. Apply herbicides at the right time.

a. Pre-planting apply herbicide after land preparation before the
crop is planted.
b. Pre-emergence apply herbicide before the emergence of the
crop or weeds.
c. Post-emergence herbicide is applied after emergence of the
crop or weeds.
2. Use the right dosage of chemicals. Weak or strong dosage of
chemicals may not be useful to the plant; therefore, follow the
recommended dosage.
3. Spray during fair weather. Do not spray when the wind is strong nor
during rainy weather. Spray early in the morning or late in the
afternoon.
4. Distribute spray solution accurately.
207
Knapsack sprayer
Preparing Herbicide Sprays

All granular herbicides can be used directly but herbicides in the form
of wettable powder (WP), as well as emulsifiable concentrates (EC) should
be mixed with water or other diluting liquids such as oil before using. If you
mix them properly, your herbicide will work effectively. If any common
container is used in the preparation, label it properly and keep it away from
children.
1. Prepare the required amount of herbicide. Remember that too much
herbicide may injure the crop and too little herbicide may not control
weeds effectively.
2. Pour of the required water into the container. Your container
should contain more than what the sprayer tank can contain. Never
apply the herbicide ahead of the water because the wettable powder
tends to float and many emulsifiable concentrates are acidic.
3. Add the herbicide to the water. If you are using wettable powder,
thoroughly mix it with small amount of water before pouring into the
water container. This makes the dispersion of the powder in a large
amount of water easier.
4. Mix the herbicide in the water container using a bamboo stirrer, not
your hand.
208
5. Add the remaining water to complete the dilution.

WAYS OF CONTROLLING INSECT PESTS:
In controlling insect pests, use of chemicals should always be the last
recourse. Visit the farm regularly to detect presence of insect pests. If
negligible apply natural ways of controlling either biological or organic
method. A combination of the methods below should be considered:
1. Biological control done by promoting the existence of natural
enemies of rice insect pests. These natural enemies can be grouped
into:
1. spiders which eat any insect pests they can catch
2. insect predators which eat many kinds of pests
3. insect parasites which eat only one or a few kinds of pests,
pathogens/organisms which infect different kinds of pests
2. Using pest resistant varieties by incorporating insect resistance
genes in the high yielding varieties of rice like the new varieties offered
by the DA and other government agencies.
3. Cultural and chemical controls for insect pests of rice with their
nature of attack and damage are shown and discussed below.
There are about 100 species of insects that infest the rice plant.
However, only 15 of these are of major significance and are regularly
occurring. Some of the most destructive insects are: rice whorl maggot, rice
caseworm, common army worm, cutworms, rice stemborer, rice leaf folder,
green leafhopper, brown planthopper and the newly discovered black bugs
in some parts of the country.
Major Insect Pests
1. Rice whorl maggot (Hydrellia philippinia) Local name: ngilaw ti pagay,
ngilaw ti taltalon (Iloc.), langaw-bukid (Tag.)
The adult fly is dull-grayish. It is attracted to newly
transplanted rice with standing water. Eggs are laid singly on either
surface of the leaf. Incubation ranges from 2 - 4 days. The newly
hatched maggots migrate to the unopened central leaves where the
larvae feed on the inner margins of developing leaves. As the leaves
expand, the damaged areas become very visible. Pupation takes place
209
outside the feeding stalk and lasts for 7-10 days. Egg to adult stages
normally extends 26-28 days. Infestation generally occurs from
seedling to maximum tillering stage.
2. Rice caseworm (Nymphula depuntalis) Local name: kutalo (Iloc.).
The adult moth is white with wings that are marked with a few
light brown to black specks and 2 - 3 dull brownish yellow bands
located below the margin (Figure 27). Eggs are laid in 1 or 2 adjacent
rows in the lower surface of the leaves or on the leaf sheath near the
water surface. After 2-4 days, eggs hatch into pale cream minute
larvae.
The caseworm derives its name from the larvas habit of
wrapping itself in a section of a leaf and attaching itself to the rice
plant. It feeds on the upper portion of the leaf. The larva undergoes
five instars. It changes its leafcase after each morning.
3. Common armyworm (Mythimna separate Walker). Local name:

arabas (Iloc.)
Armyworm infestation occurs sporadically. Outbreaks are
characterized by the sudden appearance of larvae in immense
numbers causing severe damage before they are detected.
The adult is nocturnal and appears to be pale brick red to
brown. It has a hairy body covered with dark specks and patches. The
eggs are laid in clusters between the leaf sheath and the stem. They
hatch from 7 to 9 days.
4. Cutworm (Spodoptera litura). Local names: tariptip (Qui.) arabas
(Cag.)
It is a polyphagus insect that feeds on many plant species. It is
also a very common pest of various agricultural crops.
The forewings of the adult insects are purple-brown with
numerous spots and light colored lines with hindwings. Larvae are
brown-black and thoracic segments have 1 to 2 dark specks near the
base of the legs. The eggs are round with ridge surface, pearly white,
and laid in clusters of 300 covered with short brownish hair on either
surface of the leaf. Adults come out during night time. This insect
usually attacks rice plants at the seedling stage.
210
5. Rice stemborers. Local name: rusok (Cag.)

Considered the most serious pest of rice, stemborers are of
regular occurrence and of wide distribution. They reduce tillers even
on resistant varieties and are difficult to control with insecticides.
This pest occurs in all rice environments and are generally abundant
toward the end of the rainy season. They infest rice plants from
seedling stage to maturity. Their damage to the rice plants results in
deadhearts when the central leaf whorl is affected and white head
when base of the panicles are severed (Figure below).
The adult of most stemborer species are positively strong fliers.
They mate in the evening.
Dead
caused
Borer
Heart
by Stem
Photo
Courtesy
of Mr. Efrelito
M.
Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
6. Rice leaffolder (Cnaphalacrocis medinalis) Local name: balbalkot,

igges nga aglukot ti bulong (Iloc.).
Leaffolders have increased in importance in areas where rice is
heavily fertilized and planted during the dry and wet seasons.
The adults have shiny light brown wings and dark broad
margins and 2-3 vertical dark stripes. The larvae are long, yellowish
green with brown head. The eggs are oval, yellowish-white and laid of
rows of 10-12 each, arranged linearly along the midrib of either
surface of the leaves. They attack rice plants from seedling to
flowering stages (Figure 9).
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
211
7. Green leafhoppers (Nephotettix spp) Local name: berde a sepsep

(Iloc.), berdeng ngusong kabayo (Tag.).
The green leafhoppers (Figure below) generally feed on the
leaves and upper parts of the plants. They are vectors of virus
organisms causing tungro and yellow dwarf diseases. Oviposition
occurs 2 - 3 days after emergence. Egg masses are laid on the upper
surface of the leaf blade or leaf sheath. Incubation takes 7 - 8 days.
The nymphs undergo 5 instars in 14-19 days before they become
adults. They attack rice plants from seedling to booting stages.
8. Brown planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens) Local name: kolor kape a

sepsep (Iloc.).
The brown planthopper (Figure 11) infests the lower parts of the
plants. Brown planthoppers are of two kinds: the winged and wingless
types. Both winged and wingless hoppers transmit grassy stunt but
the wingless type causes direct damage known as hopper burn. This
is characterized by gradual yellowing followed by sudden drying of the
plants forming circular patches in the fields.
9. Rice bugs (Leptocorisa oratorious) Local name: dangaw (Iloc.)

This pest is a major problem where rice is grown continuously
and rice in all its stages of growth. Both nymphs and adults are
distinguished by their peculiar bug odor. They are phototropic and
remain active during early morning and when sunlight is weak.
212
Extent of Damage of Insect Pests.
213
Insect of rice, nature of attack, damage and control measures*.

Insect pests
a. Rice whorl
maggot
(Hydrella
philippinia F)
b. Rice caseworm
(Nymphaula
depuntalis)
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
c.
Nature of attack and

damage
The larva feeds on
unopened whorl,
scraping the epidermal
layer & ribbing the
inner most margin of
the leaf
Stunting
Reduction of tillers
It consumes the tissue
of the leaves; a papery
membrane on the upper
epidermis of the leaves
develops
Stunting & reduced
tillers
Damaged plants appear
in patches in the field
The larva feeds on
leafblades leaving only
the midribs
It cuts off the panicles
c. Armyworm
(Pseudoletia
unipuncta)
a.
d. Cutworm
(Spodoptera
litura)
e. Rice stemborers
a. Yellow
stemborer
(Tryporyza
inertulas)
b. Striped
stemborer
(Chilo
suppressalis)
a. The larva feeds at base

of the plant and devour
the entire plant
a. Presence of hold on the
stems
b. Borer cuts off the
growing parts from the
youngest leaves to dry
up deadhearts
f.
a. Leaf is folded into

tabular structures
b. Longitudinal white
transparent streaks on
the leaf blades
Rice leaf folder

(Cnaphalocrosis
medinalis
Masamia
patmalis)
b.
214
Preventive and control measures

1. Eliminate all possible alternate
host plants.
2. Drain the field at 3-4 days
interval during the first 30 DAT.
3. Apply insecticides not later than
7 DAT when ETL is reached .
1. Transplant older seedlings (2530 days).

2. Drain paddies for 7 days to kill
larvae in their cases.
3. Spray foliar insecticides 7 DAT
to maximum tiller when ETL is
reached.
4. In the highlands, apply fresh
leaves of madre de cacao.
1. Establish seedbeds away from
weedy areas.
2. Keep the rice field &
surrounding areas clean.
3. Spray appropriate insecticide
when ETL is reached.
1. Spray appropriate insecticides
1. Do not transplant severely
infested seedlings.
2. Observe clean culture to
eliminate all possible alternate
host plants.
3. Use recommended resistant
varieties.
4. Use systematic insecticides
5. Harvest at ground level and row
immediately after harvest to
remove larvae.
1. Avoid planting in shaded areas
2. Remove weeds from rice fields
and surrounding borders to
prevent build up of alternate
hosts.
c. Heavily damaged leaves

become dry
g. Green
leafhopper
(Nephotetix spp)
a. The pest sucks leaf sap

causing the leaves to
turn light yellow to
orange
h. Brown planthopper
(Nilaparvata
lugens)
a. Directly damages the

crop by sucking plant
sap causing gradual
yellowing followed by
sudden drying of plant
forming circular patches
in the field (hopper
burn)
i.
b. Nymphs and adults feed

on grains during the
milking stage
c. Infested panicles
contain shriveled and
unfilled grains
Rice bug
(Leptocorisa
oratorius)
* Source: CBLM Year3
215
3. Apply only the recommended

amount of nitrogen fertilizer.
Split nitrogen application.
4. Apply only foliar insecticides
1. Use resistant varieties
2. Create crop-free period of at
least 6 weeks between crops.
3. Rogue or pull and bury infected
plants during the first 6 weeks
of crop growth slightly infected
areas.
4. Remove volunteer rice plants
and weeds that look like
alternate hosts.
5. Construct seedbeds away from
artificial light so as not to
attract hoppers.
6. Avoid excessive use of nitrogen
fertilizers.
7. Apply systemic insecticides.
1. Grow only two rice crops per
year.
2. Use resistant varieties.
3. Plant early maturing varieties to
create a rice-free period during
the year.
4. Plow under ratoons after harvest
5. Drain the field for 3-4 days
during infestation.
6. Split nitrogen application into
three..
7. Practice clean culture
8. Spray insecticides when ETL is
reached.
1. Eliminate alternate hosts of the
pests.
2. Avoid staggered planting.
3. Spray insecticides before
milking stage.
List of Friendly and Harmful Insects Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

This method of pest management could minimize the use of
insecticide for a sustainable environment. It is used to justify economically
and ecologically that the application of chemicals is only recommended
when pests reached the economic injury level.
Through IPM, unnecessary application of insecticide is minimized,
which can mean savings for the farmer. Because of the minimal use of
insecticide there is less pollution and, therefore, survival of natural enemies
is encouraged.
Constant monitoring by visual counting, use of sweep nets, and
damage assessment is necessary to determine if use of insecticide is already
recommended.
When to apply insecticides
Growth stage Insect pests
Seedling
Caseworm
Army worm
Cutworm
Vegetative
Whorl maggot
Green leafhopper
Brown leafhopper
Spray insecticide when

50% of the leaves damaged
15% whorl maggot-damaged leaves + 5%

leaves damaged chewing insects at 5 DAT
None in the areas with RTV
20 hoppers/hill or 1 hopper/tiller
216
Stemborer
Leaffolder
Caseworm
After panicle Brown planthopper
initiation
Green leafhopper
More than 20% dead heart or 1% white head

30% of leaves damaged or cut
30% of leaves damaged or cut
20 hopper/hill or 1 hopper/tiller
None in the areas with RTV
Other Pests
Golden Apple Snail (GAS) or Epikuhl. Local names: bisukol (Iloc.),

kuhol (Tag.).
Golden snail is one of the delicacies enjoyed by farmers before. Now it
is a recognized rice pest. It produces numerous pinkish egg masses visibly
seen on levees which usually hatch from 9 to 12 days. This pest is
destructive during the early growth stage of rice plants 14 days from sowing
to 20 days after transplanting.
The pest feeds on the vegetative parts of young rice plants and could
wipe out plants in a given area overnight.
Population of golden apple snail can be prevented by the following:
a. Handpick the golden snails and use these as animal feed.
b. Observe cleanliness and sanitation.
c. If cultural management is not feasible use molluscicide to control
them. Drain water before spraying and always wear protective gear
when using chemicals.
Rat Control
Rats have been a persistent problem of rice growers, especially in
areas near forests and uncultivated lands. They cause estimated yields
217
losses ranging from 5-60%. Rats attack at all stages of rice growth but reach
their peak during the maturity stage. Damage is greater during wet season.
To control rats effectively, keep the rice fields clean and employ sustained
baiting only when necessary. Make use of available rodenticides in the
agricultural supply and always follow the manufacturers instruction in its
label.
Diseases and their Control

The most practical way to prevent the occurrence of diseases is to
plant resistant varieties, practice good cultural management starting from
the land preparation, and always remember to have at least 30 days
planting breaks.
Various agents acting singly or in combination under favorable
conditions cause disease in rice plants. These diseases are readily
recognized by their symptoms. Among the major diseases prevailing are
tungro, yellow dwarf, grassy stunt, bacterial leaf blight, bacterial leaf streak,
rice blast, sheath blight, brown spot, cercosporal leaf spot and stem rot.
The table shows rice diseases, symptoms, and their preventive and control
measures.
218
Rice diseases, symptoms, preventive and control measures.

Disease
1. Tungro (Virus)
Symptoms
a. Slight stunting of plant growth
and reduced tillering occurs.
b. Yellowing from the tips of leaves.
c. Mottling of the infected leaves
with pale green to whitish
interveinal spots.
d. Panicles are half-exerted or
choked neck.
e. Grains are usually covered with
dark brown blotches.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2. Yellow dwarf
(Virus)
3. Grassy stunt
(Virus)
a. Color varies from yellow to

whitish yellow.
b. Stunted plant growth.
c. Profuse tillering.
d. Droopy leaves.
e. Panicles are poorly developed or
absent.
a. Infected plants are severely
stunted.
b. Profuse tillering.
c. Stiff & erect dark green leaves.
d. Conspicuous shortening and
narrowing of leaf blades which
are usually erect and with small
rusty brown dots.
e. Infected plants produce only few
panicles which are small and
dark brown. Sometimes, no
panicle is produced.
219
1.
2.
Preventive and control

measures
Practice clean culture to
eliminate alternate host.
Rogue diseased plant to
reduce inoculums.
Use only resistant, tolerant
varieties if available.
Minimize the population of
green leafhoppers by
spraying appropriate
insecticides.
Grow only two rice crops
per year and practice
synchronous planting.
Plow under seriously
infected fields.
Control measure similar to
that of the tungro disease.
Use early maturing
varieties simultaneously
planted with late maturing
varieties.
1. Practice clean culture to

eliminate alternate host.
2. Rogues disease plant to
reduce source of
inoculums.
3. Plant only resistant
varieties.
4. Control brown planthopper
populations by using
recommended insecticides.
5. Plant early maturing
varieties.
4. Bacterial leaf
blight
(Xanthomonas
campestris)
a. Lesions begin at the tip or

margins of the leaf and develop
rapidly parallel to healthy
regions. Entire leaf blade
becomes yellowish to dirty white
and eventually dies.
b. Bacterium may enter the
growing point of the young tiller,
causing infection known as
kresek.
5. Bacterial leaf
streak
(Xanthomonas
campestris pv.
Oryzicola)
a. The bacterium attacks the

parenchymatous tissues in
between the veins of the leaves
through the stomata.
b. Appearance of fine interveinal,
long and short lines that are
water-soaked and grayish.
c. As lesions coalesce leaves turn
yellow orange throughout the
field.
a. Spindle-shaped lesions that are
wide at the centers and pointed
towards either ends appear on
the leaf nodes, panicles and
grain leaves die when lesions
coalesce.
b. Rings of brown to black spots
develop near the joints of the
rachille and rachis of maturing
panicles. Center of spots is
usually gray or white.
c. Infected nodes turn blackish
and break easily.
a. Narrow, short brown spots
appear on leaves. Leaf spots are
reddish brown with the color
fading at the edges.
6. Rice blast
(Pyricularia
oryzae)
7. Cercospora
leafspot or
narrow brown
spot
(Sphaerulina
oryzina Hara)
220
1. Minimize seedling injury

during pulling and
transplanting.
2. Plant only recommended
varieties.
3. Do not prune seedlings;
apply only the
recommended amount of
nitrogenous fertilizers.
4. Remove or destroy diseased
stubbles and straws.
1. Plant only the
recommended varieties.
2. Apply recommended
amount of nitrogen
fertilizer.
1. Use only resistant varieties.

2. Spray recommended
fungicides like Brestan and
Benlate.
3. Practice good water
management.
4. Apply only recommended
amount of nitrogen
fertilizer.
1. Follow strictly the

recommended amount of
nitrogen.
8. Brown spot or
Helmin
thosporium
(Helmin
thosporium
oryzae)
9. Stem rot
(Helmin
thosporium
sigmoideum)
10. Sheath blight

(Rhizoctonia
solani)
11. Sheat rot

(Sarocladium
oryzae Sawada)
a. The fungus attacks germinating 1. Seed treatment with

seeds, leaves and developing
fungicides like Brestan,
grains.
Benlate or Fungitox or hot
b. The typical leaf spot is small,
water treatment (52-54C)
dark, oval or circular with
for 15 minutes.
whitish centers; evenly scattered 2. Apply recommended kind
on the leaves. Lesions coalesce
and amount of fertilizer.
causing entire leaf to dry up.
3. Practice crop rotation
4. Practice field sanitation.
5. Practice good water
management.
a. Lesions are small black and
1. Do not allow irrigation
irregular on the outer leaf
water to flow from infected
sheath near the water line.
field.
b. Infection of the culm causes
2. Plant short, stiff-strawed
lodging that results to immature
varieties resistant to
grains.
lodging.
3. Apply only recommended
amount of nitrogen
fertilizer.
a. Spots on the leaf sheath are
1. Spray fungicides like
ellipsoid or ovoid and greenish
Brestan or Vitigram Blue
gray.
on the leaf sheath when
b. Center of spots becomes grayish
infection occurs at the
white with brown margin.
maximum tillering stage
c. Spots are first observed near the
and at the booting stage.
water line in the fields.
a. Rot occurs on the upper most
1. Observe clean culture to
leaf sheath enclosing the young
eliminate all possible
panicles.
alternate host plants.
b. Lesions start as oblong or
2. Use recommended
somewhat irregular spots with
resistant varieties.
brown margins and gray centers 3. Use recommended
or grayish-brown throughout.
insecticides to control the
c. Whitish powder growth are
occurrence of stem borer.
found inside affected sheath
4. Harvest at ground level and
causing the panicles to rot.
plow immediately after
d. Young panicles remain in the
harvest to remove larvae of
sheath or emerge only partly
stem borers.
e. Browning of grains.
221
Viral Diseases
222
1. Tungro. The most destructive among virus diseases, this usually

occurs in a lowland ricefield. It is caused by virus which is
transmitted from a diseased plant to a healthy one through the
feeding activity by three leafhopper species: Nephotettix virescens, N.
nigropictus and Resilia dosalis. Nephotettix virescens is the most
destructive vector. Tungro occurs from seedling to booting stages
(Figure 12). It is prevalent in the whole country except inBatanes
during the wet season from July to November. Figure 13 presents the
transmission cycle of rice tungro.
Source: http:/1.bpblogspot.com FOR ILLUSTRATION
2. Yellow dwarf. The disease usually occurs sporadically in fields.

Infection often takes place during the late stages of plant growth. The
virus is transmitted by three species of leafhoppers: Nephotettix
cincticeps, N. nigropictus and N. malayanus. Most leafhoppers acquire
the virus by feeding on diseased plants for 1-3 hours. About half the
infective individuals of the species can infect healthy plants within 1
hour feeding. Yellow dwarf is prevalent from seeding to booting stages.
3. Grassy stunt. This is prevalent in farms employing an overlapping
rice cropping system. The virus may survive in the harvested rice
stubbles. Generally, the disease is less severe when older plants are
infected. The virus is transmitted from infected plants to healthy ones
by the brown planthopper. The disease usually infects the rice plant
during the seedling to booting stages.
Bacterial Diseases
1. Bacterial leaf blight. (Xanthomonas campestris). It is widespread in
the country especially in areas with high rainfall and humidity.
Infection starts at the tip of leaf margins and may cover the entire leaf
blade. The bacterium enters the leaf through cuts or wounds and on
the natural openings of the leaf. The systematic form of the disease
223
called kresek usually occurs at seedling stage up to the dough stage.

The form of the disease is known as blight. This is prevalent
especially after typhoons.
Source: http:/1.bpblogspot.com FOR ILLUSTRATION
2. Bacterial leaf streak. (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Oryziccola). This

disease does not reduce yield if low rates of nitrogen are applied
although it may lower yields of susceptible varieties. The disease may
spread throughout the entire rice field by the action of rain and wind.
It attacks the rice plant from tillering to dough stages. The disease is
prevalent after typhoons.
Source: http:/1.bpblogspot.comFOR ILLUSTRATION
Fungal Diseases
1. Rice blast. (Pyricularia oryzae). This is the most common disease of
rice infecting plants at any stage of growth. Symptoms are most
conspicuous on the leaves (leaf blast), nodes (nodal blast) and parts of
the panicles (neck rot), and grain. The neck of the panicles becomes
most vulnerable to attack during early emergence of the panicle.
Lesions form at the neck causing the panicles to fall over.
The disease development and severity is aggravated by high
amount of quick acting fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, cloudy
skies with frequent rains and drizzle, and a relative humidity of 90%
224
and above usually common during the months of November to

February.
2. Cercospora leafspot (Sphaerulina oryzina Hara). The long axis of this

spot is parallel with the veins of the leaf. This disease is also known
as narrow brown spot. It seldom infects seedlings or grains. In
susceptible varieties, the spot may be slightly wider in light, narrow
centers. It causes harm by reducing the effective leaf area of the
plant. The disease is favored by low nitrogen level in the soil.
3. Brown spot or Helminthosporium leaf spot (Helminthosporium

oryzae). This disease is probably present in all rice producing areas. It
infects all stages of a rice plant. It is common in nutrient deficient
soil and soils containing a large proportion of sand or peat.
4. Stem rot (Helminthosporium sigmoidium). Infection of the disease

occurs near the water line usually at the maximum tillering stage up
to the milk stage. Severely infected plants produce poor quality grains
that are light and chalky.
225
5. Sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani). The disease occurs during the

heading stage to the milk stage. Sheath blight is destructive under
highly humid and warm temperature and in areas where close
planting and heavy fertilization are practiced.
6. Sheath rot (Sanocladium oryzae Sawada). The fungus is seedborne

and infection takes place through the stomata and wounds. It attacks
the leaf sheath enclosing young panicles when there is an injury
which retards the emergence of the panicles. An abundant whitish
powder growth may be found inside the infected sheath and the young
panicle rot. The disease incidence is common with stemborer,
planthopper and mite damage, and application of high nitrogen.
226
Methods of controlling pest and diseases

o Cultural method
Proper land preparation
Plant at the same time with your neighboring farmers
Clean culture
o Chemical method. Always read labels before use
o Biological method
Introduction of friendly insects to suppress pests and
diseases
With the help of predators such as birds, snakes
o Use of resistant varieties
Always be familiar with Insect pests/diseases, nature of attack and
control measures
The safety measures in handling chemical are the following:

o Store pesticides locked and out of reach of children
o Wear gloves when mixing pesticides
o Wear mask to prevent inhalation of pesticides. Always wash
hands with soap after spraying
o Do not smoke or eat when using pesticides
Consider the IPM to avoid wastage brought by unnecessary spraying

of pesticides
227
Use varieties resistant to pests prevalent in the locality. The use of

resistant varieties is the first line of defense in pest management and
is compatible with biological control. Change or rotate varieties every
2 - 4 cropping to disrupt insect pest and disease adaptation, thereby
preventing build up of virulent pathogens and insect pests.
Adopt a synchronous planting scheme after a fallow period in the

locality.
Conserve beneficial organisms. There are rich communities of

beneficial organisms in the rice ecosystem in the absence of naturalenemy killing pesticides. The indiscriminate use of pesticides reduces
biodiversity and disrupts the natural balance of insect pests and
beneficial organisms. Conservation of these beneficial organisms is
safe, economical, and permanent. For example, long-horned
grasshopper feeds on the egg mass of stem borers while spiders feed
on the nymphs and adults of leafhoppers and plant hoppers.
Weeds are destructive, they reduce rice yield by competing for

sunlight, moisture, and soil nutrients.
Three types of weeds are grasses, sedges,
. and broadleaves.
The methods of controlling weeds are:
a. Preventive method
b. Physical/mechanical method
c. Cultural method
d. Chemical method
Pointers for effective use of herbicide:
a. Apply at the right time
b. Use the right dosage
c. Spray during fair weather
d. Distribute spray solution accurately
Process
228
Activity #1
Proceed to the field to remove weeds in a specific area in the farm
using the appropriate method. Collect samples of weeds to be described in
class how they affect the plants and how to control them.
Activity #2
1. Prepare a gallon of water, mixed with the recommended dosage based
on the manufacturers recommendations and demonstrate proper
spraying. Students performance will be evaluated using the rating
scale below.
Activities
5
Rating
3
1. prepare a gallon of clear water

2. measure the recommended dosage
3. mix herbicide/insecticide based on
procedure
4. demonstrate proper spraying
5. use personal protective equipment
Legend:
1 = 75-79%
2 = 80-85%
3 = 86-90%
4 = 91-95%
5 = 96-100%
1. Collect specimen of insects in the field and name them based on the
description mentioned in this module.
Reflect
and
Activity #3
229
Prepare your own version of a leaflet on integrated pest management in

rice production. Include in your leaflet how to formulate local remedies to
control some insects using some available low cost substances and plant
extracts.
Transfer
Activity #4
Using your formulated local insect control mixture, validate its efficiency
through a field research demonstration farm in the school . Involve your
farmer-cooperator in the learning activity.
Post-assessment-1
230
A. Multiple Choice: Choose the correct answer. Write only the letter of
the correct answer on your quiz notebook
1. Weed growth in the rice field cannot be controlled by
a.
herbicides.
b.
insecticides.
c.
flooding.
d.
hand-weeding.
2. Weeds, if not controlled, can reduce the rice production to as
high as:
a.
10 - 30 percent.
b.
20 - 38 percent.
c.
24 - 48 percent.
d.
30 - 50 percent.
3. Echinochloa crusgali or bayakibok is a weed belonging to the
type called
a.
grasses.
b.
sedges.
c.
broadleaved weeds.
d.
narrow leaved weeds.
4. In irrigated fields, weeds can be controlled with less cost
through:
a.
flooding.
b.
herbicides.
c.
hand pulling.
d.
mechanical weeder.
5. When preparing liquid herbicides, remember to.
a.
pour herbicides before the water.
b.
pour herbicides and water at the same time.
c.
never pour herbicide ahead of water.
d.
pour water ahead of herbicide.
B. Briefly answer the following questions in your notebook.
1. Why do you measure the required amount of herbicide with
great care before mixing with water?
2. Why do you pour at least water in the container before
pouring in the herbicide?
3. How does water control the weeds in an irrigated field?
231
Post-assessment-
Answer the following questions to find out how much you have
learned. Write the answers on your notebook.
1. Which of the following methods is not appropriate to control golden
apple snail?
a. Cultural
b. Chemical
c. Biological
d. Use of resistant varieties.
2. Which of the following insect pests is considered as the most serious
rice pest because it attacks the plant from seedling stage to maturity?
a. Rice stemborer
b. Rice bugs
c. Planthoppers
d. Maggots
3. When handling and using insecticides always remember to
a. follow recommended dosage.
b. never wear face mask.
c. store pesticides and keep out of reach of children.
d. smoke while spraying insecticides.
4. What is the recommended dosage of most insecticides to be mixed up
into 16 liters of water?
a. 7-10 tbsp/16 liters water
b. 10-11 tbsp/16 liters water
c. 8-12 tbsp/16 liters water
d. 10-13 tbsp/16 liters water
5. Which of the following methods is done by promoting the existence of
natural enemies to control rice pest and diseases?
232
a.
b.
c.
d.
Biological
Cultural
Chemical
Physical
B. Provide the following information

1. What are the methods of controlling golden apple snail, rodents, and
insect pests?
2. What are the safety measures in handling insecticides?
RESOURCES
Herbicide/Insecticides, sprayer, face mask, gloves.
Glossary of Terms
Eradicate to wipe out

Weeds - plants that grow in places where they are not wanted
Grasses - weeds which have long narrow, two-ranked usually flat
leaves with parallel veins and round stem
Sedges - similar to grasses but of three-ranked leaves, and
with triangular solid stems
Broad-leaved weeds - dicotyledonous plants with broad
leaves
Herbicides - chemical used to control and kill weeds
Insect pests - insects that are harmful to plants
Rodents rats
Diseases impairments on the normal health of the plant
Insecticides - chemicals used to control insects
Fungicides - chemicals used to control fungus
Molluscicide - chemical used to control golden snails
Lesion - a well-marked but limited diseased area on the plants
233
Nocturnal insect - insect that feeds on plants during night time

Dead heart - dried youngest leaf of the plant during tillering stage
White head dried, unfilled white panicle during heading stage
Symptoms - observable characteristics of a diseased plant
PPE - personal protective equipment
234
LESSON X
HARVESTING, THRESHING, DRYING, STORING, AND MILLING
OF RICE SEEDS
235
236
What
is
this
lesson
This lesson is about the maturity indices of rice, methods and

systems of harvesting rice, threshing, cleaning, drying, storing and milling
including health and safety precautions during harvesting. You will learn
these within twenty days.
What will you

1. identify the maturity indices of rice;
2. discuss the systems and methods of harvesting, threshing, cleaning,
and drying rice;
3. identify the materials needed in harvesting, threshing, cleaning,and
drying;
4. harvest, thresh, clean, and dry rice grain efficiently;
5. observe health and safety precautions during harvesting; and
6. consider the value of proper harvesting, threshing, drying, storing,
and milling rice.
Know
237
Harvesting
Harvesting is the process of collecting the mature rice crop from the
field. It starts from cutting, stacking, handling, threshing, cleaning and
hauling. According to some experts great losses in rice production happen
during harvesting and other post harvest activities. Our definite goal then is
to maximize our yield and minimize grain losses.
Like other cultural management of rice, correct timing of harvesting
is crucial in order to have a good quality of harvest and to prevent crop
losses. Grain losses may occur from the damage caused by rats, birds, and
crop lodging and shattering during windy days. Proper timing of harvesting
ensures good grain quality and high market value. Too early harvesting will
result in higher percentage of unfilled or immature grains which will result
in higher grain breakage and lower milling recovery. Too late harvesting will
lead to excessive grain shattering losses and increased breakage of rice.
Timing of harvesting also affects drying, storing, and even the germination
potential of rice seeds.
We can determine the best time to harvest based on the maturity date
of a given variety or by examining the panicle if all the grains are ripened.
Rice should be harvested when 80-85 percent of the grains turned yellow.
238
The grain moisture content ideally is between 20-25% MC. If the crop is too
dry, when these are rewetted, they break when milled resulting in low
quality and low milling recovery. The table below shows the different rice
varieties and their maturity date after planting.
Table of different rice varieties and their maturity period
Variety
Maturity date
Variety
Maturity date
IR 36
110
IR 66
108
IR 42
135
BPIRi10
108
IR 64
113
PSBRc10
106
PSBRc
123
PSBRc 34
124
PSBRc 18
123 -130
PSBRc 28
111-118
PSBRc 82
110-117
NSICRc 112
111-118
NSICRc 122
121-128
PSBRc 84
111
PSBRc 78
111
PSBRc 80
112
PSBRc 88
116
Mestizo
107
In dry season harvest, an optimum time of harvest 28 - 35 days after
heading gives best grain germination and head rice. In wet season harvest,
optimum time is 32 - 38 days after heading.
Methods of Harvesting Rice
1. Manual is the method of harvesting rice with the use of sickle and
scythe.
2. Mechanical is the method of harvesting rice with the use of a reaper
or combine harvesters.
Whatever method is used in harvesting always take note of the following:
Harvest at the right time and moisture content (20-25% MC). Too
early harvesting results in difficulty in separating grains from the
panicle and immature grains from the head will be ground during
milling.
Avoid delays in threshing after harvesting, within an overnight that
the harvested rice is stacked specially if it is wet, the grain quality is
affected.
239
Use the proper machine in threshing. There are some machines that
allow lots of grain to go with the hay during threshing.
Clean the grain properly after threshing.
Harvesting could be done through the following:

1. Manual harvesting and stacking, followed by threshing and cleaning
by hand. This includes the use of traditional tools for threshing such
as racks, simple treadle threshers and animals for trampling. This
method has been a thing of the past due to intensive farm
mechanization.
2. Manual harvesting followed by threshing and cleaning with a
threshing machine. All threshing machine now includes a
simultaneous cleaning of the grains.
3. Mechanical harvesting using a rice reaper and threshing by a
threshing machine and by using a combine harvester. The combine
harvester will combine all operations: cutting, handling, threshing
,and cleaning.
Manual harvesting of rice

Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
240
List of advantages and disadvantages of common harvesting system

Method
Description
1.
Manual Cutting,
harvesting
and
stacking,
threshing
bundling,
handling and
piling by
hand
Threshing by
beating
cleaning by
winnowing
2.
Manual Cutting and
harvesting
and
stacking by
threshing/cleaning
hand
by machine
Threshing by
machine
Advantages
Disadvantages
Efficient
High labor cost, skill
Most effective in
dependent
Susceptible to grain
lodged crop
Less weather
damage
Winnowing/cleaning
dependent
necessary
More effective in Higher capital cost

wet season
Dependency on
harvest, wet
availability of
crop
contractor
conditions
Less dependent on field
Higher capacity
size
than manual
Lower labor
requirements
3.
Standard Harvests,
High output,
Higher cost
combine harvest
threshes,
timelines
Less effective in partially
and cleans
attained
lodged crop
crop
Produces clean
mechanically
grain
Transport
Spread straw
harvested
back in the
grains in
field, which
convenient
will ensure a
area.
good source of
organic
material to the
farm.
Note: Avoid burning of rice material wastes such as the hays, hulls, and
other materials. Farm wastes burning is regarded as one of the big
contributors to global warming.
241
Threshing
Given the high labor requirements of manual threshing, in many
countries, threshing of rice is now mechanized by use of small stationary
machine threshers. Stationary threshing is generally done in the field or
near or at the field side.
In many regions, machine threshers are owned by individuals who
offer custom operations to farmers. This requires that farmers schedule
harvesting dates depending on the availability of the thresher. Many
threshers are mounted on tractors to quickly move from field to field. Some
are still drawn by a carabao especially on muddy areas.
Guidelines for Threshing
Timing of threshing is very essential. Ideally, threshing should begin

immediately after cutting . Immediate threshing reduces the exposure of
crops to insects, birds and rodents, disease, and molds. Crops that are piled
over a period of time generates heat that will serve as an ideal medium for
growth of molds, disease, and pests. Piling for several days will lead to grain
discoloration, germinated grains, and spoilage.
1. After harvesting, thresh the rice immediately. Threshing is the process
of detaching and separating rice grains from the panicle.
2. Threshing can be performed manually or mechanically. The manual
methods of threshing are treading by feet, flail treading and beating
stalks against tubs, threshing board, or racks.
3. In treading by feet, rice grains spread on the threshing floor is
trampled upon by human feet. The continuous treading action of one
person separate about 14 kg of grain from the straw in one hour.
4. In animal treading the harvested rice is laid around a stake or pole
with the panicles toward the stake. A team of animals (carabao, cow)
242
is driven slowly around the stake to trample the grain off the straw.
The palay is raked occasionally until the grain is completely threshed,
and all the straw have been removed. Many of the grains may be
damaged due to the hard hooves and heavy weight of the carabao.
5. In flail treading, grain separation is done by beating the paddy with a
stick or hinged device called flail.
6. Another method is through the impact of rice heads beaten against a
solid object (hampasan method). A simple way to do this is to beat the
rice panicles with a stick. The method can thresh 20-60 kg of palay
per person per hour.
7. One low-cost mechanical thresher you can use is the pedal-powered
model. It has a low initial cost and one worker can thresh about 1-2
cavans per hour with this model.
8. Another low-cost model is the throw-in axial flow thresher. This is
portable, weighs about 100 kg and requires a 5-7 horsepower engine.
It has a higher output of up to 600 kg/hour.
9. The most commonly used mechanical thresher are lightweight which
could be drawn by a carabao or a tractor in a muddy field powered by
a diesel engine and could finish threshing harvest of 2 hectare in
one day, if it is dry, and 1 hectare if wet. Be sure to lay plastic sheet
in the area to minimize grain losses.
10.Using the combine harvester, it could finish harvesting and at the
same time threshing with a minimum of 3 hectares per day.
Factors to consider in choosing the appropriate system of

threshing:
a. availability of labor
243
b. capital outlay of the farm

c. timeliness of harvesting
d. field layout and field accessibility (combine harvester requires a
certain field layout and access)
e. rice variety (some varieties are more prone to lodging)
f. demand for quality rice
g. demand for straw (some threshers damage the straw making it less
available).
Grain Cleaning is the removal of unwanted materials from the grain such
as straws, chaffs, unfilled grains, weed seeds, soil, rubbish, and other
impurities.
1. Clean the grains immediately after threshing. Cleaning is an essential
post-harvest operation since it affects storability and milling quality of
grains. Uncleaned grains are prone to deterioration during storage.
2. In some mechanical threshers cleaning is carried out simultaneously
with threshing. However, in manual or animal treading, further
cleaning is necessary because the grain is mixed with straw, chaff,
dirt, stones, and other impurities.
3. The most common method of cleaning rice grains in the Philippines is
the use of winnowing basket (or Bilao). Winnowing sieves called
bithay, made either of wire mesh or bamboo slats are also used for
cleaning.
4. Another method is the use of hand operated winnower or hunkoy. This
gadget consists of a paddle-type fan mounted on a wooden frame to
direct air blasts against the grain or foreign matter that falls from the
hopper.
244
Importance of Cleaning Rice grain

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Clean grain has higher market value.

Clean grain is easier to dry.
Clean grain has better storability.
It produces better quality of milled rice.
It reduces dockage at time of milling.
Seed cleaning will reduce susceptibility to diseases and will improve
germination .
Methods of Cleaning
1. Winnowing. Lighter materials such as unfilled grains, chaffs, weed
seeds, and straw can be removed from the grain by using a blower, air
fan, or by wind. Recover only the heavier grains.
245
2. Screening/sifting. Using sifter or a net smaller materials such as

weed seeds, soils particles and stones can be removed by sieving the
grain through a smaller sized screen (1.4 mm or less sieve opening).
3. Blowing.Using the thresher or mechanical blower to clean the rice
grains and using its blower to remove all unfilled grains , weed seeds,
and chaff.
Drying
In tropical country like ours grain drying is not so much a problem.
But in the advent of climate change, extreme weather conditions often
prevail. Stormy weather prevails even during harvest season. This situation
threatens the vulnerability of rice production. A lot of harvest immediately
could turn into a lower quality. After harvest when the grain is re-wet high
temperature occurs and excessive grain moisture content causes
deterioration of rice grain . To ensure quality grains and to prevent spoilage,
clean and properly dry the harvested and threshed grains immediately. The
approximate moisture content of the crop at harvest time is 20-25%. The
right moisture content (MC) for storage is 14 percent.
Importance of Drying Rice Grains
1.
2.
3.
4.
Improves the storability of grains

Obtains higher market value
Prevents pest infestation and damage caused by microorganisms
Proper drying minimizes breakage or improve milling output and
quality
246
Methods of drying
1. Solar or sun-drying. Traditionally, this method has been used by the
farmer using nylon net and plastic sheets to sundry the grains. It is
the basis of majority of farmers then to schedule their harvest due to
scarcity of drying materials. With the fast construction of concrete
solar driers and concreting of farm to market roads, sun drying is now
a minimal problem. In solar drying, spread the cleaned grains in a
layer 2-4 cm thin on various surfaces such as fish nets, canvases,
threshing floors or on pavement. Stir the grains regularly (30 min.
interval) to allow uniform drying. Dry grains under the sun for 1-2
days frequently turning over the grains for uniform drying.
Traditionally, farmers determine the right moisture content by biting
the grain if it is brittle. This method usually results in a lot of losses
because grains were pulverized and thrown away when vehicles pass.
2.
Sundrying of grains along the concrete farm to market road and using net.
3. Mechanical dryer. If harvest occurs during the rainy season, when

sun drying is not feasible, use a heated air dryer. Use batch dryers,
since these are relatively cheaper and easier to operate. When using
mechanical dryers, observe the recommended drying air temperature
by the manufacturer. If using a mechanical dryer farmers should
group themselves and make a schedule to be able to meet the
maximum capacity of the dryer for more efficient and economical
operation.
Dry rice grains 8-11 hours with the use of mechanical dryer to
obtain 14% moisture content for safe storage. Do not over dry rice
grain, if the grain is meant to be milled. Moreover, if the grain is not
allowed to cool after drying they are brittle and will break easily if
247
milled immediately. To obtain high milling recovery, allow to temper

overnight before milling.
Storing
Though majority of the farmers dont store their whole produce, it is a
must to store a certain percentage for their own consumption. Businessmen
engaged in rice grain trading buy the farmers produce and store the grains
in large warehouses. Storing grains is to keep it for future use. It is better to
store it unmilled to maintain its quality and palatability. Stored rice is
affected by moisture, temperature, insect pests and type of storage facilities.
Moisture content greatly affects the keeping quality of rice. High moisture
during storage generates heat which makes rice grains susceptible to insect
pests and molds as well as yellowing and discoloration. Mold growth in rice
causes loss of luster, bad odor, loss of viability, and the production of
mycotoxins, which poison animals and pose health hazard to people.
Reducing moisture content, however, is not sufficient to guarantee long and
safe storage, because rice absorbs or gives off moisture depending upon the
temperature and relative humidity in the storage area. Thus, suitable
containers and structures should be used. In order to prevent heavy losses
during storing, here are the guidelines to follow:
1. After drying the rice grains, store them properly if you are not going to
sell immediately. Safe storage involves the preservation of the quality
and quantity of grain for future use. Thus, protect your harvest from
bad weather, pests, microorganisms, chemicals, moisture, and other
types of contamination.
2. Clean sacks before use to remove insect pests.
3. Do not stack the sacks of rice on a concrete floor, it will accumulate
moisture. Use a stacking tray made of wood.
4. Separate old and new grain stocks.
5. Separate and mark different varieties by storing them in different
sacks. Handle sacks with care to avoid damage and spillage.
6. Cover the stacked bags of rice with plastic sheet or other covering
materials.
7. Clean bodega/warehouse prior to new grain storage and maintain
cleanliness of the surroundings to discourage rodents infestation.
8. Visit the storage area regularly to observe any grain damage, changes
in grain temperature, increase in moisture content, and any indication
of grain deterioration.
248
9. Avoid storing fertilizer and insecticides near the rice stock to ensure
safety and maintain market quality.
10. Make use of a bait for rodents if necessary.
Milling
It is one of the thriving rice related business. Rice milling is the
removal of hulls and bran from rice grains to produce polished or white rice
ready for human consumption. The rice bran is a very important ingredient
in feed formulation for animal production. The farmers utilize it as a direct
feed to their farm animals. The rice hull is being used as a good substitute
for firewood in cooking.
Depending upon the equipment used, milling operation involves
cleaning, hulling, grain separation, whitening or polishing, and to some
extent grading.
There are three types of milling in the country under the introduced
technology: the kiskisan, the cono and the combination of rubber-roll-huller
and horizontal whitener. Additional improvement with the machinery is the
attachment of stoner to remove small pebbles being mixed to the grains
during drying. Before, you need to transport your rice grains to the nearest
rice mill to avail its services. Now with the proliferation of the travelling rice
mill, they provide the services to the doorsteps of their customers.
To obtain high milling recovery, observe the following:
1. Clean and dry grains immediately after harvest. Allow to temper
overnight or longer before milling to minimize grain breakage.
249
2. Do not mix different varieties. Mixed varieties adversely affect the

performance of the mill.
Health and Safety Precautions During Harvesting and other Post
Harvest Activities
Practicing safety precautions will save lives and suffering.
Manual Harvesting
When cutting crop with a sickle, always hold the stems with thumb
pointing upward, away from the sickle/scythe. Be extra careful in pulling
the scythe to prevent injury. Always have a piece of long sleeved clean cloth,
hat, and sunglass, as protections from excessive heat of the sun
Machine Threshing
1. Become familiar with the machine before the first operation. Read
the manual that came with the machine.
2. Do the pre-operational check-up of the machine before starting the
engine.
3. Do not wear loose clothing that may be picked up by moving parts.
4. While operating, keep all shields and guards in place
5. Never leave the thresher unattended while the engine is running.
Keep children away from the machine. Keep hands and feet away
from the machine and its moving parts.
6. Do not fill the tank while the engine is moving.
7. Keep all flammable materials (including dry straw) away from the
engine.
8. Do not oil, grease, or adjust the machine during operation. Wait
until all moving parts have stopped before servicing.
9. Do not operate machine with loose peg teeth, bolts and nuts. Loose
peg teeth may be ejected at high speeds, causing injury to operators
and damage to the thresher.
10.
Never remove accumulated straw inside the machine during
operation.
11.
Never extend hands or feet into the feed opening of the thresher.
12.
Never operate your machine in a closed shed or garage. Exhaust
fumes are dangerous to your health.
250
13.
14.
15.
into
Keep a first-aid kit at hand.

Tie up long hair to prevent entangling.
Do not wear necklace or other garments that may be wrapped
moving parts of the machine.
Combine Harvesting
1. Review the manuals that came with the harvester. Understand the
controls before operating.
2. Do the operational check-up before operating.
3. When operating around machinery, wear work clothes that fit and
have no loose ends.
4. Do not allow anyone to climb onto the machine while it is in motion.
5. Keep children at a safe distance from the machine.
6. Do not operate when very tired. Change operators during the day.
7. Always have a fire extinguisher at hand on engine-operated
equipment.
8. Ensure that the fuel system has no leaks.
9. While refueling, stop the engine and do not smoke.
Harvesting is the process of collecting mature rice crop from the field.
Threshing is the process of separating rice grain from the panicle.
The maturity indices of rice are: a) 80-85% of the grains are straw
colored b) grains have 20-25% moisture content of the grain c) based
on maturity date
Methods of harvesting are manual or mechanical.
The choice of selecting the method in threshing depends upon the
availability of labor, capital outlay of the farm, time of harvesting, field
layout, demand for quality, and demand for straw.
Observe the safety measures in harvesting, threshing, and milling.
Clean rice is easier to dry.
Clean rice when properly dried to improve the storability.
Clean and properly dried rice grains have higher market value.
Clean and properly dried rice grains obtain good milling quality.
251
Store rice grain for future use.

Observe safety precautions when using chemicals, especially in the
control of pests in the storage barn.
The moisture content of rice grains for storage is 14 percent.
Sundrying can be done 1-2 days (fair weather) or 8-11 hours if
mechanical dryer is used.
Process
Activity #1
Prepare your materials, proceed to the farm, and identify which area
is ready for harvest. In your assigned area demonstrate how to properly
harvest using scythe and a reaper. Stack the harvested rice and
demonstrate threshing and drying.
Reflect
and
Activity #2
Based on your field experience, your understanding on the module
and enhanced by your extensive research on Harvesting and other postharvest activities, realign your understanding by preparing a power point
presentation on minimizing postharvest losses in rice production this will be
reported and discussed in the class for possible suggestions for refinement.
252
Transfer
Activity #3
Assume the personality and character of an expert agriculture
technician who has a strong advocacy on minimizing postharvest losses in
rice production to improve farmers income. Organize a farmers educational
forum in your locality and present in a convincing manner your
refined/improved presentation on minimizing postharvest loses.
Post-assessment
Answer the following questions. Write the letter of your answer on your
answer sheet.
1. Which of the following does not belong to the maturity indices of rice?
a. Based on maturity period.
b. Grains have 20-25% moisture content.
c. Grains are firm and brittle.
d. 80-85% of the grains are straw colored.
2. Which are the four basic operations in harvesting?
a. Cutting, handling, threshing, and cleaning
b. Cutting, stacking, drying, storing
c. Cutting, threshing, cleaning, storing
d. Stacking, threshing, cleaning, storing
3. What is the appropriate material needed for harvesting a ha. rice
field for proper timing?
a. Combine harvester
253
b. Header pick up
c. Stick
d. Scythe
4. What is the most effective method of harvesting and threshing lodged
rice crop?
a. Combined harvester
b. Manual harvesting and threshing
c. Manual harvesting and threshing by machine
d. Reaper and thresher
5. Choosing an appropriate system for threshing require the following
factors except
a. availability of labor.
b. demand for hay and straw.
c. field layout.
d. variety of rice.
6. Which of the following materials is not needed in cleaning and drying
rice grains?
a. Blower
b. Canvas and winnowing basket
c. Sickle and reaper
d. 1.5 mm fish net and stirrer
7. Which is the most widely used system of drying rice grain in the
Philippines?
a. Air drier
b. Mechanical dryer
c. Solar dryer
d. None of the above
8. What is the standard moisture content of rice to be stored?
a. 14%
c. 18-22%
b. 18%
d. 20-25%
9. Below are guides in storing except one. Which is it?
a. Observe good housekeeping before storing in bodega
b. Separate the old from new harvest when piling
c. Store fertilizer near pile of rice grain
254
d. Store rice grain after drying

10. Which is a more economical and practical way of drying rice grains?
a. Air drying
b. Mechanical drying
c. Solar drying
d. None of the above
B. Provide the information being asked.
1. What are the materials needed in harvesting and threshing rice?
2. What should you remember when cutting crop with a scythe?
3. Why is drying important before storing?
4. How can you determine the proper moisture (14%) content of rice
grain for storing?
RESOURCES
1. PPE
2. Sickle/Scythe
3. Rack and stick
4. Canvas
5. Winnower
6. Sacks
7. Stirrer
8. Tying material
9. Solar dryer (if available)
10. Thresher
Glossary of Terms
Harvesting - the process of cutting and collecting the mature rice

crop
Threshing - the process of separating rice grains from the panicle
Drying - the reduction of moisture content from newly harvested
255
Rice grain to a desired moisture content.

Storing - the process of keeping the grains for future use.
Milling - the removal of hulls and bran from rice grain to produce
polished or white rice
MC moisture content, the condition of dryness of a grain
LESSON XI
RECORD KEEPING
256
257
What
is
this
lesson
258
Production records are important in farm crop production since

farmers base many of their everyday decisions on costs of expenses of labor,
materials, and others. The lesson will allow you to learn the rudiments of
record keeping in farm management. It will teach you how to prepare cost
analysis especially in rice farming. You will learn this within ten days
What will you
1. Discuss the importance of record keeping in crop production

2. Enumerate the steps in record keeping
3. Prepare a record book in rice production
4. Explain Cost analysis in field crop production
5. Prepare cost analysis in producing crops
Pre-assessment
Let us try to assess your readiness of the subject matter you are
about to read by taking the test below.
A. Direction: Choose the best answer and write the letter in your activity
notebook.
_____1. What record is kept by the farmer that shows the budget of
the project?
259
a. Cash
b. Production
c. Sales
d. Stock
_____2. What record tells the farmer how much she/he gained in the
venture?
a. Cash
b. Cost and profit
c. Sales
d. Stock
_____3. What can be found in the production record report?
a. Expenses paid
b. Profit earned
c. Miscellaneous expenses
d. Manpower needed
_____4. Which record shows the supplies and materials needed for
all activities in the farm?
a. Cash
b. Production
c. Sales
d. Stock
_____5. Which form shows the profit or return of investment in farm
projects?
a. Cash
b. Post and profit
c. Production
d. Stock
B. What is the importance of farm record keeping?
C. What are the different forms prepared in the farm?
260
Know
Record Keeping and Cost Analysis

Importance of Record Keeping
Record keeping is very important in any venture especially in
agricultural enterprise. It provides substantial information important in
decision-making. Data gathered from farm records also help in planning
and budget preparation. It is a source of data in obtaining credit, insurance,
and in preparing tax returns and reports required by the government. It is
also useful in marketing farm produce and in other farming activities. Farm
records determine the value of the project. Agricultural managers use them
as collaterals in obtaining loans from banks and other financing entities. Or
if the owner wants to sell the farm, this could be used as document in
presenting the performance of the farm to would be buyers.
To facilitate effective record management, the following records can be
kept.
1. Cash records. This is a record of the cash accounts in a project. It can
be seen in one record or this may be a special cash record wherein the cash
received journal and cash payments journal are separately recorded
transactions.
Sample Combined Cash Record
Cash Received
Cash Paid
Amount
Receipt
Remarks
Amount
Receipt Remarks
Date
No.
March
2,
2014
P8,000.00
0913412
No.
Sale of 10
cavans of
palay @
P800/cavan
261
P4,400.00
0112311
Payment
for 8
sacks of
14-14-14
fertilizers
@
P550/bag
(50k)
March
10,
2014
P12,000.00
Total
P20,000.00
0877611
Sale of 12
cavans of
milled rice
@
P1,000.00
at 50kg/
sack
P3,400.00
0887123
Payment
for 4 liters
of
pesticides
P7,800.00
2. Farm sales record. This is used to record all sales in rice production.
There are two kinds of farm sales record: general and the classified.
The general form has only one amount column where the value of
farm produce sold is recorded. The other columns are for the other pertinent
information such as date, unit, description, and unit value.
Date
Description
Quantity
Unit
Unit Value
Total Value
P
P
March 2
rice
50
cavans
P 800.00
P40,000.00
March 3
glutinous
5
cavans
1,000.00
5,000.00
The classified farm sales record contains special columns for the main
product of the farm stock record.
3. Stock record. This record shows the stock of supplies and materials
needed by the farm for all farming activities, especially in large-scale
production.
Aside from the date item columns, the stock record has three main
columns the received column, the issued column, and the balance column.
The received column has three sub columns: quantity, unit price, and the
total amount of the materials received. The issue column shows the quantity
used while the balance column shows the materials or supplies which are
unused. The stock record is useful in determining how much supplies and
materials are needed per cropping .
Here is an example of stock record.
Date
Item
Quantity
Unit Value
262
Total Value
Issued/Used
Balance
Quantity
Mar. 3
Mar. 8
Fertilizer
Herbicide
8 bags
2 bottles
P800/bag
P1,200/b
P6,400.00
P2,400.00
4
1
Unused
Quantity
4
1
5. Production record. This record determines the annual profitability of

a farm enterprise. It lists the different crops grown in the farm during
the whole year, the amount spent for the production, the total sales,
the remaining stock, and the net income. This record summarizes the
performance of the farm in each year. It can be used by the farmer in
determining which crop is performing well or which is not. It could be
the basis of the farmer in deciding what crop has to be maintained or
which one is supposed to be changed.
Cropping
season
January
to
April
May
to
October
November to
December
Description of
the commodity
Pepper
Cost
Production
P3,500.00
Rice
of
Total Sales
Net Income
P10,500.00
Remaining
stock
500 grams
P5,000.00
P22,000.00
250 grams
P17,000.00
Beans
P2,000.00
P8,000.00
90 grams
P6,000.00
Total
P10,500.00
P40,500.00
P7,000.00
P30,000.00
From the sample above, it may be noted that the total annual income
of the farm for that year gained P30,000.00. However, the amount does not
include its remaining stocks.
3. Cost and Profit Analysis. This record tells the farmer how much
profit he/she will gain for the project undertaken. It contains a list of
all the farming activities that were done in a season and the expenses
incurred per farming activity. It also indicates the cost of supplies and
materials used for the cropping season. The cost and return analysis
helps the farmer get the total cost of production and estimate the net
return he/she will gain depending on the crop yield or the mode of
production.
The following table shows a sample cost and return analysis in rice
production for one-hectare lowland and irrigated rice.
263
Method of planting: Transplanting (Wet Season)

Variety:
HYV
Seeds
: 2 bags certified seeds at P1,200.00/sack
Soil condition
: High/Medium NPK (Soil Test Results)( RR= 68-28-45)
Item
Labor Cost of
Man/Day (8
hrs) P
Labor Cost of
Man &
Animal /Day
(8hrs)
No. of Days
Req. at 8
hrs./day
Amount
1.Land Preparation
Seed and seedbed
preparation
Wetbed
Plowing
Harrowing and
Leveling
Repair and Dike
Cleaning
Sub total
2. Crop Management
Sowing and Care
of seedlings
Pulling and
bundling seedlings
Transplanting
Weeding (Manual)
Irrigation
Application of
herbicides
Application of
insecticides
Application
of
Fertilizers (Basal and
Side dressing
P200
2
P300
P300
.5
10
P 150.00
P3,000.00
P300
P2,400.00
P200
4 persons
800.00
P6,750.00
P200
2 persons
400.00
P200
4 persons
P 800.00
P200
P200
15 persons
5 persons
P3,000.00
P1,000.00
P200
1 person
4 persons
200.00
800.00
P200
4 persons
800.00
P200
Sub total
3.
Other
Operations
Harvesting,
P 400.00
P7,000.00
Major
threshing,
winnowing,
and
hauling
(contractual
contract
7 cavan/ha
4,500/ha
@ P14.00/kg
@5/cavan
P4,500.00
4,900.00.
550.00
264
basis)
Drying and hauling
@5/cavan
@ 110 cavans/ha
Sub total
550.00
P10,500.00
Agricultural Inputs
Herbicides Machete
Insecticides Karate
Cymbush
Fertilizers
1
liter
@
P680.00
1
liter
@
P1,020/liter
0.5
liter
@
P850/liter
4 bags T14 @
P1,100.00/b
87 kgs. 46-0-0
@ P1,000/bag (1
bag= 50kg.)
28 kgs. 0-0-60 @
P750/bag
P 680.00
P1,020.00
425.00
4,400.00
1,740.50
420.00
Sub total
P8,685.50
Assumption: Average yield per hectare = 5.5 metric tons or 110

cavans. Price of palay is estimated at P14.00 per kilogram
Total expenses = P35,335.00
Total Income
= P77,000.00
Net Income
= P41,665.00
ROI (return of investment) = 117.91%
(Net income/total cost of production x 100)
Process
Answer the following

1. What is the importance of keeping farm records?
2. What are the different parts of the farm records?
265
3. How do you
compute the ROI or return of investment of your
entrepreneurial activity?
Reflect
and
Do the following activities

Activity 1
Visit a nearby farm where rice is the main crop. Interview the farmer
how/he/she prepares farm records to know the cost and profit in farm crop
production.
Report the outcome of the interview in class.
Activity 2
Keep and maintain farm records of your school farm project. Follow
the sample given in this material as your guide.
Transfer
A.
Interview a rice farmer in your locality. Prepare a cost and return
analysis of the project. Ask her/him all the necessary details on the part of
the record. Present the output in your class.
B. Visit a nearby farm and interview the farmer. Prepare a production record
of the cropping season. Follow the format below and report your findings to
the class
Cropping
season
Description
of the
commodity
Cost of
Production
266
Total
Sales
Remaining
stock
Net
Income
Post-assessment
A Why is record keeping important in farm crop production?

B. Enumerate the different farm records needed in farm project.
C. Visit a nearby farm project and prepare a cost and return analysis of the
project.
Farm record is important to the farmer since it provides valuable

information regarding the financial status of the farm enterprise. It will tell
everyone the picture of the project whether it is gaining or losing.
REFERENCES
CBLM Year 3
Technology and Home Economics III
PHILRICE, Palay Check
Crop Establishment_PhilRice-IRRI RSSP.ppsx
www.pinoyrkb.com
267
268
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10

Technology & Livelihood Education

Development Team of the Teaching Guide

RODOLFO C. SAJORDA, MSAE

Validated By: Dr. Dennis M. Lucas, Sr

Andres Z. Taguiam, PhD

Editors: Lourdes Lualhati, Rogelio Limsan

IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT

MODULE II - Agricultural Crop Work (Rice Production)

IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT

IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT

PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PECS)

Entrepreneurship on the other hand is not just a simple business activity. It

identify areas for improvement, development and growth;

Task 1: Matching Type

____2. Profit Oriented

h. always sticks to the plan

Task 2: Guide Questions

Goals and TargetsLearning Activities Ultimate Goal

3 What are the desirable personal characteristics, attributes, lifestyles, skills,

Assessment of Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) and skills

Tagbanua was elected as President of the Guimaras, Producers and

Hardworking: One of the important characteristics of a good

Self-confident: Entrepreneurs have confidence in their own ability

Discipline: Successful entrepreneurs always stick to the plan and

Committed: A good entrepreneur accepts full responsibility in all

Ability to accept change: Nothing is permanent but change.

Creative: An entrepreneur should be creative and innovative to stay

Has the Initiative: An entrepreneur takes the initiative. He assumes

Profit-Oriented: A person enters the world of business to generate

Listed below are the important skills of a successful entrepreneur.

Planner: Planning is a strategic thinking and setting of goals to

People Skills: are skills which are very important in order to be

Decision Making: Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to think

In order to firm up what you have learned and to have a better

Ability to accept change

province whose type of business is related with agricultural-crop production.

Sample Interview Guide

After performing the activities on the importance of PECs, let us determine

Task 7: Essential Questions

ENVIRONMENT AND MARKET (EM)

The learner demonstrates understanding The learner independently creates a

identify what is of Value to the customer;

explain what makes a product unique and competitive;

Task I: Multiple Choice

Goals and Targets

Basic commodities for consumption

Figure 3: Concept Development

People buy for a reason, there should be something in your

Use empathy: Put yourself in the shoes of your customers. Always

Identify what motivates your customers. It is very important for you to

In order to firm up your understanding of the topic previously presented,

Task 4: Video Viewing

Task 5: Product Conceptualization

1. Identify Customers Need

3. Analyze a Competitive Product

6. Refine Product Specification

5. Select a Product Concept

Generating Ideas for Business

your spare time. Many products were invented this way.

Once you have embarked on identifying the business opportunities, you

Branding is a marketing practice of creating name, symbol or design that

Design a great logo. Create a logo suitable to your business and