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MIPRO 2015
38th International Convention
May 25 - 29, 2015
Opatija, Croatia

Proceedings
Conferences:

Microelectronics, Electronics and Electronic Technology /MEET

Distributed Computing, Visualization and Biomedical
Engineering /DC VIS
Telecommunications & Information /CTI
Computers in Education /CE
Computers in Technical Systems /CTS
Intelligent Systems /CIS
Information Systems Security /ISS
Business Intelligence Systems /miproBIS
Digital Economy and Government, Local Government, Public
Services / DE-GLGPS
MIPRO Junior - Student Papers /SP
Edited by:

Petar Biljanovi

International Program Committee

Petar Biljanovi, General Chair, Croatia
A. Abell Gamazo, Spain
S. Amon, Slovenia
V. Aneli, Croatia
M.E. Auer, Austria
M. Baranovi, Croatia
L. Bellatreche, France
E. Brenner, Austria
A. Budin, Croatia
. Butkovi, Croatia
. Car, Croatia
M. Colnari, Slovenia
A. Cuzzocrea, Italy
M. iin-ain, Croatia
M. Delimar, Croatia
T. Eavis, Canada
M. Ferrari, Italy
B. Fetaji, Macedonia
T. Galinac Grbac, Croatia
P. Garza, Italy
L. Gavrilovska, Macedonia
M. Golfarelli, Italy
S. Golubi, Croatia
F. Gregoretti, Italy
S. Gro, Croatia
N. Guid, Slovenia
Y. Guo, United Kingdom
J. Henno, Estonia
L. Hluchy, Slovakia
V. Hudek, Croatia
. Hutinski, Croatia
M. Ivanda, Croatia
H. Jaakkola, Finland
L. Jelenkovi, Croatia
D. Jevti, Croatia
R. Jones, Switzerland
P. Kacsuk, Hungary

A. Karaivanova, Bulgaria
D. Kneevi, Croatia
M. Mauher, Croatia
I. Mekjavi, Slovenia
B. Mikac, Croatia
V. Milutinovi, Serbia
V. Mrvo, Croatia
J.F. Novak, Croatia
J. Pardillo, Spain
N. Pavei, Slovenia
V. Peri, Croatia
G. Radi, Croatia
S. Ribari, Croatia
J. Rozman, Slovenia
K. Skala, Croatia
I. Sluganovi, Croatia
V. Sruk, Croatia
U. Stani, Slovenia
N. Stojadinovi, Serbia
J. Sunde, Australia
A. Szabo, IEEE Croatia Section
L. Szirmay-Kalos, Hungary
D. ari, Croatia
D. imuni, Croatia
Z. imuni, Croatia
D. kvorc, Croatia
A. Teixeira, Portugal
E. Tijan, Croatia
A.M. Tjoa, Austria
R. Trobec, Slovenia
S. Uran, Croatia
T. Vmos, Hungary
M. Varga, Croatia
M. Vidas-Bubanja, Serbia
B. Vrdoljak, Croatia
R. Wrembel, Poland
D. Zazula, Slovenia

organized by
MIPRO Croatian Society
technical cosponsorship
IEEE Region 8

under the auspices of

Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia

Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure of the Republic of Croatia
Ministry of Entrepreneurship and Crafts of the Republic of Croatia
Ministry of Public Administration of the Republic of Croatia
Croatian Chamber of Economy
Primorsko-goranska County
City of Rijeka
City of Opatija
Croatian Regulatory Authority for Network Industries
Croatian Power Exchange - CROPEX

patrons

University of Zagreb, Croatia

University of Rijeka, Croatia
IEEE Croatia Section
IEEE Croatia Section Computer Chapter
IEEE Croatia Section Electron Devices/Solid-State Circuits Joint Chapter
IEEE Croatia Section Education Chapter
IEEE Croatia Section Communications Chapter
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Croatia
Ruer Bokovi Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Croatia
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Croatia
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics, Croatia
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Organization and Informatics, Varadin, Croatia
Polytechnic of Zagreb, Croatia
T-Croatian Telecom, Zagreb, Croatia
Ericsson Nikola Tesla, Zagreb, Croatia
Konar - Electrical Industries, Zagreb, Croatia
HEP - Croatian Electricity Company, Zagreb, Croatia
VIPnet, Zagreb, Croatia
Croatian Regulatory Authority for Network Industries, Zagreb, Croatia
Croatian Post, Zagreb, Croatia
Selmet, Zagreb, Croatia
CISEx, Zagreb, Croatia
Kermas energija, Zagreb, Croatia
Rezultanta, Zagreb, Croatia
River Publishers, Aalborg, Denmark

sponsors

Ericsson Nikola Tesla, Zagreb, Croatia

T-Croatian Telecom, Zagreb, Croatia
Konar-Electrical Industries, Zagreb, Croatia
HEP - Croatian Electricity Company, Zagreb, Croatia
InfoDom, Zagreb, Croatia
Hewlett Packard Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
IN2, Zagreb, Croatia
Transmitters and Communications Company, Zagreb, Croatia
Storm Computers, Zagreb, Croatia
Nokia, Zagreb, Croatia
VIPnet, Zagreb, Croatia
King-ICT, Zagreb, Croatia
Microsoft Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
Micro-Link, Zagreb, Croatia
Mjerne tehnologije, Zagreb, Croatia
Altpro, Zagreb, Croatia
Selmet, Zagreb, Croatia
ib-proCADD, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Nomen, Rijeka, Croatia

All papers are published in their original form

For Publisher:
Petar Biljanovi

Publisher:
Croatian Society for Information and Communication Technology,
Electronics and Microelectronics - MIPRO
Office: Kruna 8/II, P. O. Box 303, HR-51001 Rijeka, Croatia
Phone/Fax: (+385) 51 423 984

Printed by:
GRAFIK, Rijeka

ISBN 978-953-233-083-0

Copyright 2015 by MIPRO

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, nor may be stored in
a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, without written permission from the publisher.

CONTENTS
LIST OF PAPER REVIEWERS
LIST OF AUTORS
FOREWORD

MICROELECTRONICS, ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRONIC

TECHNOLOGY
INVITED PAPER
State-of-the-Art Semi-Classical Monte Carlo Method for Carrier Transport in
Nanoscale Transistors ............................................................................................................ 5
P. Palestri, E. Caruso, F. Driussi, D. Esseni, D. Lizzit, P. Osgnach, S. Venica, L. Selmi

PAPERS
Preparation and Characterization of SERS Substrates: from Colloids to Solid
Substrates .............................................................................................................................. 15
L. Mikac, M. Ivanda, M. Goti, D. Risti, V. erek, H. Gebavi, P.G. Gucciardi, S. Trusso, C.
D'Andrea
The Conductivity and TEMF of MoS2 with Mo2S3 Additive ........................................... 18
G.E. Yakovleva, A.S. Berdinsky, A.I. Romanenko, S.P. Khabarov, V.E. Fedorov
Strain-Sensing Element Based on Layered Sulfide Mo0.95Re0.05S2 ................................ 21
V.A. Kuznetsov, A.S. Berdinsky, A.Y. Ledneva, S.B. Artemkina, M.S. Tarasenko, V.E.
Fedorov
Electrical Properties of Composite Silicon Thin Films ..................................................... 25
V. Tudi
Impact of Different Gate Insulator Materials on the Electron Mobility in Ultra-thin
(100) InGaAs-on-insulator MOS Devices ........................................................................... 31
S. Krivec, M. Poljak, T. Suligoj
Impact of the Emitter Length Scaling on Electrical Characteristics of Horizontal
Current Bipolar Transistor with Single Polysilicon Region ............................................ 37
M. Korii, J. ilak, T. Suligoj

Optimization of Floating Guard Ring Parameters in Separate-Absorption-andMultiplication Silicon Avalanche Photodiode Structure .................................................. 43
I. Janekovi, T. Kneevi, T. Suligoj, D. Grubii
Low-Power Low-Voltage CMOS Analog Signal Processing Circuits Using a Functional
Core ....................................................................................................................................... 48
C. Popa
Multifunctional Circuit Using Improved Performances Linearization Technique ....... 52
C. Popa
Design of a High-Voltage Differential Amplifier Based on Stacked Low-Voltage
Standard CMOS with Different Input Stages ................................................................... 56
S. Pashmineh, D. Killat
Opamp Based Bandgap Voltage Reference in 130 nm: Design and Schematic Level
Simulation ............................................................................................................................. 62
A. Pajkanovi, V. Malbaa
Design of a Power Supply and Voltage References for a Wirelessly Powered ADC in
0.18-m CMOS ..................................................................................................................... 68
N. Bako, . Butkovi, A. Bari
RFID UHF Protocol Implementation in Distributed Sensor Networks .......................... 74
I. Broz, N. Bako, . Butkovi, A. Bari
Temperature Dependence of Injection-Locked Fabry-Prot Laser Emission in WDMPON Architectures ............................................................................................................... 80
M. prem, D. Babic, M. Bosiljevac, Z. ipu
Fiber-Optic Vibration Sensor for High-Power Electric Machines .................................. 85
B. Igrec, M. Bosiljevac, S. Rudan, Z. ipu, D. Babi
Comparison of Electrical and Electromagnetic Properties of a Planar Inductor .......... 89
J. Kundrata, A. Bari
Effects Influencing Repeatability of Direct Power Injection Measurements ................. 93
F. Fajdetic, M. Mikic, T. Mandi, A. Bari
SPICE Analysis of RL and RC Snubber Circuits for Synchronous Buck DC-DC
Converters ............................................................................................................................. 97
R. Blei, R. Gillon, B. Nauwelaers, A. Bari
Dual-channel Programmable Precise Time-delay Pulse Signal Generator for
Synchronous DC-DC Converter Applications ................................................................. 104
F. Hormot, J. Bamaga, A. Bari
Effect of Dead Time and Semiconductor Device Voltage Drops of Output Voltage of
Multilevel Converters ......................................................................................................... 109
I. Mrela, V. unde, M. Kovai

VI

Model of Three Level Neutral Point Clamped Converter (NPC) for Grid Connected
Photovoltaic Systems .......................................................................................................... 116
M. Novak, V. unde, . Jakopovi
Fast Development of a DSP-Based Control of Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter for
Auxiliary Power Supply Converters Using Hardware-in-the-Loop .............................. 121
I. Musulin, J. Babi, . Jakopovi
Noise Improvement Using SC Filters ............................................................................... 127
I. Volari, N. Stojkovi, S. Vlahini
Phase Demodulation of Magnetic GMR Signal for Virtual Sensing Applications by using
Hilbert Transform .............................................................................................................. 133
M. Adnan, D. Hammerschmidt, M. Huemer
Thin-film CIGS Solar Modules for Design Driven Applications in the Frame of the FP7
NMP Project SolarDesign .................................................................................................. 137
W. Brenner, N. Adamovi
Measurement System for Object Detection Based on Multielectrode Capacitive
Sensor .................................................................................................................................. 143
D. ika, T. Martinovi, H. Dapo
IBMS - Intelligent Building Management System Framework ..................................... 149
S. Tepi, P. Peji, J. Domi, H. Mihaldinec, H. Dapo
A Hybrid Local Method for Stereo Correspondence Based on Three-Dimensional
Recursive Search ................................................................................................................ 155
M. Roi, M. onli, T. Pribani
Two Approaches to Derive Approximate Formulae of NILT Method with
Generalization ..................................................................................................................... 161
L. Brank, N. Smith
Laboratory Exercise for Class B/AB Power Amplifier ................................................... 167
. Stojanovi, S. Stojanovi, I. inikas
Integration of High-Level Synthesis to the Courses on Reconfigurable
Digital Systems .................................................................................................................... 172
I. Skliarova, V. Sklyarov, A. Sudnitson, M. Kruus

VII

DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING, VISUALIZATION AND

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
PAPERS
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
Cloudflow A Framework for MapReduce Pipeline Development in Biomedical
Research .............................................................................................................................. 185
L. Forer, E. Afgan, H. Weiensteiner, D. Davidovi, G. Specht, F. Kronenberg, S. Schnherr
Science Gateway for Distributed Multiscale Course Management in e-Science and eLearning - Use Case for Study and Investigation of Functionalized Nanomaterials ... 191
Y. Gordienko, S. Stirenko, O. Gatsenko, L. Bekenov
Evaluation of POS Scheduling Algorithm for Distributed Computing Environment . 197
A. Shamakina, L. Sokolinsky
Performance evaluation on a Grid platform ................................................................... 201
A.A. Banka, M.A. Dedmari, M.T. Masoodi
Synergy of Volunteer Measurements and Volunteer Computing for Effective Data
Collecting, Processing, Simulating and Analyzing on a Worldwide Scale .................... 206
N. Gordienko, O. Lodygensky, G. Fedak, Y. Gordienko
Sucssessfull Implementation of L3B: Low Level Load Balancer .................................. 212
K. Cvetkov, S. Ristov, M. Gusev
Scalable and Parallel Machine Learning Algorithms for Statistical Data Mining Practice & Experience........................................................................................................ 217
M. Riedel, M. Goetz, M. Richerzhagen, P. Glock, C. Bodenstein, A.S. Memon, M.S. Memon
Decomposition of Natural Join Based on Domain-Interval Fragmented Column
Indices ................................................................................................................................. 223
E. Ivanova, L. Sokolinsky
Theoretical and Statistical Evaluation for Approximate Solution of Large, Over
Determined, Dense Linear Systems .................................................................................. 227
. Jerievi, I. Koar
DARIAH Meta Hosting: Sharing software in a distributed infrastructure ................. 230
J. Rybicki, B. von St. Vieth
Building and Provisioning Bioinformatics Environments on Public and Private
Clouds ................................................................................................................................. 236
E. Afgan, K. Krampis, N. Goonasekera, K. Skala, J. Taylor

VIII

Gathering Useful Programming Data: Analysis and Insights from Real-time

Collaborative Editing ......................................................................................................... 242
M. Rantala, J. Soini, T. Kilamo
Microservices Validation: Mjolnirr Platform Case Study ............................................. 248
D.I. Savchenko, G.I. Radchenko, O. Taipale
Four Level Provenance Support to Achieve Portable Reproducibility of Scientific
Workflows ........................................................................................................................... 254
A. Bnti, P. Kacsuk, M. Kozlovszky
Using the P-TOSCA Model for Energy Efficient Cloud ................................................. 258
B. Ivanovska, S. Ristov, M. Kostoska, M. Gusev
Achieving Dynamic Workflow Management System by Applying Provenance Based
Checkpointing Method ...................................................................................................... 263
E. Kail, P. Kacsuk, M. Kozlovszky
Operating System Impact on CPU and RAM Utilisation when Introducing XML
Security ................................................................................................................................ 267
S. Ristov, M. Gusev
Evaluating the Impact of the Number of Processor Cores, Cache Memory and Threads
During the Parallel Execution of Programs ..................................................................... 272
F. Dika, V. Xhafa
Performance Analysis of a New Cloud e-Business Solution ........................................... 276
K. Koli, M. Gusev, S. Ristov
Interoperable Job Execution and Data Access through UNICORE and the Global
Federated File System ........................................................................................................ 282
S. Memon, M. Riedel, C. Koeritz, A. Grimshaw
Multi-stream 2D Frequency Table Computation on Dataflow Architecture ............... 288
P. koda, V. Sruk, B. Medved Rogina
Porting an N-tier Application on Cloud using P-TOSCA: A Case Study ..................... 294
M. Kostoska, A. Donevski, M. Gusev, S. Ristov
Cloud Portability Standardisation Overview .................................................................. 299
E. Markoska, I. Chorbev, S. Ristov, M. Gusev
In-Situ Anonymization of Big Data .................................................................................. 305
T. Krian, M. Brakus, D. Vukeli

VISUALIZATION SYSTEMS
A GPU-based Simultaneous Real-Time EEG Processing and Visualization System for
Brain Imaging Applications .............................................................................................. 315
Z. Juhasz, G. Kozmann
IX

Web Portals for Visualizing and Searching Spatial Data ............................................... 321
L. Beirspahi, A. Karabegovi
Prototyping of Visualization Styles of 3D Scalar Fields Using POV-Ray Rendering
Engine .................................................................................................................................. 328
J. Opia
Freeform Spatial Modelling Using Depth-sensing Camera ............................................ 334
M. Volarevi, P. Mrazovi, . Mihajlovi
Seismic Data Visualisation................................................................................................. 340
M. Ivani, . Mihajlovi, I. Ivani
Situation and Location Awareness in Harsh Environment............................................ 344
M. Kozlovszky, D. Zavec Pavlini, A. Oder, G. Fehr, P. Bogdanov
Error Correcting Codes and Their Usage in Steganography and Watermarking....... 349
H. Kostadinov, N.L. Manev
Model for Calculation of Post Service Efficiency by Using GIS .................................... 353
M. Kranjac, U. Sikimi, M. Vujakovi
Generalization of Hypersphere Function ......................................................................... 359
D. Leti, I. Berkovi
Visualization and Multimedia Presentation of Cultural Heritage................................. 364
S. Rizvi, V. Okanovi, A. Sadak
Using Entropy Information Measures for Edge detection in Digital Images ............... 368
D. Suanj, V. Tuhtan, L. Lenac, G. Gulan, I. Koar, . Jerievi

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Wireless Electrocardiographic Monitoring in Veterinary Medicine............................. 375
M. Brlonik, V. Avbelj
Software for Acid-Base Status Disorders Management ................................................. 379
M. Manduka, E. Begi, Z. Begi, D. Bokovi
Impact of Electrode Misplacement on the Accuracy of 12-lead ECG Synthesized from
Differential Leads ............................................................................................................... 384
I. Tomai, R. Trobec, A. Rashkovska, M. Lindn
Extranodal Pacemaker Activity During Sleep - a Case Study of Wireless ECG Sensor
Data ...................................................................................................................................... 389
V. Avbelj
A New Color Assessment Methodology using Cluster-based Features for Skin Lesion
Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 392
M.J.M. Vasconcelos, L. Rosado, M. Ferreira
X

Automatic Adaptation of Filter Sequences for Cell Counting ....................................... 398

U. ibej, J. Lojk, M. Pavlin, L. ajn
Assessing Blood Pressure Unobrtusively by Smart Chair .............................................. 404
D. Zazula, J. Kranjec, P. Kranjec, B. Cigale
Towards Noninvasive Bioimpedance Sensor Design Based on Wide Bandwidth Ring
Resonator ............................................................................................................................ 409
M. Pavlin, F. Novak
Exploring Bacterial Biofilms with NAMD, a Highly Scalable Parallel Code for Complex
Molecular Simulations ....................................................................................................... 412
D. Tomi
Information System of the Institute for Blood Transfusion of Montenegro ................. 417
A. Balota

TELECOMMUNICATIONS & INFORMATION

PAPERS
TELECOM MARKET AND REGULATIONS
Effective Strategies for Implementation of Customer Experience Management in MSPs
in Bosnia and Herzegovina ................................................................................................ 429
N. Banovi-urguz , D. Ilievi
Regulatory Aspects of Child Online Protection .............................................................. 435
S. Hadovi, D. erval, S. Kovaevi
Architecture and Functionality in M2M Standards ....................................................... 439
M. Ptiek, V. akovi, M. Paveli, M. Kuek, G. Jei
Metodologija procjene kapaciteta RF spektra za potrebe implementacije mobilnih
servisa u periodu do 2020. godine sa primjenom u BiH ................................................. 445
A. Debo, A. Krivoi
Uloga kvalitetnog dizajna poslovnih procesa u sloenom okruenju telekomunikacijskog
trita ................................................................................................................................... 450
D. Markulin, K. Musa

SERVICES
Semantic Approach to Accommodation & Booking Related Web Services ................. 459
I. Pavkovi, I. tajduhar
XI

Voice over Wi-Fi ................................................................................................................. 465

D. Bilajbegovi
An Example of Real Time QoE IPTV Service Estimator ............................................... 468
N. Goran, M. Hadiali
Primjena mobilnih komunikacijskih tehnologija sa svrhom unapreenja usluga javnog
prijevoza .............................................................................................................................. 472
M. Dujak, Z. Civadeli, K. Vidovi, P. Mileti

SIMULATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS

Computer Modeling and Simulation of Teletraffic Models for 5G Networks .............. 479
E.P. Ivanova, T. Iliev, G. Mihaylov, I. Stoyanov, F. Tsvetanov, E. Otsetova, D. Radev
Simulation of a Quasigroup Error-Detecting Linear Code ............................................ 483
N. Ilievska, D. Gligoroski
An Integrated Remotely Controlled Oceanographic Measuring Station ...................... 489
H. Kalini, D. Jelavi, D. Ivankovi, J. Bai, S. Muslim, S. Marasovi, V. Dadi
Role of Performance Measurements in Process of Migration to IP Mobile Backhaul in
3G Networks ....................................................................................................................... 494
D. Ilievi, N. Banovi-urguz
Comparative Analysis of GSM Coverage Prediction with Measurement Results for
Urban Areas Using Statistical Nonparametric Mapping ............................................... 499
H. Lukin, E. Lukin, M. krbi

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING & DATA MANAGEMENT

Software Defined Networking Demands on Software Technologies ............................. 507
T. Galinac Grbac, C.M. Caba, J. Soler
Data Collection for Software Defect Prediction an Exploratory Case Study of Open
Source Software Projects ................................................................................................... 513
G. Maua, T. Galinac Grbac, B. Dalbelo Bai
Trendovi u izgradnji podatkovnih centara u Hrvatskoj ................................................ 520
M. Galac, D. Valeni
Data Storage and Analysis System for Conducting Biotechnological Experiments .... 528
D. Spahi, G. Maua, S. Kraljevi Paveli, T. Galinac Grbac

XII

CLOUD SYSTEMS
Automatizacija postavki mree u Cloud sustavima preko samouslunih portal .......... 537
M. Maras, T. Kosanovi
Data Storage and Synchronization in Private Cloud ..................................................... 541
D. Hodani, N. Vrki, M. Tomi
Testing in the Private Cloud ............................................................................................ 546
T. Pavi, I. Vrbovan, M. oa Ani

NETWORKS & NETWORKS PERFORMANCE

The Methodology for the Optimal Choice of Access Technologies ............................. 553
. Boinovi, N. Hadiahmetovi
An Open Source TCP/UDP-Based Network Probing Tool for Real-Time Packet Loss
Estimation ......................................................................................................................... 559
A.F. Khalifeh, A. Abbad, K.A. Darabkeh
Improvements in Failure Detection for Emergency Service Centers in IMS Network 564
I. Krevatin, . Preseki, M. Gudelj
BER Analysis in Relay-Based DF Cooperative Diversity Systems with Relay &
Destination Interferers ..................................................................................................... 569
A.M. Magableh, M.F. Al-Mistarihi, R. Mohaisen, A.H. Sharaqa
Outage Probability Analysis in Relay-Based DF Cooperative Diversity Systems with
Relay & Destination Interferers ...................................................................................... 574
R. Mohaisen, M.F. Al-Mistarihi, A.M. Magableh, A.H. Sharaqa
Closed Form Expression of Outage Probability in DCSK Cooperative Communication
Systems over Nakagami-m Fading Channels ................................................................ 580
M.F. Al-Mistarihi, A.M. Magableh, M.M. Al-Khasawneh
Outage Probability of Dual-Hop Amplify-and-Forward Cognitive Relay Networks under
Interference Power Constraints over Nakagami-m Fading Channels ......................... 584
M. Shurman, M.F. Al-Mistarihi, M. Alhulayil
Outage Probability of Amplify-and-Forward Underlay Cognitive Relay Networks with
Selection Diversity over Nakagami-m Fading Channels ............................................... 589
M. Alhulayil, M.F. Al-Mistarihi, M. Shurman

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Simulation of Energy Efficient Telecommunication Network ...................................... 597
G. Dimi, J. Seljan, D. imuni
XIII

Environmental Sustainability of Information and Communication Technologies for

Advanced Metering and Home Area Networks ............................................................. 601
V. Mujan, S. Aleksi
Aspects of Remote Monitoring and Recording System of Non-ionizing Electromagnetic
Radiation ........................................................................................................................... 607
D.S. uka, M.I. Simi, P.V. Pejovi
Energetic Self-Regulation of eWALL System ................................................................ 612
. Martinovi, D. Budi, D. imuni
Investigation of Electromagnetic Compatibility of High Frequency Polymer-Welding
Machines ........................................................................................................................... 617
L. Iliev, I. Stoyanov, T. Iliev, E.P. Ivanova
Energy Consumption Analysis of Real Metro-optical Network ................................... 621
J. Lorincz, E. Mujari, D. Begui
Doprinos informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologija smanjenju emisija CO2 .......... 627
M. Berkovi, A. Kosovac

TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE
A Low Energy Computer Infrastructure for Radio VOIP Supported Communication
and SDR APRS in Education and Disaster Relief Situations ....................................... 637
K. Hajdarevi, S. Konjicija
Evaluation of Software Defined Radio Systems for Smart Home Environments ....... 643
I. Vitas, D. imuni, P. Kneevi
Smartwatch as a Remote Server Monitoring Device: Implementation and Interaction
Design ................................................................................................................................. 647
A. Vega, S. Ljubi
Improving City Infrastructure Resilience Capacity: Water-supply
Network Case Study .......................................................................................................... 653
O. Juki, I. Hei, I. peh
Elektronika komunikacijska infrastruktura u zgradama ........................................... 658
J. Bajt

ALGORITHMS & PROTOCOLS

Integrating Extreme Programming with Software Engineering Education ................ 667
J.J.Y. Chen, M.M.Z. Wu
Sensors Definitions and Positioning for Load Balancing Algorithms .......................... 673
B. Radojevi, M. agar, I. Golub
XIV

Design of the BCJR Decoding Algorithm with Reduced Space Complexity ............... 678
D. Spasov
Towards a Self-organizing Sensor Network: An Algorithm ......................................... 682
J. Seljan, D. imuni, G. Dimi, B. Vrandei
Static Cluster and Dynamic Cluster Head (SCDCH) Adaptive Prediction-Based
Algorithm for Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks ...................................... 686
M.A. Wahdan, M.F. Al-Mistarihi, M. Shurman
New Efficient On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol over Mobile Ad hoc
Networks ............................................................................................................................ 691
K.A. Darabkeh, O.A. Alsukour
Implementation of a HMIPv6 Extension in the INET and xMIPv6 Simulation
Framework with Dynamic MAP Discovery for OMNeT 4.x ........................................ 695
E. Kadui, M. krbi, N. ivi, A. galj, A. Hantalaevi

NEW METHODS & SOLUTIONS

Matrix Inversion in the Design of Active Queue Management Mechanisms .............. 703
P. Mrozowski, A. Chydzinski
An Overview of Various Types of Waveguide Grating Based Demultiplexors in WDM
Systems ............................................................................................................................... 709
J. Tth, . Ovsenk, J. Turn
A Powerful Early-based Video Discarding Policy .......................................................... 714
K.A. Darabkeh, A.M. Awad, A.F. Khalifeh
Mobile Node Localization Using Infrared Angle of Arrival Sensor ............................. 719
D. Frantal, D. Arbula
A Profile- and Community-Driven Book Recommender System ................................. 724
I. Petrovi, P. Perkovi, I. tajduhar
Extending LARIS with Session Types: A Case Study in the Railway Interlocking ... 729
T. Kiss, F. Craciun, B. Parv
Monitoring Cerebral Processing of Gustatory Stimulation and Perception
Using Emotiv Epoc ............................................................................................................ 736
G. Madhale Jadav, M. Vranki, S. Vlahini
People Tracking Using Synthetically Generated Depth Maps ...................................... 739
L. Vretenar, K. Lenac
Virtualizacija mrenih funkcija u telekomunikacijama ................................................ 745
O. Lovakovi

XV

COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION
PAPERS
The Relations Between Cultural Dimensions and Quality of Communication in
Education ........................................................................................................................... 753
B. Grobenski, V. Vidaek-Hain
Collaboration, Distribution and Culture Challenges for Communication .............. 758
H. Jaakkola, J. Henno, B. Thalheim, J. Mkel
Project- and Product-Oriented Course ........................................................................... 766
J. Henno, H. Jaakkola, J. Mkel
Personalization of e-tivities using Web 2.0 tools and ELARS (E-learning Activities
Recommender System) ...................................................................................................... 770
J. Mezak, N. Hoi-Boi, M. Holenko Dlab
Model of Information System for Recognition of Non-Formal and Informal Learning in
Higher Education .............................................................................................................. 775
M. Balkovi, G. ambi, Z. Jani
Computer Game Angry Birds in Teaching Physics ....................................................... 781
D. Robi, R. Repnik
Towards Blended Learning: A Case Study .................................................................... 786
P. Linna, H. Keto, T. Mkinen
The use of HILL Online e-learning Environment in Language Teaching ................... 791
M. Linna, A. Valo
Information Literacy Assessment at the University of Zagreb: an Undergraduate
Students Perspective ........................................................................................................ 796
M. Pavlovski, I. Duner
Tiny Operating System Kernel for Education Purposes ............................................... 801
S. Ribi, A. Salihbegovi
Usage of Compulsory Content in Secondary School Education ................................... 807
R. Barii
Online Learning Efficiency in the Humanities ............................................................... 811
S. Gartner, M. Krana
Designing m-learning Materials for Language Learning .............................................. 816
D. Puki, M. Krana
Comparison of ICT in Education Between Slovenia and Serbia .................................. 822
M. Popovi, D. Cvetkovi, M. Krana
XVI

The Application of Formative E-Assessment Data in the Final Exam Results Modeling
Using Neural Networks ..................................................................................................... 827
J. Gamulin, O. Gamulin, D. Kermek
Knowledge Generating House a Tool for Education Based on Open Innovation
Principle ............................................................................................................................. 832
I. Korobaniov, D. Paov, N. Urbankov
FASTER Platform an On-Line Tool for EU Accountants Education ....................... 838
D. Paov, M. Vejaka
User Knowledge Development in the Field of Electronic Services and Their Security in
Slovakia ............................................................................................................................. 844
M. Vejaka, J. Bucko
A Course in Digital System Design using Unified E2LP Platform ............................... 850
I. Katelan, N. Pjevalica, M. Temerinac
Improving education experience with Augmented Reality (AR) .................................. 856
B. Kraut, J. Jekni
Introduction of the Automated Assessment of Homework Assignments in a Universitylevel Programming Course ............................................................................................... 862
M. Poenel, L. Frst, V. Mahni
Informatics Education and Requirements of Current Practice .................................... 868
L. Rvszov
Integrating Learning Management System and Faculty Information System Service
Oriented Approach ........................................................................................................... 874
P. Bjeljac, I. Zeevi, B. Perii
Evaluating the Effect of the Automatic Assessment Introduction in the ADS1 Course
Practical Work .................................................................................................................. 879
I. Roanc, J. Miheli
Conceptual Design, Development and Analyses of E-Learn SEEU Model and
Framework ......................................................................................................................... 885
B. Fetaji, M. Fetaji, O. Rakipi, M. Ebibi
Hands-on System Programming Labs & Projects Based on E2LP Platform .............. 891
B. Kordi, V. Marinkovi, M. Popovi, I. Katelan
Wiki-based Books as Alternatives to Printed University Publications ........................ 895
M. Sakal, P. Tumbas, P. Matkovi, V. Pavlievi
Analysis of Learning by Doing in the Creation of Instructional Video in Teaching
Optics .................................................................................................................................. 901
A. Wirth, R. Repnik

XVII

Examples of Best Practice of University-Industry Collaboration in the Domain of

Electro-CAD Application by using EPLAN P8 and E-learning Systems ...................... 905
D. Lukac
Self-paced Computer Aided Learning of Music Instruments ....................................... 910
M. Konecki
Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Language Learning ................................................... 915
V. Slavuj, B. Kovai, I. Jugo
Exam Questions Consistency Checking .......................................................................... 921
F. kopljanac-Maina, I. Zakarija, B. Blakovi
An Experience in Integrating Learning Management System with User's
Google Drive ...................................................................................................................... 925
L. Abazi-Bexheti, E. Jajaga, M. Apostolova-Trpkovska, B. Ismaili
Career and Skills Development for New Jobs ................................................................. 929
M. Lamza - Maroni, V. Jovanovski, J. Glava
The Implementation of QR Codes in the Educational Process ..................................... 934
M. Filipovi Tretinjak
Computers and Internet in Active Learning .................................................................. 937
A. Bednjanec, M. Filipovi Tretinjak, M. Tretinjak
Project Teaching is it Achievable Without the School Library? ............................... 940
D. Vincek
Benefits of Using Interactive Whiteboards at Kajzerica Elementary School .............. 946
I. Ruklja, M. Draenovi
Interactive Teaching with Socrative ................................................................................ 949
M. Filipovi Tretinjak, A. Bednjanec, M. Tretinjak
Using Cloud Computing in Stjepan Bencekovi Elementary School ........................... 953
B. Smolkovi Cerovski, M. Draenovi
Project-based Learning : Students (and teachers) as Authors / co-authors of Interactive
Multimedia Educational Content (Space Teacher) ........................................................ 956
K. Bedi
We Like Digital Using Mobile and Web Applications in High-school Project
Teaching ............................................................................................................................. 961
K. Bedi
Anonymity Ensurance in Creation of Satisfaction Surveys - Experience of
Polytechnic of ibenik ....................................................................................................... 967
F. Urem, K. Fertalj, B. upe, I. Livaja

XVIII

Implementation of Computer Programs in Visual Arts Education in Croatian Primary

Schools ................................................................................................................................ 971
Z. Prohaska, S. Benkovi, I. Uroda
E-Learning of Students in Course Fundamentals of Engineering Design Using the
System of Evaluation and Maintaining the Quality of Education and Scientific Research
.............................................................................................................................................. 977
L.I. Baltova
The Developments in Mobile Learning and its Application in the Higher Education
Including Libraries ........................................................................................................... 982
R. Vrana
Open Science, Open Access and Open Educational Resources: Challenges and
Opportunities ..................................................................................................................... 987
R. Vrana
The Emerging Strategy of Social Network Analysis: an Overview of Indicators,
Concepts and Implications .............................................................................................. 992
A. Papi
Children's Interest in the Media - Empirical Research ................................................. 997
M. Nadrljanski, V. Domitrovi
Modeling and Analysis of the Polyhedral Pyramid Structures by Method of Modified
Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) .............................................................................. 1003
S. Vukmirovi, M. iin-ain, I. Host
Geometric Programming in Designing of Mental Models on the Example of Strategic
Thinking Between Synergies Competition and Cooperation ...................................... 1009
S. Vukmirovi, Z. apko, A. Babi
Valuation of Options by Using Excel ............................................................................. 1016
Z. Prohaska, B. Olgi Draenovi, I. Uroda
Exploring the Use of Computers in Classroom Teaching ........................................... 1021
B. Kontoi, A. Kontoi, S. Biloslav
Intelligent Assistant for Helping Students to Learn Programming ............................ 1025
M. Konecki, N. Kadoi, R. Piltaver
Data Acquisition Systems - Examples of Laboratory Exercises ................................. 1030
O. Tasi, V. Tasi, D. Brodi, M. Pavlov-Kagadejev, M. Jevti, M. Aneli
The Gamification of Education ...................................................................................... 1034
S. Maravi isar, R. Pinter, P. isar,
Experiences and Practices in Blended Learning Environment .................................. 1039
T. Horvat, T. Alajbeg, S. Predani

XIX

Application of ICT in Process of Informatization of Education System - Efficiency of

Digital Log Book .............................................................................................................. 1044
D. Gluac, I. Tasi, B. Radulovi, . Muicki
Methodology for Online Study Program Development Case Study ePITUP ......... 1049
N. Kadoi, N. Begievi Reep
Effective Knowledge Exchange with Modern Didactic Concepts ............................... 1055
C. Ungermanns, W. Werth
Implementation of Information Technology in Accounting Course: A Qualitative
Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 1060
I. Bujan, A. Flac
Evaluating the Quality of Games Designed for Learning Programming by Students with
Different Educational Background: An Empirical Study ............................................ 1064
T. Orehovaki, S. Babi
Approaches for Implementation of Distance Learning in Higher Education ........... 1070
T.A. Hryhorova, V.P. Lyashenko, D.M. Kalinichenko
Usage of Databases and the Information Literacy of Students of the Faculty of Electrical
Engineering and Computing .......................................................................................... 1075
N. Jelaa
Comparing MOOCs in m-learning and e-learning Settings ....................................... 1080
A. Brali, M. ukui, M. Jadri
Mining Association Rules in Learning Management Systems .................................... 1087
M. Perui Hrenjak, M. Mateti, M. Brki Bakari
Integrated Solution for On-line Environments Users Learning and Support ......... 1093
V. Riabtsev, K. Sinitsa, O. Voychenko
Istraivanje - miljenje uenika, roditelja, uitelja i uprave kole o primjeni e-Dnevnika,
unutar III. osnovne kole akovec ................................................................................ 1097
N. Boj
Digitalne kompetencije za nastavnike ........................................................................... 1102
V. Aneli, H. Laui Ramljak
Primjena internetskog foruma u prezentaciji i obrani seminarskih radova studija
sluaja kolegija Planiranje informacijskih sustava ...................................................... 1105
A. Sokovi, A. Jakupovi
Upravljanje Arduino platformom pomou programskog jezika Processing ............. 1110
A. Lackovi
Uenje programiranja kroz robotiku ............................................................................ 1114
P. Dobri, M. Mainko Kova

XX

Primjer implementacije e uenja u nastavi Informatike .......................................... 1117

J. Paanin, M. Rosi, A. Grubii
Digitalna zbirka zadataka s evaluatorom programskih rjeenja ............................... 1121
V. Galeev, R. ipek
Primjena raunalne animacije u nastavi opeg obveznog tehnikog odgoja i
obrazovanja ...................................................................................................................... 1127
D. Purkovi
ene i informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije zato su studentice rijetkost na
studiju raunarstva? ....................................................................................................... 1134
T. Babi, A. Ogrin, K. arkanj
Prema uspjenijem razvoju algoritamskog naina razmiljanja ................................ 1138
K. Blaeka
Kriteriji vrednovanja rada nastavnika od strane njihovih studenata ....................... 1144
M. Orli Bachler, M. Marinovi
Budunost eUenja .......................................................................................................... 1147
M. Serti
Analiza upotrebe programa u obrazovanju na primjeru sustava linearnih
jednadbi .......................................................................................................................... 1153
S. erkezovi, H. ii, I. Jagodi
E-uenje podrano rjeenjima u oblaku ....................................................................... 1158
I. Livaja, F. Urem, A. Grubii, I. aja, T. Radi Lako
Oblikovanje trodimenzionalnih objekata u sustavima virtualne stvarnosti
prilagoenih uenju ........................................................................................................ 1165
V. Filipai, M. Kukec, N. Poljanec
Izborna ili redovna nastava u osnovnim kolama ........................................................ 1170
D. okac, M. Antolovi
E-uenje i europsko vojno obrazovanje ........................................................................ 1172
V. Zekuli, D. Monik
Integriranje Etwinning projekta u nastavu informatike i engleskog jezika ............... 1178
B. Lamza, I. Narana
Struno usavravanje nastavnika putem e-uenja ....................................................... 1183
M. Mirkovi
Impress.js - open source prezentacijski okvir u nastavi uvoda u web tehnologije .... 1189
E. Cirikovi, D. Suk

XXI

COMPUTERS IN TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

PAPERS
Design of a Domain Specific Language and IDE for Internet of Things
Applications ...................................................................................................................... 1199
A. Salihbegovi, T. Eterovi, E. Kalji, S. Ribi
Basic PHP Implementations, Opcodes and Internal Work ......................................... 1205
A. imec, D. Lozi
WebRTC Technology Overview and Signaling Solution Design and
Implementation ................................................................................................................ 1209
B. Sredojev, D. Samardija, D. Posarac
Methods for Geotargeting Redirection in Corporate Wide Area Networks .............. 1213
D. Miljkovi
Geographically Dispersed Cluster of Web Application Servers on Virtualization
Platforms .......................................................................................................................... 1219
D. Miljkovi
Geolocation and Data Type Impact on SQL Query Execution Time Using Different
Database Approaches ...................................................................................................... 1225
K. imeni, I. Luki, M. Khler
A Novel Versatile Architecture for Internet of Things ................................................ 1229
L. Mili, L. Jelenkovi
Design and Development of the Software Solution for Analysis and Acquisition of the
High Voltage Circuit Breakers Dynamic Resistance Measurement Results ............. 1235
K. Obaranin, A. ei, N. Hadimejli
Data Collector Service - Practical Approach with Embedded Linux ......................... 1240
M. Saari, P. Sillberg, P. Rantanen, J. Soini, H. Fukai
Overview of ICT Technologies for the SMILE concept of Adaptive Stimulating
Environment .................................................................................................................... 1245
A. Guseva, M. Gusev, S. Ristov
Android-Powered Web Server for Volunteer-Based Environment Sensing ............. 1251
D. kvorc, M. Ori, S. Gro
Estimating Diver Orientation from Video Using Body Markers ................................ 1257
I. Renduli, A. Bibuli, N. Mikovi
Technologies for Distributed Flight Control Systems: a Review ................................ 1263
M. egvi, K. Krajek, E. Ivanjko

XXII

The Computer Architecture and Hardware Description Language .......................... 1269

A.S. Burlakov, A.E. Khmelnov
Heterogeneity Impact on MPSoC Platforms Performance .......................................... 1274
N. Frid, D. Ivoevi, V. Sruk
Problem-oriented on Tasks Data Mining Parallel Processor ...................................... 1280
D. Adzinets, D. Lavnikevich, M. Lukashevich, Y. Seitkulov, M. Tatur
A Model of Speed Profiles for Urban Road Networks Using G-means Clustering ... 1284
T. Erdeli, S. Vrbani, L. Roi
Optimisation of Factory Floor Layout Using Force-directed Graph Drawing
Algorithm ......................................................................................................................... 1290
T. Kandu, B. Rodi
Review on Unit Commitment under Uncertainty Approaches ................................... 1296
K. Jurkovi, H. Pandi, I. Kuzle
Describing Function Analysis of Systems with Fuzzy Compensated Odd Symmetric
Nonlinear Actuators ........................................................................................................ 1301
O. Kuljaa, K. Horvat
Simple Day-Ahead Bidding Algorithm for a System with Microgrids and a
Distributor ........................................................................................................................ 1306
L. Jelenkovi, T. Budrovi
MIA: a Multi-Purpose Intelligent Assistant ................................................................. 1312
M. Konecki, M. Gams, N. Ivkovi
GUIDL IA: An Intelligent Assistant for Aiding Visually Impaired in Using GUIDL 1317
M. Konecki, R. Kudeli, H. Gjoreski
Anomaly Detection in Thermal Power Plant using Probabilistic Neural Network ... 1321
A. Hajdarevi, I. Dananovi, L. Banjanovi-Mehmedovi, F. Mehmedovi
Neutral Grounding in Middle Voltage Power Systems: Simulation Model .............. 1327
S. Ravli, A. Marui, J. Havelka
Utjecaj momenta tereta na brzinu vrtnje sinkronog elektromotornog pogona ......... 1334
M. Paveti, T. Bjai
Funkcije naprednih mjernih sustava za elektrinu energiju ...................................... 1340
Z. Lipoak
Odreivanje mjerne nesigurnosti 3D laserskog skenera ............................................. 1345
N. Miji
Analiza operativnih karakteristika javnog gradskog prijevoza temeljem prikupljanja
podataka pokretnim osjetilima ...................................................................................... 1351
D. Budimir, D. Bri, N. Jelui
XXIII

Optimizacija procesa naplate cestarine na Autocesti Rijeka-Zagreb ........................ 1357

J. Ostoji, E. Kalajdi
Voenje elektroenergetskih mikromrea na osnovi sinkroniziranih mjerenja .......... 1363
S. Skok, M. Filipovi, V. Kirini

INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
PAPERS
SPECIAL SESSION ON BIOMETRICS, SOFT-BIOMETRICS AND
DE-IDENTIFICATION
Binary Pattern Flavored Feature Extractors for Facial Expression Recognition: An
Overview .......................................................................................................................... 1375
R. Lyngby Kristensen, Z.H. Tan, Z. Ma, J. Guo
Detecting Humans in Videos by Combining Heterogeneous Detectors ...................... 1382
K. Brki, T. Hrka, Z. Kalafati
Identification of Authors of Documents Based on Offline Signature Recognition ... 1388
T. Marui, . Marui, . eremet
Comparing Affective Responses to Standardized Pictures and Videos:
A Study Report ................................................................................................................ 1394
M. Horvat, D. Kukolja, D. Ivanec
Retrieval of Multimedia Stimuli with Semantic and Emotional Cues: Suggestions from a
Controlled Study ............................................................................................................. 1399
M. Horvat, D. Kukolja, D. Ivanec
GWAT: The Geneva Affective Picture Database WordNet Annotation Tool ........... 1403
M. Horvat, D. Duvnjak, D. Jug
Evaluation of the Quality of Voice over IP Telephony Using the Decision Support
System Qualimetric Expertise ..................................................................................... 1408
R.S. Dorofeev, A.S. Dorofeev, O.A. Kostowskaya

INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
A New Ensemble of Features for Breast Cancer Diagnosis.......................................... 1415
. Ikl Esener, S. Ergin, T. Yksel
Preliminary Study on Detection of Atrial Fibrillation during Oscillometric Blood
Pressure Measurement .................................................................................................... 1421
M. Mea

XXIV

Hybride Neuro-fuzzy Expert System for Assessing Diabetes Risk ............................. 1426
. Knok, Z. Avdagi, S. Omanovi
Solving Strip-Packing Problem Using Sequence Pair .................................................. 1430
D. Domovi, T. Rolich
Predicting Stock Market Trends Using Random Forests: A Sample of the Zagreb Stock
Exchange .......................................................................................................................... 1436
T. Manojlovi, I. tajduhar
GA-ANFIS Expert System Prototype for Detection of Tar Content in the Manufacturing
Process .............................................................................................................................. 1441
L. Begi Fazli, Z. Avdagi, I. Bei
A Review of Feature Selection Methods with Applications ......................................... 1447
A. Jovi, K. Brki, N. Bogunovi
Using Similarity-based Selection in Evolutionary Design of Decision Trees ............. 1453
L. Bonjak, S. Karakati, V. Podgorelec
A Semantic Markup Technique Based on Ontology Polysystem ................................ 1459
E. Cherkashin, K. Paskal, I. Bychkov
A Descriptive Specification Tools for Information System Design and
Configuration ................................................................................................................... 1465
A. Hmelnov, E. Fereferov, R. Fedorov, E. Cherkashin, I. Bychkov
Importance of Network Nodes for Navigation with Fractional Knowledge .............. 1471
D. Helic, F. Geigl
Using Latent Features to Measure the Diversity of Recommendation Lists ............. 1477
M. Kunaver, . Dobravec, A. Koir
Efficient Profiling and Distributed Synchronization of Statistical User Models for
Content-Targeting and Real-time Applications ........................................................... 1482
Lj. Mercep
Text Skew Estimation Based on the Horizontal Entropy Calculation ........................ 1488
D. Brodi, M. Jevti, Z.N. Milivojevi, V. Tasi
Optimization of Ring-Star Transmission Problem in Telecommunication Systems Based
on Ant Colony Algorithms .............................................................................................. 1492
V. Leti, Z. Avdagi, D. Bokovi
Using String Similarity Metrics for Automated Grading of SQL Statements .......... 1497
I. tajduhar, G. Maua
Multi-agent Modeling Methods for Massivley Multi-Player On-Line Role-Playing
Games ............................................................................................................................... 1503
M. Schatten, I. Tomii, B. Okrea uri

XXV

Temporal Dynamics of Changes in Group User's Preferences in Recommender

Systems ............................................................................................................................. 1509
B. Karahoda, D. onko, H. upi
Predicting Sports Results Using Latent Features: A Case Study ................................ 1514
. Dobravec
Role-Playing as a Knowledge Management Tool ......................................................... 1520
L. Brajkovi, W. Afri, V. Afri
Nadogradnja inteligentnog sustava aerodromskog odravanja serijskih strujnih
krugova ............................................................................................................................. 1526
Z. Bala, I. Puhalovi, G. Bjeli

INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY

PAPERS
TECHNICAL TRACK
Disabling Same Origin Policy for Automatization of Webform Data Entry ............. 1539
S. Ribi, A. Salihbegovi, A. Huseinovi
Towards a Rule-based Access Control Framework for Distributed Information
Systems ............................................................................................................................. 1544
S. Afonin
Improving the Android Smartphone Security Against Various Malware Threats ... 1550
D. Hrestak, S. Picek, . Rumenjak
Detection of DECT Identity Spoofing through Radio Frequency fingerprinting ..... 1556
I. Sanchez, R. Satta, R. Giuliani, G. Baldini
Study of Two Security Constructs on Throughput for Wireless Sensor Multi-Hop
Networks .......................................................................................................................... 1562
R.D. Sparrow, A.A. Adekunle, R.J. Berry, R.J. Farnish
A Practical NFC Relay Attack on Mobile Devices Using Card Emulation Mode ..... 1568
D. Cavdar, E. Tomur
Honeytokens as Active Defense ...................................................................................... 1573
R. Petruni

POLICY AND RISK TRACK

Artificial Intelligence in Network Intrusion Detection ................................................ 1581
M. tampar, K. Fertalj
XXVI

Advanced Persistent Threats Detection and Defense ................................................ 1587

J. Vukalovi, D. Delija
Security Risk Management in Complex Organization ................................................ 1594
I. Sedini, T. Perui

PRIVACY TRACK
Violation of User Privacy by IPTV Packet Sniffing in Home Network ..................... 1603
S. Vukojevi
Have we been Monetized and become Commodity without our Consent Privacy in the
Time of Big Data Technology .......................................................................................... 1609
M. agar, D. Mende Poljak

SECURITY AWARENESS AND EDUCATION TRACK

Impact of Security Education on Password Change .................................................... 1617
V. Taneski, M. Heriko, B. Brumen
Empirical Study on ICT Systems Users' Risky Behavior and Security Awareness 1623
K. oli, T. Velki, T. Galba
Moore's Curse on Textual Passwords ........................................................................... 1627
B. Brumen, V. Taneski

DIGITAL FORENSICS TRACK

Concepts and Methodology in Mobile Devices Digital Forensics Education and
Training ........................................................................................................................... 1635
D. Delija
RAM Data Significance in Digital Forensics ................................................................ 1641
K. Hausknecht, D. Foit, J. Buri
Competencies and Skills Needed for Digital Forensic Trainer ................................... 1645
D. Foit, J. Vukalovi, K. Hausknecht
Challenges in Network Forensics ................................................................................... 1651
J. Buri, D. Delija
An Approach to Digital Evidence Collection for Successful Forensic Application: An
Investigation of Blackmail Case ..................................................................................... 1656
K. Hajdarevi, V. Daltur

XXVII

BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS

INVITED PAPER
Spatial OLAP for Agri-Environmental Data and Analysis: Lessons Learned .......... 1667
S. Bimonte

PAPERS
Accelerating Time Series Subsequence Matching on the Intel Xeon Phi Many-core
Coprocessor ...................................................................................................................... 1675
R. Miniakhmetov, A. Movchan, M. Zymbler
Outlier Detection as the Primary Step for Promotion Planning in Retail ................. 1681
M. Banek, D. Osreki, M. Vrani, D. Pintar
Data Warehouse in Era of Big Data Platforms ............................................................ 1687
T. Krian, M. Drueti
Delta View Generation for Incremental Loading of Large Dimensions in a Data
Warehouse ........................................................................................................................ 1693
I. Mekterovi, Lj. Brki
SimBusPro: A Simulation-Based Decision Support Tool used for the Optimization of
Business Processes running on the Cloud ..................................................................... 1699
A. zkk, A. Ercingz, H.A. Dnmez, T. Dkerolu, V. ler
System for Monitoring and Advanced Analysis of Handball Matches ....................... 1704
T. Hlupi, F. Jandrijevi, J. Kovaev, L. Petricioli, T. Gracin, M. Baranovi
Planiranje i nabava energije za pokrie gubitaka u distribucijskoj mrei ................. 1710
I. arki, Z. Lipoak, M. Malovrh
Automatska monotona kategorizacija numerikih varijabli ....................................... 1715
V. Horvat, K. Bokuli

DIGITAL ECONOMY AND GOVERNMENT, LOCAL

GOVERNMENT, PUBLIC SERVICES
INVITED PAPER
Public e-Procurement as a Key-Impact Factor in the UE Welfare Contest -The Italian
Public e-Markets: Research Findings and e-Solutions Analisys .................................. 1725
F. Bof, G. Casella
XXVIII

PAPERS
Microeconomic and Macroeconomic Overview of ICT as a Primary Driver behind the
Digital Economy ............................................................................................................... 1738
S. Aksentijevi, E. Tijan, G. Stumpf
Application of Service Oriented Architecture of Information Communication System in
Nautical Ports .................................................................................................................. 1744
P. Ristov, A. Mrvica, J. ani Mikulii
Internet Challenges for Print Media Advertising Practice Case of Belgrade Daily
Newspapers ...................................................................................................................... 1751
M. Vidas-Bubanja, I. Bubanja
The Success of Open Source Software: A Review ........................................................ 1757
D. Margan, S. andrli
Analysis of e-government Portal in Montenegro .......................................................... 1763
V. Lazovi, T. urikovi, B. Rondovi, D. Kovaevi, Z. Popovi
Determinants of Electronic Commerce - the Factors of Acceptance in Montenegro 1769
B. Rondovi, V. Lazovi, Z. Popovi, T. urikovi, D. Kovaevi
Laws of Network's Values and Values of Its Users ...................................................... 1775
E. Piri, M. Bajri, H. Bajri
Open Issues of Open Data in Croatia ............................................................................ 1780
D. Bui, J. uri
Cloud Services and Marketing ........................................................................................ 1786
J. Jekni, B. Kraut
RFID Based Access Control System .............................................................................. 1793
P. Ristov, T. Mikovi, A. Mrvica
Interoperablity of Bank Statements: A Case Study ...................................................... 1799
R. Chejkova-Nikolov, M. Gusev, M. Kostoska, S. Ristov
Social Networks in the Case of Tourism in Croatia ...................................................... 1805
Lj. Zekanovi-Korona
Financial Agency FINA and Online Auctions in Croatian Amended Distraint Act .. 1811
A.J. Klasinc
Scalable Architecture of e-Ordering System in Cloud ................................................. 1817
F. Dimitrievski, S. Ristov, M. Gusev, G. Armenski
The Potential of SEPA Credit Transfer Implementation in Croatia ......................... 1823
M. Ptiek, B. Vrdoljak, L. Humski, Z. Skoir, G. Bolana, . Gapari

XXIX

Business Process Orientation Construct Analysis in Companies in the Republic of

Macedonia ......................................................................................................................... 1829
M. Mijoska, N. Levkov
The Role of the Public Sector in Defining the Communication Strategies in the Croatian
Tourism Industry ............................................................................................................. 1835
. Bunja
Accounting Information Systems and their use in Local Governments Sector: Quality,
Efficiency, Security and Control Procedures as (present) Challenges ........................ 1840
M. Boban, T. uak
Citybus Mobile Application ........................................................................................... 1846
J. Abou Aldan, M. Lonar, M. Ivai-Kos
Analysis and Recommendations for e-business Development in Croatia ................... 1851
R. Smokvina, S. Aksentijevi, E. Tijan
Analiza sadraja internetskih stranica upanija, gradova i opina u Republici Hrvatskoj
u prvoj polovici 2014. god. ............................................................................................. 1857
T. Lamut, A. Sari
Implementacija informacijskog sustava za praenje aktivnosti unutar jedinice javne
uprave ............................................................................................................................... 1863
O. Juki, I. Hei, I. peh
Analiza sustav za nadzor potronje posebnih goriva ................................................... 1868
S. Bojko, V. Kumpar-Tasevski, M. Mateljan, A. Topi
Social Media Marketing Activity in Western Balkan Banking Industry .................... 1874
N. Levkov, M. Mijoska, D. Jovevski

MIPRO Junior STUDENT PAPERS

PAPERS
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers for All Optical Fiber Communication ................... 1885
J. Ruzbarsky, J. Turan, . Ovsenk
Korelacijska analiza dotoka u akumulacijske bazene ................................................. 1890
E. Sutlovi, K. Zorii, T. Modri
PLC/SCADA Systems in Automation Control Design for Individual Quick Freezing
Process in Cooling Tunnels ............................................................................................. 1896
G. Jageti, M. Habazin, T. poljari
Sustav grijanja pogona za suenje papira ..................................................................... 1904
R. Bukvi, G. Mali, D. Mari
XXX

Ureaj za testiranje baterijskih elija 18650 ................................................................ 1910

A. Jakopli, D. Mari, G. Mali
Layout Optimizations to Decrease Internal Power and Area in Digital CMOS Standard
Cells ................................................................................................................................... 1915
J. Innocenti, F. Julien, J.M. Portal, L. Lopez, Q. Hubert, P. Masson, J. Sonzogni, S. Niel, A.
Regnier
A Simple Clock-Fault Detection Analog Circuit for High-Speed Crystal Oscillators 1921
A. Gamet, Y. Bacher, S. Meillre, P. Le Fevre, N. Froidevaux
Performance Analysis of Parallel Reduction and Matrix Multiplication on Parallella-16
Heterogeneous System .................................................................................................... 1925
N. ati, K. Imamovi, E. Jaarevi, N. Nosovi
Building Network-enabled Smart Sensors and Actuators ........................................... 1930
I. Pavi, J. Pukar, I. Soldo, I. Spasi, H. Dapo, D. ika
Turning a Smartphone into Structured Light 3D Scanner ......................................... 1935
M. Lelas, T. Pribani
A Heuristics Approach to Hamiltonian Completion Problem (HCP) ........................ 1940
H. Petri Mareti, A. Grbi
Security of End User Wireless Networks in Zagreb Area ........................................... 1946
J. Redepagi, D. Studen, V. Gavrani, A. Tekovi
Learning from Student Thesis Products: Examples and Experiences ....................... 1950
M. Vuievi, S. Predani, T. Horvat
Extracting Domain Knowledge by Complex Networks Analysis of Wikipedia
Entries ............................................................................................................................... 1955
N. Matas, S. Martini-Ipi, A. Metrovi
LaNCoA: A Python Toolkit for Language Networks Construction and Analysis ..... 1961
D. Margan, A. Metrovi
Parallelization of Two Popular Parallel Sorting Algorithms on GPU Using
OpenCL ............................................................................................................................ 1967
D. Azinovi, A. Hasanspahi, H. Hasi, N. Nosovi
Mobile Application for Finding ATMs ......................................................................... 1971
M. Lonar, J. Abou Aldan, M. Ivai-Kos

XXXI

LIST OF PAPER REVIEWERS

Abello Gamazo, A.
Afgan, E.
Aksentijevi, S.
Aleksi, S.
Amon, S.
Androec, D.
Aramo-Immonen, H.
Arbula, D.
Aenbrener Kati, M.
Avbelj, V.
Babi, D.
Babi, S.
Baa, M.
Banek, M.
Banek Zorica, M.
Baoti, M.
Baranovi, M.
Bartoli, J.
Basch, D.
Baant, A.
Bellatreche, L.
Bogdan, S.
Boji, I.
Britvi, I.
Brki, L.
Brki, M.
Budin, A.
Budin, L.
Budiseli, I.
Bujan, I.
Bukovi, M.
Buri, J.
Butkovi, .
Butorac, M.
Bui, D.
Car, .
Cihlar, D.
rnjaric-ic, N.
andrli, S.
apko, Z.
erekovi, A.
iin-ain, M.
ubrilo, M.
upi, M.
Davidovi, D.
Davidovi, M.
Dela, G.
Denona-Bogovi, N.
Depolli, M.
Dei, S.
Dobrijevi, O.
Dobriek, S.
Danko, M.
Dapo, H.
erek, V.
Erceg, I.
Filjar, R.
Fischer, D.
Galeti, V.

XXXII

(Spain)
(United States)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)
(Finland)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(France)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)

Galinac Grbac, T.
Gamberger, D.
Gamulin, O.
Garza, P.
Geri, S.
Glava, G.
Glava, J.
Gluac, D.
Golfarelli, M.
Golub, M.
Golubi, S.
Grani, A.
Grgi, K.
Gro, S.
Grubii, D.
Grubii, I.
Grudeni, I.
Guli, M.
Gulin, M.
Guna, J.
Hajdarevi, K.
Heimburger, A.
Henno, J.
Hoi-Boi, N.
Holenko Dlab, M.
Horvat, G.
Horvat, M.
Hrabar, S.
Hrka, T.
Huljeni, D.
Humski, L.
Ili, .
Inkret, R.
Ipi, I.
Ivai-Kos, M.
Ivkovi, N.
Ivoevi, D.
Jakobovi, D.
Jakupovi, A.
Jardas, M.
Jelenkovi, L.
Jevti, D.
Jei, Z.
Jei, G.
Job, J.
Jovanovic, V.
Jovi, A.
Jugovi, A.
Jurii, V.
Jurii, D.
Kalafati, Z.
Kalpi, D.
Katelan, I.
Kaui, B.
Kecskemti, G.
Keto, H.
Kirini, V.
Kiasondi, T.
Kopak, G.

(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Italy)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Serbia)
(Italy)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(United States)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Bosnia and Herzegovina)
(Finland)
(Estonia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Netherlands)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Serbia)
(Slovenia)
(Hungary)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Sweden)

Korii, M.
Kosec, G.
Kova, M.
Kovai, B.
Krajcar, S.
Krana, M.
Krevatin, I.
Krianovi, K.
Krois, I.
Krznari, M.
Kunaver, M.
Kuek, M.
Lhdeniemi, M.
Leino, M.
Lenac, K.
Leppniemi, J.
Lerga, J.
Lei, V.
Lipi, T.
Lui, D.
Lugari, T.
Lukac, D.
Lutovac, B.
Ma, Z.
Magdaleni, I.
Mkinen, T.
Malari, R.
Mance, D.
Mandi, T.
Marai, M.
Mareti, D.
Marinovi, M.
Marjanovi, T.
Markovi, I.
Martini-Ipi, S.
Mateljan, V.
Mateti, M.
Matijaevi, M.
Mekovec, R.
Mezak, J.
Mihajlovi, .
Mikac, B.
Mikuc, M.
Milanovi, I.
Milainovi, B.
Milii, P.
Mikovi, N.
Mitsa, V.
Mlinari, H.
Mogu-Milankovi, A.
Mrkovi, B.
Na, .
Nikitovi, M.
Oko, M.
Palomki, J.
Pavei, N.
Pavli, Z.
Pear-Ili, J.
Pejinovi, B.
Pelin, D.
Peri Hadi, A.
Perttula, A.
Petoi, A.

(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)
(Finland)
(Finland)
(Croatia)
(Finland)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Germany)
(Montenegro)
(China)
(Croatia)
(Finland)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Serbia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Ukraine)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Finland)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(United States)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)

Petrovi, T.
Picek, S.
Pintar, D.
Pipi, N.
Plesli, S.
Pobar, M.
Poljak, M.
Popovi, M.
Pogaj, .
Pripui, K.
Radi, J.
Radi, N.
Renduli, I.
Repnik, R.
Resnik, D.
Ribari, S.
Rupi, S.
Schatten, M.
Skala, K.
Skoir, Z.
Skorin-Kapov, L.
Slapniar, I.
Sluganovi, I.
Sokele, M.
Sovi, I.
Spri, V.
Sruk, V.
Stani, U.
Stapi, Z.
Staroniewicz, P.
Stipevi, M.
Stupar, I.
Subai, M.
upi, H.
Sunjevi, M.
ari, D.
aroli, A.
egvi, S.
iki, M.
imi, Z.
imuni, D.
ipu, Z.
kvorc, D.
triga, D.
truc, V.
unde, V.
vedek, T.
vogor, I.
Terzi, B.
Tomai, I.
Tomi, M.
Topi, M.
Trobec, R.
Trost, A.
Trec, K.
Tuomi, P.
Turan, J.
Varga, M.
Vasilijevi, A.
Vidaek-Hain, V.
Vinko, D.
Vladimir, K.
Vojkovi, G.

(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Serbia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)
(Poland)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Bosnia and Herzegovina)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Slovenia)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)
(Finland)
(Slovakia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)

XXXIII

Vrani, K.
Vrani, M.
Vrdoljak, B.
Vrtanik, D.
Vui, M.

XXXIV

(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Slovenia)
(Croatia)

Vukmirovi, S.
Vukovi, M.
Zonja, S.
Zulim, I.
galji Keko, A.

(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)
(Croatia)

AUTHOR INDEX
Abazi-Bexheti L.
925
Abbad A.
559
Abou Aldan J.
1846, 1971
Adamovi N.
137
Adekunle A.A.
1562
Adnan M.
133
Adzinets D.
1280
Afgan E.
185, 236
Afonin S.
1544
Afri V.
1520
Afri W.
1520
Aksentijevi S.
1738, 1851
Alajbeg T.
1039
Aleksi S.
601
Alhulayil M.
584, 589
Al-Khasawneh M.M.
580
Al-Mistarihi M.F.
569, 574, 580, 584, 589, 686
Alsukour O.A.
691
Aneli M.
1030
Aneli V.
1102
Antolovi M.
1170
Apostolova-Trpkovska M.
925
Arbula D.
719
Armenski G.
1817
Artemkina S.B.
21
Avbelj V.
375, 389
Avdagi Z.
1426, 1441, 1492
Awad A.M.
714
Azinovi D.
1967
Babic D.
80
Babi A.
1009
Babi D.
85
Babi J.
121
Babi S.
1064
Babi T.
1134
Bacher Y.
1921
Bamaga J.
104
Bajri H.
1775
Bajri M.
1775
Bajt J.
658
Bako N.
68, 74
Bala Z.
1526
Baldini G.
1556
Balkovi M.
775
Balota A.
417
Baltova L.I.
977
Bnti A.
254
Banek M.
1681
Banka A.A.
201
Banovi-urguz N.
429, 494
Banjanovi-Mehmedovi L.
1321
Baranovi M.
1704
Bari A.
68, 74, 89, 93, 97, 104
Barii R.
807
Bai J.
489
Beirspahi L.
321
Bedi K.
956, 961
Bednjanec A.
937, 949
Begievi Reep N.
1049

Begi E.
Begi Fazli L.
Begi Z.
Begui D.
Bekenov L.
Benkovi S.
Berdinsky A.S.
Berkovi I.
Berkovi M.
Berry R.J.
Bei I.
Bibuli A.
Bilajbegovi D.
Biloslav S.
Bimonte S.
Bjai T.
Bjeli G.
Bjeljac P.
Blakovi B.
Blaeka K.
Blei R.
Boban M.
Bodenstein C.
Bof F.
Bogdanov P.
Bogunovi N.
Boj N.
Bojko S.
Bokuli K.
Bolana G.
Bosiljevac M.
Bokovi D.
Bonjak L.
Boinovi .
Brajkovi L.
Brakus M.
Brali A.
Brank L.
Bri D.
Brenner W.
Brki Bakari M.
Brki K.
Brki Lj.
Brlonik M.
Brodi D.
Broz I.
Brumen B.
Bubanja I.
Bucko J.
Budi D.
Budimir D.
Budrovi T.
Bujan I.
Bukvi R.
Bunja .
Buri J.
Burlakov A.S.
Butkovi .
Bui D.

379
1441
379
621
191
971
18, 21
359
627
1562
1441
1257
465
1021
1667
1334
1526
874
921
1138
97
1840
217
1725
344
1447
1097
1868
1715
1823
80, 85
1492, 379
1453
553
1520
305
1080
161
1351
137
1087
1382, 1447
1693
375
1030, 1488
74
1617, 1627
1751
844
612
1351
1306
1060
1904
1835
1641, 1651
1269
68, 74
1780

XXXV

Bychkov I.
Caba C.M.
Caruso E.
Casella G.
Cavdar D.
Chejkova-Nikolov R.
Chen J.J.Y.
Cherkashin E.
Chorbev I.
Chydzinski A.
Cigale B.
Cirikovi E.
Civadeli Z.
Craciun F.
Cvetkov K.
Cvetkovi D.
akovi V.
andrli S.
apko Z.
erkezovi S.
ibej U.
iin-ain M.
inikas I.
isar P.
ati N.
ika D.
ukui M.
Dadi V.
Dalbelo Bai B.
D'Andrea C.
Darabkeh K.A.
Davidovi D.
Dedmari M.A.
Delija D.
Dika F.
Dimi G.
Dimitrievski F.
Dobravec .
Dobri P.
Dkerolu T.
Domitrovi V.
Domovi D.
Domi J.
Donevski A.
Dnmez H.A.
Dorofeev A.S.
Dorofeev R.S.
Draenovi M.
Driussi F.
Drueti M.
Dujak M.
Duner I.
Duvnjak D.
Daltur V.
Dananovi I.
Dapo H.
Debo A.
ambi G.
erek V.
onko D.
onli M.
urikovi T.
uri J.

XXXVI

1459, 1465
507
5
1725
1568
1799
667
1459, 1465
299
703
404
1189
472
729
212
822
439
1757
1009
1153
398
1003
167
1034
1925
143, 1930
1080
489
513
15
559, 691, 714
185
201
1587, 1635, 1651
272
597, 682
1817
1477, 1514
1114
1699
997
1430
149
294
1699
1408
1408
946, 953
5
1687
472
796
1403
1656
1321
143, 149, 1930
445
775
15
1509
155
1763, 1769
1780

Ebibi M.
Ercingz A.
Erdeli T.
Ergin S.
Esseni D.
Eterovi T.
Fajdetic F.
Farnish R.J.
Fedak G.
Fedorov R.
Fedorov V.E.
Fehr G.
Fereferov E.
Ferreira M.
Fertalj K.
Fetaji B.
Fetaji M.
Filipai V.
Filipovi M.
Filipovi Tretinjak M.
Flac A.
Foit D.
Forer L.
Frantal D.
Frid N.
Froidevaux N.
Fukai H.
Frst L.
Galac M.
Galba T.
Galeev V.
Galinac Grbac T.
Gamet A.
Gams M.
Gamulin J.
Gamulin O.
Gartner S.
Gapari .
Gatsenko O.
Gavrani V.
Gebavi H.
Geigl F.
Gillon R.
Giuliani R.
Gjoreski H.
Glava J.
Gligoroski D.
Glock P.
Gluac D.
Goetz M.
Golub I.
Goonasekera N.
Goran N.
Gordienko N.
Gordienko Y.
Goti M.
Gracin T.
Grbi A.
Grimshaw A.
Grobenski B.
Gro S.
Grubii A.
Grubii D.

885
1699
1284
1415
5
1199
93
1562
206
1465
18, 21
344
1465
392
967, 1581
885
885
1165
1363
934, 937, 949
1060
1641, 1645
185
719
1274
1921
1240
862
520
1623
1121
507, 513, 528
1921
1312
827
827
811
1823
191
1946
15
1471
97
1556
1317
929
483
217
1044
217
673
236
468
206
191, 206
15
1704
1940
282
753
1251
1117, 1158
43

Gucciardi P.G.
15
Gudelj M.
564
Gulan G.
368
Guo J.
1375
Gusev M. 1245, 212, 258, 267, 276, 294, 299, 1799, 1817
Guseva A.
1245
Habazin M.
1896
Hadiahmetovi N.
553
Hadiali M.
468
Hadimejli N.
1235
Hadovi S.
435
Hajdarevi A.
1321
Hajdarevi K.
637, 1656
Hammerschmidt D.
133
Hantalaevi A.
695.
Hasanspahi A.
1967
Hasi H.
1967
Hausknecht K.
1641, 1645
Havelka J.
1327
Hei I.
653, 1863
Helic D.
1471
Henno J.
758, 766
Heriko M.
1617
Hlupi T.
1704
Hmelnov A.
1465
Hodani D.
541
Hoi-Boi N.
770
Holenko Dlab M.
770
Hormot F.
104
Horvat K.
1301
Horvat M.
1394, 1399, 1403
Horvat T.
1039, 1950
Horvat V.
1715
Host I.
1003
Hrestak D.
1550
Hrka T.
1382
Hryhorova T.A.
1070
Hubert Q.
1915
Huemer M.
133
Humski L.
1823
Huseinovi A.
1539
Igrec B.
85
Iliev L.
617
Iliev T.
479, 617
Ilievska N.
483
Ilievi D.
429, 494
Imamovi K.
1925
Innocenti J.
1915
Ikl Esener .
1415
ler V.
1699
Ismaili B.
925
Ivani I.
340
Ivani M.
340
Ivanda M.
15
Ivanec D.
1394, 1399
Ivankovi D.
489
Ivanova E.
223
Ivanova E.P.
479, 617
Ivanovska B.
258
Ivanjko E.
1263
Ivai-Kos M.
1846, 1971
Ivkovi N.
1312
Ivoevi D.
1274

Jaakkola H.
Jadri M.
Jageti G.
Jagodi I.
Jajaga E.
Jakopli A.
Jakopovi .
Jakupovi A.
Jani Z.
Jandrijevi F.
Janekovi I.
Jaarevi E.
Jekni J.
Jelaa N.
Jelavi D.
Jelenkovi L.
Jelui N.
Jerievi .
Jevti M.
Jei G.
Jovanovski V.
Jovevski D.
Jovi A.
Jug D.
Jugo I.
Juhasz Z.
Juki O.
Julien F.
Jurkovi K.
Kacsuk P.
Kadoi N.
Kadui E.
Kail E.
Kalafati Z.
Kalajdi E.
Kalinichenko D.M.
Kalini H.
Kalji E.
Kandu T.
Karabegovi A.
Karahoda B.
Karakati S.
Katelan I.
Kermek D.
Keto H.
Khabarov S.P.
Khalifeh A.F.
Khmelnov A.E.
Kilamo T.
Killat D.
Kirini V.
Kiss T.
Klasinc A.J.
Kneevi P.
Kneevi T.
Knok .
Koeritz C.
Khler M.
Koli K.
Konecki M.
Konecki M.
Kontoi A.
Kontoi B.

758, 766
1080
1896
1153
925
1910
116, 121
1105
775
1704
43
1925
856, 1786
1075
489
1229, 1306
1351
227, 368
1030, 1488
439
929
1874
1447
1403
915
315
653, 1863
1915
1296
254, 263
1025, 1049
695
263
1382
1357
1070
489
1199
1290
321
1509
1453
850, 891
827
786
18
559, 714
1269
242
56
1363
729
1811
643
43
1426
282
1225
276
1025, 1312, 1317
910
1021
1021

XXXVII

Konjicija S.
Kordi B.
Korii M.
Korobaniov I.
Kosanovi T.
Kosovac A.
Kostadinov H.
Kostoska M.
Kostowskaya O.A.
Koir A.
Kovaev J.
Kovaevi D.
Kovaevi S.
Kovai B.
Kovai M.
Kozlovszky M.
Kozmann G.
Koar I.
Krajek K.
Kraljevi Paveli S.
Krampis K.
Kranjac M.
Kranjec J.
Kranjec P.
Krana M.
Kraut B.
Kraut B.
Krevatin I.
Krivec S.
Krivoi A.
Krian T.
Kronenberg F.
Kruus M.
Kudeli R.
Kukec M.
Kukolja D.
Kuljaa O.
Kumpar-Tasevski V.
Kunaver M.
Kundrata J.
Kuek M.
Kuzle I.
Kuznetsov V.A.
Lackovi A.
Lamut T.
Lamza - Maroni M.
Lamza B.
Laui Ramljak H.
Lavnikevich D.
Lazovi V.
Le Fevre P.
Ledneva A.Y.
Lelas M.
Lenac K.
Lenac L.
Leti D.
Leti V.
Levkov N.
Lindn M.
Linna M.
Linna P.
Lipoak Z.
Livaja I.

XXXVIII

637
891
37
832
537
627
349
258, 294, 1799
1408
1477
1704
1763, 1769
435
915
109
254, 263, 344
315
227, 368
1263
528
236
353
404
404
811, 816, 822
1786
856
564
31
445
1687, 305
185
172
1317
1165
1394, 1399
1301
1868
1477
89
439
1296
21
1110
1857
929
1178
1102
1280
1763, 1769
1921
21
1935
739
368
359
1492
1829, 1874
384
791
786
1710, 1340
967, 1158

Lizzit D.
Lodygensky O.
Lojk J.
Lonar M.
Lopez L.
Lorincz J.
Lovakovi O.
Lozi D.
Lukin E.
Lukin H.
Lukac D.
Lukashevich M.
Luki I.
Lyashenko V.P.
Lyngby Kristensen R.
Ljubi S.
Ma Z.
Mainko Kova M.
Madhale Jadav G.
Magableh A.M.
Mahni V.
Mkel J.
Mkinen T.
Malbaa V.
Mali G.
Malovrh M.
Mandi T.
Manduka M.
Manev N.L.
Manojlovi T.
Maras M.
Marasovi S.
Maravi isar S.
Margan D.
Marinkovi V.
Marinovi M.
Markoska E.
Markulin D.
Mari D.
Martini-Ipi S.
Martinovi T.
Martinovi .
Marui A.
Marui T.
Marui .
Masoodi M.T.
Masson P.
Matas N.
Mateljan M.
Mateti M.
Matkovi P.
Maua G.
Medved Rogina B.
Mehmedovi F.
Meillre S.
Mekterovi I.
Memon A.S.
Memon M.S.
Memon S.
Mende Poljak D.
Mercep Lj.
Metrovi A.
Mezak J.

5
206
398
1846, 1971
1915
621
745
1205
499
499
905
1280
1225
1070
1375
647
1375
1114
736
569, 574, 580
862
758, 766
786
62
1904, 1910
1710
93
379
349
1436
537
489
1034
1757, 1961
891
1144
299
450
1904, 1910
1955
143
612
1327
1388
1388
201
1915
1955
1868
1087
895
1497, 513, 528
288
1321
1921
1693
217
217
282
1609
1482
1955, 1961
770

Mea M.
Mihajlovi .
Mihaldinec H.
Mihaylov G.
Miheli J.
Miji N.
Mijoska M.
Mikac L.
Mikic M.
Mileti P.
Mili L.
Milivojevi Z.N.
Miljkovi D.
Miniakhmetov R.
Mirkovi M.
Mikovi N.
Mikovi T.
Modri T.
Mohaisen R.
Movchan A.
Monik D.
Mrazovi P.
Mrela I.
Mrozowski P.
Mrvica A.
Mujan V.
Mujari E.
Musa K.
Muslim S.
Musulin I.
Muicki .
Nadrljanski M.
Narana I.
Nauwelaers B.
Niel S.
Nosovi N.
Novak F.
Novak M.
Obaranin K.
Oder A.
Ogrin A.
Okanovi V.
Okrea uri B.
Olgi Draenovi B.
Omanovi S.
Opia J.
Orehovaki T.
Orli Bachler M.
Ori M.
Osgnach P.
Osreki D.
Ostoji J.
Otsetova E.
Ovsenk .
zkk A.
Pajkanovi A.
Palestri P.
Paov D.
Pandi H.
Papi A.
Parv B.
Pashmineh S.
Paskal K.

1421
334, 340
149
479
879
1345
1829, 1874
15
93
472
1229
1488
1213, 1219
1675
1183
1257
1793
1890
569, 574
1675
1172
334
109
703
1744, 1793
601
621
450
489
121
1044
997
1178
97
1915
1925, 1967
409
116
1235
344
1134
364
1503
1016
1426
328
1064
1144
1251
5
1681
1357
479
709, 1885
1699
62
5
832, 838
1296
992
729
56
1459

Paveli M.
Paveti M.
Pavi I.
Pavi T.
Pavkovi I.
Pavlievi V.
Pavlin M.
Pavlin M.
Pavlov-Kagadejev M.
Pavlovski M.
Paanin J.
Peji P.
Pejovi P.V.
Perii B.
Perkovi P.
Perui Hrenjak M.
Perui T.
Petricioli L.
Petri Mareti H.
Petrovi I.
Petruni R.
Picek S.
Piltaver R.
Pintar D.
Pinter R.
Piri E.
Pjevalica N.
Podgorelec V.
Poljak M.
Poljanec N.
Popa C.
Popovi M.
Popovi M.
Popovi Z.
Portal J.M.
Posarac D.
Poenel M.
Predani S.
Preseki .
Pribani T.
Prohaska Z.
Prohaska Z.
Ptiek M.
Puhalovi I.
Puki D.
Purkovi D.
Pukar J.
Radchenko G.I.
Radev D.
Radi Lako T.
Radojevi B.
Radulovi B.
Rakipi O.
Rantala M.
Rantanen P.
Rashkovska A.
Ravli S.
Redepagi J.
Regnier A.
Renduli I.
Repnik R.
Rvszov L.
Riabtsev V.

439
1334
1930
546
459
895
398
409
1030
796
1117
149
607
874
724
1087
1594
1704
1940
724
1573
1550
1025
1681
1034
1775
850
1453
31
1165
48, 52
822
891
1763, 1769
1915
1209
862
1039, 1950
564
155, 1935
1016
971
439, 1823
1526
816
1127
1930
248
479
1158
673
1044
885
242
1240
384
1327
1946
1915
1257
781, 901
868
1093

XXXIX

Ribi S.
801, 1199, 1539
Richerzhagen M.
217
Riedel M.
217, 282
Risti D.
15
Ristov P.
1744, 1793
Ristov S.
1245, 212, 258, 267, 276, 294, 299, 1799, 1817
Rizvi S.
364
Robi D.
781
Rodi B.
1290
Rolich T.
1430
Romanenko A.I.
18
Rondovi B.
1763, 1769
Rosado L.
392
Rosi M.
1117
Roanc I.
879
Roi L.
1284
Roi M.
155
Rudan S.
85
Ruklja I.
946
Rumenjak .
1550
Ruzbarsky J.
1885
Rybicki J.
230
Saari M.
1240
Sadak A.
364
Sakal M.
895
Salihbegovi A.
1539, 801, 1199
Samardija D.
1209
Sanchez I.
1556
Sari A.
1857
Satta R.
1556
Savchenko D.I.
248
Schatten M.
1503
Schnherr S.
185
Sedini I.
1594
Seitkulov Y.
1280
Selmi L.
5
Seljan J.
597, 682
Serti M.
1147
Shamakina A.
197
Sharaqa A.H.
569, 574
Shurman M.
584, 589, M. 686
Sikimi U.
353
Sillberg P.
1240
Simi M.I.
607
Sinitsa K.
1093
Skala K.
236
Skliarova I.
172
Sklyarov V.
172
Skoir Z.
1823
Skok S.
1363
Slavuj V.
915
Smith N.
161
Smokvina R.
1851
Smolkovi Cerovski B.
953
Sokovi A.
1105
Soini J.
1240, 242
Sokolinsky L.
197, 223
Soldo I.
1930
Soler J.
507
Sonzogni J.
1915
Spahi D.
528
Sparrow R.D.
1562
Spasi I.
1930

XL

Spasov D.
Specht G.
Sredojev B.
Sruk V.
Stirenko S.
Stojanovi S.
Stojanovi .
Stojkovi N.
Stoyanov I.
Studen D.
Stumpf G.
Sudnitson A.
Suk D.
Suligoj T.
Suanj D.
Sutlovi E.
ajn L.
arkanj K.
ei A.
egvi M.
eremet .
erval D.
imec A.
imeni K.
imuni D.
ipek R.
ipu Z.
ii H.
koda P.
kopljanac-Maina F.
krbi M.
kvorc D.
okac D.
oli K.
oa Ani M.
peh I.
poljari T.
prem M.
tajduhar I.
tampar M.
uka D.S.
unde V.
upe B.
upi H.
uak T.
Taipale O.
Tan Z.H.
Taneski V.
Tarasenko M.S.
Tasi I.
Tasi O.
Tasi V.
Tatur M.
Taylor J.
Tekovi A.
Temerinac M.
Tepi S.
Thalheim B.
Tijan E.
Tomai I.
Tomii I.
Tomi D.
Tomi M.

678
185
1209
1274, 288
191
167
167
127
479, 617
1946
1738
172
1189
31, 37, 43
368
1890
398
1134
1235
1263
1388
435
1205
1225
597, 612, 643, 682
1121
80, 85
1153
288
921
499, 695
1251
1170
1623
546
653, 1863
1896
80
1436, 1497, 459, 724
1581
607
109, 116
967
1509
1840
248
1375
1617, 1627
21
1044
1030
1030, 1488
1280
236
1946
850
149
758
1738, 1851
384
1503
412
541

Tomur E.
Topi A.
Tth J.
Tretinjak M.
Trobec R.
Trusso S.
Tsvetanov F.
Tudi V.
Tuhtan V.
Tumbas P.
Turn J.
Ungermanns C.
Urbankov N.
Urem F.
Uroda I.
Valeni D.
Valo A.
Vasconcelos M.J.M.
Vega A.
Vejaka M.
Velki T.
Venica S.
Vidaek-Hain V.
Vidas-Bubanja M.
Vidovi K.
Vincek D.
Vitas I.
Vlahini S.
Vlahini S.
Volarevi M.
Volari I.
von St. Vieth B.
Voychenko O.
Vrana R.
Vrandei B.
Vrani M.

1568
1868
709
937, 949
384
15
479
25
368
895
709, 1885
1055
832
967, 1158
971, 1016
520
791
392
647
838, 844
1623
5
753
1751
472
940
643
127
736
334
127
230
1093
982, 987
682
1681

Vranki M.
Vrbani S.
Vrbovan I.
Vrdoljak B.
Vretenar L.
Vrki N.
Vuievi M.
Vujakovi M.
Vukalovi J.
Vukeli D.
Vukmirovi S.
Vukojevi S.
Wahdan M.A.
Weiensteiner H.
Werth W.
Wirth A.
Wu M.M.Z.
Xhafa V.
Yakovleva G.E.
Yksel T.
Zakarija I.
Zavec Pavlini D.
Zazula D.
Zeevi I.
Zekanovi-Korona Lj.
Zekuli V.
Zorii K.
Zymbler M.
agar M.
agar M.
aja I.
ani Mikulii J.
arki I.
galj A.
ilak J.
ivi N.

736
1284
546
1823
739
541
1950
353
1587, 1645
305
1003, 1009
1603
686
185
1055
901
667
272
18
1415
921
344
404
874
1805
1172
1890
1675
1609
673
1158
1744
1710
695
37
695

XLI

Microeconomic and macroeconomic overview of ICT as a primary

driver behind the digital economy
Saa Aksentijevi1, Edvard Tijan2, Gorana Stumpf3
1

Aksentijevi Forensics and Consulting, Ltd.

Gornji Sroki 125a, Vikovo, Croatia

Tel: +385 51 65 17 00 Fax: +385 51 65 17 81 E-mail: axy@vip.hr
2

University of Rijeka, Faculty of Maritime Studies

Studentska 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Tel: +385 51 33 84 11 Fax: +385 51 33 67 55 E-mail: etijan@pfri.hr
3

University of Rijeka, Faculty of Maritime Studies

Studentska 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Tel: +385 51 33 84 11 Fax: +385 51 33 67 55 E-mail: stumpf@pfri.hr

Abstract - Widespread implementation and ubiquitous

beneficial impact of ICT technologies is often praised as
a decisive factor demarcating the frontier between
old (classical), and new models of digital
economies. However, exact quantitative analysis of such
impact on a micro and macro level shows some
surprising results. No unique conclusions could be
applied to all countries and in all timespans. ICT
technologies are subject to the law of diminishing
returns more than any other, their impact is
notoriously difficult to measure and carries a number
of hidden and sunk costs and transfer effects.
Furthermore, there is a distinctive difference in yields
derived from ICT technologies in national economies
depending on their use or development and production.
On a microeconomic level of a single company, only
investments in those ICT technologies that aim to
preserve and increase value of the information capital
can be economically justified. In this paper, the authors
will research and elaborate the impact of
implementation of ICT technologies on the corporate
level and aggregate measures of national economies.

I.

INTRODUCTION

ICT is an important part of the fourth, quaternary

sector of the national economies, along with state and
society management, culture, education and science.
However, none of those activities are usually
attributed with such intrinsic characteristics in regard
to their possibility to positively influence aggregates
of the whole national economies. Macroeconomics
and ICT experts are well aware of the fact that ICT
possesses a number of specific characteristics that
have to be taken into consideration prior to reaching
final conclusions on the subject issue.
In order to analyze the impact of ICT technologies as
a driver of businesses and modern (digital)
economies, it is important to study and outline
characteristics of the quaternary sector of the national
economy where ICT dominantly operates, to describe
the impact of ICT on a company level, and then
translate it to aggregates of the national economies.

1738

II.

ICT AND QUARTENARY SECTOR OF

THE NATIONAL ECONOMIES

The main determinant of the quaternary sector is the

usage of knowledge and skills in the final product,
rather than raw materials, products or simpler forms
of services. It is tightly connected with intellectual
services and further with use of ICT, research and
development in scientific fields and consultancy.
Some theorists also include pure services (those
services that are the highest form of services provided
to end consumers in the marketing continuum,
facilitating direct contact to customers) in this sector
[1].
Quaternary sector has developed inside the process of
further evolution of the three-sector hypothesis of
industry, developed by Alan Fisher, Colin Clark and
Jean Fourasti [2], and in fact it is a derivative of the
tertiary (service) sector presented in that model.
These sectors are illustrated in Figure 1 where
percentages of a country's economy made up by
different sectors based on its level of income or
development are shown. The primary sector operates
primarily on activities of extraction of raw materials.
The secondary sector consists of activities converting
the raw materials into manufactured goods. The
tertiary sector is the provision of services rather than
the manufacture of goods. Countries that have
achieved
higher
levels
of
socio-economic
development tend to have less of their economies
made up of primary and secondary sectors and
relatively more employment in economic activities in
tertiary sectors (and consequentially, quaternary and
quinary sectors) [3]. Underdeveloped and developing
countries exhibit completely inverse pattern: majority
of employees work in primary and secondary sectors
of national economies. Consequentially, that is where
majority of economic activity happens and most of
GNP is created there instead of sectors with higher
percentage of value-added economic activities. These
facts are shown in the following Figure 1.

MIPRO 2015/DE-GLGPS

III.

Fig 1. Economic sectors and income (adapted by the

authors according to [4])

Generally, the emergence of quaternary economic

sector requires significant levels of highly educated
workforce. In developed countries, tertiary and
quinary sectors usually make up the predominant part
of the economy and employ between two thirds and
three quarters of the workforce. On the
microeconomic level, companies generally view
investments in this sector as one of the possibilities of
further expansion because returns on investments and
margins are generally higher in this sector.

Fig 2. Visual representation of dynamics of modelled

activity changes in relation to increase of tertiary and
quaternary activities and decline of primary and secondary
activities after peak of deindustrialization (adapted by the
authors according to [5])

In Colin Clark's sector model of an economy during

technological change shown in Figure 2, increase of
the share of quaternary sector in national economies
accelerates after the peak of the deindustrialization
process and the decline of primary and secondary
activities in the national economies (especially sharp
decline of primary ones).

MIPRO 2015/DE-GLGPS

POSSIBILITIES OF MEASUREMENT OF
INFLUENCE ON BUSINESSES AND
NATIONAL ECONOMIES

Generally, the use of ICT technologies is considered

to carry along significant levels of competitiveness,
increased levels of employment and positive
contribution to all economic measures. It is important
to notice the verb use in previous sentence: very
often, colloquially there is no distinction between
usage and production or creation of ICT
technologies; even the mere proximity of ICT
technology to businesses is regarded as inherently
positive. In this article, some clear delimiters will be
set towards these attitudes, with the major goal of
enhancing further considerations on the subject and
fully understanding the fact that the impact of ICT
technologies on national economies is a very complex
topic, not just a sum of partial and superficial effects.
There is a total of ten considerations related to the
influence of ICT technologies on the microeconomic
level and the level of national economies that will be
elaborated in the remainder of the paper.
1. There are no unique conclusions about the
influence of ICT technologies on national
economies conclusions can be made only
based on analysis of individual national
economies or groups (clusters) of similar
economies. Since the middle of the 1990s,
factors of the growth productivity between
Europe and USA have been divergent. The
productivity rate in the USA has been
growing constantly while in Europe it has
been on the decline. The impact of use of
ICT technologies on GDP growth and Total
Factor Productivity (TFP) in the emerging
and transitional economies is lower than in
the developed countries [6]. Paradoxically, in
some countries the increase of investments
in ICT technologies and growth of GDP
shows negative correlation. Furthermore, the
impact of increased use of ICT technologies
is different in various groups of countries,
economic activities and in different
timespans (decades).
2. The impact of ICT on GDP and other
aggregate indicators is notoriously difficult
to measure. On macroeconomic level, the
fact that automatization of the businesses up
to 1970s has caused measurable increase in
productivity and direct transfer to
productivity measures of the national
economies is a well recognized fact. Some of
the tools used to achieve this automatization
were use of telephones, electronic
calculators, fax machines, mainframe
1739

computers for mass data processing and the

use of vacuum transport tubes. However, this
effect is not present in developed economies
after 1970s. This seemingly contradictory
concept is also known as Solows paradox.
Robert Solow, an American economist and
Nobel prize winner, particularly known for
his work on the theory of economic growth
that culminated in the exogenous growth
model, is also known for his phrase: You
can see the computer age everywhere but in
the productivity statistics [7]. There are
several potential explanations for this
paradox, one of them endorsed by Solow
himself: the impact of ICT technologies on
total factor productivity is difficult to
measure. Other possible explanations are that
ICT brings benefits on the microeconomic
(company) level, but also adds cost to other
stakeholders on the market, so total gains are
small (or can be even negative). ICT is very
complex, difficult and expensive to manage,
so summary benefits are lower than initially
and
often
subjectively
expected.
Furthermore, the decreased need for human
labour caused by use of computers negates
potential
positive
effects
on
the
macroeconomic level [8].
3. The impact of ICT technologies is visible with
latency, and carries along significant sunk
and hidden costs [9]. This fact is aligned with
problems of ICT technologies impact
measurement: not only there is pronounced
problem
with
multicolinearity
and
heteroscedasticity of variables used in
quantification of impact of ICT technologies
on gross national product, but the efect of
their use is visible only in the long run. At the
end of the investment cycle, significant new
investments are required that are usually
equal to the value of the initial investment,
caused by technologys obsolescence. During
the investment cycle, the use of ICT
technologies carries significant operative
costs (usually, it takes 4 to 5 years in current
state of technological affairs for accumulated
operative costs to reach the value of the
initial capital investment).
4. The use of ICT technologies is subject to the
law of diminishing returns, both on the
macro and microeconomic level. More ICT
does not necessarily mean better, both in
businesses and national economies. The
question of optimum determination is always
a very complex one. Economists typically
1740

tend to resolve it by applying an appropriate

mix of labour and capital in the equation.
Some go even a step further and claim that
ICT is not a separate factor influencing the
economic efficiency frontier, rather it can be
attributed either to work or labour. There is a
certain level of investments in ICT and
operative costs where new additions do not
produce added effects. Non- selective and
literal application of the best practices and
compliancy measures will certainly not create
new ICT giants from micro businesses, and
neither will indiscriminate investments in
ICT technologies and infrastructure of
national economies propel them to new
levels. Every economy and business requires
just exact amount of ICT investments,
technologies and services and not less or
more than that. Absorption capacity for ICT
technologies is therefore quite rigid, and the
only exception to this rule is production of
ICT services and goods destined for export
[10].
5. ICT can be either used or produced: for
national economies it is more beneficial if it
is used. This hard fact is not the best accepted
among those who are proponents of
indiscriminant increase of the native
production of ICT technologies within
national economies. In Figure 1., impact of
the output and use effect on long term growth
of GDP in a selected panel of countries is
shown.

Fig 3. Effects of output and use of ICT

technologies in a selected panel of countries [11]

From Figure 3 it is clearly visible that effects

of production are less pronounced than use
effects. Only in one country (Ireland), and
caused by specific local conditions of
MIPRO 2015/DE-GLGPS

extremely high direct foreign investments in

ICT prior to crisis eruption in 2008, the
situation is inverse. In all other countries,
benefits from ICT use compared to ICT
production are much higher. In the case of
USA or Great Britain, this ratio reaches
approximately 1:3.
6. Impact of ICT is visible in statistics of other
parties (sectors and states). Impact of ICT is
not that visible in statistics of those countries
that produce those technologies, but it spills
over to statistics of other countries, with
certain latency. Because of this reason, in
macroeconomic terms ICT is considered to
be so called GPT General Purpose
Technology, a type of supporting or adjunct
technology to other core processes and
technologies [12]. This explains the already
mentioned fact that increased levels of ICT
investments in developed countries have
resulted in decrease of total productivity
because additional resources have to be
engaged in implementation, reorganization or
learning related to the adoption of new
technologies.
7. In most OECD countries, education in use of
the new ICT technologies is the main cause
behind their falling behind trends of business
use of the same technologies. Analysis of this
apparent lag of the EU as a whole in
comparison to USA shows that three main
contributing factors can be identified:
a) cost related to users' induction and
implementation of systems,
b) education, and
c) lack of regulatory flexibility.
These contributing factors are shown in
Figure 4. for some selected developed
countries.

Fig 4: Factors contributing to ICT lag (adapted by

the authors according to [13])

MIPRO 2015/DE-GLGPS

These three factors can be explained by a

lower level of employed structural and
organizational capital for use of ICT
technologies in the EU compared to the USA.
In most European countries, the main cause
of the lag is education of the users, implying
neccessity of additional investments in
employee education and lifelong learning as
support
activities
for
successful
implementation of the new ICT technologies
in businesses. However, inflexibility of
regulative requirements (laws and legislation
related to ICT) also shows significant impact
on the widening of this gap. More flexibility
in law-making related to ICT, but also the
labour legislation flexibility, has positive
transfer
effects
to
national
level
implementation of the new ICT technologies.
8. Outsorcing enables focus to key areas.
Research that encompasses several countries
and all sectors of national economies shows
that those countries that use outsorcing of
ICT services benefit from the increase of
labour productivity in ICT intensive
industries [14].
9. Quantitative methods and econometrics can
be used as a part of decision making process
in ICT industries, especially related to
telecommunications. Research shows that 1%
increase of broadband penetration in a
general population of OECD countries
between 2002 and 2007 caused direct GDP
growth of 0,025% [15]. Therefore, it has
been proven that on a given set of data, 40%
increase of broadband penetration results in
1% increase of GDP through transfer
mechanisms. In the years that have passed
since this study, there has certainly been
more saturation of the telecommunications
market, so elasticity might have changed, but
this is just an example of deployment of
econometrics in decision making in ICT
industries and creation of guideline for
policy-makers on national levels.
10. Conclusions related to the impact of ICT on
microeconomic level cannot be directly
translated to macroeconomic level. If
companies in two comparable national
economies
equally
invest
in
ICT
technologies, but differ in ability to introduce
complementary organizational changes in
order to optimally use them, increase in
productivity that can be attributed to those
investments will differ from one company to
1741

another [16]. Consequentially, difference of

ICT investment impact on productivity on
individual companiy levels translates to
macroeconomic level (national economies) in
lower overall influence than the one
measured or overall percieved for individual
companies. Those companies that are lagging
behind will either disappear from the market
or catch up with respective niche leaders.
However, total sector and national
productivites reflect effects on both of those
categories of companies: laggards and
leaders.
Despite all the presented facts that might seem
unexpected or contrary to the popular opinion, ICT is
nevertheless a propulsive sector of national
economies that proved to be very resistant to
downwards trends of business cycles in the last
decades. However, ICT possesses certain inherent
specific characteristics and does not function well on
a national level if regulatory framework is rigid,
levels of employed regulatory capital are low, levels
of implementation of ICT technologies are
inadequate on a firm level, labor regulation is too
strict and investments in employee education and
training for use of new technologies is reduced.
IV.

The use of ICT technologies exhibits significant

spillover and transfer effects, so its impact on the
levels of national economy macroeconomic
aggregates is very difficult to measure, however it is
indubitably tied with laws of diminishing returns,
sunk and hidden costs, and especially those costs
related to increased spending for education and
implementation.
ICT technologies can be produced or used
(implemented) to enhance business processes.
National economies almost always benefit more from
the use of ICT technologies than from their
production. Because of aforementioned transfer
effects, some costs and benefits of ICT technologies
may spill across sectors or borders, so they may be
present in balance sheets and accounts of other
stakeholders, sectors and nations. However, it has
been clearly demonstrated that econometrics and
quantitative methods can be used for analysis of this
phenomenon, so scholars should not be vary of
deploying them in the field of analysis of the
quaternary sector, while being very cautious in
selection of the methods and interpretation of the
output results.

CONCLUSION

ICT technologies are typically a part of the tertiary

sector of national economies and constitute most of
the quaternary sector. The emergence of activities
within this sector follows the peak of the process of
deindustrialization and sharp decline in volume of
activities in primary and secondary sectors of national
economies.
However, there are some inherent specific
characteristics of the ICT technologies, services and
ICT based industries that separate them from other
activities in the new, "digital" national economies, so
it is not possible to analyze them by using the same
toolbox of economic analysis that was used for
previous, classical models.
The impact of ICT on national economies has to be
analyzed inside the context set by overall timeframe,
state of the economy and current model (transitional,
mature, developed or underdeveloped countries).
Usually, the countries in transition and those with
underdeveloped technical penetration of ICT
technologies benefit more from additional use than
countries whose economies are in a more mature,
developed state. However, it is important to underline
that even between comparable state economies, those
countries that are able to accommodate and adopt
more ICT technologies because of higher deployed
levels of structural capital will benefit more than
1742

countries and economies where the amount of

engaged structural capital is comparably lower.

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