Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry

 Atoms
o Molecules → Atoms → Protons (p+) , neutrons (n), and
electrons (e-)
 # of p+ = # of e-
o Matter
 Anything that occupies space and has mass
 Solid
• Shape
 Liquid
• Conform to shape
 Gas
• Neither
o Energy
 Ability to do work or put matter into motion
• Kinetic energy: active
• Potential energy: inactive
o Elements: single atoms
 Example: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and
Nitrogen (N)
• Makes up of 96% of body weight
o Atoms: building block of an element
 Atomic weight (Wt)= protons + neutrons
 Atomic mass = protons + neutrons
 Atomic number = # of protons
 Isotopes : #protons + # of electrons
• Radioisotopes: decompose to become stable
• Radioactivity: spontaneous atomic decay
 o Molecules: 2 or more atoms combine chemically
o Compound: 2 or more different atoms combine
 Example: NaCl = salt
• CH4 = methane
 Bonds and Reactions
 Electrons determine atom’s activities and participate
in chemical reactions
• Those e- in valence shells are important
 Ionic bonds
• e- are completely transferred from one atom to
another
o anions: negatively charged -
o cations: positively charged +
o Example: Na+Cl-
 Sodium donates electron to
become stable
 Chloride becomes more negative
 Easier for chloride to gain an
electron than to give away an
electron
 Covalent
• Atoms share e- equally
 Organic Compounds
o C-C, C-H bonds
o 1. Carbohydrates
 Used for ENERGY
 C-H-O, # of H is 2X # of O
 Monosaccharides
• Simple sugar
 • 3-7 carbon atoms
• Examples
o Glucose: universal cell fuel
o Fructose: converted to glucose by cells
o Galactose: converted to glucose by cells
o Ribose: form structure of nucleic acid
o Deoxyribose: form structure of nucleic
acid
 Disaccharides
• Double sugar
• Dehydration synthesis: 2 simple sugar joined
• Hydrolysis: breaks down the double sugar
• Examples
o Sucrose: cane sugar
o Lactose: found in milk
o Maltose: malt sugar
 Polysaccharides
• Many sugars
• Insoluble molecules
• Lack sweetness
• Ideal storage products
• Example
o Starch: formed by plants
o Glycogen: liver and muscle
o 2. Lipids
 C-H-O, # of C and H > O
 Steroids
• Cholesterol
o Found in cell membrane
 o Abundant in the brain
o Endocrine system produces hormones
o Examples
 High Density Lipil (HDL)
• Good cholesterol
• Moves away from the cell
• More protein
 Low Density Lipil (LDL)
• Bad cholesterol
• Gets into the blood vessel
• More fat
 Phospholipids
• Contains phosphorus
• Two fatty acids
• Allow cells to be selective
• Transport of lipids in plasma
• Found in the brain and nervous tissue
• Example: Cephalin
 Triglycerides
• Abundant and concentrated source of energy
• Found in fat deposits
• Protect the body organs
• Solid
o Animal fat
 Saturated
• Single carbon bonds
 Unsaturated
• Double (triple) carbon bonds
 • Liquid
o Plant oils
• Example: Neutral fats
o 3. Proteins
 C-H-O-N
 Amino acids
• NH2 and COOH
 Structural proteins (fibrous)
• Collagen: bones, cartilages, tendons
• Keratin: hair, nails, makes skin tough
 Functional proteins (globular)
• Antibodies
• Hormones
• Enzymes-acts as a catalysts
o 4. Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides
o Nitrogen base
o Pentose sugar (5-C)
o Phosphate
 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Genetic makeup
• Inside the nucleus
• Double stranded
• Sugar Deoxyribose
• A, T, C, G
 RNA (ribonucleic acid)
o Protein synthesis
o Outside of nucleus/cytoplasm
o Sugar ribose
 o A, U, C, G
• RNA
o mRNA (messenger)
 Copies DNA code
o rRNA (ribosomal)
 where it happens to form the
protein
o tRNA (transfer)
 carries out the amino acids
 ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
• Source of energy used by all cells
• Without ATP
o Molecules cannot be made or broken
o Maintaining boundaries and life
processes stop
 Inorganic Compounds
o CO2 (carbon dioxide)
o 1. Water
 Regulate temperature in the body
 Protective cushion
 Universal solvent
o 2. Salts
 Electrolytes
• Ca+2
• NaCl
 Buffer
• NaHCO3
o 3. Acids and Base
• #acids=# of base
 o Example: pure water
• pH
o concentration of hydrogen (and
hydroxide) ions in various body fluids
o Scale 1 – 7 – 14
o Acidic: <7
o Neutral: 7
o Basic: >7
• Blood pH between 7.35-7.45
 Acids
• release hydrogen H+ (proton donor)
• Strong acids
o Liberate all p+
o Example: HCl (hydrochloric acid)
• Weak acids
o Ionized completely
o Example: H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
o Alkalosis
 =H+
 More ++ H2CO2
 Bases
• Proton acceptors
o Example
 Hydroxides
 Venous (acidic)
• Collected blood lack oxygen
but have CO2
 Arterial (basic)
 • Have oxygen deliver to
organs
o Acidosis
 More H+
 Less H2CO3
 Problems with acidosis and alkalosis
• Metabolic (renal)
• Respiratory (lungs)
 Important
• H2CO3 (bicarbonate Acid)
• NaHCO3 (sodium Bicarbonate)
• NaCl + H2CO3 = H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O
o H2CO3: releases as water and carbon
dioxide
o Maintain Balance (pH)
 Buffer Salts
 Respiratory
 Renal (kidneys)
• Last defense against pH problems