ANTHROPOLOGY
Is the combination of the Greek wordanthrope which means man and thelogy meaning
Man walks erect on two feet. Others walks on four feet and their bodies are horizontal towards
the ground.
Man has two free hands used for handling things.
Man has a more complex brain than animals.
BEHAVIORALLY
1. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. This deals with the study of man as a product of evolution. It is
concerned with mans bodily structures and studies and analyzes human population.
2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY. It deals with the study of mans behavior and his habits, practices,
beliefs, etc.
SUBDIVISIONS OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
1. ARCHEOLOGY
This deals with the study of ancient cultures, based on documents, paintings, stones, carvings, etc.
It is the study of the antiquity through excavation and description of remains. Through digging
fossils remains, age of man has been established
2. ETHNOLOGY
This the study of subdivisions of mankind, their origins, practices, relations, institutions, etc.
The five races of mankind are white, black, red, yellow
3. LINGUISTICS
ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
ERAS ESTABLISHED BY ARCHAEOLOGY
a. ARCHAEOZOIC PERIOD
b. PROTOZOIC PERIOD
c. PALEOZOIC PERIOD
d. MESOZOIC PERIOD
The period when huge reptiles predominantly. This was also called the age of reptiles, 230 to 65
e. CENOZOIC PERIOD
The period when more advanced forms of animals appeared, commence65 million years ago.
It has been the a long-term cooling.
TWO DIVISIONS OF THE CENOZOIC ERA
2. QUATERNARY PERIOD
This was the age when the modern form of man appeared, 2.5 million years ago.
DIVISIONS OF QUATERNARY PERIOD
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a. PLEISTOCENE PERIOD
This called the Ice Age when first man appeared, 2,5 million years ago.
b. HOLOCENE PERIOD
This is called the Stone Age when tools implements, houses were made of stones. And it is called
the recent years 10,000 years ago
USES OFANTHROPOLOGY
It helps historical facts and events. Through archaeology, many historical facts in ancient past
Obviously, human behavior impacts every area of life in organizations, churches, schools, as well as, the
occurrences taking place in everyday life.
While all cultures have these and possibly many other universal traits, different cultures have developed
their own specific ways of carrying out or expressing them.
Cultural Universals.
These are learned behavior patterns that are shared by all of humanity collectively. No matter where
people live in the world, they share these universal traits. Examples of such "human cultural" traits include:
1. communicating with a verbal language consisting of a limited set of sounds and
grammatical rules for constructing sentences
2. using age and gender to classify people (e.g., teenager, senior citizen, woman, man)
3. classifying people based on marriage and descent relationships and having kinship
terms to refer to
them (e.g., wife, mother, uncle, cousin)
4. raising children in some sort of family setting
5. having a sexual division of labor (e.g., men's work versus women's work)
6. having a concept of privacy
7. having rules to regulate sexual behavior
8. distinguishing between good and bad behavior
9. having some sort of body ornamentation
10. making jokes and playing games
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11. having art
12. having some sort of leadership roles for the implementation of community decisions
Cultural norms are behavior patterns that are typical of specific groups. Such behaviors are learned from
parents, teachers, peers, and many others whose values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors take place in the context
of their own organizational culture.
Some norms are healthy and some are not. Some contribute to the betterment of individuals, families, and
communities; others are precisely the kinds of high-risk behaviors that mainstream American society would like
to reduce or eliminate. Conflict or uncertainty over which cultural norms should be acceptable in which
circumstances has contributed to change and instability in the fields of education and prevention during recent
years.
Cultural norms often are so strongly ingrained in an individual's daily life that the individual may be
unaware of certain behaviors. Until these behaviors are seen in the context of a different culture with different
values and beliefs, the individual may have difficulty recognizing and changing them. The goal of prevention and
effective youth development is to understand and improve cultural norms, and thereby reduce alcohol, tobacco,
and other drug (ATOD) use.
How are culture acquired?
We humans are in the process of acquiring our culture, consciously and unconsciously, throughout our
lives, though most of our basic cultural understandings are acquired early on from our parents and other intimates,
schools, and religious teachings. By the time a child is 5 years old, many of the foundational aspects of culture
have been internalized. By the teen years, these foundations have been thoroughly elaborated upon through the
process of socialization.
It is important to remember that culture is learned through language and modeling others; it is not
genetically transmitted. Culture is encoded in the structure, vocabulary, and semantics of language. Persons
acquainted with more than one language are aware that there are concepts, norms, and emotions that are available
in one language/culture that are not available in the other, and this is a reminder of the inextricable link between
language and culture.
Much of culture is acquired out of consciousness, through exposure to the speech, judgments, and actions
of others. Because we learn all of our lives, we are constantly learning our cultures. We may even pick up and
incorporate parts and pieces of a culture different from our own through that process known as acculturation if we
have the opportunity to live in a different cultural environment or associate frequently with persons from another
culture.
The unconscious operation of cultural learnings in our minds is both beneficial and problematic. It is
beneficial in the sense that much of the time we automatically know how to behave appropriately in many
situations, and we have values by which to rapidly evaluate the actions and ideas of others. On the other hand, the
internalization of our cultural values ill prepares us for interaction with, and evaluation of, people from other
cultures.
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