e-ISSN: 2348-019X, p-ISSN: 2348-0181, Volume 2, Issue 2 (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 12-28
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(M.Sc-Organic Chemistry)
Pacific university
Abstract: polymer chemistry has various application in medical field in modern days lots of polymers are
using in medical field such as antibacterial agent in this review we are exploring the important and collectible
information about synthesis of antibecterial polymer and their biological activity .in this review we exploring
some important amphiphilic polymers and their synthesis and also we making a bridge of connection that how
these amphiphilic polymers are important in medical and pharmaceuticle field . we are discussing here the
synthesis of some important amphiphilic polymers and their antibecterial activity
I.
Introduction
polymer chemistry have numbers of application in various field but due to modern challenges of
bacterial growth ,infections and high resisting power of bacteria against traditional medicine .some researchers
apply polymer application on bacteria and found tremendous results and new class of polymer started called
amphiphilic polymers . Amphiphilic also known as amphipathic are chemical compound with hydrophilic and
lipophilic properties .amphiphilic polymers are composed of hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic
parts[1] .due to their active attention towards bacteria it has become a wide research field in these days.
Amphiphilic compounds have lipophilic (typically hydrocarbon) structures and hydrophilic polar functional
groups (either ionic or uncharged)[2]. Protein,peptides and some block co-polymer also example of amphiphilic
compounds. by surface coating of some polymers we can also derived amphiphilicity in them
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II.
Due to high demand in public health sector and serious activity of amphiphilic polymers researcher
have developed various style of synthesis .there is lots of chemical technique available for synthesis but lake of
physical technique put amphiphilic polymers still in developing area [7,8] .but in these days we developed some
technique to controlled the amphiphilic polymers synthesis .in controlled synthesis we can manage or balance
the hydrophobic and hydrophilic part according to the requirement . amphiphilic Polymer and their block copolymer are mostly prepared by these techniques, group transfer polymerization (GTP), reversible chain
transfer polymerization (RAFT) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) .sulfonation of polystyrene
for the preparation of amphiphilic copolymers is also a well known process[8] .all these process are carried out
by lots of different and critical path way .we are discussing here preparation of some amphiphilic polymers
shown below.
2.1 hyper-branched polyglycerols (HPG) synthesized by using trishydroxy- methylpropane(TMP) as
initiator.
Amphiphilic polymer HPG is widely used in pharmaceutical field not because of their direct activity
against bacteria . basically HPG delivered nano-particle of moleculas that helps in drug delivery system . HPG
was synthesized according to the literature procedure using TMP as initiator .A ring opening polymerization of
TMP in the presence of oleic acid gives hyper-branched polyglycerols(HPG) and further esterification gives
amphiphilic hyper-branched glycerols (AM-HPG) with structure of hydrophilic core and hydrophobic shell
shown in fig.2 (AP-HPG)[9].we get AP-HPG in nanocapsules form .
when we treat Fe3O4 with AP-HPG ,AP-HPG gives the nanoparticles of Fe3O4. And then the Fe3O4
nanoparticles further grow in to larger Fe3O4 particles with various shapes induced by self-assembly of APHPG nanocapsules [10] .Fusiform, egg-shape and short rod-likeFe3O4 particles
Figure 2 synthesis of AP-HPG and fabrication of Fe3O4 aggregates with various shapes via self-assembly.
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Figure 3 synthesis of macroinitiators and block co-polymers via atom transfer radical polymerization
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Figure 6 amino glass slide (left) and a hexyl-PVP-modified slide (right) onto which aqueous suspensions
(106 cells/mL of distilled
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III.
Amphiphilic surfactants and polymers display one of the most important characteristic molecular selfassemble behavior in solution .they have membranes formation ability and self assemble property to arrange
themselves into bilayers.just like pepducins strongly interact with biological membranes by insertion of the
hydrophobic part into the lipid membrane, while exposing the hydrophilic part to the aqueous medium, altering
their physical behavior disrupting them sometimes [34].and also they create a core structure on bacteria or
infected tissue to stop their growth .but when these amphiphilic polymers treated with other substant they also
delivered great antibacterial power . All these activity increase their resistance against bacterial growth and
thats the reason amphiphilic polymers are important part of biocidal polymer here we exploring differentdifferent kind of amphiphilic polymers with their different activity in biological systems
3.1 Peptieds
As a antibacterial agent peptides are classified in various class .most of peptides shows their
antibacterial activity in organic tissues . Peptieds and some positively charged peptieds with short amino acid
chain have good target based antibacterial properties like liver-expressed antimicrobal peptieds (LEAP). LEAP1 and LEAP-2 isolated from human blood . LEAP-2 displays constitutive expression in most fish tissues
,mainly in the livers tissue of fish[35].The isomers of LEAP also reported in servel fish species each isomers
show different spectrum against gram positive and gram negative bacteria (by using method to find selectivity) .
the lake of LEAP in human causes hepatitis c virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections[36] .these
petieds show high expression in liver but not in kidney ,gills and heart . isomers of LEAP also found in fish
species each isomers have different activity . minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) is the method to
understand the variable activity of antimicrobial peptieds .in MIC we use gram positive and gram negative
bacteria and treat them on amphiphilic polymers .LEAP-2 is the human blood-derived peptide with
antimicrobial activity that is predominantly expressed in the liver .basically LEAP-2 disrupts the physical
integrity of bacterial membranes[37] .to find their antibacterial activity, in a experiment by He-Xiang Lia and
their co-worker the LEAP-2 application on ayu (a asian fish) performed under suitable condition by injecting
LEAP-2 in some fishes and put them in a overnight chamber with bacterial activity and after 24 hours brain,
gills, heart, kidney,liver, and spleen were collected And after analyzing of all these organs only minimum
infection was found . for study of harvested RNA and DNA of fishes tissue . we use RNA iso reagent and RNA
was extracted by fishes tissue and further cDNA were synthesized from RNA iso reagent [36] .and minimum
fraction was seen in RNA and cDNA. and other parameter also found into the harvested tissue by other
biochemical method .the result from all fishes show good data for LEAP-2 as good antibacterial and for further
study to know Antimicrobial activities of the synthetic PaLEAP-2(derived from LEAP-2) were determined
against a panel of microorganisms including variety of bacteria like Vibrio vulnificus, Pseudomonas
putida,Escherichia coli DH5 _, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrioparahaemolyticus, V.
anguillarum, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . All fishes use for experiment were died in 7 days but it also
important to know what amount of LEAP-2 is suitable for antibacterial activity . lower concentration LEAP-2
injected fish increased 25% servial rate . Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that LEAP-2s from ayu another fish
grouped together into a fish cluster separate from the cluster containing mammalian, bird, and amphibian
clusters show good antibacterial activity . maturePaLEAP-2 peptides displayed the highest antimicrobial
activity ,with a MIC value of 6.25 _g/mL, toward both E. tarda and V. anguil-larum . LEAP-2 activity on V.
anguillarum genomic also gives good results . DNA was studied in vitro and in vivo.and no plasmid band was
detected for higher peptide concentrations but at low concentration the signal was detectable that means higher
concentration in not good enough for antibacterial activity . the MIC method for PaLEAP-2 shows some
several different antimicrobial activities too [37].some antimicrobial peptieds have good pathogenic organism.
But LEAP are not for target based activity For target based choice of microbs amphiphiles are most
specified , their therapeutic ratios are still insufficiently high. Just like histidine rich peptides have pH
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Figure 7 effect of Gad-1 and Gad-2 on carcinoma cells. Lung (LLC), ovarian (HEY), and prostate
(PC3) carcinoma on pH 6 or pH 7 with different concentration
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Figure 9 Photograph after 90 days of incubation of sample in fungal culture. The fungal growth (25%)
indicates the biodegradability of the sample poly(acetyl methacryloyl sucrose-co-styrene).
After fungal degradation of the sugar fraction the remaining lower molecular weight polystyrene
fragments were tested for toxicity[54]. No toxic effects were observed on earthworms living in soil treated with
the oligo-styrene fragments. Similarly, after putting the remaining product after degradation in a fish tank and
fish were not affected by the presence of the fragments in the tank for an extended period . Polyguanidinium
oxanorbornene This polymer was observed to be strongly antibacterial against Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria as well as nonhemolytic against human red blood cells.and also studies as biodegradable
polymers . Time-kill studies indicated that this polymer is lethal and not just bacteriostatic PGON did not
disrupt membranes in vesicle-dye leakage assays and microscopy experiments. The unique biological properties
of PGON, in same ways similar to cell-penetrating peptides, strongly encourage the examination of other novel
guanidino containing macromolecules as powerful and selective antimicrobial agents[54].
3.4 carbohydrate-derived amphiphilic macromolecules
Carbohydrate-derived Amphiphilic macromolecule is become so useful in lipids membrane activity
.their high activity towards membrane binding activity makes them very useful in drug delivery system
.basically these macromolecules derived by attaching them with other polymers bridging by an acid lika a
amphiphilic polymer stealth lipids built on aldaric and uronic acids frameworks attached to poly ethylene
glycol (PEG) polymer tails developed to form self-assembling micelles and it is also a good membraneintercalating biomaterials for drug delivery or vascular membrane targeting. with the help of lots of modeling
and experimental techniques like All-Atom MD Simulations , Molecular Descriptor Generation, QSAR
Modeling,[55], we elucidated the minute variations in the behaviors of the various carbohydrate-derived
amphiphilic macromolecules (AM) at the interface of lipid membranes and membrane-mimetics.and their
stereochemistry, charge and amphiphilicity are also determine by these technique and all are favorable to role
that polymer as antibacterial agent .and it has been founded that they have context of membrane binding in
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Figure 12 Structures of neomycin B-based bilipids 14, the fluorinated monolipids 5 and 6, hydrocarban
monolipids 7-10
Above picture is showing the all amphiphiels synthesized by neomycin B with different chain of
hydeocarbon and different functional group all amphiphiels also demonstrated on gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria and the resulting behavior depend on the tails of amphiphles[74] . and all six compounds were
tested against a panel of clinically relevant and ATCC Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
Guanidinylation of neomycin B was found to increase activity 28. fold, with di-palmitoyl guandilyated
neomycin B (3) displaying good activity against a number of Gram positive bacteria bilipids has good
antibacterial activity rather then monolipids , compounds 16 displayed reduced activity[75]. However, the PAs
with fluorinated tails, 5 and 6, had significantly less toxicity towards red blood cells, suggesting that fluorination
may increase the therapeutic window of membrane-active amphiphiles. Starting from first six amphiphiles Four
of the new compounds incorporated either palmitic or arachidic di-lipid lysine tails, while two had single
fluorinated undecanoic acid tails. The basicity of half of the compounds was increased through the
incorporation of six guanidine moieties, in order to assess the effect of base strength on antimicrobial
activity[76]. And later 7-10 hydrocarbon monolipids the PAs all compounds were found to have reduced
activity, though the hemolytic activity of the compounds with fluorinated tails was sharply reduced, with only a
moderate reduction in antimicrobial activity[75 77].and this study suggesting and open up the new opportunity
for lots of monolipids to convert them into bilipids to increase their antibacterial activity .
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