FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

THE

GRAMMAR

FRENCH

OF

ESSENTIALS

EXERCISES

WITH

BY

DAVIS

FRED

A.M.

ALDRICH,
//

MASTER

SENIOR

IRVING

IN

WORCESTER

LYSANDER

PROFESSOR

OF

THE

ACADEMY

Litt.D.

FOSTER,

THE

LANGUAGES

ROMANCE

PENNSYLVANIA

IN

COLLEGE

STATE

AND

ROULE

CLAUDE
ASSISTANT

PROFESSOR

OF

FRENCH

IN

REVISED

GINN
BOSTON
ATLANTA

"

"

NEW

COLLEGE

EDITION

COMPANY

AND

DALLAS

DARTMOUTH

YORK
"

"

COLUMBUS

CHICAGO

"

"

SAN

LONDON
FRANCISCO

1922,

COPYRIGHT,
IRVING

AND

FOSTER

LYSANDER
ALL

ALDRICH

DAVIS

FRED

BY

CLAUDE

RESERVED

RIGHTS

322.4

"

""

:" :

DEFT*

EDUCATION

Cfte

gtftenaum

G1NN

AND

ffrtgg
PRIETORS
PRO-

COMPANY"

BOSTON

"

U.S.A.

ROULE

PREFACE

the

During

European

old

war

service

in

France, repeatedly wrote

edition

of

this

book,

of French

knowledge

that

they might

from

its familiar

has

former

pupils

authors

of this book.

teachers

as

it

pupils have

or

fifteen

published

was

this

prepare
several

features

general plan

The

itself

school

secondary

year'swork

in

for entrance.
at

year,
French

the

former

book

to

or

in

is

constitute

the

that

does

course

third

the

stage

sufficient

adapted

complete

can

left for

time

has

to

mended
com-

before, the

either

to

serve

of

the

demand

not

the

them

requirement

nucleus

the

since

containing

As

of the

year

who

"

French

which

French

the

to

others

and

volume,

elementary

bomb-

in
first

French

high
work

as

school

in

reading

single

of

or

simple

texts.

The
three

have

the

college

advanced

and

of

The

Pupils

more

promise.

reported

encouraged

have

ago,

of

the

covers

generallyunderstood.
a

Elementary

rusty

loyaltyfrom

many

widely, is rigorouslyretained.

so

in content

work

years

the

edition, entirelyrewritten

new

new

"

their

satisfaction

greatest

used

former

in the

continued

friends, and

These

the

up

hand

to

in

authors,

Others

pages.

Such

the

given

furbish

hand

first-line trenches.

the

the

copies of

for

finding grimy copies passing from

proofs of

of

pupils

modifications
lines.

start

and

By

further

when

certain

that

characterize

this

revision

lie

along

subdividing certain topics,especiallyat

dealing

exceptions

with
in

critical

syntax
iii

889455

to

subjects,and
later

by postponing

supplementary

iv

ELEMENTARY

the

ground

FRENCH

covered

by separate lessons is reduced.

The
admission
into the Models
of a largerand more
varied
of everyday words
and
especially
vocabulary,
phrases, permits
much
and
vividness
in the French
greater flexibility
drawn
employed. Pictures and other forms of illustration,
unusual
of dailylife,
to an
degree from scenes
bring to the
pupil the characteristic atmosphere of the vivacious and
intellectual people whose
language he is learning.
Specialattention is called to the followingfeatures,most
of which
this edition shares with its predecessor:
i.
sive
Unity and system are secured by grouping the succesin natural
lessons
relations around
common
a
topic,
pages,

such
2.

The

the

to

the

as

verb, the pronoun,

of

statement

point

of view

assuming, however,
3. The

French

of
that

text

etc.

is adapted
principlesof grammar
the English-speakingpupil,without
he is a master
of English syntax.

of each

lesson consists of

connected

and more,
paragraph,narrative or descriptive,
dealingmore
as
increases,with the situations of everyday life.
facility
4". Each

Model

is the

emphasize
continually
These

are

set

in

center

the

of abundant

essential

exercises,which

points

of

the

lesson.

great varietyof forms, includingexercises

thorough drill and in supplying omitted words and in

making the substitutions that are todayconsidered so valuable,
of connected
discourse.
and also givinga considerable
amount
Every task propounded has a definite aim. Plentyof material
for

is offered
5. A

for constant
serious

effective review.

effort is made

to

teach

the

inflection of the

by developing it from the principalparts. For the use

the parafrom
those who
visualizing,
preferto memorize
digms
and
the irregularverbs
are
given in full in the

verb
of

and

Appendix.

PREFACE

6. The

collegepapers

will prove

other

taken

matter

of great assistance

in

directlyfrom
preparingfor

examinations.

entrance

illustrations

7. The

and

sentences

with

the

thus

an

are

connected

subjectmatter with
integralpart of the

in

nearlyevery instance
they are placed,forming
Each
is explained by a

which
course.

No
attempt is made
paragraph in ordinaryFrench.
that
to words
the phraseologyof these explanations
has

the time

at

mastered.

It is believed

that many

limit

to

the
a

pupil

student,

will be tempted by the pictures

curiosity,
himself at unraveling the meaning of the attached paragraphs.
the general vocabularyis ample.
For this purpose
paragraphscan also be assignedat the end of the course

at

times

to

set

These

out

of

mere

for additional translation.

To

8.

before

by

bring the

the

menu,

by

flavor of French

life and

thought more

fully

pupil,the picturesare supplemented by proverbs,

ence,
by French postedsigns,by models of correspond-

classroom

phrases,and by

other

similar

matter.

in the last
only the illustrative material mentioned
paragraphsbut also the theme and construction of the main
exercises
readilylend themselves to the molding hand of
command
of
strives to impart a practical
the instructor who
Not

9.

livinglanguage. Oral exercises form a part of each lesson.

The
10.
phonetic alphabetof the International Phonetic
dant
is fullydeveloped in the Introduction, and abunAssociation
is placedin the Appendix, including
material for practice
The body
of the firsttwelve models.
the phonetic reproduction
the

of the book

except

to

and

the vocabularies

indicate the sound

are

free from

notation,

of words

pronounced irregularly.
analyticalclearness of the

completeness and
English-French vocabularywill prevent
the pupil'swork.
The

1 1

this

many

an

error

in

vi

ELEMENTARY

the

Only

practicable

take
of

point
Model

into

and

by

the

grammar.

the

Resumes

has

been

the

review

book

assigning

until

their

to

Dartmouth

Pennsylvania
accurate

command

the

State

for

and

by

the

in

both
have

by

and

and
editorial

with
the

department

acquired

an

multifold

by

C.
H.

and

schools,

valuable

much

resourceful

ence,
experi-

friends.

the

H.
are

book,

long

and

Sidney

Professor

They

task

aided

colleagues

Professor

omit

to

course.

native

been

gratitude

with

whole

secondary

be

can

easily adapts

their

in

the
cise
con-

connection

review
to

the

them

of

prefer

even

it

venient
con-

connection

may

second

end

course

in

or

find
A

Theme.

moreover,

partly

the

at

unified

Resume,

bringing

College.

scholarship

the

and

plan,

by
and

and

assign

with

College

is

contrary,

then

numerous

others

parts

will

session.

single

portion,

language,

acknowledge

among

the

equipment

the

from

suggestions

their

college

of

knowledge

desire

in
in

Drill

themselves

authors,

combining

text

the

certain

Such

as

two

on

and

work.

into

only

at

complete

Some,

partly

the

thoroughly

serve

The

after

classes

energetic

lesson

division

covered,

to

whole

three,

yet

secured

and

mature

more

to

FRENCH

They
aid

of

Hazelton

Arnold

of

indebted

nished
fur-

also

the
to

suggestions

placed

of

publishers.

THE

the

AUTHORS

at

CONTENTS
PAGE

List

of

Abbreviations

Introduction

LESSON

I.
II.
III.

The

Gender

Contraction

V.
VI.

The

VIII.

IX.
X.

XII.
XIII.
XIV.

XVI.
XVII.

29

Subject

Negative

Present

I-1 1 1

38
39
44

48

Forms
IV-

Lessons

of

Plural

33

"

Forms

Tense

"

Etre

Avoir

"

Interrogative

VI

53

Nouns

55

of

Agreement
of

Position

60

Adjectives

64

Adjectives

Irregular Adjectives
Lessons

"

of

Comparison
and

Adverbs
The
Uses

of the

Regular

82

89

Articles

Parts

94
XI-XIV

The

Definite

"

The
"

"

yj

Construction

Principal

Review

75

Comparison

Conjugations

Past

I-X

Adjectives

Lessons

"

71
VI

their

Partitive

Review
XV.

Possession

Lessons

Review
XL

25

"

Review

VII.

"

and

Verb
Review

IV.

Articles

"

Lessons

99
Present

Indicative

Imperfect

102

107

115
XV-X

VI

122

XVIII.

The

Future

124

XIX.

The

Conditional

129

The

Imperative

135

XX.
XXI.

Subjunctive
Review

"

"

Simple

Lessons

Verbs

XVIII-XXI
vii

Completed

140

147

ELEMENTARY

Vlll

FRENCH

LESSON

PAGE

Inflection

XXII.

XXIII.

A voir

XXIV.

Etre

XXV.

in Perfect

Agreement

XXVI.
XXVII.

155

Tenses

163

Participles

Lessons

XXI

167

I-XXV

174

Interrogation

177

Negation

183

XXXI.

149

Tenses

Lessons

"

and

XXVII

XXVI,

Disjunctive Personal

XXX.
-"

of Avoir

Conjunctive Personal

XXIX.
"

of

"

Review
XXVIII.

Use

in Perfect

Review

and

190

Pronouns

192

Pronouns

199

En

204

Possessives
Review

XXXII.

211

Lessons

"

XXVIII-XXXI

219

Demonstratives

221

XXXIII.

Relative

Pronouns

XXXIV.

Relative

Pronouns

XXXV.

229

(continued)

237

Interrogatives
Review

244

Lessons

"

I-XXXV

XXXI

XXXVI.

Numerals

XXXVII.

Cardinals

"

Numerals"
in

258

Expressions

Lessons

Review"

of

Time,

VI-XXXVI

XXX

263

etc

11

270

....

Verbs

Reflexive

XXXIX.

Passive

XL.

250

253

Ordinals

Numerals

XXXVIII.

...

273

Voice

280

_^,

Special Uses

XLI.

Review"

of the Passive

and

the

286

Reflexive
.

XXXI

Lessons

X-XLI

292

......

XLI

I.

Orthographic Changes

XLIII.

IrregularVerbs

in

XLIV.

IrregularVerbs

in ir

Review

"

Lessons

in the

Conjugation

294
300

er

XLI

First

308
I-XLIV

314

XLV.

IrregularVerbs

in oir

316

XLVI.

IrregularVerbs

in oir

322

XLVII.

IrregularVerbs

in

re

328

XLVIII.

IrregularVerbs

in

re

334

XLIX.

Faire

and

its Construction

339

ix

CONTENTS

PAGE

LESSON

Review

XLV-XLIX

Lessons

346

"

L.

LI.
LII.

Infinitives

Dependent
The

348

Subjunctive

Mood

Subjunctive

in

The

355

and

Object

Adjective

361

Clauses
.

The

LIII.

in

Subjunctive

Review

Adverbial

Clauses

L-LIII

Lessons

Supplementary

LV.

Supplementary

LVI.

Inflection

"

General

for

Sentences

383

Pronouns

Articles,
Word

Supplementary

368

378

"

"

375

"

LIV.

Order,

etc

Review

388
395

Appendixes

I.
II.

Drill

Gender

IV.

Plural

V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.

of
of

Formation
Verbal

Nouns

Irregular

Practice

"

Nouns
of

Adverbs

Conjugations
Verbs

Papers

399
415

428
429

Endings

Regular

College

Phonetic

for

Material

III.

from

Sentences

430
431
432
440

Vocabularies

French-English

457

English-French

502

General

Index

533

LIST

adj.

cond.

conj.
conj.

pron.

def.

direct

disj.
f.

conjunctive

definite

dir.

disjunctive

feminine

Fr.

French

s=

object

ss

page

part.
pronoun

numeral

p.

conjunction

sa

negative

obj.

conditional

noun

num.

article

ss

neg.

anterior

art.

n.

adverb

ant.

ABBREVIATIONS

adjective

sb

adv.

OF

participle

pass.

passive

=s

53

per.

person

perf.

perfect

personal

pers.

pi. (plu.)
pluperf

plural

pluperfect

fut.

future

imp.

imperfect

prep.

imv.

imperative

pres.

ind.

indicative

=53

indef.

indir.

indefinite
indirect

rel.

int.

=s

interrogative

Sec.

inten.

intj.
intr.
irr.

m.

ss

ss

ss

s=

intensive

preterit

ss

refl.

infinitive

present

pron.

SB

preposition

=B

pret.

inf.

possessive

=s

poss.

pronoun

reflexive

relative

Section

ss

sing.

singular

interjection

sub.

intransitive

subj.

tr.

transitive

irregular
masculine

v.

subject

ss

verb

subjunctive

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

INTRODUCTION

which

Europe

Latin

modern

of

forms

the

the

of

called

collectively the

of

so

Rhaetian,
There

of

that

the

on

influences,

see

not

essential

for

the
a

of

much

qualities

pupil

will

language

artistic

value.

parts

of

and

the

Alps

and

is

France,

four

the

by

so

off
it

as

of

speech

between

leaves

Latin

most

south

languages,

Latin

therefore,

soil

prise
com-

of

these

where

just

languages,
the

the

ruled

forms,

continuity

and

Empire

the
much

and
has

the
been
of

centuries

twenty

external.
who

French

is

remains

the

between

except

characterized

realize

Of

unsurpassed

for

in

the

Latin

and

more

with

familiar

suggested.

when

that

of

of

parts
and

Portuguese,

language

of

one

These

successors.

unbroken

an

resemblances

apparent

are

inflection

has

internal

obvious

many

others

and

the

student

The

is

French,

begin.

modified,

in

tell

cannot

one

others

used

Roman

old

the

Provencal,

Rumania.

Latin

and

those

colonized,

Romance

or

Italian, Spanish,

French,

France

Romanic

in

spoken

his

and

is

language

conquered,

Caesar

Julius

days

French
now

Romans

in the

important

The

Latin.

and

French

1.

LANGUAGE

FRENCH

THE

more

clearness

will

languages

two

the

Latin

elaborate
The

verb.

Latin

great

persist, however,
that
of

in

French

expression

he
and

ELEMENTARY

2.
the
in

Alphabet.

The

same

few

3.

words

Note.

In

the

sound

with

4.

oral

and

vowels
The

The

letters of the

English.

of the

spelling the
e.

d is

and

from

consonants

Thus

French

used

are

only

languages.

are

sometimes

are

pronounced
The

alphabetare

other

Letters

Consonants.

and

formed

or

Names

of mute

Vowels

ALPHABET

borrowed

French

The

TEE

of the

those

as

FRENCH

pronounced

de ; g, gue

alphabet is

orje

divided

; etc.

into

consonants.

and

letters a, e, i, o, u,

are

vowels

; the

rest

are

consonants.
Note.

precede

I, o,
a

vowel

u, and

sound.

y often
See

the value

have

Sees.

of consonants

when

they

34-37.

CAPITALS

5.
the

same

as

the

of months

names

personalpronoun
Note.
aims

French

Capitalization. The

to

use

of

capitalletters

is

the
English, except that proper adjectives,
and the
and days, titles of rank or office,
je (I) are not capitalized.

In titlesof

capitalizeone

books,
main

names

of

corporations,and

the

word, generally the first noun

preceded by a preposition. To
on
any adjectivepreceding the

this
noun,

capitalthere

one

on

nouns

like,French
unless

is added

connected

it is

capital

coordinately

INTRODUCTION

with

If

noun.

it

unless

and

capitalized
noun,

the

article is used

an

begins

on

the first word

as

in

as

English,

stand

they

7.

The

is

be

to

Three

to

that

indicate

pronounced

The

rarely on

circumflex

on

Note

accents

of

fete, from

Latin

festa;

8.

The

Other

a.

The

cedilla

soft sound

b. The

with

Note.

c.

The

omission
d.

words

The

omission

the

of

an

usuallyomit

for

when

their accent

Marks

example,

capitalized.

are

to

to

denote

to

form

that

digraph,

the

over

it does

but

is

indicate

second

of

unite

not

pronounced

Noel.
over

an

i crowds

out

the dot

apostrophe (apostrophe)('),which
of

in the

contraction

"feast."

placed
(trema) (*"),

vowels

diaeresis

e, and

on

grave

5a.

first

:
separately

usuallya sign of

(cidille)
(J, placed under

diaeresis

the

e,

Orthographic

consecutive

two

the

spelled alike; the

otherwise

English

compare

Vowels, except

3.

is

accent

of
word, especially

the

circumflex

the

the

e;

they

(except y).

circumflex

The

not

are

vowels.

of the

three

are

only on

occurs

written

strongly,but

sounds

distinguish words

vowel

any

formation

accent

to

or

2.

Note

acute

in

syllablewhere

(aigu) ('),the grave {grave) (*),and

("): 6tant, pere, tete.
(circonflexe)
i.

capitalized

These

the

more

There

Accents.

marks

acute

Note

is not

vowels.

over

general to distinguishthe

in

serve

it
title,

certain

are

French, called accents, placed

used,

MARKS

There

Marks.

Accent

of

second

sentence.

ORTHOGRAPHIC
6.

this

adjectivepreceding

any

vowel

indicates

the

j'ai.

hyphen (traitd'union) (-),which

in close

hair.

connection

avez-vous

is used

to

join

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

SYLLABLES

9.

syllablesis
because

letter
10.
a

end
or

of

lines, but

where

words

it also

often

there

vowels

are

of

than

words
in

to

are

into

English,

be

divided

determines

how

pronounced.

Syllables. There

of

Number
as

French

of letters is

group

word

in

shows

only

division

correct

important

more

it not

the

at

The

Syllabication.

are

as

in
syllables

many

(or digraphs): a-mi, par-lent,

pro-pri-"-tai-re.
cou-pe-rai,vic-toi-re,
Note
do

form

not

Note
a

mute

vowel, does

sounded
form

4.

and

that

regarded as forming

belongs

the

u, when

in

Sec.

", Note,

50,

middle

of

word, following

preceding other vowels,

Sees.

34-37),

often

are

then

and

do

not

loin,fouet-ter,lui,6-cuel-le.

final mute

e,

though usuallynot

: no-te, ra-re, pat-te.

syllable

of poetry and

in the meter

11.

in

(Sec. 4, Note;

Observe

explained

guer-re.

: bien, 6-tions,yeux,
syllable

Note

value

as

syllable:joue-rai.

0, ou,

consonants

as

added

(Sec. 22)

form

not

I, y,

3.

u, when

: man-gea,
syllable

2.

Note

is

and

i.

pronounced,

It has

full

syllabic

songs.

(exceptx) at the point of division

:
following syllable
a-mi, a-vant, pa-ro-les,

Single Consonant
the

to

i-nS-ga-li-te"
; but, ex-a-men.
Note.

avoided

12.

At

between

at

between

Combinations

of

and

line in

the
them

writing or printing,division is usually

See

vowel.

of Two

Treatment

consonants

made

end

the

Sec.

62.

When

Consonants.

point of division, the

:

of two

break

there
is

are

two

generally

ad-mi-ra, es-poir,par-la, don-nai.

consonants,

pronounced together,are not

and so
as
a
singleconsonant

however, which

divided.
go

with

ta-ble,mai-grir, cou-vrit,a-che-ta, ga-gna.

Such
the

can

be

pairsare treated
:
followingsyllable

INTRODUCTION

Note

ph, th,

and

Note
a

those

pairs are

Such
.

5
in 1

ending

or

and
rl,lr),

(butnot

ch,

gn.

h, unless aspirate(Sec.52),has

Since

2.

preceding

such

is put with

consonant

an

consonantal

no

that
syllable

in the

value,
follows

si-lhouet-te.

13.

go with

that
syllable

the

the

or

follows

three

last

(or more)
when

two

they

in Sec. 12,

mentioned

specialcombinations

of the

one

of

groups

last consonant,

the

consonants,
form

In

Consonants.

Three

trans-po-ser, com-bla, per-dre.

PRONUNCIATION

14.

Pronouncing

French.

French

is the

pronouncing

exact

an

the sounds

utter

strikingly
strange. The task, for one
persistentand
speech are formed, demands

of

It is necessary

effort.

to

hear

and

imitate

language correctly.An
positionsassumed
by the vocal organs
the

pronounces
the

15.

Characteristics

attention
More

a.

of the
b.

but

Pure

with

sounds.

and

who

understanding of
is also

one
are

sound

Many English vowels

and glideinto another

reallydiphthongs.

combination

of

The

in "far"

The

d. The

person

great aid.

French, important for the

grouping of a medial consonant

syllable.The impressionupon the ear of
very different from the English cit-y. See
c.

especially

tongue.

vowel

is

well-guided

English-speakingpupil,include
energetic action of the vocal organs,

is, they

example,

Spoken

habits

whose

an

lipsand

begin

That

of

of

correctly.
English ;

counterpart in

are

many

in

involved

of the elements

to
ability

have

sounds

of these

Few

One

absence

word-groups.

of

stronglyaccented

i in
and

not

are

the end.

at

"bite,"

for

in "meet"

following

with the

the French

Sec.

pure,

ci-t6 is

1 1
.

in
syllables

words

ELEMENTARY

16.

is

FRENCH

Another

of Letters.

Sounds

knowledge

of

what

sounds

element

the

in

various

pronunciation

French

letters

represent in their different

has greater
positions.French
in this respect than
English ; still there are
regularity
numerous
exceptionsto the rules.
17.

Phonetic

Alphabet,

in

which

certain

written

character

culties
always represents a certain sound, obviates the diffiinvolved
in an
ordinaryunphonetic alphabet. The
followingalphabetof the International Phonetic Association
is in

general

discussion
The

use,

and

of sounds

and

is

employed

to

indicate
"

"

Descriptionof Sound
approximate; later sections give
THE

INTERNATIONAL

here

to

supplement

the

pronunciations.
irregular
in the

more

PHONETIC

list below

accurate

ALPHABET

is

only
descriptions.

ELEMENTARY

Note

Note

Phonetic

separate the

volume,

of
syllables

works

technical

this

In

on

in this book

symbols

2.

FRENCH

aid

to

word

has

A
It

a.

"fat"

This

tongue

usuallyhas

OF

s,

sound

open

as

lies flat. Its

between

not

to

general

in

The

a.

mouth

[ma-lad],
page
the

and

in

much

is

widely open,

and

the

is

[a]. Thus : ami [a-mi],

la [la].
[pa^],table [tabl],

circumflex

sound

in "father"

table, la.

phonetic symbol

it has

usuallyhas

it

usage

is used

VOWELS

ami, malle, malade, page,

b. When

hyphen

sounds.

[mal],malade

malle

in brackets.

phonetics.

two

is known

beginner,

word-group,a

or

SOUNDS
18.

the

inclosed

are

accent,
like

is followed

or

in

"

father

by

"

ame,

batir, base, classe, pas.

This
open

is known

a, and

[a]. Thus:
pas [pa].
i.

Note

2.

donnames

Note

closed

the tongue

is

Note

as

ame

A
A

3.

mouth

farther back.

is drawn

is less open
Its

than

for

phoneticsymbol

base [ba:z],
classe [kla:s],
[a:m],batir [ba-ti:r],

is closed

also before

circumflex

[do-nam],donnat
A

The

a.

in the

ille:

verb

[do-na].

is silent in aout

[u].

paille [pa:j].

endings ames,

ates, at is open

INTRODUCTION

19.

of

vanishing sound
English

Thus
20.

like

is

in

"met,"

[e]. Thus

Thus

the

Note

sounded

not

of

the end

at

much

has
syllable,

met," Sec. 20): tel,pressa,

of

the

cadet.

mer,

[me:r],cadet [ka-de].

mer
[pre-sa],

(Sec. 1 9)

than

more

has the
syllable,

one

has

"

in the

expression

sound

This

Three
At

which

positionsin
end

the

of

is known

for mute

phonetic symbol

The

the

at

other words,

among

sound

mute

syllableis
has approximating

when

fluently

(e muef).

[9].

mute

of

one

word

man

[e].

it
"

the
as

is

of

et

[fam].

open

end

whatever
possible,

little as
e

and,

of French

sound

the

Unaccented

mute.
as

in final ez,

clef [kle],
and
assied(s) [a-sje],
pied [pje],

of

in femme

pronounced.

be

must

occurs

noted.

is sounded

syllableit

le, me.
such

When
with

other

less obscured.

je le

sound

[e].

that of

thought

is

prolonged : leve, tete.

final in words

is closed

3.

22.

or

"

[tel],
pressa

in the final sounds

Note.

in

(e ouverf). Its phonetic symbol

[te:t].

tete
[lev],

Er, when

2.

:
fully

in. long

parler [par-le],
(Sec.19), the r being silent. Thus:
[der-nje].In the following words, however, final r is sounded
enfer [a-fe:r].
cuiller [kqi-je:r],
e is open
(Sec.20): amer
[a-me:r],

Note

a.

the

open

as

(e in

of closed

dernier
and

as

tel
i

sound

somewhat

unaccented, when

Note

often

leve

sound

same

is heard

(e) have

circumflex

is known

sound

which

fate,"without

(e) and

grave

21.

li

in

(eferme). Its phoneticsymbol

[se-da].

closed

as

This

in "meet"

c6da
6te" [e-te],

of

6t6, c6da.

is known

This

the sound

(e)has

acute

fais the

words

words,

Thus

as

as

and

is almost

in le pere

in le is silent when

le

the

the

me

are

always

the

in

closelyconnected
case,

in le is sounded

the

but

is

more

slightly.In

expressionis uttered fluently

[3al-fe].

ELEMENTARY

IO

b. At

end

the

of

FRENCH

word

of

than

more

syllableit

one

is

silent : malle, apporte, table.

When

c.

it is

at the

not

pronunciationis
that precede and

end

determined
follow

of

word,

the

by

character

it. It is sounded

regarda, pesa ; it is sounded

fullness

the

of the

rather

in petit, sera
slightly

of its
sounds

clearlyin

; it is silent

in samedi, appela.
the examples
Phonetically,

[b]
me
[ma]
malle [mal]
le

Note
in ent

the final

of the

consonants

are

Note

"

Avoid

"

the

24.

third

of

the

of y in

mouth

should

is

0 circumflex

(6)has

vanishing sound
English : cote, notre.
is known

[i].Thus

of

as

cdte

[no:tr].

a.

of 6

When

is mute,

and

after g.

the

sound

unaccented

has

drawn

of

"

moon

The

0.

The

i in

in

"

phonetic

[mi-di].

holy,"without

heard

lipsare

English.

in

long

in

tenselyrounded

phonetic symbol

is

[o]. Thus

sounds.

two

(0 in "holy," Sec. 24)

of

in

The

out.

ile [il],
midi
[il],

il

"

in

it is the final sound

: mot
Phonetically

"yet" usuallyheard
be

closed

protruded.

the sound

00

(puckered) and

25.

and
syllable,

one

paries [pari],
parlent [pari].
[te:t],

accent) has

without

of this sound

notre
[kot],

than

more

pluralof verbs, the

tetes

of

50, Note, for silent

vanishingsound

sound

word

person

silent

the

This

of

[s9-ra]

il,ile,midi.

corners

symbol

Sec.

(with or

machine

The

See

2.

23.

the end

end

the

at

[pa-za] samedi [sam-di]

petit [pa-ti] appela [a-pla]

[tabl]
regarda [re-gar-da] sera
at

pesa

table

es

follows

representedas

are

[a-port]

apporte

In

i.

above

[mo], cachot

of

mot,

word,

cachot.

[ka-Jo].

it has

the sound

INTRODUCTION

more

This

sound

rounded

than

wholly

in closed
is

Note.
the

The

o.

open

as

the back

o;

in

fol,robe, notre,

[o]. Thus:

is closed

word, it has

the

Yankee

nunciatio
pro-

or.

less

lips are

of the

tongue

stronglyThe

is lower.

[notr],

notre
robe [rob],
[fol],

fol

26.

if

to
M

in
The

[z]:

"

accent)

has

its sound, round

in

00

pronounce
meet

without

or

produce

To

English.

of

sound

the

ome

and

before

one,

[torn],notion

tome

[Jo:z].

(with

before

terminations

in the

(Sec. 24)

ending tion, and

chose
[no-sj5],

mur

like

of

[o:r].

or

"

is known

phonetic symbol

final sound

somewhat

sound,

open

of

as

the

it is not

b. When

1 1

"

du, sucre,

moon,"

pucker

or

then

try to

the

in

lips

pronounce

mur.

is

phonetic symbol

and

equivalent

no

[y].

Thus:

du

[dy], sucre

[sykr],

[my:r].
Note.

27.

See

Sec.

has

50, Note, for silent

of French

sound

the

after g.

i:

'style.

:
Phonetically
style [stil].

Note.
to

i-i. The
in

vowels, and

between

first i goes

pays

with

the

in pays

etc., is consonantal

cept
(Sec.28); the second, ex(Sec.35): asseyant {assei-yant[a-se-ja]),

OF

SOUNDS

ai, ei,

above,
are
are

The
au

but

Digraphs.

(eau),eu
each

The

(ceu),ou,

group

{pai-i[pe-i]).

DIGRAPHS

in the

vowels

however,

represents

compound vowels
three, trigraphs).
called

is equivalent
derivatives,

preceding vowel

appuyai (appui-yai[a-pqi-je]),
pays

28.

and

or

are

common

not

groups
sounded

single sound.

digraphs (or, when

as

These

there

ELEMENTARY

12

29.

has

Ai

When

a.

Sec.

19)

sounds.

two

final in

FRENCH

verbs,it has

"fate,"

of e* (a in

the sound

parlai.

: parlai [par-le].
Phonetically

Note.

b.

has

Ai

the sound

Elsewhere

of e"also in

gai [ge],quai [ke],sais, sait [se].

it has the sound

of

(e in "met,"

Sec.

20) :

vrai, faible,mais, parlais, aimer.

faible [fe:bl],
vrai [vre],
mais
Phonetically:
aimer
[e-me].
Note.

In

faisant

(Sec. 22, c):

30.

faisant

has

Ei

forms

derived

and

[me],parlais [par-le],

has

ai

the

sound

of mute

[fa-za].

the

sound

of

(e in "met,"

Sec.

20)

reine.

: reine
Phonetically
[rem].

31.
Sec.

and

Au

24)

eau

usuallyhave

autre
Phonetically:

Au

32.

the sound

The

"

holy,"

oeu

of open

[Jo],beau
0

[bo].

(Sec.25, b)in

mauvais

somewhat

like

[mo-ve],and

forms.

related

have

they are

sound, round

(Sec.24)
meute,

(o in

have

sound
two

11

"

in

fur."

sounds, formed

distinct

as

When

a.
or

chaud
[otr],

exactly,they

follows

and

Eu

More

has

[o-re]and

in aurai

of 6

sound

autre, chaud, beau.

Note.

the

and

the final sound

the

lipsas

if

e* (a in

pronounce

"

in
to

word,

pronounce

or
o

before

are

in

"

fate,"Sec. 19) : feu, veux,

creuser.

phonetic symbol

[m0:t],creuser

is

[kr0-ze].

[0]. Thus

"

holy

feu

veux
[f0],

meute
[v0],

INTRODUCTION

b. When
or

they precede a pronounced

"

"

in

pronounce

the

has

that

one

met," Sec. 20)

"

of

z), round

(Sec. 24)

holy

the

and

(except

if to

lips as

pronounce

(e

in

neuf, jeune, sceur.

is

phonetic symbol

The
soeur

sound

consonant

[ce]. Thus

jeune [3cen],
[noef],

neuf

[soe:r].

Note

Eu, and

i.

(Sec.54), have

also

and

oe

when

ue,

before

the

liquid sound

ceil [ce:j],
orgueil [or-gce:j],
[ce]:feuille [fce:j],

the sound

[kce-ji:r].

cueillir
Note

French

(Sec.26):

33.

in all forms

Eu

2.

Ou

"

of the verb

[y],eussions

eut

without

(withor

has

avoir

the

of the

sound

[y-sj5].

accent) has

the

of

sound

00

in

"

moon

tour, gout.

The

lips are
of

sound

tensely rounded.

in "must."

The

Avoid

carefullythe vanishing

phonetic symbol

is

[u]. Thus:

tour

gout [gu].
[tu:r],

CONSONANTAL

34.

VOWELS

When

Vowels.

Consonantal

(or y),

0,

or

u,

ou

sound, they take on

a
strongly uttered vowel
value approaching that of a consonant.
They then give rise
sounds.
to three well-distinguished

precede

Note.

These

these letters

35.
*'

sounds

(except 0

in

Consonantal

often

are

ou) cannot
i

or

called

begin

gives

semivowels.

Observe

that

digraph.
sound

much

like y

in

"

yes
The

viande, ciel,yeux.

sound

is formed

by blending naturallythe sound

the followingvowel.
The
phonetic symbol is [j]. Thus
ciel [sjel],
[vja:d],
[J0].
yeux

of i with
:

viande

36.

Consonantal
sound

The

French

is blended

37.
"

is

"

It has

sound

much

like

in

The

of

sound

phonetic symbol

is

ou

or

Thus

[w].

[nwe],oasis [wa-zis].

[wi],nouer
38.

suis [suj].The
[lip],

preserved.

gives a

lui, suis.

by blendingnaturallythe

following vowel.

the

lui

be

must

or

is formed

sound

[q].Thus:

the

oasis.

oui, nouer,

The

ou

followingvowel

of the

Consonantal

was

with

with

characteristic

rounded

nothing corresponding to
formed
almost
when
inevitably

is

phonetic symbol

The

it in

has

English.

oui

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

14

vowels.
convenientlyclassed with the consonantal
of wa" the a being usuallyopen
sound
(Sec.18, a) :

is

Oi

the

moi, poire.

Phoneticallyit
poire [pwa:r].

NASAL

39.

in the
a

quality. The

nasal

temps,

faim.

The

nasal

pharynx
of

to

it will be
or

i.

the

Note

usuallynot

escape
the

that

by
2.

nasal

From

seen

followed

and

digraph

or

single m

silent

are

followed
or

passage

through
rule

for

bon, mon-trer,

to

If

the

nasal

bonne

or

the

the

allowinga part

from

few

[bon].

is

into

of the air

syllables(Sec.ii),

exceptions)m

produce
n

the

nose.

dividing words

a
(disregarding

consonant

thus

open,

mediatel
im-

acquires

qualityis produced by leavingthe opening

expirationto
Note

vowel

syllableby

same

[mwa],

moi

VOWELS

Vowels.

Nasal

Thus:

represented by [wa].

is

the

nasal

doubled,

or

must

be final

sound.
the

preceding

vowel

is

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

QUANTITY
41.

called

prolonged is
and
position,
Note

"

longer

of

beginner
The

after the

43.

variations

in

occur

short

"

getting the

Phonetic

vowel

in

according to

for

so

is
its

"

mad

am

(the

sounds.

pure

long

important for the attention

vowel

is

[:],placed
[ba-ti:r].

Mtir
[re:n],

reine

"

quantity)with

and

correct

varies

sound

English, though less markedly.

is not

Symbol

affected

vowel

short.

or

length of vowels

as

which

to

quantity. It

styledlong

sad

am

The

2.

42.

its

VOWELS

extent

(the a
quantity).

in

Note

is

Similar

i.

Compare
a

The

Quantity.

OF

only in the
of a
last stressed
(Sec.63) or clearlypronounced syllable
short vowels
Hence
word.
predominate.
The
followingvowels are long :

Certain

b.

in

an

pronounced

fer

[fe:r],

mute

namely
syllable,

to

next

of
syllable

that

words

circumflex

chambre

the last

accent:

[te:t],

[a:m], tete

ame

ronde
prince [pre:s],
[ja:br],

[ro:d],

[ce:bl].

humble

followed

when

(3) Vowels

chaise [Je:z],
rouge
[ri:v],

Note

of b

i.

vowels

The

2.

are

short

In
:

the sounds

than

consonants

often
of

those

ation
long in the situ-

(3) follow

dixieme
reine [re:n],
[mo:l],tasse [ta:s],

Vowels

usually short.

[r]:
[v],[z],[3],[j],
fille [fi:j],
terre [ten:].
[111:3],

by

[o],[0],[a],and [e]are

other

when

even

meule
[fo:t],

Note

word

in the

vowels

with
(1) Vowels
notre
[no:tr].
(2) Nasal vowels:

faute

before
syllables

occur

fort [foir],
noir [nwa:r].
[fi-ni:r],

finir

rive

vowels

Long

Quantity.

in final

Vowels

a.

end

for

Rules

other

than

those

vowels
particular,

donne"

mentioned

that

constitute

in

and

[di-zje:m].
b above

the final sound

enfant [a-fa].
chat [Ja],
[do-ne],

them

are

of

INTRODUCTION

44.

Consonants

sounds

in

as

in

approximatelythe

have

General

principaldifferences

The

English.

CONSONANTS

OF

SOUNDS

same

given

are

below.
45.

Final

Likewise

Consonants

of final groups

sounded

(f sounded) ;

neufs

of

except

f, 1,and

c,

r.

only c, f, 1, and r are

vif, nul, pour (sounded);

consonants

(silent)
; sec,
(r sounded).

nid, trop, des

sounded

not

are

corps

:
Phonetically

46.

of

in

This

"

in

likewise

the sound

9, have

c.

in other

cette,

The

ca.

phoneticsymbol

positions (except

is

in

[s]:

ch)

ca [sa].
[set],

cette

the

has

sound

of

cast

col, avec.

is the

hard

The

c.

[k]:

is

phonetic symbol

[kol],

col

[a-vek].

avec

Note

Final c,

also in clerc
few

other

Note

C in second

Ch

The

"

of k

tabac
[po:r],

[bla];

blanc

and
[ta-ba],

in

In
:

the

the

sound

sound

of g

(Sec.50, b) [so-g5].

of sh

in

"

shall

"

or

ch

in

chat, chercher.

phonetic symbol

Note.

is silent after nasal

[es-to-ma],
pore

has

usuallyhas

machine

sound

estomac
[kle:r],

2.

47.

usuallysounded,

words.

v
"

y, and

"

This

i, and

e,

"

certain

is the soft

b. C
c

C before

a.

some

chr6tien

is

[j]:

words, mostly

chat
those

[Ja],chercher
derived

dcho [e-ko].
[kre-tje],

from

[Jer-Je].
Greek,

ch

has

the

ELEMENTARY

48.

the

pronouncing

In

FRENCH

tongue is placed againstthe hard

of the upper

roots

the

teeth.

upper

back

of the

generallyplaced against

appreciably different

An

sound

is

aller [a-le],
les [le],
nette
[r5:d],

[dam], ronde

dame

it is

t, the tip of the

distance

palatesome

French

In

teeth.

and

English d, 1, n,

produced

donner
[net],

tete [tat].
[do-ne],

49.

f, usuallysounded, is silent in

Final

"

The

i, and

e,

in

"get":

After

Note.

first sound

g,

of g ;

is

Gn
in

in

"

ure
meas-

inserted

and

represents

"

the

sound

canyon

phonetic symbol

52.

is

are

silent

a, 0, and

e,

i, and

u, to indicate the
y, to

[ma-3a];

mangea

singlesound,

much

indicate

guerre

is

[p]:

sounded

never

prevent elision and

[ge:r].

Phonetically:homme
Among

"

[ga-ne].

gagner

the\

homme,
initial

linking,as

called aspirate ; otherwise

has

sufficient force

in huit, haut.

it is called

The

is then

le haut [b-o].
[5m],the" [te]; le huit [te-qit],

the commonest

words

beginning
haut

with

aspirate
honte

hardi

hair

haricot

Havre

hors

halle

hasard

hlros

huit

hangar

hate

hibou

hurler

lexicon

to

mute.

haine

the

like the last part

gagner.

words, however,

some

Consult

of

"

The

Note.

before

inserted before

is often

has

[g]: gai [ge],grand [gra].

is often

the

The

second.

In

of

gai, grand.

phonetic symbol

of ny

sound

the

positions(except in gn)

in other

b.

51.

has

gilet [3i-le].
large parg],
[3]: geler [sjS-le],

is

phoneticsymbol

The

in the

geler, large, gilet.

before

a.

and'
[kle],

ceufs [0].
[b0],nerfs [ne:r],

pluralsbceufs
50.

clef

for others.

are

INTRODUCTION

53.

J has the sound

The

phoneticsymbol

54.

Liquid

called
the

consonant

(or digraph) does

([e],Sec. 20)

travail

sound

:
Phonetically

veille

ending

eil

so-

like

much

i, but

vidual
its indi-

retains

having

of

sound

the

seuil.

also

that of

phonetic symbol

is

[j]:

in

words

most

English y

the

liquid

veille,fille.

fille [fi:j].
[ve:j],

following words

the

the

the

preceding vowel

The

yes."

with

has
initial,

not

In

"

has

seuil [soe:j].
[sD-me:j],

explainedabove,

Note.

in

vowel

is sounded

(1 mouille).The

sommeil
[tra-va:j],

Ill, when

positionil

unite

is called liquid 1

je, jardin.

this

travail, sommeil,

"

measure

preceded by

of the

"

il

not

sound, the

This

In

in

[3]: je [39],jardin [3ar-de].

is

Final

L.

liquid sound.

English

of

19

ill is not

liquid:

mille

[mil],ville

tranquille [tra-kil].
[vil],
55.

In

il

Final

sounded,

as

preceded by

1 is sometimes

the

consonant,

in fil,mil, civil; sometimes

silent,as

in

gentil, fusil.
; gentil [3a-ti],
[mil],civil [si-vil]

mil
Phonetically: fil [fil],

fusil

[fy-zi].

Note

i.

Note

56.

2.

For
In

the tongue
fils

(meaning

is silent in

Sees. 39 and

40.

positionin 1, see

For

"

automne

the

son

")

Sec.

1 is silent

48.

[fis].

[o-ton].For m
tongue positionin

and
n, see

nasal, see
Sec.

is silent in sept

[set]and

57.

58.

Qu generallyhas the sound

compter
of

k :

[k5-te].
quel, quoique.

: quel [kel]
; quoique [kwa-ka].
Phonetically

48.

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

20

59.

is

pronounced

in

English :

tres, tenir, irai.

rose,

Phonetically:
Note

soft

palate. Either

favors

the

latter.
R

Note

3.

For

60.

S is

final er,

see

it has

common

the

though

Note

21,

trill of

in

use

best

the

France.

extremity

perhaps

usage

now

1.

English initial s,

like

sound

the

in

are

[ma-sje].

Sec.

usuallysounded

vowels

two

is correct,

is silent in monsieur

2.

tongue, the other

tip of the

of the

Note

of

different sounds

trill of the

irai [i-re].
tenir [ta-ni:r],
[tre],

tres
[ro:z],

rose

Two

i.

is

One

prominently than

more

of

but between
classe ; rose,

salle, pense,

maison.

Phonetically:

Note.

Final

is sounded
usuallysilent,

s,

[fis]
heias [e-la:s]
jadis [3a-dis]
fils

61.

the

L'INSTITUT

{usually)
[lis]

ours

[urs]

mars

[mars]
[mcers]

sens

[sa:s]{usually)
[tus]{as a pronoun)

ET

combinations
sound

LE

la

of

PONT

This

de 40

composee
lis sont

membre
se

Les

la rive

membres,

publie

tres

le

reunissent

la

Seine,

aussi

lesquellesavec

honores

cette
en

d'etre
code

face

du

son

de
ont

pont

Academies

parlement

connus

le

sous

sein

au

la

questions d'orconnue

1637.

en

d'

nom

"

sous

Elle

cette

assemblee.

consacrees

frangaiseforment

Dans
aux

le

meme

arts

et

l'lnstitut de

edifice
aux

France.

un

L'Aca-

langue frangaise.
situe
au
palaisde l'lnstitut,
Arts.

".

francais

lieu
des

est

immortels

ecrivains

Les
de

words

litteraire,
et, quand

successeur.

admis

les

institution

de leur talent

cause

Academie

les quatre

l'Academie

le

tie

les belles traditions

meme

fameuse

une

par

elisent

Dictionnaire,
de

seances

de

in
especially

conserver

(y compris

generalement

choisis

les survivants

meurt,

considerent

demie

l'embellir

reconnue
frangaise,

ordinairement

is true

Pour

ARTS.

langue frangaise pour

thographe, d'accentuation, etc.),il y
d'Academie

tous

tion, tial, tiel,tieux, and

s.

DES

et

nom

in

lis

mceurs

the

in

usuallyhas

le

[ro:z],

[me-z5].

maison

de

classe [kla:s]
[pais],
; rose

pense
[sal],

salle

sur
se

sciences,

ELEMENTARY

22

correspond in

that

t has

which
soft

the

form

FRENCH

and

sound

meaning

of sh

words

English

to

is

(not ch),or

in

representedby

nation, partial,essentiel,ambitieux, democratic

essentiel
[na-sjo],partial [par-sjal],
democratic
[d-bi-sj'0],
[de-mo-kra-si].

nation

Phonetically:
ambitieux
[e-sa-sjel],
Note

t, usuallysilent,is sounded

Final

i.

in

[dot],est [est]

dot

(pointof compass), net [net],ouest [west].

2.

Note

3.

62.
the

Since

is

usuallyhas

sound

positionin t, see

the tongue

For

Note

of

in

gz

is sounded

always silent,th
the

of

sound

ks:

initial before

ex

48.

Sec.

like t:

the* [te].

It has

luxe, exposer.
a

vowel

mute

or

exemple, exhaler.

Phonetically:luxe [lyks],
exposer

[eks-po-ze]
; exemple [eg-za:pl],

[eg-za-le].

exhaler
Note.

has

the sound

of

[bry-sel]
; the sound
sixieme
[d0-zje:m],

Bruxelles
deuxieme

in six

of

in

soixante
dix [dis],
[sis],
dix-neuf
dix-huit [di-zqit],

dixieme
[si-zje:m],

[swa-sa:t],
[diz-ncef
],

[di-zje:m].

STRESS

63.

As

Stress.

not, like English,have

those

the last

on

the last

an

apparent

do

syllable
(except
clearlypronounced. There

e) is
stress

Phrases
syllable.

of
syllable

words

strong accent, but each

containingmute

is, however,

in Sec. 15, d, French

indicated

of voice

likewise

normallyfalls
stress falling
on

that

have

their last word.

LIAISON

64.

Liaison.

sound
the

is often
two

words

final consonant

pronounced
are

with

before

an

this vowel

closelyconnected

in

initial vowel
sound

thought.

when

The

ELEMENTARY

24

FRENCH

PUNCTUATION

69.

in

Punctuation

principles
The

in

as

of

use

follows

French

the

conversation

quoted

dash
is

then

may

the

purposes

many

main

the

same

be

to

to

noted.

inclosed

be

place

denote

of

The
in

the

change

whole

is

speaker

conversation
marks.

quotation

dash

of

taken

by

For

les

points

.).

(.

suspensifs

the

English.

"

in

in

70.

The

marks

French

Names

for

the

punctuation

common

are
"

the

period

the

comma

the

semicolon

the

colon

the

dash

the

quotation

the

interrogation

the

exclamation

le

le

point

la

virgule

et

virgule

deux

les

point

points
le

marks

les

point
point

le
le

point
point

d'

tiret

guillemets

interrogation
d' exclamation

LESSON

GENDER

71.

of

names

of

names

arbitrary,and

seems

Note

gender;
Note
are

the

likewise

French

2.

nouns

in

masculine

regularly

for

in

certain

letters

are

of

certain

classes

of

from

derived
French

Latin

those

of

determined,
other

each

apt

to

nouns

word.
have

the

See

page

things.
masculines

from

of

gender

is

sex

the

masculine

The

gender

learned

be

must

names

definite

The

sex.

ending

Nouns

i.

of

whether

either

are

gender.

neuter

no

that

all nouns,

things,

or

animals

or

persons

English, by

in

as

is

There

feminine.

or

French

In

animals,

persons,

ARTICLES

-THE

Nouns.

of

Gender

ONE

and

Latin

same

427.

neuters

feminines

are

regularly feminine.
72.

With

masculine

b.

With

feminine

c.

With

all

the

father, leph-e

the

mother,

la

child, Venfant

the

man,

elision.
See

Before

the

the

Sec.

of

It takes

dropping
euphony,
place

in

and

singular by

the

singular by

le.
la.

les.

the

fathers, lesperes

the

mothers,

les

beginning

meres

with

vowel

P.

final

the

several

the

words

become

of

expressed

plural by

Vhomme

This
sake

the

mere

Elision.

h, le and

mute

Notei
for

in

L'

in

nouns

in

is
in

nouns

nouns

la

the

Article

a.

73.
or

Definite

The

the

children, les enfatits

the

men,

vowel

before

substitution

other

68.
25

short

les hommes

an

of the

words

initial

vowel

apostrophe,
; for

sound
is called

example, de, of.

26

ELEMENTARY

74.

The

Article

Indefinite

With

a.

masculine

b. With

75.

or

by

nouns

feminine

by

nouns

Repetition of

articles

are

brother

76.

The

the

Plural

and

each

une.

sister,une
definite

sister,unfrere
is

sceur

indefinite

and

to which

noun

brother,le pere

of Nouns

expressed

un.

The

Articles.

repeatedbefore

is

an

the father and

to

brother, unfrere

FRENCH

they belong.

lefrere

et

et une

soeur

regularlyformed

by adding

singular.

le

mari, the husband

les

maris, the husbands

la

femme, the wife

les

femmes,

les

enfants,the children

l'enfant,the child

the wives

VOCABULARY

a, has

le frere,the brother

aussi, also

le garcon,

de, of

et

la

the mother

la mere,

two

m.f,

ont, have

the child

[e],is
[e],and

ou, where
le parent

[fam],the

woman,

m.f,

the parent

le pere, the father

famille,the family

la femme

qui, who

the

la sceur, the sister

wife
la

man

le mari, the husband

l'enfant
est

boy

l'homme, the

avec, with

deux,

the

the girl
fille,

sont,

are

EXERCISE

Drift

word

for the

to the

followingnouns

the proper

pere

garcons

filles

parents

homme

mere

enfant

mari

sceur

hommes

Prefix

I
.

GENDER

Prefix

2.

the

to

soeur

Change

27

the proper

word

for

enfant

homme

mere

parent

pluralform

the

to

ARTICLES

followingnouns

garc,on

3.

THE

"

"

le frere

la femme

la

le mari

l'homme

l'enfant

into French

Translate

4.

boys

of the

two

girlsalso

father and

man

has

who

has

of the

the

have

the brothers

sister ?

soeur

"

two

the brother

girl

man

mother

is
men

are

where

is the

where

are

boy ?

the children ?

of

girl

the husband

of

husband

with

the

and

wife

une

femme.

women

Model

Une
Un

le gargon

sont

La

est

mere

femme

aussi

Le

pere

pere

sont

est

la femme

l'enfant
et
avec

la

de

les parents.
les enfants.

la
sont

mere.

Qui
Qui

de

mere

Le

mere.

les deux
Oil
sont
sont

sont

ont

les parents.
et

pere
a

mari

la

parents.

Ou

est

les enfants

Les

parents?

Le

et

une

mere.

femme.

La

la fille

frere de

de

Les

de la femme

une

la fille. Le

les enfants?
les

un

fille a

filleet le gargon

sont

L'homme

l'homme.

la

est

mere

la

de

La

Le

La

soeur.

de l'homme

enfants

la fille. Les

l'homme

de

est

et

enfants

Les

une

soeur.

la femme

et

enfants.

deux

ont

la

et

gargon

de

le frere

homme

un

la fille. Le

est

gargon

avec

parents. L'homme

deux

parents

avec

Le

frere.

ont

fillesont

une

le frere de

est

gargon
un

et

gargon

Famille

le pere.

est

mere

le

pere?

enfants

gargon

et

Le
sont

la fille

ELEMENTARY

28

FRENCH

Theme
A

is with

man

of the

children
has

of the

wife

girlis

of the

brother

are

with

the

woman.

The

The

girl?

the

and

boy

The

boy.

W7ho

man.

the

The

girlis

is the

The

father

and

the

girlhave

mother

has

The

wife.

of the

father

mother

have

with

and

girl. Who

is the

children.

two

the

The

father and

mother.

man

and

Where

The

boy.

children

is the husband

man

of

parents of the girl.

the

are

boy

father

has

man

girl.The

girl.The

boy

man

the

The

The

are

of the

man.

of the

woman.

children

sister of the child ?

is the

of the

girlare

the

girlhas

sister. The

wife

the

of the

The

children.

two

the

and

boy

is the brother

is the mother

man

husband

the

girl.The

boy

girlis

girlis

of the

mother
The

The

man.

sister. The

and

boy

mother.

Oral

Qui

i.

est

3.

Qui

6.

Qui

sont

enfants

de

avec

enfants

mere

4. Oil

est

sceur?

une

les parents ?
la femme?

femme?

une

l'homme

Qui

11.

sont

Qui

est

le mari

le frere de

13. Oil est

15. Oil

est

Qui

5.

le pere

et

sister.

The

Qui

8.

sont

un

les

Qui

10.

Oil

12.

Qui

14.

parents?

la fille?

de

la fille?

de

deux

la mere?

la fille?

le garcon

Qui

enfants

deux

de

le frere

est

la sceur?

Qui

7.

9.

2.

sont
et

pere

les
une

la fille?

Resume
The

1.

boy

and

5. Where
the

has

girlare

The

2.

is the child of the

is the

girlwith

children

brojher

of the

13. The

woman

of the child?

child.
the

have

girl?

7. The

the
two

6. The

boy

father
man

boy

and

children

and

has

of the child ?

and

mother

brother

man

has

mother.

11.

father

girl.14.
a

3. The

husband.

father

is the

have

the parents

are

? 9. The

woman

The

12.

is with
15. The

man

has

woman

4. Wiho

the children.

parents of the

8. Who
10.

boy

Where

brother

of

and

sister.

children.

two

Who
two

are

is the
children.

is the mother

and

sister.

CONTRACTION

POSSESSION

"

LESSON

TWO

CONTRACTION

77.

with

Contraction
and

de
contract

de +

le

de +

les

the

POSSESSION

Whenever

Article.

the

articles le and

les, they

des

le

4- les

au

aux

of the

father, dupere

to

the

father,aupere

of the

fathers,des per es

to

the

fathers,aux

No

Note.
of the

78.

of the

son

takes

contraction

is not

pe

res

father, lefilsdupere
place before

la and

to the

family,de lafamille

Possession

sitions
prepo-

du

the

the

precede the
directly

follows

as

29

expressed in

1\

man,

Vhomme

by 's, but by

French

prepositionde, of.
John's friend,Pami
the

father,le pere
girl's

the

boy's sister,la

the children's

79.

Some

like the
and

de Jean

Possessive

sceur

of

the

nouns

lafille

du gar

con

uncle, Poticle des en/ants

Adjectives.

articles,change in form

number

de

Possessive

according

to

they modify. Among

adjectives,
the gender
them

are

ELEMENTARY

3o

FRENCH

VOCABULARY

a,

la

to

m., the friend

l'ami

the daughter,girl
fille,

le fils

the
[fis],

Berthe, Bertha

Jean, John

cher, dear

Marie, Mary

le cousin, the cousin

the uncle
l'oncle,

dans, in

la tante, the

Prefix

UNE

assise

d'une
avec

form

the proper

oncle

homme

sceurs

pere

the children

of the father,

to

of the mother

of the uncle

of the child

to

the

son

of the children

to

the

men

to

the father

of the sisters

to

the mother

of

to

the child

to

an

de

des

dure

journee

leurs

enfants,
nous

petite soeur

de

ces

de

femmes

fils,l'homme

son

cote

gens

la

d'arbre, est

de

grand'mere,

ils

le repas

du

apres

voyons

la fille la

d'elle.

honnetes

La

reposent

se

soir.

plus

famille
et

debout

tient

se

travail,et

economes

Face

agee,

est

son

pauvre,
que

aunt*

fichu

un

la campagne.

qui

wife

la gravure,

Dans

PAYSANS.

DE

FAMILLE

le tronc

sur

(a)my

in French

Express

HUMBLE

for

freres

grand'mere
labeur

below

nouns

famille

plutot commune
femme

the

to

(c)his, (d) the, (e) her

(b)your,

2.

aunt

EXERCISE

Drill
I.

son

cote
a

et

d'elle

est

sur

de

cour

parents

est

bru,

ce

la

la fin

la ferme
et

les genoux

cependant

la France

sa

C'est

cotes.

la

leurs

frere

la tete, coiffure

sur

ses

dans

l'autre page,

c'est

leur
et

sa

le

par

qu'elle

est.

ELEMENTARY

32
3. Translate

into

FRENCH

French

"

my

brother

your

my

father's brother

the

my

cousin's

brother

my

cousins'

brother

dear

to

the

son

the child's brother

dear

to

her

son

John's brother

dear

to

his mother

Ma
Dans
la

cher

deux

aux

des

enfants.

fils. Mon

de

Mes

sceurs,

pere

une

sont

a
ma

mari

cousins.

femme

est

ma

de

oncle.

Jean

est

la

et

de

fils est
La

les parents
filles et
Mon

sont

un

pere

parents.

mes

parents. Mon

mes

mon

et

mere.

mere.

ma

mere

sceur

Le

deux

ont

est

pere

sont

mere

les filles de

la

mon

cousin

Mon

et

pere

est

le pere
la

et

du

aussi.

mere

parents

mes

Sa

tante

la

sont

pere

Berthe, sont

Ma

Son

Le

Mon

et

friend's wife

les enfants

parents

femme.

mere.

et

pere

famille

une

sceur.

mes

au

pere.

ma

Marie

mari.

un

du

Dans

pere

le mari

est

cher

parents. Les

la femme

est

mere

fils est

Le

mere.

boy's aunt

Famille

famille le fils et la flllesont

une

aunt

Ma

pere.

Les

enfants

cher

au

tante

de

mon

oncle

frere de

mon

oncle.

Theme

John

and

father

John's
My

father

uncle's

is

cousin.

is

cousin's

family. The

John's

John's sisters ?

aunt.

the

are

John has

John

children

of

the

is your
aunt

cousin
to
are

has

mother

and

is dear

girlswith John

two

Who

mother.

has

My

uncle

and

friend

My

uncle.

My

father

friend.

uncle's wife.

mother

to

sisters

is my

has

parents.

mother's

brother

is my
son

his

The

is my

friend

My

are

Bertha.

mother's
aunt

friend.

mother

and

Mary
My

is my

the

cousin

sisters,
parents.
brother.

uncle's

have

also.

His

An

son.

The
and

his sisters. Who

wife ?

cousin's
to

the

is dear

CONTRACTION

POSSESSION

"

33

Oral

Qui

1.

femme
est

8.

de votre

Qui

cousin?

oncle?

votre

cher

est

Qui

14.

les parents des

femme

oncle

votre

de

mere

de

est

1 r

13.

et

Qui

Qui

la

Qui

mere

Berthe

est

votre

le fils de

est

cousin?

votre

est

5.

votre

Marie

sont

Qui

enfants

Qui

ami

votre

les parents

sont

7.

Qui

? 9.

mere

de

la

est

les parents ? 3.

sont

sont

une

votre

femme

Qui

12.

Qui

2.

Qui

Qui

6.

la

est

4.

les fillesde

sont

Qui

pere

pere ?

votre

1 o.

les enfants

sont

15.

Qui

parents ?

aux

Resume

3.

friend

My

1.

cousin

My

is my

has

has

father's brother.
of

children

dear

the father.

to

also.

9. Who

cousin

my

friend
the

to

15.

mother.

Mary

and

boy

and

of the

Where

11.

The

Bertha

are

80.

Present

je suis,I
tu

VERB

AND

Tense

of

Note

the form
Note

This

i.

of
2.

verb
Observe

of

that

itre,to

father's

with

12.

My

is dear

sister.

friend.

"TRE

be.

the

is not

are

nous

sommes,

we

vous

etes, you

are

ils (elles)
sont,

with

je

child

brother's

my

illustrates the fact that in

changes

my

family

are

parents?

13. The

son

SUBJECT

(she)is

tense

of his

boys

is

son

THREE

art

il (elle)
est, he

children's

daughters of

am

es, thou

The

10.

uncle
sister.

7. The

the friends

aunt.

My

4.

mother's

cousins.

to

is the

is his

daughter.

family.

LESSON

wife

is your

boys?

his

boy
the

my

the

are

girlin

14.

are

is dear

son

father

is the

John.

has

John's parents
8. The

and

son

friend's wife

My

5.

uncle's

His

2.

children,a

two

6. The

uncle.

an

person

and

they are

French,

as

number

of its

capitalized.See

Sec.

5.

in

English,
subject.

ELEMENTARY

34
It and

81.

They,

special form

no

used

refers.

Likewise

I have

book

I have

pen

She

has

French, having

for

the

the

according to

FRENCH

they

is ils

or

; it is here.
; it is here.

pencils; they

two

it. II

subject pronoun

gender

are

of the

word

elles

the

as

J'ai

tin

fai

une

gender, has

neuter

no

or

which

to

elle

is

the

it

gender demands.

livre ; il est ici.

plume

Elle

77

deux

deux

elle est ici.

crayons

ils sont

ici.

here.
He

has two

82.

pens ;

is

brother

The

men

When

plumes

subject of

the

; elles sont

ici.

affirmative

an

does

not

verb.

has

are

here.

are

expressed,a subjectpronoun

noun

the

accompany

My

Noun.

Subject

sentence

they

two

books.

Monfrere

here.

Les

hommes

deux
sont

livres.
ici.

VOCABULARY

la

a, at, to

fe banc

le

[ba],the bench, settee

bureau, the desk
(of the
teacher)
cahier [ka-je],
the notebook

la

classe,the class

le

le crayon,

the

pencil

dans, in, into

ici,here
le

teacher

school-

m.

la maitresse, the teacher

f.

la plume, the pen

for

pour,

the school
l'e*cole/,
al'"ole,at school

m.f.,the pupil

le fauteuil,the

d'"ole, the

la porte, the door

devant, before, in front of

etes-vous, are

livre,the book

le maitre

derriere,behind

l'eleve

fenetre,the window

you

armchair, chair

(ofthe teacher)

le

pupitre, the

desk

(of

the

pupil)
quatre, four
la salle de classe,the classroom
sur,

on

le tableau, the blackboard

un,

une,

(as a numeral)

one

VERB

AND

SUBJECT"

ETRE

35

Drill
i.
a.

Translate

into

French

"

of the

boy

of the parents

of the

girl

to

cf the

man

of the pens

of the

men

to

of the
at

the blackboard

the

to

the

boy
girl

to

the

man

at

the window

to

the

men

at

one

the desk
the desk

the school

(of the teacher)

(of the pupil)

in the school
on

the

the

armchair, it is here
it is here

pen,

the blackboard

notebooks, they are

here

one

pen

the pens,

one

of the windows

the pens

Give

the

full tense

of

je suis

devant

Ma

Je suis

l'ecole

la salle de

fauteuil
les bancs

avec

et

les crayons

devant

les

pupitrespour

du

maitre

sont

here

ici,etc.

la fenetre

Classe

de

frere.

Elle

are

l'ecole

Salle
mon

classe.

le bureau

et

es

je suis

Model

here

they are

"

je suis ici,tu

dans

school

at

the class

window

of the classroom

the teacher

to

pupil

the classroom

the school-teacher

2.

the book

to

b. the teacher

c.

the teachers

deux

Nous

portes

le tableau

sont

les eleves
sur

ici. Nous

sommes

et

quatre fenetres.

pour

le maitre

de la classe.

le bureau.

sommes

Ses

Les

plumes

Le

d'ecole
livres

sont

et

aussi

36

ELEMENTARY

sur

bureau.

son

maitre

est

le bureau
sont

tableau

du

maitre.

plumes

derriere
Deux

lis

"

le

sur
sur

eleves

les

sur

bureau.

son

des

sont

Elles sont

"

e'leves sont

cahiers des

au

livres ?

vos

vos

Les

FRENCH

Une

sont

pupitrede

pupitres. Le

eleve

fenetres.

aux

frere.

mon

devant

est

"Ou

Oil

"

sont

"
pupitre.

mon

Theme
We

The

books.

my

pencilsare

The

teacher's

blackboard

has

four

here

are

and

teacher
"

Who

The

chair

has

Are

the

also

desk."
has

doors.

two

pupil'snotebook.

books

my

in front

are

the teacher.

is behind

has

teacher

in the classroom.

pupils are
It has

the teacher's

on

in the desks.
desk

the

and

windows.

The

of the teacher.

They

and

teacher

the board.

at

in front

am

The

classroom

pupil is

One
I

school.

at

are

The

"

"

I have

pupils'pens

his book

his desk.

on

The

of the blackboard.
behind

you

the teacher

Oral
Ou

i.

3. Ou
a

etes-vous?

6.

bureau?

un

de

crayon

Qui

12.

UNE

dans

noir,
entre

pantalon

en

banc

son

Son

suivent.

pupitre
des

et

court,
le

voisin

ouvert.

gravures

le maitre.

Les

platre est

la pour

et

les

de

Qui

11.

eux,
en

de

est

est

le

les cahiers

sont

tableau?

au

le fauteuil?

dans

change

gravure

petitsgarcons

portent

petits Francais
servir

9. Ou

Qui

5.

7. Oil

maitre?

des

le livre

of

14.

Oil

est

See

Sec.

69.

la main,

au

mur,

aide

aux

nous

Ici Tun

pendant que
quelque chose

modele.

voyons

une

tous

de

classe
tablier

en

d'eux,

lit

descriptions que

apprennent

salle

une

generalement

sont

chaussettes.
a

speaker.

represente

droite, cependant, cherche

venir

pupitre?

un

la salle de classe ?

Cette

pupitre,et

Derriere
pour

l'ecole ?

usuallyindicates

primaire, oil

ecole

a.

classe?

la salle de

livres ?

vos

dans

est

CLASSE.

DE

SALLE

une

Qui

15.

in French

dash

13. Etes-vous

plume?

livre ?

votre

Qui

8.

Qui

4.

les livres du

sont

Etes-vous

10.

la

maitre?

du

Ou

l'eleve ?

eleves?

des

et

le fauteuil

est

dans

Sommes-nous

2.

debout

les autres
dans

couple

de

pourra

leur

le dessin,

et

son

cartes,

faire

le relief

en

UNE

SALLE

DE

CLASSE

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

38
Resume
Are

i.

you

also

at

of

the

windows

two

3. The

pupils have

6. The

man's

and

son

they

are

on

sister.

son.

notebooks?
teacher

desk.

has

is the

They
her

are

chair

behind

the

teacher's

of

has

the

at

her

class

11.

14.

is his

am

and

Where

are

books.

the

the

pencils;

windows

four

with

the

are

7. The

her

desk.

window?

desk

your

behind

have

8.

pupils of

the

desk.

the benches.

It is in my

pen?

before

on

school.

at

are

blackboard

the

The

2.

of the books

4. Four

the notebooks

man
on

sister?

at

are

classroom

The

and

here.

9. One

is the
12.

13. Who

doors.

daughter

Where

10.

teacher's

my

are

5. We

brother

your

pencilare

school-teacher.

"for the

with

classroom

and

pupil'spen

door.

school

15.

the
two

the
The

desk.

REVIEW
(Lessons

A.

Give

all forms

One

Drill

General

of the

Three)

to

for

words

French

his, your,
Give

2.

each

case

3.

the
how

gender
the

of the

gender

is known

state

my,

famille

plume

eleve

livre

before

the

below

nouns

the

(e) of

proper
the.

form

sceur

tantes

e'leve

tableau

fen"tre

livres

by examples

elision and

for

Also, when

allows, for (f)a, (g) two.

Illustrate

in

fille

number

4.

and

followingnouns

pere

Place

a,

her.

(a) the, (b) his, (c) to the, (d)your,

the

the,

contraction.

84.

Present

of erre,

Tense

suis pas, /

je ne
tu

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

40

not

am

n'es pas

Negatively.

etc.

il (elle)
n'est pas

85.

I
j'ai,

have

as, thou

hast

il (elle)
a, he

b.

n'etes

pas,

we

not

are

etc.

pas

ils (elles)
ne

sont

nous

avons,

we

vous

avez,

pas

have
have

you

they have

ils (elles)
ont,

(she)has

Negatively:

je n'ai
tu

vous

sommes

:
Affirmatively

a.

tu

ne

of avoir.

Tense

Present

nous

pas, I have

n'as pas

not

etc.

verbs

The

of avoir

Present

forms

compound

sometimes

represents

n'avons

vous

n'avez

pas,

we

have

not

etc.

pas

ils (elles)
n'ont pas

il (elle)
n'a pas

86.

nous

the

with

Participles of other

Past

tense, the past

indefinite,which
the

English perfect,sometimes

English simple past.

J'aitrouve" la regie.

/ have found

P211e a trouve"

She has

n'avons

Nous

plume.

sa

apporte

pas

les

We

and

have

not

bring)the

livres.
Note.

(Ifound) the ruler.

found {shefound)her pen.

Observe

the

brought (did

books.

after the form

position of pas, directly

precedingthe past participle.

VOCABULARY

apportS,brought
apres,

after

assis, seated, sitting

le bras, the

arm

la carte, the map

la

cloche,the bell

la cour, the

yard

debout, standing
donne, give,gives
l'encre

not

/., the

ink

of avoir

THE

l'encrier

NEGATIVE

the

m.,
[a-kri-e]

AVOIR

"

stand
ink-

41

quand, when
la regie, the ruler

la France, France
la

rings
under

lecon, the lesson

sous,

mais, but

trouve\ found
voici,here is

shows, is showing

montre,
le

sonne,

porte-plume, the penholder

vont, go

(3dpi.)

EXERCISE

Drill
into French

1.

Translate

2.

Put into French

Continue

3.

encrier

je n'ai

pas

Read

the expressionsin
negatively,

le

the

je ne

Model

II

est

debout

devant

est

tableau.

l'eleve. Deux

plume

Salle

Une

au

et un

and b.

est

avec

eleves
cahier.

ses

sont

crayon

affirmative
Make

II

eleves.
maitre

Le

L'encre

est

la classe.
a

une

montre

assis devant
dans

tences
sen-

change

no

voici.

Classe

de

e'leves dans

ses

un

debout

expressionsbeginning with

in

maitre

eleve

negativeaffirmative.

the

Le

the

below, making

Model

questions,nor

suis pas

j'aitrouve'

porte-plume

negative,and
in the

"

j'aiun

4.

"

II n'est pas

regie sous
une

le tableau.

carte

lis

l'encrier. Nous

assis.

le bras
de
ont
sommes

; un

France
un

porteassis.

ELEMENTARY

42

Je

donne

plume

une

crayon?

Elle

plume.

Les

sonne.

eleves

porte-plume. Je n'ai pas

un

cahier.

un

mon

la

dans

Nous

cour.

sommes

ne

Ou

"

un

j'aiapporte

ma

la lecon, la cloche
la

est

dans

pas

Avez-vous

"

mais

crayon,

"
pupitre.
Apres

mon

vont

l'ecole.

derriere

est

trouve

dans

est

ici. Void

pas

Je n'ai pas

"

II

eleve.

un

II n'est

cahier.

mon

FRENCH

la

cour

cour.

Elle

"

"

Theme
11

yard
M

is in the

Who
is

The
class.

The

ruler.

He

at

bell

is

is

found

inkstand
the

it

uncle's

teacher

has

the

the

of

the

is

not

teacher's

has

his

not

pencil.
is the

Where

desk.

not

has

He

bring my

not

the

pupils are

school.

at

room."
class-

into

He

pupils. The

his book.

not

teacher."

blackboard.

books, but I did

on

the

window

the

The

yard.

rings,the pupils go

the

son

with

not

are

at

at

to

map

penholder

The

is

When

in the

pupils are
We

He

brought my

The

standing

My

I have

"

"

the

showing

the blackboard.

I have

rings.

teacher

his books.

to

teacher

is the

"

of the school.

in front

not

Where

yard ?

book

pupil gives a

teacher.

Oral
Avez-vous

i.

dans

est

la salle de

sous

le bras?

7. A

qui (whom)

plume

12.

Ou

14.

Qui

1 o.

Qui

5.

Ou

vont

les

est

dans

classe ? 3.
est

8. Ou

?
est

la

au

cour

la

cour

dans

Qui

apres

la gravure

est

tableau?

debout
6.

11.

quand

la cloche

Qui

4.

Qui

Qui

apporte
Oil

13.

sonne?

Qui

2.

regie

une

la carte?

montre

9.

Avez-vous

la classe?

?
(picture)

les eleves ?

sont

l'encre ?

eleves

les e'leves dans

avec

le maitre

trouve

porte-

un

livres ?

vos

la cour?

est

15.

Qui

est

Resume
1.

The

ink is in the inkstand

gives a penholder
the armchair

to

her

son.

in the classroom.

on

the

3. The
4. The

pupil'sdesk.
pupils are
children

are

2.

My

sister

standing behind
not

in the

yard

Le

maitre

demande
"

DE

SALLE

UNE

La

l'eleve

France,

EN

CLASSE

Quel

est

monsieur

"

"

ALSACE

le pays
,

repond

represente
l'eleve

au

tableau

ELEMENTARY

44
with

brother.

your

notebook.

6. Here

teacher.

7. The

and

girlgo

boy

They

are

window.
13.

Mary

14.

Here

found

is the

woman;

she

showing

the map

is

his pen,

into the classroom

It is

her

on

the bench.

not

on

12.

Who

did

5. We

teacher

the ruler.

found

FRENCH

is the
find

not

lesson

father

her

son;

he

and

as

the

and

verb

in the

Have

you

not

Have

you

found

pen

Tense

am

of

I?

of

the

etc.

teacher
school-

with

personal
after

JV'avez-vous

pas deux freres?

trouve

plume

une

itre"Interrogatively.

etes-vous

are

we

etc.

?
sont-ils(elles)

Negatively:

suis-je
pas?

am

'est-il
(elle)
pas ?

I not?
etc.

lesson.

15. The

bell.

sentence

sommes-nous

n'es-tu pas ?
n

the

FORMS

Avez-vous

?
est-il(elle)

ne

after

mother

Est-il da?is la chambre

brothers

two

Present

?
suis-je

b.

at

:
Affirmatively

o.

es-tu

seated

are

FIVE

Form

room

has

John's pencils?

subject is made
by placing the pronoun
joiningthe two words by a hyphen.

Is he

88.

She

the class.

to

Interrogative

pronoun

The

pupils.8.

front of the blackboard

rings the

INTERROGATIVE
The

men

the

to

rings. 9.

has

of the

Two

LESSON

87.

Who

1 o.

find her

the books

the

to

the bell

standingin

man

is the teacher's

gives a

11.

did not

we

brought

when

desk.

but

ne

n'etes-vous
ne

pas?

sommes-nous

pas ?

sont-ils(elles)
pas ?

are

we

etc.

not?

FORMS

INTERROGATIVE

89.

of avoir, Interrogatively.

Tense

Present

:
Affirmatively

a.

have

?
ai-je
?

as-tu

I?

b.

etc.

? have

pas ? have

of t in the

presence

prevent

the

succession

not

ways,
proper

forms

a-t-il and

a-t-elle is in order

vowels.

with

Subject

Nouns.

sentence

other
interrogative,
among
by placing the subject first,and repeating it by the
of the subjectpronoun
form
placed after the verb.

subjectis

whose

of two

InterrogativeForm

90.

the

men

in the

is made

noun

his

sister

the

found

Sa

two

not

your

sisters

my

book

Vos

saeurs

n'ont-elles

VOCABULARY

le neveu,

la chambre,

the

grand' mere,

the

nephew

la niece, the niece

la chaise, the chair

room

the

le grand-pere, the

grandmother
grandfather

le

jardin,the garden

la

maison, the house

a

la

maison,

at

home,

at

les deux

livre ?

aujourd'hui,today

la

dans

?
a-t-elle trouve

sceur

plumes

pens?

sont-ils

hommes

Les

room

chambre

la

we

etc.

The

Have

etc.

n'avons-nous

I not ?

Note.

Has

?
ont-ils(elles)

etc.

Are

avez-vous

we

Negatively:

'ai-je
pas

to

? have

avons-nous

?
a-t-il(elle)

45

the house

pas

mon

46

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

EXERCISE

Drill
Translate

i.

into

cousin

the inkstands

cousin

are

not

has

she ?

are

they not

am

I not

you

has

John

has

John's father

is

Mary

?
home

at

sister

the children

are

Marie

Suis-jea

(except
and

here

are

are

here

pas

k la maison

questions
"

ne

sommes

tilsn'est pas

Son

sceur

une

Ne

table ?

une

voici
.

suis-je
pas

ici

Model

below,

the

Marie

avec

le crayon

Ai-jetrouve

in the

affirmative

.)into negative,omittingthe

LA

Etes-vous

l'ecole

vous

sont

dans

?
sentences

words

oui, non,

bureau
pere

dans
?

"

une
ma

Voici

table,deux
chambre.

la maison

Jean.

"

chaises

Votre

et

sommes

Oil sont-ils ?
"

A-t-elle

fauteuil.
debout

fauteuil.

Non, il est assis

cousin

ne

pas

parents sont-ils
"

un

Etes-vous
mon

nous

Vos

"

chambre.

ma

"

"

Non,

"

la maison.

Non, je suis assis dans

est-ildans
cousin

aussi

sont

Maison

la

la maison.

chambre.

ma

aujourd'hui?

sommes

Oui, ils

Oui, elle

Famille

Pe'cole

a.

; nous

"

bureau

mon

who

mais.

"

"

found

"

Model

they not

the tables which

Jean

Change,

4.

have

here ?

la maison

N'ai-jepas

I not

men

here ?

have

Nous

3. Continue

the inkstands

the

debout

est

niece de

La

here

not

are

here

into

Change

2.

home

at

the children

are

sister

Mary's

cousin

home

at

is your
is

home

at

"

have

is she

French

"

dans

est-il l'enfant

de

une

avec

lis

"

table ?

J'aiaussi

un

devant

votre

Votre

grand-

le

jardinavec

votre

oncle?

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

48

bell

at

son

and

school?

daughter.

John's room?

9. Are

brought

not

not

showing

front

in

grandfather'schair

of France

map

to

of

window?

15. The

the

In

majorityof

je donne,
tu

Note
and

etre

it follows

give

donnes, thou givest

il donne, he

i.

avoir.

the

model

will

Yes,

14.

Is my

teacher

is

in full later.
below.

donnons,

vous

donnez, you give

ils donnent,

gives

Others

13.

nous

pupil is already familiar

The

Did

FORMS

is treated
(indicative)

verbs

12.

SIX
TENSE

Tense

Present

is in

daughter.

today ?

his desk.

standing

or

his brother's

school

to

has

his class.

to

PRESENT

The

he

the table which

on

LESSON

91.

the class

on

inkstand
the

rings the

his uncle's children?

notebook

also the teacher's

he found

and

books

my

the pens

pupilbring a penciland

the

before

seated

you

who

man

husband, and

aunt's

Mary, John's niece, is

10.

he

Has

1 1.

8. Are

the blackboard

at

is my

uncle

My

7.

is the

6. Who

desk.

It is in my

penholder?

be

given

from

with

the

time

we

give

they give

irregularpresents

to

time

in

the

of

lesson

vocabularies.

Note
with

2.

Lesson

92.
French

Interrogativeforms
Five.

Thus

Auxiliary

present

made

are

in accordance

Forms

in

simple present.
je donne,

of the

English often

Thus

give,I

correspond

am

giving,I

do

give

to

the

PRESENT

Likewise, in negativeand
il ne

donne-t-il ? is he

giving ?

giving,he

does

give

not

does he. give t

donne-t-il pas ? is he not

ne

49

forms
interrogative

pas, he is not

donne

FORMS

TENSE

giving?

does he

give ?

not

VOCABULARY

la craie,the chalk

mademoiselle, Miss

difficult
difficile,

l'exemple

m., the

trative

Mr.,
[mo-sjo],

monsieur

example, illus-

je montre, etc.,I show,

montrez-moi, show

sentence

facile,easy

le morceau,

francais, French

la phrase, the

la grammaire,

the

la lecture,the

reading

lecon

etc.

me

piece

sentence

la regie, the rule

grammar

au

Mrs., madam

madame,

the

sir

(at)the

tableau,on

blackboard

je trouve, etc.,I find,etc.

de

grammaire,

lesson

grammar

lecon de lecture,reading lesson

livre de
Note

in which

two

2.

textbook

last three

These
.

preceded by
Note

francais, French

connected

nouns
an

phrases illustrate a
by

de

French

common

correspond

in

English

usage

to

de

francais

; livre francais.
a

book

an

means

book

expression with

of French,
which

that is printed in French

we

or

are

is,a French

that

to

soon

that has

become

some

characteristic.
Irregular

je lis,/
tu

read

lis,thou

readest

Presents
nous

lisons,we

vous

lisez,
you

read
read

il lit,
he reads

ils lisent,
they read

I write
j'ecris,

nous

ecrivons,we

vous

e'crivez,
you

tu

noun

adjective.

Livre

familiar,means

book

ecris,thou

writest

il ecrit,he writes

write

write

ils ecrivent, they write

French

ELEMENTARY

5o

EXERCISE

Drill
Translate

FRENCH

into French

"

a.

he shows

are

she reads

does

he read ?

he writes

does

the

we

give

we

are

are

we

do
b.

c.

2.

giving

have

giving?

did he

book

French

reading book

Mr.

book

yes,

Mrs.

Lacour

no,

Miss

Lacour

Continue

3.

les

donne

la

Lacour

Miss

Lacour

yes, Mr.

Lacour

no,

pas

n'ai-je
pas
au
suis-je

trouve

la

tableau

grammaire

cahier?
lecon

ils lis

enfants

ecriv--

la

grammaire

je ne

deux

donn

regie
legons

subjectsof the verbs

the meaning allows,making the corresponding
verbs.
Replace them likewise by vous ; elles.

in the

followingModel

the

French

mademoiselle

and

In conversation

phrases

mes

elle

don"

phrase
regies

by je,whenever
changes in the

pas

carte

Replace

with
similarly

lesson
yes, Mrs.

je n'ecris

blanks

Fill the

lis---

French

here, sir

lecon

elle donn

4.

rules

regies

montrent

vous

the grammar

je trouve

montr"

nous

lesson

"

je donne
je lis la

he find ?

sir

je montre
je ne

find ?

sir

am

the grammar

my

Lacour

pupil read

I found

does

giving?

they showing

are

give?

we

not

we

the

say oui, madame,

monsieur.

not

out,

Madame

Lacour

Model

La

N'avez-vous

"

est

sur

e'leves. 11 litles

aux

dans

mon

sont

sur

cahier

le

maitre, et

apporte

nous

maitre

son

les

elle

est

phrases qui

les exercices

II

sa

Montrez-moi
facile."

la

Apres
e'leves

Les

lecture.

lisons apres

les e'leves. Nous

litdevant

avec

J'e'cris

exemples.
"

le^on de

la

eleves.

cahier.

Non,

"

avons

ecrivons

nous

les

tableau

au

aux

ecrivons

frere n'ecrit pas

Mon

Le

exemples

Nous

est-elle difficile?

n'e'crivent pas.

leQon de grammaire

exemples

les

il

Oui, monsieur,

"

une

il e'critles

plume.

ma

grammaire

de

la lecon

francais ?
donne

montre

il n'a pas

mais

lecon

La

II

avec

le tableau.

grammaire,
lecon.

regies,et

craie.

de

morceau

un

maitre

Le

pupitre."

mon

51

Leqon

livre de

votre

pas

FORMS

TENSE

PRESENT

la maison.

Theme

Today
of

front

the

is

cousin

have

we

class.

not

Yes, sir ; he

grammar

"

Where
Show

to

Show

the
the

are
me

write

and

is

not

me

the

the

He

is

"

"

After

examples."
We

the

teacher.

board

and

he

the

on

the lesson

the

not

we

rules of

notebook.

blackboard."

the children

exercises

the

show

writing

Have

in

My

chalk ? "

gives the

examples

are

is

the

"

chalk."

teacher

They

standing in

with

piece of

is

writing with

pupilsand they write

exercises.

the

the

at

Yes, sir." The

examples

teacher

lesson

brother

your

"

The

lesson.

read

writing with

lesson ?

the lesson
M

We

"Is

reading

his desk.

at

exercise.

the

to

the

go

home

teacher.

notebook."

your

Oral
1.

donne
au

Montrez-moi
la lecon

tableau?

6. Les

votre

enfants

grammaire?

de

5.

livre de

grammaire?

francais.
4.

lisent-ilsles
8. La

lecon

regies?
de

maitre

Le

ficrit-il
les regies au

2.

tableau

7. Votre

grammaire

Oil

est-il? 3.

ecrit-il les
avec

un

Qui

regies

crayon?

frere a-t-ilapporte
n'est-elle pas

sa

difficile?

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

52

9. Avons-nous

lecture

c,on de

d'hui ?

aujour-

Qui litapres

1 o.

maitre?

le

les

sont

lecon?

le-

une

Ou

11.

exemples de
Les

12.

ecrivent-ils

eleves
tableau ?

au

ficrivez-vous

13.

exercices
A

14.

vos

l'ecole ?

qui (whom)

les

donnent-ils

les

eleves

exercices ? 15. Les

fants

la

en-

la

vont-ils dans

cour

la lecbn ?

apres

Resume
The

1.

the

writing
LA

DERNIERE

A la suite de la guerre

devinrent
caise

870, l'Alsace
la

et

enseignee

les

he

fran-

ecoles1

to

of grammar
1

"

ici

Mes

maitre

enfants, c'est

II

ne

un

gros

sous

Mes

La
est

des

nos

amis, dit-il,
mes
de
:

craie, et,
"

Vive

amis, je

achever

pas

sa
en

appuyant

la France

qui

! "

je

reading the

de

cette

derniere

se

Alors
de

revenaient

leva, tout
Mais

"

il

se

toutes

ses

rules

de

Le
de

nouveau

francais.
Au

chose
le

sa

"

meme

l'exercice

pale, dans
vers

repro-

nous

epoque

lecon

quelque
tourna

map

today easy? No,

fais la classe.

je vous

Hamel

phrase.

for

French

giving a

midi, puis PAngelus.

Prussiens
M.

does

the children?

to

am

is

incident

un

c'est votre

fenetres.

When

Classe, dont

Demttre

Aujourd'hui,
l'horloge de 1'eglisesonna

coup

qu'ilput

lesson

fois que

demain.

pouvait

morceau

Daudet,

3. I

teacher

5. Is the

la derniere

les trompettes

moment,

"

his class.

d'Alphonse

4. The

son.

quelques paragraphes,

arrive

Tout

terent

to

L'histoire

duisons

sister's

my

board.
black-

the

give

lesson
'

of France

grammar

raine
la Lor-

et

langue

dans

are

the

on

2.

de

allemandes,

d'etre

cessa

lesson

CLASSE

pupils

eclachaire.

l'etourrait.

tableau, prit

forces, il ecrivit

aussi

PRESENT

sir,it is difficult.
teacher

home.

8. Miss

school

the

After

10.

and

Show

12.

is

who

Riou

the

the French
French

brother

found

the

with

pencils; they

the

to

sister go

to

on

in

are

your

school.

11.

Mr.

house.

13.

When

15. Here

chalk.

the

desk.

pupils. 14.

9. At

of

yard.

at

Mary

the bell

is the

man

the table.

on

are

are

exercises

piece

mother,

after the

notebook.

into the

girlsgo

which

lesson
the

examples

exercises

and

write

we

and

books

reading
in her

and

boys

53

sentences

John's father

Riou,

her

the

write

the lesson

me

the

the

but

Hamel,

writes

FORMS

read

you

Miss

teachers

showing

rings, my

6. Do

7. Yes,

Mrs.

TENSE

REVIEW
(Lessons
A.

1.

the

Complete

Four

General

present

Six)

to

Drill

indicative

of

(b)j'"ris (neg.),(c) j'ai (neg.-int),

(d) je
2.
Express in French

(a) je

montre,

(int.).

suis

"

(7.

she

gives

she has
b. did she

has

she has found

she

she found

she is

bring ?

does

brought ?

is she ?

she

she

bring ?

is she

giving?

is she

reading?

we

are

not

showing

we

do

we

did

not

show

we

have

d. do you

not

read ?

did you

not

find ?

are

not

giving?

c.

have
3.

you

Change
vous

not

to

found

the

etes

les chaises
les hommes

sont
ont

show

not

you

not

found

interrogative
"

il n'a pas

trouve

le maitre

lit

la fillen'e'critpas

writes

ELEMENTARY

54
Translate

4.

reading

he is

in
sitting

we

they go
or

here

the chair

she is
a

is it ?

form

with

Then,

j'aiun

livre

John is

found

on

my

uncle.
exercise.
10.

Are

write

9. Did

to

your
at

pupil who
The

niece.

is

the

5. Where

desk.

pupils.
6. Where

15. Mr.

standing at

me

today?

and

who

man

standing in

the window.

or

is

on

with

No, sir,they

the bench

Mrs.

which
pen

Are

2.

you

is

is

girlwho

showing

find my

lesson ?

rings the

bell is

book
your
a
are

to

school

desk?

pencil?
at

reading his

11.
12.

school.
grammar

front of the teacher's

Lebon, Mary's father and

desk

his

pen?

We

writing my

am

writing

you

is the

Here

did

French

boy bring his

with

eleves

aux

school-teacher

notebook

book

carte

is the French

7. The

your

the

is

3.

The

sittingon

girlwho

la

sister.

pencils. 4.

exercises
home

and

the blackboard?

on

reading the

you

children

4.

Show

8%

lecon

French

into

his brother

with

reading lesson today.

; elles ; l'61eve ;

vous

exercices

Translate

lesson

France

It is here

not

the teacher's
of

map

je montre

B.

grammar

nous

je lis la
les
j'ecris

the

of France

each

l'e'oole

je suis

1.

the map

me

map

by

il ;

grammar

subject,change to the negative

interrogative
; negative-interrogative.

the

; to

grand-

lesson

French
show

penholder

Replace, below, je by

the

or

home

at

grammar

.a

grandfather

mother

school

to

is

freres.

ses

the

no

where

"

standing

are

yes

French

into

he is

FRENCH

have

not

my

French

today ?
Do
Are
13.

you
the
The

lesson.
is your

mother,

are

56

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

VOCABULARY

the path
l'all""e/.,
l'animal

the animal

m.,

l'arbre m.,

gns,

the

tree

le

bois, the wood

la

bonne, the maid, nursemaid

le

gray

journal,the newspaper

le manteau,

the cloak

le monsieur

the gentleman
[ma-sjo],

le chapeau, the hat

le pare

[park],the park

le gateau, the cake

le sac, the

bag

je chante, etc.,I sing,etc.

a
en

cote* de, beside

face

de, opposite

attention
voila, there is (are){calling
il y a, there

3. Continue

j'aideux
je n'ai

an

object)

(are)(merelystatingexistence of an

object)

"

je ne

yeux

pas

je donne

is

to

un

deux
sac

chante

pas

nez

je lis les journaux

de noix

ne

suis-je
pas

dans

les bois ?

PLURAL

Translate

into

there 's my

horse

4.

there is a horse
behind

the

French

in the

NOUNS

57

"

park

from

word
from

deux, deux

the

Model
that

Dans

de

le bois

pluraland

genoux
est

et

with

noun

then

vice

hiboux.

versa

the

fying
modi-

change each
(change un to

des enfants

dans

les chevaux

il y

l'allee. Les

qui

homme

un

fils

et

l'homme
est

il
les

sur

joujoux

la bonne.
dans

sont

Voila

gris. Son chapeau

sont

de

les arbres.

de

des

est

parc

oiseau.

un

cote

Un

les bras

les gateaux

et

de l'enfant

yeux

sont

les noix

l'homme.

dans

est

le banc.

Le

pere.

hibou

les cailloux de

sur

mon

chantent

Le

sur

les fils de
Les

de

neveux

oiseaux

journaux

derriere le banc

l'allee pour

Les

deux

du monsieur.

enfants

aux

il y

bonne

manteaux

is gray

Parc

les

avec

maison.

qui lit ses

une

each

precedes it,and

the

le parc

ma

homme

sing?

un).

to

Je suis dans

un

below

Le

face

he

the owls' holes

Model

en

does

the owl's hole

(ifany)
singularto

the

singing

tree

oppositethe park
5. Take

he is

the owl

trees

the

beside

OF

les

et

Elle donne

son

Dans

sac.

cheval.

son

Theme
There

is

path for the horses.

the
a

book

of the
on

There

park.

the

bird."

to

and

animals
Beside

hats, and

is

child.

maid

and

child's eyes

has

maid,

on

are

cakes.

two

birds.

newspapers.

the

On

Here

the
's

are

maid

are

gentleman

maid

He

gray.

two

there

woods

nephews

bench

The

bench,
a

the

In

of my

horses

two

bench!

The
he

the

The

playthings.There

reading his

house.

park opposite my

owls.

the

The

the children's
and

reading

is in the
reads

his

sons.

in

not

are

is

is

arms

lesson

owl

is

cloaks,
He

is

ELEMENTARY

58

FRENCH

Oral
Le

i.

pare

ils dans

les arbres ?

animal?
est

face de
3. Ou

5. Lisez-vous
les genoux

sur

la bonne

? 9. 0

vos

des

eleves

Vos

11.

sont-ils dans

les fils de
deux

? 8. L'enfant

sont-ils

yeux

oiseaux
hibou

4.

Le

est

la bonne?

Qui

7.

de

livre est-il

chapeaux

frere

et votre

deux

est-il un

Les

12.

sont-

les bras

Votre

10.

gris?

13. Vous

Avez-vous

14.

Les

2.

est-ildans

les chevaux

la classe ?

parents?

vos

6. Ou

journaux?

l'allee pour

est

11

les arbres ?

sont

les

maison

votre

de la bonne

genoux?

sur

vous

est-il en

etes-vous

15. Avez-

genoux?

nez?

Resume

The

2.

maid

The

1.

who

gives the

man

the birds in the

the

jewels to

which

opposite his

are

two

the children

owls

in the holes
who

10.

The

reading

1 1.

The

maid

LA

du

est

du

tres

frequente
Le

derriere

est

fut habite

derniers

jardin est

voyez

fut construit
et

plus

est

le

dans

orne

de

la fontaine

palaisdu Luxembourg, ou
1615 a 1620 pour Marie

par

divers

princes

et

Le

le Senat
de

the

pare

de

batiment

que

tient

de

ses

1'un
situe

enfants
pour

reservee

d'art, parmi

grands arbres,
Ton

distingue
Ce palais

seances.

Medicis, femme

est

Paris, et

les

par

oeuvres

encadree

pupils.

dont

II

etudiants

is

Where

12.

pares,

que

two

difficult.

Luxembourg.
des

partie du

Medicis,
cote.

ses

gray,

are

not

arms.

pour

d'autres

et

statues

d'a

de

la

surtout

are

9. There

it is

ainsi

eux-memes

de

la gravure

fameux

celui du

beaucoup

visitant

skies

house.

is in her

No,

noses?

8. There

and

giving

in the woods

two

man

is

aunt

playthingsto

animals

est

les etudiants

par

detache

lesquellesse
que

Paris
beaux

found

are

our

and

the child who

MEDiCIS.

des

the

on

Quartier Latin, oil demeurent

jeux.
vous

is

singingto

et

connus

voisinage, ces

leurs

lesson

DE

FONTAINE

mieux

pres

is

the cakes

brought

nephews

My

4.

school.
of

in front

trees

book.

7. The

knees.

two

French

My

horses
the

6. Has

and

3.

garden.

going (vont)to

not

reading

father's

My

house.

of the

gentleman

uncle's

5.

eyes

are

the

des

of my

is

settee

the children.

to

sister.

my

the

on

nuts

trees

sir,but he has
and

is

de

Henri

princesses jusqu'a la Revolution.

IV,

LA

FONTAINE

DE

M^DICIS

60

ELEMENTARY

are

the

not

the

son

is

children's

find the

boy

park.

the

French

16.

which

birds

are

singingin

in the

in the

Did

18.

the

on

the

on

the woods

in form

to

agree

of

4.

singing to

the

My
his

his newspapers

17. Is
lesson

grammar

French

books

19. The

is the

the

to

found

boys
park

in

the

are

EIGHT
OF

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives. Adjectives in

with

AGREEMENT

Agreement

or

Here

20.

13. Did

for the animals.

benches?

table.

is

and

reads

nuts

give

you

LESSON

94.

path

who

of

bag

here.

not

are

gentleman'sgarden

gentleman

also

seated

are

They

giving a reading lesson

today?

pupils who
nuts

has

He

cloaks?

pebbles

is the

teacher

his class

the

the

15. Here

the

and

cabbages

standing on

mother.

to

hats

FRENCH

the

and

gender

French
of the

number

vary
words

they modify.
95.

adding
le

same

to

Plural

The
way

as

petitgarc,on,

le gros
la

mute

of

the

Adjectives

the

of

pluralof

Note

2.

singular and

la

of similar

nouns

largeyard

les

plural,feminine

in

the

the littleboys

chiens,the big dogs

the largecities
grandes villes,
in the

plural.

has, therefore,normally four

adjective

grands, grande, grandes.

by

ending.

petitsgargons,

les gros

Bleu, blue,however, takes

An

the

granclecour,

les

the littleboy

chien,the bigdog

i.

regularlyformed

Adjectives is generallyformed

the largecity
grande ville,
Note

is

masculine.

grand jardin,the largegarden

96.

le

Feminine

The

singular and

plural;

forms

for

masculine

example, grand,

AGREEMENT

97.

Double

and

son

98.

applied
same

le

of

Feminine

either

to
as

way

the

small.

Nouns.

have

sex

feminine

and

Enfant

for both

many

the

of

few

masculine

which

nouns

feminine

other

fies
adjectivemodi-

same

takes

form.

Sonjilset sajillesont petits.

form

may

made

in

be
the

adjectives.

cousin, la cousine, the cousin

Note.

the

gender, it

daughter are

ADJECTIVES

When

Agreement.

of different

nouns

His

OF

ami,

un

amie,

une

of this type have

nouns

friend

the

same

form

genders.
VOCABULARY

l'ami

long, long

bleu,blue

parce

charmant, attractive

petit,small, little
la

dog

ciel,the sky
content,

la

je joue,etc.,I play,etc.

beau, beautiful,handsome

le chien, the
le

friend

(/.amie), the

que, because

piece, the

room

plein, full
pourquoi, why

glad

cuisine, the kitchen

je represents, etc.,I represent,^.

le

je demeure, etc.,I dwell,live,etc.

rideau, the curtain

la

the leaf
feuille,

la

fleur,the flower

la rue, the

gai, cheerful

le

rond, round
street

salon, the parlor

seul, only,alone

grand, large
gros,

big

le tableau,the

haut

(Note),high

le vase, the

l'herbe/,the

la ville

joli,pretty
la chambre

etre

de
Note.

The

the

manger,

de retour, to be

in haut. is

the city
[vjl],

coucher, the bedroom

quelle couleur
h

vase

vert, green

grass

la salle

blackboard
picture,

dining-room

back

of what

aspirate; see

color ?
Sec.

52.

62

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

EXERCISE

Drin

(bothnumbers

all forms

Give

i.

and

le

votre

son

joli

charmant

bleu

mauvais

francais

plein

seul

gai

Translate

French

into

"

largetable

the window

is round

(/)

his cousin

big dog

beautiful

two

the skies

the pretty leaves

full of

is attractive

the grass

is green

your

the flower

is blue

the

my

littleroom

curtains
blue

are

pictures

friend

(/)

and

boy

is

glad

girlare

his brother

and

pretty

sister

sary
Replace in the followingsentences, making all neceschanges in agreement, Jean by Marie ; by vos neveux

3.

mes

Jean

cou

sines.

est

mon

ici. II

est

"

petit

2.

by

genders) of

deux

chiens.

gros

grand, mais

II n'est pas

petitami.

il est

II

bon.

Est-il seul ?

Model
_

La

Jean
parce

de

qu'ila

grandes
tres

est

et

retour

Voici
un

charmants

enfants

avec

un

famille.

fenetres.
une

dans

Le

Les

ciel du

salon

Elle

tableau
Le

petitefilleest

chien.

La

verte.

Les

arbres

est

tres

est

plein de joliesfleurs.

et

Le

est

grande

tres

joli.II

des

est

sont

est
sur

verts

n'est pas

deux

fenetres

sont

tableau

Un
II

bleu.

tres

assise

ronde.

garcon

les feuilles
salon

est

maison

une

longs rideaux

le tableau.

gros

oncle

Son

petitetable.

jardin.Le

represente

Maison

la maison.

grande

une

hautes

beaux.

_.

debout

l'herbe.
aussi.

la seule

deux

et

joue

L'herbe
Le

jardin

piece de

la

ELEMENTARY

64
and

attractive

an

flowers

the

glad because

are

table

is

leaves

round;

of

the

what

green.

16. The

flowers
teacher.

color

8.

your

curtains

in the
20.

the

are

the

LESSON
POSITION
99.

of

Position

rule, follow

the

Among

the

most

are

Here
house.

blue

room

My

and
blue.

are

large,but they are

19. The

today ?

giving a

flower

the grass

OF

to

is

her

high.

ADJECTIVES

rondes, the

Adjectives

round

that

tables

Precede.

of

Several
their

beau, beautiful

grand, large

joli,
pretty

gros,

vilain,homely

little
petit,

bon, good
bad

big

vieux, old

jeune,young
nouveau,

long,long
court, short

the

noun.

important are

mauvais,

tree

adjectives regularlyprecede

common

the

is

they modify.

les tables

most

13.

14.

behind

the woods

park, where

boy

as
Adjectives. Qualifying adjectives,

word

Thirteen

not

NINE

l'arbre vert, the green

100.

are

The

11.

rooms.

Mary's

The

10.

dog.

jewels? They
of

picturerepresents

12.

small

are

blue ; she is

are

playing in

are

of four

pupilsgoing to

girl's
garden

We

mother's

home, and

table.

green.

they

at

armchair.

playingwith

horses

back
9. The

an

very

uncle's house

the

are

is

are

for the windows

of my

Why

yard

full of pretty

and

sittingin

attractive house

an

found

bedrooms

cheerful.

and

trees

in

who

15. Of

17. The

in the

the

friend lives alone

man

little girl is

are

windows

vase

cheerful.

very

four

is

We

parlor. 8.
are

with

trees

standing under
is the

rooms

large room

7. There

dining-room.

the table of the

on

FRENCH

new

POSITION

joliefemme,

une

deux

The
a

beginner

should

definite

reason

to

101.

Tout

and

toute, toutes,

The

in

//.;
(tous,
/.), such, require
(telle,

tout
irregularadjectives

and

/.), all, every,

tel

their

regard to

tout

le pays,

tous

les

tout

le
tel

un

used

positionwhen

with

102.

the whole

monde, everybody (allthe world)

such

homme,

femme,

Adjectives

number

of

used

Francais

Francais

ont

that denote
The
A

construction

persons.

Frenchman

is here.
is here.

Frenchwoman

The

pays.

an

the

represents. This

it

which

noun

adjective,
preceded
alone, taking the gender

stands

nouns

beau

un

The

omitted, and

ici.

est

woman

Nouns.

ici.

est

Francaise

man

as

noun

frequentwith

is most

Une

the

such

adjectivemodifies is often
by an article,then
and

country, all the country

arbres, every tree,all (the)trees

telle

une

Les

unless

noun

326.

knows

he

article.

an

Le

Sec.

in

contrary.

tel.

specialattention

discussed

further

adjectiveafter its

put every
the

woman

tittlechildren

petits enfants, two

position of adjectivesis

The

Note.

pretty

65

ADJECTIVES

OF

French

(people) have

beautifulcountry.
II est

avec

J'aideux
une

Note.

la

pommes

une

is with

He

petite.
verte

et

/ have

and

rouge.

Proper adjectivesare

adjectives; they are

not

when
capitalized

les enfants

the little girl.

two
a

red

apples;

as

les Francais, the French

See

nouns.

francais,the French

green

one

one.

in French
capitalized
used

children

(people)

when

used

Sec. 5.

as

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

66

VOCABULARY

j'admire,etc.,I admire, etc.

fruit tree
l'arbre (m.) fruitier,
bon, good
the country (Note)
la campagne,
la

le

chemin, the

the country (Note)

[pe-i],

plusieurs,several
la

poire,the pear

le

poirier,the
the

la pomme,

cerise,the cherry

le cerisier,the

le pays

le

cherry tree

pommier,

il pousse,

road

tree

apple

the

apple

etc.,it grows,

tree
etc.

rouge, red

of

chez, at (to)the house

pear

je sSpare,etc.,I separate,

la

ferme, the farm

le

feuillage,the foliage

souvent, often

fleur,in bloom

tel

foret,the forest

tendre, delicate,tender

en

la

le gout, the

maintenant,

tree, very

now

vieux, old

le noyer,

vilain,homely

new

nouveau,

the walnut

chez

the village
[vi-laig],

monde, everybody

la campagne,

Pays,

le village

tree

le

tout

Note.

the orchard

le vert, the green

the world

ripe

mur,

the

le verger,

[mo-ve],bad

le monde,

(m. pi. tous),all,every

(Sec.101)

jeune, young
mauvais

such (Sec.101)
(/ telle),

tout

taste

in the country

oncle, at (to)his uncle's

son

geographical unit

; campagne,

the

rural

n6t
district,

city.
EXERCISE

Driu
I.

Give

etc.

the

four

forms

of the

French

words

for

bad

such

all

blue

ripe

glad

round

green

short

French

high

my

OF

"POSITION

the French

Give

2.

the round
a

the red

window

the French

children
uncle

good

3. Translate

into

French

new

very

teacher
green

pear

"

several

streets

the

it has

beautiful

the

apples on

country

apple trees

his farm

admire

at my

the pears

at

every

ripe

not

are

trees

forest

chez
suis-je

Model

Aujourd'hui Jean

est

grande

une

picture

such

flower

friends

qui

le monde

admire

pas dans

les bois.

ont

une

grand

Campagne

dans

lis poussent

Les

dans

jeune

tres

vert

arbres

deux

francais.

tendre.

Dans

ne

Le

les

souvent

fruitiers

le verger.

est

fleur.

en

les bois.

dans
admirons

Nous

feuillaged'un

telle foret.

Le

maintenant

la foret.

est

jolipetitvillage.II
jeune.

et un

ici. II est
de

un

le pays

Tout

la campagne.

vieux

un

tante

ma

la

ferme

la ferme

separe
arbres

ami, un

son

Francois n'est pas

beaux

la foret

je lis dans

chemin

such

la campagne

pas

suis pas

je ne

chez

John's father's

arbre

grand

un

demeure

je ne

hommes

(house)

"

j'admire

taste

friend's

all my

everybody

ami

good

all flowers

orchard

Continue

John's house

at

the country is in bloom

the whole

Le

delicate green

he lives in the country

b. all the

Son

roads

we

4.

apples

several

he lives in

a.

"

forest

green

my

for

67

ADJECTIVES

Tout

poussent

le verger

il

68

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

yaun

un
cerisier,

Toutes

les cerises sont

sont

mures.

Les

noix

Elles
dans

Les

vous.

poche

sont

verger

bon

un

poirier.

un

gout quand elles

du* noyer

les noix

sont

du

ont

et

gout quand elles

mauvais

un

arbres

gros

Elles

rouges.

ont

ma

plusieurspommiers

noyer,

gros

sont

qui

vertes.

devant

est

vieux.

tres

Theme

John is with
French

have

in

now

beautiful

bloom.
trees

are

walnut

trees

are

or

The

is

's

fruit

beautiful
farm

is of

are

is

are

red.

barn, but

The

woods.

little

the

big

has

It

his pears

Are

bad.

not

my

trees, and

tree

dining-room.

The

The

large

old walnut

the table of the

are

The

country is

ripe pear.

pear.

in the

the road

whole

the

on

nuts

grows

beside

trees

which
all the

which

such

the table

on

The

trees, pear

There

farm.

little villagewhere

behind

forest.

nuts

nut, but

tree

also.

admires

cherries

bad

is beautiful

apple

friend's

my

the

orchard

in the

the
produces (gives)
There

the

Everybody

taste.

small ?

in

at

country, but

friend's

My

cherry
good

Frenchman

young

his little farm

has

friend

walnut

tree

foliageof

the

that separates the forest from

the

delicate green.

very

Oral

i.Jean
3. Oil

est

ferme

est-il
la

Francais

5. Le

"

VUE

sage

qu'on

France
ment

un

coup

aille.

groupe

au

de

sillonnent

ces

n'est-il pas

pas,

Les

le pays.

Tout

par-ci par-la,il n'y a

pas

se

Jean ?

considerable
les

uns

le terrain

des
est

d'espaces

autres

les

la cour,
de

Qui

4.

le bois ?

dans

dire,de voir

trouve

est-il beau?

pays

AEROPLANE.

ainsi

pour

duquel

centre

separes

D'UN

de

ecuries, les etables,

le morcellement
lots

l'ami

Le

2.

la

par

6. De

la lettre

hangars

etc.

ne

soient

nombreuses

pas

une

payde

la

generaleLa photo

France,

propriete en
les routes

un

endroit

forment

l'abreuvoir,

qui

ici

quelque

la

a.

quelle

avons

cultive, et, sauf les vergers

cultivables

est

Nous

aeroplane, laquelle represente

manque

qu'on
bien

montre

ne

de

PRISE

photographie prise d'un

tel

aujourd'hui?

ferme

grande

CAMPAGNE

LA

l'ecole

et une

beau-

qui
foret

utilises.

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

fO
couleur

le

est

9. Les1

verger?

Le

12.

n'ont-ils pas

un

n'est-il pas

chez

pays

cerises

pays
ami

son

des

Francois ?

In

every

mures

le

avec

fruitiers

aussi

dans

gout?

10.

le
De

les fleurs sont-elles

chez

oncle ? 15.

votre

la campagne

Jean
le

16. Admirez-vous

Frangais?

17. Demeurez-vous

Francois

13. Les

jeune?

ou

4. Etes-vous

bon

un

Toutes

1 1

est-il vieux

Francais

beau

ont-elles

vertes

pommes

les1 arbres

7. Ou

poussent-ilspas

ne

noyers

sontles

quellecouleur
rouges?

8. Les

?
poussent-ils

arbres?

feuillagedes

Resume

1.
2.

There

the

good pupilswrite

apples are

to

when

the teacher

1 1.

often2

teacher

is dear

orchard

every

ripe

apple

which

going

th

French

is

path

the

to

See

to

Sec.

home.

4. When

what

in the

lesson

growing

is

which

vase

in

our

delicate
to

There

are

rate
sepa-

7. Who

homely.

little French

her

on

the

villageare

sister's pretty cloaks ?

my

his

to

every

the

they going

school.
15.

yard.

In

14.

apple tree,

Such

16. There

green

new

my

Everybody

John's

1 2.

pupils. 13.

admires
is

the
one

big

yard.
and

foliageof

green

of

school

today? No, sir,they

is the

the

who

Frenchman

John's brother.
119.

which

separates the garden from

20.

color

in the forest under

is full of pears.

the

his uncle's.

books

French

which

at

very

in the

admire

in bloom.

her father's in the country.

apples under

19. Are

trees.

are

tree

are

trees.

now

old curtains

largenuts

pupils of

the

to

at

now

18. I admire

one.

the

not

you

the

pear

found

17. He

are

reads

the

beside

Do

1 o.

cherry tree

tree

pretty flowers

the

All her children

teacher

the

dining-room

fruit

are

5. Of

taste.

6. The

9. All the houses

trees.

attractive.

very

the

which

exercises

bad

ripe?

littlegirlfound

table ? 8. The
old walnut

have

full of

are

trees

the French

they are

parlor from

the
gave

they

green,

(the)cherries

orchards

orchard, several

are, in his

3. All the

all the

country

See

Sec.

no.

the

gave

ELEMENTARY

72
Note
Sec.

04

i.

below, illustrate a

the addition

on

Note

2.

104.

Two

among

first four

The

of the

For

of

these

well

as
adjectives,
tendency to double

common

as

final

those

of

consonant

e.

feminines
complete listof irregular

more

Masculine

other

FRENCH

The

Forms.

have
irregularities,

Sec.

1 2.

followingadjectives,
forms

two

see

in the

masculine

singular.Of these two forms, the first is used before words

ginning
bebeginning with a consonant
; the second, before words
with

vowel

sound.

Feminine
Sing.

un

beau

un

bel

Plu.

belle

belles

beautiful

nouvelle

nouvelles

new

vieille

vieilles

old

folle

folles

crazy

molle

molles

soft

tableau,a beautiful
picture
tree
arbre, a beautiful

VOCABULARY

the air

l'air m.,

the
l'ecurie/.,
the
ratable/.,
la

noir, black

stable

(forhorses)
stable (forcattle)

le

ferme, the farmhouse, farm

pr6, the field,

pasture
pur,

pure

fort,strong, loud

la vache, the

large,broad

la voix, the voice

de

Note

Note
the

(Note 2)

neuf, new

sense

For

2.

of

haute

voix

other

Neuf,

qui ?

of

(by) whom

voix, aloud
basse, in

adjectivesused

new,

? whose

cow

in the

sense

low

voice

in this lesson
of

different,
newly acquired.

newly

see

made

Sees.

03 and

; nouveau,

new,

04.
in

IRREGULAR

ADJECTIVES

73

Drill
all forms

Give

i.

French

of the

words

for

dry
thick
.

old
young

Give

2.

French

sentence

blanches

nouvel

heureuse

chere

neuve

beaux

stable

the cow's
the horses'

"

she is

largefarm

dry

broad

new

4.

path

Continue

je ne

demeure

Model

ecuries
le gros

trouve

A
de

blanche.
les

M.

cheval

Elle

est

grandes

Dear

noir

la

de

neuve.

etables
chevaux
M.

precedes

its

une

pomme

rouge

Ferme
ami

pour
de

de

qui

les grosses

la ferme.

when

Jean,

la cour,

Dans

Leblanc

noun

e'curie

une

le monde

Leblanc, le bon

les beaux

pour

dans

pas
pas tout

n'ai-je
pas

large,sont

friend

voix basse

je n'admire

maison

nut

heureux

je chante

ferme

reading aloud

"

je suis

La

deux

thick leaf

stable

"

jeune

into French

3. Translate

phrase containing

or

est

it

dans

means

belle

est

une

est

longue

vaches
cote

le pre
beloved.

du
oil

et

et

les

verger
T'herbe

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

74

petitefille de

La
e'paisse.

est

vieil arbre

epais du

chaise

monde.

basse,

Son

n'est pas

la

elle

et elle
vieille,

tres

douce

tres

voix

et

feuillage

le

nouveau

Pamie

est

il est

le

assise
petite,

La

de

sur

le

tout

actif. Sa

tres

mere

heureux.

lis sont

active aussi.

est

sous

haute

heureuse.

est

et gros, mais

vieux

est

pere

voix

une

est

Elle lit a

cour.

France, et

livre d'Anatole
une

de

Leblanc

M.

Theme
M

is the little daughter of Mr.

Where

with her mother

seated

yard

littlegirl.She

is very

friend.

the

Under

reading aloud
mother

Her

husband

farmhouse

is

book

is

active

beautiful

long

(thickand green).grass

is in the
is

Mary
is

of the

yard

; she

woman

and

low.

yard. The
They are

of the

dry and

she

is

France.

is

old.

not

Lebon's

big cows
in the

good

everybody's

by (of)Anatole

of the field. Two

air of the country is

The

new

tree

She

is stout, but he is active also. Mr.

He

It has

new.

stable,which

in the

the

an

"

gentle. Mary
the old

mother

is old.

and

bench."

foliageof

little girlis

of the

The

very low

beautiful

thick

her

to

on

Lebon

not

are

thick,green
black.

are

cows

pure.

Oral
i.

De

quellecouleur

vieille

ou

beaux

chevaux

voix basse?

Leblanc

sont-ils

6. Ou

est

petite?

8. De

sa

qui est

est-elle

assis

sur

une

11.

13. Votre

jeune?
chaise

le livre?

basse

de

7. Lit-elle
9. A

15. Votre

qui

4.

Leblanc

haute

voix

lit-elle?

est-il vieux?

Les

5. M.

10.

forte voix ?

une

mere

Est-elle

2.

la ferme?

l'ecurie?

A-t-elle

pere

Leblanc?

M.

les etables

sont

quoi la petiteest-elle heureuse

mere

de

M.

de

enfant

a-t-ilun

3. Oil

neuve?

la maison

est

14.

ou

Pour1 2.

Sa

Etes-vous

est-elle active ?

Resume
1.

In

the orchard

uncle's black

2.

My

3,

My friend's new

the
cows

house

leaves
are

of the

trees

are

in the pasture behind

is in

pretty French

fresh

and

green.

the farmhouse.

villagebeside

an

IRREGULAR

attractive road.
is

all children
often

9. A

is

ripe. 1

the

and

white

exercises.

16.

aunt

My

active.

before

the class.

you

field the

is

20.

the

Bazin

they are
which

front of the

are

woods.

in the

not

the

is on

low

table is

stable,a red

writing the long

now

thick.

house, but she is happy and

ful.
cheer-

find

the

grass

the

old owls

is green

flowers?

red
is

reading

The

old

and

Frenchwoman

He

19.

the

behind

big cows

two

John's sisters

small

did

18. The

beautiful.
and

15. In

lives in

17. Where

4.

mother

8. The

red, but

are

sittingin

have

13. We
1

trees

by (of)Rend

little boy

one.

French

book

dear

My

home.

house

white

the

on

new

The

12.

everybody'sfriend.
one

are

6. In the country

7.

at

are

(to)my

gave

is the friend of all the animals.

lives in the

me

table.

round

they

the window

standing at

Show

1.

the air is pure.

voice ; she

sweet

in the stable.

are

when

children

apples which

The

10.

her

woman

crazy

which

horses

Frenchman

5. A

father.

75

has

daughter

strong because

are

sings to
who

man

her

to

the white

nephews

Lebon's

4. Mr.

aloud

reading

ADJECTIVES

not

young,

French

They
but

lesson

in the holes

are

in

she
a

are

very

is strong
low

voice

of the old

tree.

REVIEW
(Lessons
A.

1.

pluralof
2.

the

Give

nouns

Give

by adding
3. Give

the

Seven

General

to

Ten)

Drill

exceptionsto the regular formation of the

and adjectives.Illustrate.
list of nouns
ending in ou that form the plural

x.

the

pluralof

"

homme

ciel

genou

joli

votre

bras

trou

ceil

tout

nez

doux

animal

heureux

beau

assis

76

ELEMENTARY

Give

4.

the

feminine

FRENCH

singularof

"

jeune

actif

le

tout

frais

cher

sec

bon

doux

enfant

fou

tel

vieux

ami

epais

5. Give

all the

forms

of

"

mauvais

vieux

tout

bas

heureux

beau

rouge

blanc

nouveau

mou

votre

joli

6.

in French

Express
a

man

young

the white

horse

pretty house

your

7. Translate

two

low

new

friend
dear

the

green

we

French

such

voice

friend

picture

house
house

cloak

new

house

of four

beautiful

there is

all the house

here

boy
good

everybody

there 's

the old

there is

French
Le

woman

forms

une

The

est

aloud.

long lesson

the old

one

is

a
a
a

rooms

bad

pear
pear
in the

tree

yard

the

parentheses by

(happy). (His good) femme

tres

fils

(two young)

est

correct

filles.

mais
(old),

(They)

(The whole)famille
(sweet)et (pretty).
sous

Translate

woman

4. Is the

stable

demeure

French

in the

3. All the

sont

(oldgreen) arbre.

un

into

lives alone

girlis everybody'sfriend.
lesson

in

(new white)maison

old

B.
1.

words

(beautiful).
(Her)

mais
(small),
dans

the

(old)homme

est

short road

dining-room

all houses

Replace

back

are

owl

8.

new

and

the white

house

French

eyes

every

elle

are

my

into

the leaves

"

white

pupilsare

for the

horses

house.

2.

Such

readingthe
in the

yard

French
?

5. All

COMPARISON

the

birds

are

8. In my

7. Do

two

the

apples are

her

beautiful

cows

lesson

and

of the

his friends.

happy.
20.

The

19.

Show

maid

Frenchman

18. All the

me

is

is
and

low

tree

are
are

back

which

are

the

When
admires

grammar

friend of all the

is

French

fresh

now

books

old, but they are

dry, but
at

home

very

the pears
and

to

are

they are

in the old walnut

tree.

voice to the children.

ELEVEN
OF

COMPARISON

Regular

showing

girlsare

LESSON

105.

is

woman

mother

the old owls

singingin

home

9. There

Everybody

11.

child's

10.

the country the grass

leaves of the pear

good.

one.

writing the long

are

Such

In

John's father

6.

17. The
and

sweet

We

13.

village.14.

red color.

at

in bloom.
black

the

are

exercises

are

white' and

12.

eyes.

15. The

green.

active.

black

French

the

77

6. Where

forest.

cherry trees

of

ripethey are

the blackboard.

on

children

all the

in the pasture,

are

ADJECTIVES

write

not

you

orchard

new

thick

in the

now

playthings?

OF

ADJECTIVES
The

Comparison.

comparative degree

of

by prefixingplus, more
adjectivesis regularlyformed
; the
form
of the definite
superlative,by prefixing the proper
article to the comparative. Thus
: grand, plus grand, le plus
grand, large,larger,largest.
grand cheval, largehorse
plus grand cheval, largerhorse
le

plus grand cheval, largesthorse

une

belle

une

plus belle dame,

la

plus belle dame, the

deux

dame,

beautifullady
a

more

most

beautifullady
beautifullady

jolisenfants,two pretty children

deux plus jolis
enfants, two prettierchildren
les plus jolis
enfants, the prettiestchildren

ELEMENTARY

78
Note
than

more

The

i.

two

Note

alike in

French,

adjectivethat

le

and

the

of

prettiestpicture

plus jolitableau.

follows

comparative and

the

in

it also

of two

prettierpicture

are

An

2.

FRENCH

its

positivefollows

in the

noun

superlative. Observe

repetitionof

the

the article.
le ciel le

Note

3.

When

plus

cher

superlative,

dearest

my

The

friend

bon, good

meilleur,better

le

meilleur,best

mauvais, bad

pire,worse

le

pire,worst

petit,little

moindre, less

le

moindre,

Petit is
house

My

the least

But

107.

compared regularlywhen
is smaller.

Comparison

le

expressed by

que,

boy

is taller than

prefixed.
polite.

comparativesentences
by aussi
que, so

as

...

his sister.

brother is least

In

as

negativeexpressions,by

in

least

is less polite.

His

Connectives.

less and

express

He

poli.

plus petite.

occasion

moins, least,are

Comparative

108.
is

To

Downward.

frere est le moins

Son

est

la moindre

least

small in size.

means

maison

poli.

II est moins

it

Ma

occasion

degrees,moins, less,and

than

tives
adjec-

followingthree

:
usuallycompared irregularly

Note.

The

ami,

Irregular Comparison.

are

as,

before

required.

not

mon

106.

sky

possessiveadjectiveis used

the definite article is

the bluest

plus bleu,

si

que.

Le gar

con

est

plus grand

que

sa

sceur.

is

He
She

as

rich

is not

so

II est aussi riche que

his brother.

as

beautiful

as

her

Elle

mother.
Note.
The

most

the

n'est

pas

si

son

frere.

belle que

mere.

In

after

beautiful

city.

superlativeexpressions is
woman

in

(of)

La

plus

de.
belle

femme

de la ville.

sa

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

80

into French

4. Translate
he is better than
he is

not

the best
she

is

boy

not

she has

you

good

so

"

as

you

attractive

as

your

Charles

is older than

5. Continue

aussi
suis-je

la

suis pas

j'aile

banc

les

que

robuste

je ne

le

ville du

monde.

moins

belle.

maison.

moins

grande ;

Jean
est

aussi

aimable.

parce

que

est

cher ami.

(ofthe two)
(ofall)

l'enfant

et

Charles.

frere

son

de la salle de classe

d'Ecole

est

Jean

riche

est

est

Charles

est

grand

est

ont

Jean. Sa maison

une

est

et

Charles

robuste.

bien eleve, poli,et

toujours

si

agreable

eleve.

poli.

Jean

ville plus

une

parents

ses

Paris,

belle. Elle n'est pas si vieille.

fort. II

en

si riche que

est

si attentif

dans

demeure

II

moins

Jean demeure

Charles.

Charles

Charles.

studieux.

pas

vous

n'est pas

moins

et

plus

qu'iln'est
que

best friends

contraire,est mal

au

camarade

Charles

my

cependant aussi

elle est

grand mais
Jean,

son

que

Charles

plus age

est

house
prettiest

Camarades

Deux

plus belle

grande

the

que

plus bas

camarades, Jean

mais

house
prettier

si riche que

J'aideux
grande

the

"

je suis plus grand

Model

you

the pretty house

friend

John

than

she has the best book

in the class

so

better book

II n'est pas
classe il

En

naturellement

classe.

II est

est

paresseux.
avance'

moins

cependant

le meilleur des deux

Jean n'est pas cependant le pire des garcons

et

de

aussi intellige

plus

mon
son

age.

Theme

Jane and
is very

merry

younger

and

Mary
and

are

two

well-bred

lively
; Mary

the less strong.

She

is

but
girls,
not

so

is less

very different.

pleasant. Jane

Jane
is the

sturdythan Mary,

who

COMPARISON

Jane, who

is

handsome.

The

not

is less

She

is the

brighterof
is,however,

studious.

not

attentive

so

live in the

They

she.

Jane is, however, less

Mary

has

falls sick

the two, but she is

so

the stronger

is less strong.

the best

not

pupil in

Jane, who

as

not

is

Jane is

Mary

her class.

always

in the

street

as

voice,

the least occasion.

on

beautiful

most

kind

Mary

pleasing. Jane's voice

sturdyas Mary.

so

She

girlssing well.

two

is

two.

than

attractive

more

ADJECTIVES

also the elder of the

is the taller and

but her voice

OF

more

city.

Oral

Jean n'est-il pas

i.

Charles?
maison

3. La
de

Jean

moins

le

dans

la

le maitre

que

Qui

Qui

4.

est

le

est

le

Qui

1 o.

Charles

plus
?

6. Est-il

le meilleur

rue

de

des

Qui

8.

eleves,Jean
Jean ?

que

la ville?

que
le

est
avance

Demeurez-

12.

souvent

Charles

ou

aussi age

13. Etes-vous

malade

Tombez-vous

la

Charles

ou

plus grand

Charles

ou

que

Jean n'est-il pas aussi

est-il plus avance

belle

14.

jours attentif

est

? 9.

grande

plus age, Jean

plus jeune?

Charles

ou

plus riche,Jean

est-elle aussi

Jean est-il aussi bien eleve que

studieux,Jean

vous

Charles

n'est-il pas

Pourquoi

1 1.

de

maison

Charles

que

tou

7.

2.

camarade

son

5. Charles

riche?

15. Etes-vous

classe ?

en

Resume
His

1.

sons

beautiful

jewels

gives a long
girlsand
meadow
your

are

than

better

are

in the

French
also

more

7.

9. Bertha

is the least

on

tall

as

4. The

boys

5. The

6. Is she

the contrary,

my

than the
mother.

Who

are

has

the whole
her age.

Mary

than

is the

the

in the

in class than

attentive
than

most

teacher

the

is greener

Mary,

lazier than

are

the

younger

grass

more

girlsof
12.

2.

falls sick when

3. He

intelligent
girlin

she is less advanced

as

nephews.

Jane is less studious

Her

sons,

his

active.

in the forest.

daughter?

is

city?

lesson.

lively.8.

woman

than

but

children.

your

class.
1 1.

more

10.

The

rally
NatuFrench

elder of the

two

sisters. 13.

largestin

her

son

is,of

when

they

dear

course,

ripe.

are

admires

his

to

merriest

horses

the

are

his

aloud

he reads

child. 18. Such

well-bred

19. The

parents.

The

20.

family. 14. Jane

15. His

the least occasion

Everybody

sister.

younger

16. On

the world.
lesson.

grammar

in the

is,however, the eldest

chum

My

different from

is very

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

82

best

pupils are

nuts

dry

are

the

always

not

brightest.

TWELVE

LESSON

109.
formed
This
a.

To

Formation

of

by adding
ment
syllable

ment

COMPARISON

THEIR

AND

ADVERBS

to

an

of

the masculine

when
adjective

an

doux, douce,

the masculine

when

in

vowel.

ends

in

consonant.

doucement, sweetly

sweet

has, of

French

it ends

prettily
joliment,

the feminine

Note.

are

is added

joli,
pretty
b. To

adverbs

Many French
adjective.

Adverbs.

course,

adverbs

many

not

thus

from

formed

adjectives;for example, bien, well) tre3, very.

110.
verb

it,as

usuallydirectlyfollows
it does

He

writes

We

often

Note.
adverbs

In
are

sometimes
the board

at

in

adverb

An

of Adverbs.

Position

it ; it

usually placed

directlyprecedes

never

77 ecrit bien

well.

Nous

compound

finite

English.

read.
a

modifying a

tense,
between

as

au

tableau.

lisons souvent

the

past indefinite,short,

the

form

of

avoir

and

simple

the

past

participle.
You

wrote

well.

Vous

avez

bien ecrit.

You

wrote

at

Vous

avez

ecrit

length.

longuement.

111.

the

of

Comparison

same

of the

agreement, the form

for

Adverbs

Adverbs.

adjectives.As

as

way

COMPARISON

THEIR

AND

ADVERBS

83
in

compared

are

they undergo
article in the

variation

no

superlativeis

always le.

112.

oftenest
often,qftener,

plus souvent, le plus souvent,

souvent,

The

Irregular Comparison.

adverbs

followingfour

:
compared irregularly

are

beaucoup, plus,le plus

much,

bien, mieux, le mieux

well, better,best

mal, pis,le pis

badly, worse,

113.

of

Adverbs

The

Quantity.

denoting quantityare

verbs
ad-

followingcommon

often

used

they take

In this construction

nouns.

worst

less,least
little,

moins, le moins

peu,

most

more,

with

de

the

before

force

of

following

noun.

moins, less,
fewer

enough

assez,

autant,

as

much,

as

beaucoup, much,

many
a

many,

plus,more

great

deal

II

much?

how

maitre

Elle

much,

tant, so

combien?
Le

little,
few

peu,

how

trop, too much,

many?

beaucoup d'eleves.

trop d' argent.

autant

J'aiassez

de filles.

de fils que

so

The

teacher has

She

has

He

has

I have

d'argent.

too
as

too

many

pupils.

many

much

many

money

many

money.

daughters.
enough {enough of
sons

as

money).

J'aipeu

de livres.
When

Note.

without

I have

these

dependent

II ecrit

trop

II lit assez

noun,

souvent.

bien.

words

are

they

used
do

in

few books.
a

adverbial
strictly

require

not

de.

He

writes

too

He

reads well

often.

enough.

sense,

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

84

VOCABULARY

l'argentm., the money

pauvre,

autre, other

pendant, during

je pense, etc.,I think,etc.

le chateau, the castle

la chose, the

thing

la croix, the

cross

de

le plaisir,the
que, that

pleasure

(conj.)

donne\ given

quelquefois,sometimes

droite,right-hand

rare,

encore,
fier
en

poor

la robe, the dress

still,
yet

seulement, only

proud
(/.fiere),
[fje:r]

le soldat,the soldier

France, in France
g6ne*ral,
general

sur,

the

je travaille,etc.,I work,

war

la page,
Note.

their
{pi.leurs),

additional

Compare

one,

les vetements
words

see

EXERCISE

Drill
1.

un,

the page
For

etc.

travail^, worked

jaloux,jealous
leur

sure

la tour, the tower

g6ne"eux, generous
la guerre,

rare

Sec.

113.

m.,

the clothes

into French

4. Translate
she is better than

COMPARISON

THEIR

AND

ADVERBS

"

Mary

girlin

the

85

on

the left-hand

he

rarelyworks

city

page

she

is the best

she

rarelyreads

he worked

well

she

gives generously

she is

of her friend

she has

several

she has many

she has

proud

enough

of their clothes

you

in France

de

n'ai-je
pas

Model

LES

de

il y

Les

pas

Pauvres

generalement beaucoup

ont

les riches.

d'argentque

riches.

Les

ils n'ont

maisons

ont

pauvres

de

tant

pas

heureux

que

les

femmes

des

riches

Les

enfants

enfants

des

riches.

d'autres

choses

soldats

et

beaux

souvent

ne

des

Les

pauvres

riches

et

aussi

les pauvres
a

la

d'amis

autant

pauvres

sont

beaucoup

ont

petitsenfants

aux

vetements.

plaisirs.Les

riches; ils

robes.

les riches

de

et

pauvres

Les

pas

les

que
sont

beaux

bijoux

ont

moins

de

pauvres.

ont

donne

Croix-Rouge.

et

de

Pendant
tres

aussi

si fiers. Les

de

joujoux

beaucoup

trop

riches,mais

souvent

cependant

des

ont

jaloux des

sont

de

donnent

n'ont

pauvres

les riches
lis

ont

les pauvres.

plus d'argentque

ont

de

d'argent ; les riches

peu

d'argent. lis pensent quelquefoisque

assez

d'argent,de

aux

less ink

les

et

riches

moins

ont

pauvres

guerre

have

e'leve de la classe

pauvres

beaucoup d'argent. Les

Les

less advanced

le mieux

Riches

les pays

riches.

d'amis

assez

je travaille

peu

poor

leQons

le meilleur

je suis

et

are

pleasures

many

"

j'aitrop

tous

too
too

am

you

5. Continue

Dans

surelyis jealous

I have

dresses

money

they are

she

dresses

sure

belles

que

les

joujoux et
la

grande

ge'nereusement

Naturellement

les riches

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

86

plus

donne

que

leurs parents. En
la page

Voici, sur

les riches

France

de

Est-il

a-t-il?

tours

que

des

droite, un

plus beau

chateaux.

grands

de

Combien

de votre

les maisons

que

de chateaux.

beaucoup

ont

moins

donne

petitsont

Les

les pauvres.

ont

pays

Theme

do

They

the

because

they

enough

money.

not

much

rich.

On

the

other

Has

it

The
a

richest

man

great deal

to

rich, who

the

are

happy

and

there

is

page

enough

the soldiers

as

How

towers?

is

It

still

have
as

the

surely very
has

towers

many

during the great

children

friends

many

have

sometimes

The

castle also.

generallynot

mothers

castle.

pleasures

are

poor.

their

have

country has

in my

the

of

children

more

large family,and

and
playthings,

few

jewels,but they

beautiful.

the

to

fewer

often

very

have

They

money.

Happily

money.

have

poor

have

naturallyfewer

have

poor

city.

they have, however,

most;

much

so

They

give

generous,
the

have

much

rarelytoo

The

poor.

in the

prettiesthouses

in the
the

work

always

not

than

money

of

often

rich live most

The

has

He

it?

given

war.

Oral

Qui

i.

ont-ils

pauvres

5. Ont-ils

LE
au

servir

ont

d'un

autrefois

seizieme
ete

grand
des

une

americaines

siecles.

La

nombre

de

lis furent
Leur

en

montrant

plus interessants

de la

les

region

imposant

architectes,
traits

des

un

et

est

Les

les riches ?
ont-elles

particulierement
de

chateaux

ces

plus tard amenages

pour
la plupart,aux
quinzieme

l'interieur

grand
celui

richement

nombre

caracteristiques.Un

de la Loire

2.

sont-ils

riches

Quelques-uns
furent

3. Ne

que

est parsemee,

construits, pour

exterieur

inspiration aux

France

mais

d'amis

femmes

Les

pauvres?

les riches ?

moins

chateaux.

forteresses,

les

ou

que

4. Ont-ils

CHAUMONT.

residences.

de

vetements

plaisirs?6.

de

DE

CHATEAU

de

riches ?

autant

centre,

etaient

et

plus

jaloux des

pas

riches

plus d'argent,les

le

de

de
des

Chaumont.

decore

proprietes

chateaux

les

Qui

de robes ? 7.

assez

des

ou

9.

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

88

seulement

soldats?

aux

leurs parents ?

Qui

tours

fenetres

trop de

plus riche

le

l'homme

est

de

soldats ?

Ont-ils donne

10.

petitsont-ils

des riches

ge'nereusement?

donnent-ils

aux

Les

11.

Combien

12.

N'a-t-il pas

15.

les riches

qui

enfants

plus de joujoux,les

les riches ont-ils donne

Quand

13.

8. A

pauvres?

le

donne

autant

que

le chateau

de la page

A-t-il

de

14.

de votre

autant

87

portes?

pays

Resume
Her

1.

is

of* the

one

Cross

gave

rich have

brother

youngest

beautiful

most

much

rarelytoo

pleasuresas
have

8. There

boy

the

worst

but

Mary

reads

has

more

beautiful

not

clothes

aloud

the

many

high

towers.

There

of all the

sister.

16.

nephews

stillmore

have

You

I write

work

that he

fc

chemin

Le
Plus
Le

premier

on

mieux

se

le

pas

h"te, moins
est

Tennemi

est

souvent

on

avance.

du

bien.

read

in

in my

exercises

the

le

country.

country.

qui coute.

plus long

is still

87 has

page

French

my

than

on

Proverbes
C'est le

has

son

books, but Jane has

great deal

castles in France

woman

sometimes

castle

often

John

10.

eldest

His

we

few

beautiful

he

French

my

French

think

We

school

15. At

17. The

18. Most

14.

giving

Jane reads badly,

The

13.

many

does

sisters?

1 1

girls.12.

my

country.

you.

19. Their
are

school.

as

cityare

girlsin

than

Red
4. The

war.

money

the other

than

in the whole

than

of the
much

Here

2.

3. The

girlsurelyhas

7. How

boys

John.

the

during

women

generous

reading lesson.
than

20.

5. The

for his children.

in the

man

books

home.

money.

dresses

enough

fewer

at

world.

generallymore

are

is the least studious

the richest

in the

Mary sing better

9. Does

class.

castles

children.

the

playthingsto

many

than

soldiers

6. The

boy.

horses

the

things to

many

more

has

plus court.

THE

PARTITIVE

CONSTRUCTION

LESSON
THE

114.

indefinite

an

PARTITIVE

The

expressed

not

bread,

Partitive

in

idea

thus, /

any

by

de

has

She

contractions

Have
He

you

The

There

and

meat

II y

Article

alone, without
When

I have

no

I have

no

He

has

There

avez

of

is

the

place.

de Veau
des livres

cafe.
toujoursdes
des
de V

pommes
argent

dupain

amis.
?

aux

enfants.

noun.

et de

la viande

sur

la

table.

116.

a.

du

71 donne

the

/ have

or

in Sec. yy take

Avez-vous

on

thought

form

(any) water,
(any) books,
a

or

some

partitiveidea

proper

noted

table.

de

the

tive
parti-

bread.

no

partitivesign is repeated before each

bread

are

represent

the

bread,

some

The

Vous

the children.

when

I have

or

Elle

(any) apples?
to

have

some

friends.

have

gives money
Note.

to

noun

expressed by

some

coffee.

some

always

You

omitted

with

(any)bread, du pain
(any)meat, de la viande

some

is

Construction.

French

definite article. The

some

of

use

often

are

them

\ I have

115.

this

English

is clear without
bread

The

Idea.

which, however,

any,

CONSTRUCTION

part of its class of objectsis called the

In

use.

THIRTEEN

Partitive

The

89

no
are

the

Omitted.
the
noun

The

idea
partitive

is

expressed by

article,
is the

(notany) bread.
(notany) ink.
(notany) pen.
no
(not any) pens.

direct

objectof

Je n'ai pas de

negative verb.

pain.

Je n'ai pas d*encre.

77 n^a

II

rty

pas deplume.
a

pas de plumes.

ELEMENTARY

90

the

". When

is

noun

I have

(some)good

There

is

preceded by

bread.

old wine

some

FRENCH

de bon

fai
the

on

adjective.

an

II y

pain.
vin

de vieux

la tablt.

sur

table.

But
I have

The

(Sec.1 1 3) must
John

has

many

John

has

some

117.

books.
books.

of

Nouns

without

the

confused

be

not

with

Measure

fraiche.

de Veau

article after

the

without

of de

use

the article is used.

the noun,

fai

fresh water.

some

Note.

adjectivefollows

the

when

quantity

partitiveconstruction.

the

de livres.

Jean

beaucoup

Jean

des livres.

quantityare

or

of

adverbs

followed

by

de

article.
of meat,

pound

glassof

water,

livre de viande

une
tin

verre

d'eau

VOCABULARY

achetS,bought

j'aime,etc.,I like,love,etc.
the plate
l'assiette/,
de, around

autour

la banane, the banana

the beef

le bceuf

l'eau/, the water

the groceries
les 6piceriesy!,
6t6,been
la fourchette, the fork
le
les

la bouteille,the bottle
le

vert, the

le haricot

stringbean

la laitue,the lettuce

chaque, each

le

legume, the vegetable

le

marchi, the market

the spoon
[kiri-je:r],
cuisinier,the cook (m.)
cuisiniere,the cook (/)

la cuiller

la

fruits,the fruit (collectively)

cafe\the coffee

le couteau, the knife

le

fruit,the fruit

d6ja,already

au

marchi,

la nappe,
notre

to

market

the tablecloth

(pi.nos),our

the
l'orange/.,

le

dessert,the dessert

le pain, the bread

le

diner, the dinner

la place, the

orange

place

PARTITIVE

THE

CONSTRUCTION

de terre, the potato

la pomme

je prepare, etc.,I

la

le verre,

pr6par",prepared
quant
la

a,

for

as

serviette,the napkin

la tasse, the cup

etc.

prepare,

91

the

glass

la viande, the

salade,the salad

meat

le vin, the wine

EXERCISE

Drill
Translate

1.

he has

a.

have

white

no

horses

she has

coffee

she has

black

coffee

she has

good

coffee

have

horse

the coffee ?

we

much

fruit

glassof

water

some

red wine

some

red fruit

the

some

bad

littlecups

apples

too

fruit

enough

fruit

around

the house

water

bottle of black

our

knife

I have

each

fork

she

bought

she

brought

our

do you

meat

Replace

the

parenthesesby

coffee

spoons

each

for the dessert

horses

coffee

no

red

as

2.

horses

have

we

good

some

some

"

c.

white

no

they have
b.

horses

horses

she has
you

"

I have

some

he any

has

French

horse

have

we

into

French

in France

been

dress

a
a

like my

forms

dress
salad ?

(no) viande. J'ai(no) assiette. Ont-ils

viande.
of the)salade.
J'ai(little
(any)cuillers ? Vous avez (little)
Elle a (notany) legumes. lis ont (some) bon bceuf. A-t-elle (any)
II

(some) cafe.

fleurs blanches

Elle

ELEMENTARY

92
Model

Le

Mon
a

Elle

mere.

le diner:

pour

des amis

pere

ma

des

et

fruits.

la maison.

mere

des

de bon

vin.
il y

ronde

du

chers.

Notre

un

couteau, de

parce

de

une

de

de

des

II est

la table

blanche

nappe

et

fruits

bouteille

une

assiette,une

le diner.

bonne

et

viande,

seulement

Autour

une

petitescuillers

pour

haricots
la

achete

cafe

de

assez

beaucoup

grande.

est

la viande

de

Quant

elle

l'argent

de choses

de terre, des

achete

la table il y

de

de belles bananes

manger

et

Elle

la salade.

le dessert

Sur

choses
avons

cafe.

chaque place une

grandes

nous

que

de

Elle n'a pas

oranges,

des chaises.

bonnes

donne

beaucoup

des pommes

Pour

salle

belles serviettes ;

de

il y

bceuf.

de

avons

achete

fraiche pour

tres

de bonnes

pommes,

et

achete

legumes

qu'ilssont

parce

marche

au

Elle n'a pas

achete

aujourd'hui.II

du pain, des legumes,

epiceries,

des

Pour

Diner

diner

ete

verts, et de la laitue
ma

FRENCH

et

fourchette,
Nous

verres.

ge'neralementbon

cuisiniere.

Theme

Today
of

mother

my

father

my

mother,

and

at

with

has

been

dinner.

My

the

father
she

money

and
meat, bread, groceries,

market

to

bought
My

always have

after your
like

tender

is very
has

? As

much.

fresh.

Of

table

She

of the
on

oranges,
she

Do

for meat,

have

We

course

napkins are

coffee.

stringbeans,

bought good

dear.
the

dinner

(the)beef

very

black

some

mother

fruit from
and

bought

also
a

table,and

at

did

buy

for the

our
some

bottle of

(the)dinner
beef.

some

each

salad.

wine, which

The

is

tablecloth

place there

are

We

potatoes,

orchard, but my
bananas, which

large white

any

of black coffee

cup

bought

my

vegetables,
not

After
a

to

good vegetables,new

lettuce

and

dining-room. A

the

mother

my

found

like

not

you

friends

money
fresh

coffee; she has coffee enough for the dinner.

we

have

we

some

gave

fruit.

good

because

lettuce
mother
are

very

alreadyon
and

some

plates.

THE

CONSTRUCTION

PARTITIVE

93

Oral

Qui (whom)

1.

votre

sont-ils chers

5.

Pourquoi

6. A-t-elle trouve' des

de

fruits

dans

10.

De

12.

Les

cuillers sont-elles

la salade ?

toujours de

15. Avez-vous

la table

sur

nappe?

vin

de

Oil

11.

la table de

la viande

votre

Les

4.

achete

fruits
cafe?

de

ont-ils

une

la salle

assez

bonne
?

manger

les serviettes?

sont

grandes?

sur

Oil

2.

n'a-t-elle pas

mere

parents

petitesou
du

4. Avez-vous

n'a-t-elle pas

8. Vos

la

est

la viande

7. Votre

est-elle

nappe

aujourd'hui ?

de

mere

verger?

couleur

quelle

votre

le'gumes ?

son

9. La

cuisiniere ?

achete

3. A-t-elle

a-t-elle e'te ?

mere

a-t-ila diner

pere

13.
votre

Qui

prepare

salle

manger?

Resume
Do

1.

for the salad.

lettuce

5. Did

beans.

for the

is

dining-room

our

cook

is

having
like

piece of

you

not

in the house.

like
cook

18.

Have

dinner
also

buy

of

cup
17.

My

always

chairs

father
fresh

woods

oranges.

each

14.

found

with

groceries for

The

16. There

many

bread

your

is

whole
mother

for

the

no

are

we

brought
do

dinner

water

the other

dinner?
20.

The

Often

fresh
at

In

We

has

good

family.
?

1 1

13.

cook

me

10.

12.

big cabbages

enough
the

napkins.

dinner.

15. After

plate.

coffee?

9. Show

(the)dessert.

for

each

largeglasses

the table.

the

6. As

7. At

wine.

around
for

vegetables

black

you

in the
some

on

today

8. The

beautiful

fresh

good string

potatoes

for the

our

bought

some

spoons.

your

the

found

bananas.

ones

oranges

with

beef

some

has

red

big

some

Yes, sir, and

2.

cook

any

and

and

sweet

nuts

tender

like

market.

beef

large
fresh

some

are

has

buy

smaller

tablecloth

there

preparing
some

only

the

and

water

3. The

she

mother

knife, a fork, and

today?

market.

Happily

4.

your

pretty white

your

not

dinner

at

to

fruit,she. found

the

place there
are

friends

already been

has

mother

for

have

you

Did

19.

your

ELEMENTARY

94

FRENCH

LESSON

FOURTEEN
OF

USES

118.

Articles

in

119.

The

inclusive
class of

sense

ARTICLES

used, in

are

where

General

article in

Men

French

important cases

THE

the

French

when

; that

is,when

mortal.

red.

are

in

follow.

the

nite
defi-

general or

the

lish
Eng-

whole

of

Life is short.

two

the article with

abstract

The

2.

sentences

which

nouns,

sont

les bons

enfants.

Le

vice est odieux.

La

vie est courte.

above

illustrate the

represent

general

entire

an

rouges.

of

use

qualityor

ception
con-

'

than

rather
Note

last

The

/raises mures

J'aime

is odious.

mortels.

sont

est utile.

verre

Les

good children.

Note

hommes

Le

Ripe strawberries

Vice

take

nouns

they are used

they refer to

Les

is useful.

I love

in

languages differ

two

Common

Sense.

as

objects.

are

Glass

the main,

class of

objects.

general sense

must

be

from
distinguished
carefully

the

partitiveuse.
She

loves

She

has

Birds

flowers

Elle

(as a class).

(some) flowers.

{general)have

Elle

wings (parti-

Les

aime
a

lesfleurs.

desfleurs.

oiseaux

des ailes.

ont

live).
Note

3.

reason

has

Sees.
We

an

have

Morning

of

the

article in French
should

article,
possessiveadjective,or

definite
121

use

another, that the student

or

without

The

and

reason

for such

never
some

omission.

Such

is

so

extensive,for

use

similar

common

one

noun

word, unless he

reasons

are

found

in

149.

meat

for

is the

best

dinner.

part of the

Nous

day.

avons

Lemattn

de la viande
est la meilleure

pour

le diner.

partiedu jour.

96

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

VOCABULARY

les

Alpes/., the Alps

le mont, the

americain, American

la montagne,

Fouest

England
l'Angleterre/.,
h

le Canada, Canada

Paris

la

/#., the

United

States

le fleuve,the river

la
la

Seine, the Seine

la

Tamise, the Thames

le

Texas, Texas

le lac, the lake

le
London

Fleuve

a.

generallymeans

Express

horses

boys

in French

coming

large river

riviere,a smaller

students

are

b.
attentive

taller than

are

he is

girls

is

have

is

he has

horses

good pupils
boys

some

are

here

fork

no

d. she is French
a

good

they have

I have

teacher

his brother

John

"

useful

are

vice is odious

we

is

EXERCISE

good

c.

vice,the vice
visiter,to visit

Drill

going

vient, comes,

marshal, the marshal

is

va, goes,

m.,

teacher
teacher

teacher

utile,useful

(Note)

jamais, ever

Note.

population,the population

servi,served

l'Europe/, Europe

le

Paris

m.,

(/. quelle ?) what

the river (Note)
riviere,

the foreigner
l'"ranger (/ -ere),

Londres

west

quel ?

in,into,to

les Etats-Unis

the west

[west]m.,

in the
l'ouest,

capital

dit,says, said
en,

the mountain

odieux, odious

anglais, English

la capitale,the

mount

she is

an

she is

we

have

American
French
a

French

cook
lesson

one.

USES

in French

Express

2.

OF

is she in France

"

in Canada

he is

in the United

it is in the

States

England

3. Translate
leaves

are

he is

in the

nouns

the

le

Francais

il y

France

n'y a

de

la Seine.

Les

pays.

Francais

ete

Foch.
sont

soldat
Le
rares.

villes

la

sur

Anglais

II y

des

marechal

qui

la

l'ouest de

in the

sont

est

en

Anglais

Francais

grande

Foch

est

un

aux

guerre.

Elle

vieux

un

hautes.

aussi

Les

de

grands

France.

En

montagnes

plus

haute

fleuves.

la

est

II y

Avez-vous

servi

sous

grand general. Les

II

Paris

Paris

"tats-Unis. J'aiun
a

Les

pays.

belles que

Paris.

II

plus

est

la France.

Angleterre et
en

l'Europe.

plus grande.

capitalede

souvent

la

pendant

used

etrangers. La

France

est

est

tres

La

vont

des

sont

des

Tamise,

et

politeman

are

les litats-Unis.

yeux

lacs. Paris

Les

est

France

qui

Blanc.

Londres

visite Paris ?

La

joliesaux

mont

that

population est

sa

gais.

et

grands

Londres,

rares.

du

le

est

pas

sur

Elle

pays.

montagnes

toujours tres

montagne

vifs
des

is rich

France

beau

tres

un

Texas, mais

sont

England

Model

beaucoup plus petiteque

est

petiteque

est

est

from

partitivesense.

La
France

Paris

his father is

Model
La

city

littleJohn

all the
; in

Germany

to

from

France

big eyes

general sense

going

"

is small

Select

4.

French

soldier

have

owls

into
green

England

sont

97

she is in France

in

Elle

ARTICLES

THE

sont

capitale
a

des

jamais
ami

qui

le mare'chal

bons

generaux

98

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

Theme
France

is

country, is

old

an

the

on

Paris, which

country.
Seine.

Foreigners
are

is the

often

visit Paris.
Americans

many

and

there

English often

too.

There

are

has

is in the

west

in

In

of

en

les

tous

de

chef, commandant
les Allies

there

mountains.

Mont

grande

dans

Parmee

en

position subordonnee.

191 4,

une

s'etait

guerre,

toute

consacre,

op-

franeaise,

et

a.

1.

vie,

sa

Ses

devinrent
elevation

au

puis,marechal
de

qualitesde

de

mandant
com-

que

commande-

supreme

PAcademie.

than

fleuve

etrangers

est
ne

Texas,

are

high

very

Blanc

is the

in the

Alps.

II

France
Voir

et

Paris?

est

ami

est-il soldat?

le mare'chal

que

France
les

la France

fait,de-

ete

has great rivers. Rivers

Votre

Qui

3. La

Foch

des

est-elleplusgrande

fitats-Unis?
? 5. La

4. Oil est

France

fleuves ? 6. Les

a-t-elle

fleuves

ne

membre

page

20

sont-ils pas utiles?

la

quel

The

Europe.

tac-

si evidentes

etait inevitable.

ment

des

l'enseignement

tiquesmilitaires.
son

France

Oral

2.

Petude

He

useful.

are

cupait encore
II

soldier.

la fin

la

victorieuse

is

foch

Foch, general
de

from

greater population.

France

France

armees

comes

is odious.

highest mountain
marfxhal

le

live

France.

country is smaller
but it has

France

is not

he

been
war

States.

brother

He

says that

people
to

go

Your

Canada, where
He

Paris,

Englishwho

American.

an

in

the United

The

in Canada.

There

French

are

(Sec.102) in

the

capitalof

9. N'avez-vous

visitent-ils pas

Paris?

de
capitale
pas
11.

ete

7.

la France
a

Paris?

Etes-vous

Quelle est
? 8. Sur
10.

francais

Les
ou

USES

americain?
ete

Canada

au

Le

12.

THE

OF

est-il

Canada

Quelle

4.

ARTICLES

la

est

99

Amerique?

en

Avez-vous

13.

fitats-Unis?

capitaledes

Resume
All Americans

1.

3. There

of

often

there

Europe

small

Foch,

6.

odious

to

is less than

have

generals of

all friends
the

rivers.

always love

not

love

in the
also

reads

forests

French

he served

England;

who

visits

20.

My

books

chum

has

1 1

the

16.

States.

The

the

admire

My

on

Such

Pershing.

live in Canada.
Chalk

is useful

good nuts,

but he has

is

A.

1.

2.

Compare

the

Eleven

General

French

teacher

17. Canada

friend

pupils at

no

big oranges.

Drill

"

good

little

bad

adverbs

school.

to

proud

French

and

larger

poor

the

meaning

they

is

18. I have

adjectivesmeaning

at

good soldier;

pretty

Compare

is

Thames

Fourteen)

to

France

the best

REVIEW
(Lessons

men

He

has

long

Frenchman.

12.

is

aunt

so

8. Marshal

10.

States.

west

not

populationof

Leblanc

Young

General

19.

is

13. Little Charles

15.

is

now.

the

are

friends ?

United

Englishmen

French

often.
some

countries

many

the United

mountains.

under

many

Europe

4.

well.

in France

than

and

dear

are

4. In

the great war,

of America.

population of

house.

5. All

you

Paris,but his sister is in England.

books

apples

mountains.

high

on

long

useful

of the best

one

Good

2.

Paris,the largestcityof France,

are

Foreigners do

are

four

are

7. Friends

France.

littlelakes

England.

as

river.

9.

are

love

"

often

little

badly

well

proudly

much

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

IOO

downward

Compare

3.

"

cruellement

grand

meaning

happily

rarely

prettily

usefully

jealously

construction.
partitive

the

? When

in French

is the

the blanks
have

the word

in turn

for

I have

three

but

where

cases

in

not

the

article is used

definite

Illustrate.

sentences

containing
"

sur

jouent

Canada

mieux

leurs

en

ete

sur

pires

dit

meilleures
agee

into French

Translate

attractive

the

most

she

sings most

lady

sweetly
than

she is younger
she is

as

she is

not

young
so

as

young

pupilsin

are

"

in

England

in the United
in the

she is young

chalk

(many)

English.

French

Give

the best

much

good

good

some

French

horses

bread, meat, water, apples :

most

7. Give

9.

complete by insertingin

how

no

have

8.

enough

she any

you

expressed

more

some

he has
has

and

is it

How

article omitted

1/anslateinto French,

6.

"

richly

5. Define

we

adverbs

the

Form

4.

age

useful

is white

room

in the country

you

Peter

young

you
as

States

you

the school

my

am

merchant

father is

he is
France

an

rich merchant

Englishman
and

England

in

LESSONS

REVIEW,
Montcalm

General
she has
fresh
the

of
prettier

the

the

of
prettiest
10.

Rewrite

Les

hommes

tagnes dans

de

age

la

all

correctly the words

bien

petitefille?

licrivez-vous mauvais

uncle

My

teacher

good

have

men

5. Such
the

beautiful

have

bread

tea

they are

to

do

not

dear
have

oranges,

but

has

but

we

coffee.

is

is

Frenchman

is

not

so

new

dresses

in the holes
than

France

and

tall as

1 o.

You

the country ; she has

trees

more
some

3.

has

big

salad.

13. Does

she reads
been

jewels.

in the
beautiful

garden

you.

and

Thames,

but

mpney,
and

sweet

Wood

the

littlegirlwrite

is

15. The
is

16. London
has

bought

there

many

one

some

any

owls

is

larger

19. America

My

more

14. His

better also.

Are

20.

water

No, but

in France.

18.

lakes.

horses

than

12.

John's mother

17.

rich

fresh

bananas

English friend.

white

Good

much

the children

generalsbrave
too

is

Many

The

7. All

8.

have

He

11.

beautiful

many

has

his

Europe.

of the old
and

Paris?

friend

less money

long.

all the

9. Are

it is less dear.

of the oldest cities in

England.

littlemeat.

English soldier,has

an

plus

"

much

very

better than her older sister? Yes, and

is

Avez

en

city. 2. My

in

lettuce for the

no

useful than glass,and

not

have

enough.

money

brother, who

et

always brightpupils. 6.

the soldiers.

there

friends

4. I have

England,

or

Francais

Etes-vous

French

in your

many

girlsare

enough,

is better than

Canada

en

into

man

houses.

in

largestriver

mon-

petitsenfantes'!

ami, Marie
ete

Translate

he

attentive

vieux

Avez-vous

is the oldest

and

des

Les

verts

pres

des

beaucoup

B.
i.

a-t-i/ de

votre

que

v/ine"

II y ont

eleves. Aimez-vous

cousins

in italics:

montagnes.

France

played often

glassof

des

badly

play

he has

two

France.

plus des

vous

I often
.

aime

sont

less

IOI

the least occasion

on

enough

water

enfants

much

friend

no

XI-XIV

friend

lives in

beautiful

cows.

ELEMENTARY

102

FRENCH

LESSON
REGULAR

122.
French
ends

CONJUGATIONS

The

Three

in

as

PRESENT

Conjugations.
is the

English

in either er, ir, or

the

conjugation,or
belongs. There are
French

FIFTEEN

which
infinitive,

infinitive

of

system
three

The

fundamental

This

re.

INDICATIVE

form

ending

inflection,to

such

systems,

of the

or

in

verb,

determines

which

verb

conjugations,in

verbs.
First

Infinitive

Conjugation

ending

in

er

donn-er, to give

Second

Infinitive

Conjugation

ending
Third

Infinitive
That

Note.

to Jifiish
fin-ir,

Conjugation

ending

portion of

in ir

in

verb

re

to

vend-re, to sell
which

the

endings

are

added

is*

called the stem.

123.
the

Formation

present indicative

The

endings of
of the three regularconjugationsare,

of Present

Indicative.

reading vertically,
Plural

Singular
First

Conjugation

Second

Third

Conjugation

Conjugation

All

Conjugations

is

ons

is

ez

it

ent

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

104

VOCABULARY

aimer,
aimer

to

mieux,
to

arranger,

Particle m.,
le

le filet,
the

love,like
to

finir,to finish,end

prefer

le fruitier,the fruit dealer

arrange

the

le

thing

le boucher, the butcher

montrer,
le mouton,

le boulanger, the baker

le comptoir, the

ask

pour,

(for)

que,

go

down,

come

mutton

for,in order to, to (Note)

that, which, (as object)
"

le sel,the salt

to

le sucre, the sugar

give

tendre, to hand

the purchase
l'emplette/.,

emporter,

to

le

carry away

tomber,

PSpicierm., the grocer

faire,to make

trouver,
le veau,

fait,makes

garcon

de

descendre
le

chez

To,

when

out

tea
tomato

fall

to

find

to

the veal

vendre,

la farine, the flour

Note.

thS, the

la tomate, the

at last
enfin,finally,

to

sell

magasin, clerk
en

ville,to go down

town

fruitier,
etc.,at the fruit dealer's,etc,
it

means

in order

to, is always pour.

EXERCISE

."
Drill

I.

the

la sorte, the kind

down

donner,

show

to

rendre, to give back

d^penser, to spend
to

change

p"trir,to knead

counter

la corbeille,the basket

descendre,

store

obligeant, obliging

choisir,to select

to

magasin, the

la monnaie, the

bl",the wheat

demander,

net-bag

Give

the

present indicative

in full of

"

trouver

rendre

choisir

pe'trir

aimer

descendre

INDICATIVE

PRESENT

2.

Complete

4.

Give

the

these

forms

full tense

of

je rends

of the

une

je n'aime

pas

montre

des

descend

mere

in the

dans

des corbeilles

poires,des

fruitier donne
ses

cafe
Le
sur

tomates,

une

beaucoup

garcon
le

de

dans
et

un

Ma

mere

jects
sub-

below, making

des

emplettes.

grands

the

"

ma

est

tres

tend de

Ma

terre

fruitier

Le

legumes

sacs.

de

pommes
rouge

les

et

murs

frais

qui

choisit

mere

nouvelles.

Le

Elle emporte

mere.

Pepicier,
qui vend

elle demande
epiceries,

magasin, qui

comptoir.

de

filet. Chez

d'autres

Model

faire des

fruits

belle pomme

emplettes dans
et

et

the

tu, elles, as

vous,

Marche

les beaux

mere

ma

mouton

verbs.

ville pour

en

le

in the

Au

Ma

corbeille

nous,

italicized verbs

Model

tense

"

je choisis

correspondingchanges

present

la monnaie

successivelyje,

5. Use

sont

in the

105

du

du
the

obligeant,arrange

sucre,
et

du

du
sel.

les articles

l'argenta l'e'picier,
qui rend

la

106

ELEMENTARY

monnaie.

la farine de

boeuf, du

du

du

et

le boucher

de l'eau.

Ma

retour

boucher

Le

chere.

est

la maison.

vend

depense beaucoup

mere

la viande

que

est de

boulanger fait le pain

Le

pain.

mouton.

parce

emplettes. Elle

ses

de

pas

ble',
qu'ilpetritavec

veau

d'argent chez
enfin

vend

L'epicierne

de

avec

FRENCH

Y"zfinit

Elle

achete

de choses.

beaucoup
Theme

market

the

At

generallyhas
I

beef

the

At

fruit

that

The

prefer veal.

bought

we

butcher

always

choose

find

the fruit dealer's

dealer
He

the best

and

sells sugar

the

the best.

change

to

much

always spend

hand

At

we

is dear

go

and

cherries.

largebags.
kinds

two

the

of

town

also

we

The

fruit

coffee.

We

gives back

bought

down

We

fruit dealer.

clerk,who

we

now.

fruit that he

opposite the

the baker's

when

money

is

to

money

in

veal ?

as

vegetablesthat

or

has

He

out

mother.

my

grocer

coffee.

We

fresh

in baskets

are

obliging. The

is very

choose

The

ones.

pears

butcher

much

as

find beautiful

bought

we

The

Meat

mutton.

often

we

the counters,

on

like beef

you

sells also

dealer's,where

well

at

like. Do

we

arranges

things today.

many

bread.

We

make

our

to

purchases.
Oral
i.

Ou

ville ?
les

3.

sont

votre

les

10.

et

garcon

de

Quelle viande

2.

a-t-elle demande
veau?

14.

pain ?

Quel

du

the ?

descend-elle

Pourquoi

choisit-elle?

mere

4.

5. Choisit-elle seulement

les fruits ?

7.

magasin

est-ilaimable

le boucher

vend-il?

13. Aimez-vous

fruit aimez-vous

Qui

des

en

montre

legumes

L'epiciervend-il seulement

depense-t-elle
beaucoup d'argent chez

mere

du

votre

mere

legumes

cafe ? 8. Le

pain?

descend-elle

mere

Quels legumes

legumes

6. Ou
du

notre

le mieux?

le

?
11.

9.

Qui vend

Pourquoi

le boucher?
mouton

15.

mieux

du

votre

12.

que

Ou
le

vend-il
L'e'picier

PRINCIPAL

PARTS

THE

"

IMPERFECT

107

Resume
1.

Children

like

applesor

and

coffee.

asking

for

4. The

fruit dealer does

tea

always spends

more

7. Do

you

like oranges

many

groceries to

mother

out

some

to the

11.

Did

12.

Are

always
your

the cooks

going

down

town

to

kneading
they

we

bread

at

are

18.

Many

we

LESSON

126.

Principal

attention
the

of the

rest

rules.

These

in number

Parts.

given

verb

in the

French

Present
Infinitive,

Singular of
the

Past

the

baker's?

13. Do

like
at

15. Does

he likes ?

women

parents

finishing

are

exercise.

not

choose

the

4. You

17. Do

-THE

Before
to

6. Are

apples fall from

tea

better

than

the fruit dealer's ?

fresh veal

or

mutton.

the

IMPERFECT

proceeding to

those

is derived

called

are

change.

SIXTEEN
PARTS

be

must

the

things at

or

is

grocer

givesback

French

the butcher's

at

the market

PRINCIPAL

sell

not

hands

10.

pupilsthat

for dinner

ripe?

are

the

to

he

9. The

buy vegetables?

writingmy

lessons

he work

19. Does

When

; I am

lesson

other

baskets.

our

aunt

for their children ?

good toys

give long

when

coffee.
20.

some

grammar

the teacher

trees

and

our

My

flour.
he

father

found

8. Does

is

sugar.

5. My

6. We

city?

obligingboy, and

bread

choose

the

fine white

buy

you
you

of

some

find any

things in

the
bananas

as

not

mother.

my

women

does

mother

My

2.

; he sells fruit.

away

much

as

showing (to)my

cook

than

carried

the

(the)dessert.

sell bread

not

last and

at

money

3. The

money

purchases

for

pears

by

basal
the

forms

other

tenses,

from

which

applicationof

principalparts. They
verb, namely,

certain
are

five

First Person
Past Participle,
Participle,
Present
Indicative,First Person
Singularof

Definite.

108

ELEMENTARY

127.
three

The

Principal

FRENCH

Parts

Observe

Note.

that it has

128.

Model

Verbs

of

the

the

Indicative

principalparts by

itself one

participle
always ends

iss
connecting syllable

Present

The

Conjugation

that the present

indicative,
alreadygiven
a.

the

regular conjugationsare

First

the

of

Principal

in Lesson

the

second

conjugation.

Parts.

Fifteen, is

followingrules

also

The
formed

present
from

singularof the present indicative is

principalparts. It ends (in regular verbs)

first person
of the

and

in the

in ant

PARTS

PRINCIPAL

in e, is,

or

THE

IMPERFECT

corresponding sets of endings

tense
are, reading vertically,

this

3D

Another

Note.

109

The

s.

singular of

"

series of

endings, x,

x,

t, is found

for

the

CONJ.

in

some

irregular

verbs.

plural of

b. The

dropping
ons,

ending

ant

present

indicative

of the present

is formed

and
participle

byadding

ez, ent.

129.
of

the

the

the

aient.

The

Imperfect is formed

present
Thus

and
participle,

by dropping the ending ant

adding ais, ais, ait, ions, iez,

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

no

130.

Imperfect

The

thought of

is

What

a.

expresses
as

continued,repeated,or

habitual

in past time.
was

He

did not
used

They

Elle

bread.

for money

ask

used

Gauls

to

is

happened

down

beaucoup

were

you

when

imperfect includes

vous

descen-

ville.

en

the

les Gaulois
(pastdef.)

Us etaient divises.

quand

of the

quand fat

argent.

Cesar attaqua

divided.
use

ville

en

Je travaillais quand
diez

the Gauls

else

something

Je descendais

town.

The

Note.

when

on

trouvk

when

attacked

they were

mental

adoraient

on.

when

town

going

as

the money.

going
Caesar

of

going

was

or

working

was

The

thought

going down

found
I

tous

de dieux.

b. What

was

pain.

de V argent

demandions

Gaulois

Les

worship many

gods.

du

les matins.

morning.
The

enfants.

ses

petrissaitsouvent

Nous

every

argent.

de la viande.

lis vendaient

sell meat.

kneaded

would

We

II n'aimait pas

his children.

love
to

often

She

// depensait son

spending his money.

He

expression of

past

state.

soldiers

thought

that

he

was

Les

soldats

etait
pensaientqu,il

brave.

brave.
VOCABULARY

le

autrefois,formerly

le duel, the duel

Cesar, Caesar
le

druide,the druid

adorer,to worship

etc. [imp.
6tais,
of etre),
was,

chef,the chief

les cheveux

m.,

le

the hair

like,as

couvert

de, covered

le dieu, the
diviser

former, to form
with

le

Gaulois,the

l'habitant

god

(en),to

festin,the feast

la Gaule, Gaul

comme,

etc.

divide

(into)

m.,

(thecountry)
Gaul (a person)
the inhabitant

habiter,to inhabit

ELEMENTARY

112

the full tense

Give

4.

FRENCH

of

je vends

"

du

j'aivendu

bois

du

bois

je choisissais
je descendais
la

je rends
Model
la

de

couverte

forets

formaienU

ne

divises

pendants.

Leurs

etaient

duels

et

de

menaient

l'invasion

de

mieux

armee

leurs
vie

de

soldats.

d'aujourd'hui.

longs, et

et

maisons

la Gaule

lis choisissaient

Leur

de

et

sombres.

par

les

Romains,

disciplined
que

les

legionsdu
de

Vercingetorixest vaincu, et

la Gaule

les

dieux

moustaches.
de

moment

avait

Jules Cesar

la France.

nom-

blanche, leurs

Au

chef

et

chefs

nombreux

etait

peau

de

pour

portaientde longues

basses

national

justice.Les

avaient

et

lis adoraient

ils

la

inde-

braves, genereux,

la guerre

rude.

etait

petitspeuples

lis etaient

festins.

Elle

habitants,les Gaulois,

nombre

beaucoup

simple et

torix,le premier heros

efforts

Gaule.

les Francais

forts.

et

leurs

des

lis habitaient

Les

comme

grand

aimaient

une

blonds

cheveux

de

nom

marecages.

un

grands

apres

braves

plus

en

justice

pretres, les druides, rendaient

lis
hospitaliers.
breux

de

nation

une

pas

lis etaient

Gaulois

et

ville

en

portait le

France

livre

Gaulois1

Les

Autrefois

bon

un

une

gauloisVercingeApres d'heroiques

est

romaine

pendant

quatre siecles.
Theme

Vercingetorixis
of the Gauls.
also.

Gaul

beautiful
1

must

A
be

few

was

He

words

sought

wore

(the)long

formerly the

country

that

it

appearing
in the

hero

the first national

name

now

in this

general

is.

mustache

of

but

He

; his hair

France, and

The

model,

of France.

it

inhabitants
not

vocabulary,at the

elsewhere

end

of the

chief

was

long

was

was

were

not

divided

in this

book.

the

lesson,

PRINCIPAL

into
did

PARTS

independent tribes
form

not

liked

nation.

invite strangers

to

feasts,which
in

houses
and

low
led

their

to

often
habited
in-

They
which

dark.

The

life in

rude

used

ended

duels.

{par)

and

They

hospitableand

were

were

Gauls

country

covered

with

many

forests.

Their

who
priests,

bore

the

druids,

The
justice.

rendered

worshiped
of

great

of

name

113

They

very much.

war

IMPERFECT

THE

"

Gauls

great number

gods.

Oral
1.

Quel

la France

nom

autrefois?
portait-elle
Gaule

etait-elle
de

France
3.

Quel

la

comme

temps ?

notre

portaientles

nom

habitants

La

2.

la

de

VERCINGETORIX

Gaule?
Ceux

4.

Les

ils une
dait la

Gaulois

5. Qui

?
justice

les Gaulois.

7.

ren-

getorix.

Quelle

vie

chef,

ce

9. Les

etaient-ils

courts

Frangais portent-ils

la moustache?

10.

Quelles

tages de
loises
bien
sur

maisons

les Gaulois

taient-ils?

11.

Qui

habi-

etait

Gaulois

Sa

le

de

Vercin-

nom

d'Alesia

defense
de

est

l'histoire.

des

un

Pres

de

probable d'Alesia, Napoleon

remplacement
III fit eriger une
statue
heroique de

menaient-ils ? 8. Leurscheveux

des

faits d'armes

hauts

6. Decrivez

la conquete

connaissent

Cesar

par

nation?

etudie

qui ont

formaient-

le

premier

l'union

contre

meme

ses

par

piedestal de

unie,formant

les

toutes

l'envahisseur,

demontres
le

de

une

seule

nation
defier

avan-

tribus

gausi

avantages

paroles

la statue

esprit, peut

les

concevoir

"

gravees

La

animee
l'univers

Gaule
d'un
"

ELEMENTARY

114
Cesar?

Jules

Francois
sont-ils

aiment-ils

grands

etait

Qui

12.

FRENCH

Vercingetorix?

Vercingetorix?

15. Nommez

Francais

deux

ou

un

Les

14.

de

les

Pourquoi

13.

d'aujourd'hui

leurs heros.

Resume
I

1.

France.

inhabit

the

Did

4.

working;

am

in

end
is

now

of

France
used

the

hair

black

when

he

rude

life.

was

used

to lead

thick

forests?

stronger than
from

his

from

the

the

the
The

et

garde
ne

Tout

ripe

were

was

of

Europe
with

covered

their

gods

he

came

and

were

down
for

the

falling

meurt

passera
est

perdu

et

pas.

Celebres

(MacMahon

j'yreste.
ne

se

rend

(L'armee

pas.

For

position of

See

Model

de

the
alone

Sevastopol.)
(Cambronne

francaise

fors l'honneur.

adjective
expresses

Waterloo.)

Verdun.)

(Francois I
see

a.

Pavie.)

Model.

the

with

and

the

were

trees.

J'y suis

On

clerk

preparing vegetables

apples

like

grandfather's

My

fall when

sons

Caesar

12.

inhabitants

that

houses
the

The

13.

chief,

nation

one

mountains

often

cook

and

wood.

good

thought

would

Mots

La

all the

druids

20.

sell

would

inhabited

form

not

15. The

6. Were

feast

working

was

tribes.

their first1

was

to

5. The

Every

little girl. 14.

young.

18. He

dinner?

children's

was

19. Was

room.

6.

used

small

mustaches

Gauls

did

to

Gauls

into

for his soldiers.

to

The

men.

Gaul

used

men

change

17.

father

10.

bravest

back

Gauls.

8. The

9. The

handing

long

wear

France.

They

11.

select the

to

of

dark.

today.

divided

was

the

The

2.

Vercingetorix,who

7.

his money.

spending

were

Gaul

justice to

hero

and

low

were

of

duel.

national

that

render

(par)

Gaul

Formerly

3.

inhabitants

priest would

working.

were

you

partitive.

THE

LESSON

The

PAST

Its
simple past tense.
the principalparts, and
is.

or

The

(or the

first person

five

other

15

DEFINITE

Definite

Past

SEVENTEEN

THE

131.

DEFINITE

PAST

ends

preterit)is
singularis

the

itself

(in regularverbs) in

forms

of

the

tense

other
of

one

either
made

are

ai

by

changing
ai to

as, a, ames,

ates, erent

is to

is,it,imes,

ites,irent

Note.

third

of

set

(first
conjugation)
;
(second and third conjugations).

endings, us,

us,

ut, etc., is found

in

certain

irregularverbs.
132.
with

the

The

Past

above

Definite

tu

I gave,

I did

give

nous

donnames,

vous

donnates, you
ils donnerent,

etc.

Second

je finis,I finished,I
finis

did

Conjugation

finish

etc.

nous

finimes

vous

finites
ils finirent

il finit

Third

je vendis, I sold,I
tu

vendis

il vendit

Verbs, in accordance

Conjugation

donnas, thou didst give

il donna, he gave,

tu

Model

rule, is
First

je donnai,

of the

etc.

did sell

Conjugation
nous

vendimes

vous

vendites
ils vendirent

we

etc.

gave,
gave,

etc.

theygave,

etc.

116

ELEMENTARY

133.

Past

thought of

act

an

of

Use

Cassar attacked

FRENCH

Definite.

The

takingplace

as

at
Vercingetorix

in past time.

once

Cesar

Alesia.

a
Vercingetorix

attaqua

Alhia.
forever.

left France

She

past definite expresses

Elle

quitta la France

tou-

pour

jours.
He

in
sitting

was

etait assis dans

//

quand

Definite

Past

past definite and

and

The

difference

77

"

vendait

ne

maisons.
did not

He

tences
followingsen-

between

the

imperfect.

sell houses.

did not

chambre

sa

il entendit la cloche.

Imperfect.

fundamental

illustrate the

He

when

room

the bell.

he heard

134.

his

sell his house.

II

"

vendit

ne

de

(imp.)pas

(pastde/.)
pas

sa

maison.

Joan often
One

heard

day Joan

heard

The

Note.

voices.
voice.

imperfectis

past definite the narrative

the
describes,

former

called the

135.

The

called

the

The

entendit

voix.

une

descriptivepast,

as these
Essentially,

latter narrates.

Past

and

the

suggest, the

names

past definite is also

frequently

Indefinite,a compound of the present of

has been
past participles,

expressing the

Besides

substitute for the

common

usage

where

cases

often

past.

jour Jeanne

Un

preterit.

avoir with

the

des voix.

Jeanneentenda.itsouvent

I finished
worked

We

saw

your

son

I sold the house

Four.

serves

as

substitution that becomes

a
past definite,
in

or
colloquial

work.

four

since Lesson

English perfect it

the past definite may

my

He

used

informal
be

faifird
//

days.
yesterday.

Nous

last year.

Jai

stylefor

most

used.
mon

travail.

travailliquatre jours.
avons

vendu

passie.

vu

la

voire

Jilshier.

maison

Vannee

PAST

THE

Note

past indefinite

The

i.

the past definite.

locates

the

in

time

action

previous

The

2.

in his choice
verb

has

the

to

This

present.

past indefinite.

which

following is

of the

the active

action

an

correct

Note

for

tense

to

place,use
the

its formation

From

called the

the

is

or

rule

which

used

pound
com-

If the

to; if it

along

or

Elsewhere

past definite for formal

the

beginner,

English past.

in

imperfect.

as

for the

preceded by

situation

in

perfect.

the

represent

were,

it somewhere

the

use

and

narrative

with

past

matters

importance.
past definite will,of

The

3.

texts, since

substitute

is reflected

distinction

practicalworking

it describes

takes

indefinite,
reserving
of historical

auxiliary
was,

habit; if

expresses

as

English perfect,locates

tense, the past indefinite is often

Note

above

is mentioned

like the

past definite and

names

117

the past definite,like the English past,

Theoretically
at a definite point in a period of time
fullyelapsed ;

much
past indefinite,

the

DEFINITE

these

generally in formal

are

past indefinite is the prevailingtense

be

course,

in French

met
regularly

literarystyle. Even

in the

conversational

here

the

portions.

VOCABULARY

ardent, burning

1'arniee/,the
attaquer,
le

to

Orleans, Orleans
partir, to start, set

army
attack

le paysan

pleurer, to weep

bruler,to burn

presque,

le courage,

(out)

the courage

(Sec.216, a),ten

la domination, the control

entendre,

hear

foi,the faith

ranimer,

to

le

(upon)

le saint

the
(/.sainte),
the
sorcier (/.-iere),

saint

le

sorcerer

le sort, the fate

Jeanne, Joan, Jane

triste,sad

maitre, the master, teacher

at

roi,the king

sur, over,

day

revive

regarder, to look

fut,was
le jour, the
le

to

(f.-iere),
prisoner

prit, took

to desire
ctesirer,

dix

almost

le prisonnier

how

comment,

la

(f.-nne),peasant

Bourguignon, the Burgundian

chasser, to drive

out

vif,alive
vu,

seen

on

118

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

EXERCISE

Drill

Inflect in full the forms

i.

(a) entendre,

Locate

2.

3. Give

finissent

the

pres.

3d sing,of

imp.

2d

sing,of

forms

3d pi.of

pres.

4.

for

they were

finir

pres. 2d

French

5.

hear

thinking

were

you

Supply

the

in
successively

definitetenses
Nous

joux.

travail.
Elle

ne

Le

entendre
montrer

finir

we

chose

was

he

you

are

of

not

?
selling

selling

they not kneading ?

the

verbs

in the

present, imperfect, and

theses,
paren-

past

(entendre)un
Ses

choisir

carryingaway

not

we

forms
the

pi.of

are

are

correct

"

"

finishing

not

of)

finirent

past def. 3d pi.of

he showed
he does

number

3d sing,of

pres.

finish

you

principalparts

and

person,

imp. 3d pi.of

trouver

into

"

"

tendre

Translate

of

hesitiez

demeurer

past def. 2d pi.of

given

je couds, je cousis.

(thatis,give tense,

pleurerent

far

p6trir; (")the verb whose

penser,

coudre, cousant, cousu,

are

thus

parents
pere

enfant.

II

et (demander) des jou(pleurer)

(demeurer) a la
(vendre)du bois.

(etre)pas gaie. (Penser)vous

campagne.
La

lis

leur
(finir)

du pain.
(petrir)
du fruit ?
qu'elle(choisir)
mere

D'ARC

JEANNE
Une

paysanne

de

les

croyances

de

volonte,
un

au

des

amour

plus

chere

reconnue,

de
haut

la

et

France,
tous

son
a

les

historiens,

de

qu'elle
et

jusqu'au

prouva

roi, lequel personnifiait un

l'ennemi.

"

fut

sa

Tout

ce

que

replique

pouvait

ne

pays

sur

juges

et

animee

et

de
par

remarquables
esperer

acquerir

devouement

son

j'aifait,j'aibien
ses

ete

caractere

bout

la tradition

d'esprit

ayant

comme

etait, elle

selon

surnaturel

pouvoir

un

desinteressement

un

Femme

personnels,

envers

resistance

par

patrie

degre.

benefices

Constance
sans

est

sa

CHAPU)

d'Arc, possedant,

Jeanne

Domremy,

DE

(CEUVRE

le

point

fait de

et

de

sa

ceder

le faire

",

THE

DEFINITE

PAST

France?

7.

Qu'entendit-elle

un

trouver?

9.

Que

desirait-elle

Jeanne

prit-elle la

Jeanne
ils

Jeanne

ville?

De

14.

13.

armee

une

combien

En

2.

de

jours

vendirent-

Bourguignons

e'tait-elle la

qui Jeanne

partit-elle

Jeanne

donna-t-il

les

qui

regarde-t-elle Jeanne

la France

roi

Le

attaqua-t-elle?

ville

Quelle

11.

Qui

8.

jour?
10.

121

prisonniere

ment
Com-

15.

Resume

heard
4.

used

Joan

1.

voices.

When

her

6. The

English

she

drove

who
live

always

the
of
as

the

saint.
16.

daughters.
every
army
forest.

of

day.
took
20.

17.
18.

the
The

Your
did
The
Did

city?

upon

asked

for

give

not

teacher

Joan
19.

English

as

much

would
show
He

and

great
thinks

French

used

his

new

to

took

burn

the
loves

courage

girl,

peasant
and

sons

as

his

to

when

found

had

Joan

the

map

the

the

to

almost

10.

dress
to

army

Peasants

the

new

courage
that

little

Everybody

Joan,

when

Joan

revives

houses.

king

army

12.

money
show

sold

French

Faith

13.

her

9.

England.

looked

sister

the

villages.

the

Domremy.
French

peasants'

Soldiers

small

When
for

the

prisoner.

in

11.

started

The

15.

their

attacked

English

of

Joan

today.

the

7. With

8.

city.

day

classroom

fate

sad

One

2.

the

of

many

country.

or

faith.

in

the

the

country

war.

parents,

over

her

alive

14.

her

wept

burned
the

voice

burned

from

much

He

with

English

the

during

your

attack

peasant

soldiers.

jewels.

soldiers

Englishmen

young

The

in

and

courage

living

would

the

English,

was

girl often

young

the

city,

5.

voices

heard

3.

Joan

village.

hear

to

the
nuts

sorcerers.

some

to

his

pupils
English
in

the

ELEMENTARY

122

FRENCH

REVIEW
Fifteen

(Lessons
A.

Name

1.

Give

to

Seventeen)
Drill

General

five

the

principalparts in order.
ending of the infinitive of the

the

three

conjugations
; of the past participle.
; of the present participle
four
verbs of the first conjugation; of the
3. Name
the principalparts of a verb
second ; of the third.
Give
each conjugation.
from
the endings of the present indicative plural; of
4. Give
2.

the

imperfect.
5. Give

the

sets

of

endings

of

the

present indicative

used in each
sets are
singular; of the past definite. Which
conjugation?
the endings of the whole
6. Give
present indicative in
each conjugation; of the past definite.
thus far
7. Give the principalparts and the three tenses
treated

of pleurer, entendre, punir.

8.

Give

the

9.

Give

the

whose
10.

past indefinite of the three

three

principalparts
Give

the

forms

tenses
are

thus

far

verbs

treated

of 7.
of

the

verb

mettre, mettant, mis, je mets, je mis.

in these

three

tenses

of

"

LESSONS

REVIEW,

she is

is he

weeping

does

it not

were

you

worship

do

?
inviting

into French

like ?

you

going

have

we

down

given

"

god

one

showing

he is

asking

not

were

is he

burn

Translate

13.

we

build

to

123

"

hearing

they used

we

into French

Translate

12.

XV-XVII

Joan

selected

white

horse

we

worshiping our

are

the Gauls

Joan

worshiped

Supply the

14.

the

form

Ma

legumes.

les
Je (porter)
l'epicier.

ami

Mon

un

the

Correct

emportent

you, but he reads

to

school

the house

sing in

he

II

avoir des
desires

into

Les

(aimer)

garcons

our

they were

orchard

beautiful flowers
the trees

when

attacked

the

behind

was

boys

in the

8.

drove

the

II

livres.

II

vendant

est

pas.
French
in the

3. He

used

does

garden.
not

read

4. Does

your

Do

2.

as

well

brother

bring ripe apples to

to

7. The

6.

Many

children

Joan used

livingin Domremy.

English they

livres.

country.

the house.

in the meadow.

she

bons

his brothers.

5. The

day?

every

when

better than

des

beaucoup

working

was

always punish lazypupils?

teachers

go

(acheter)des
(tendre)Pargent a
nous

et

la maison.

Translate

playing,but

was

il ne

des livres que

B.

as

in the

pommes

livres.

ses

II desires

des livres.

nombre

1.

Joan

following:

aimes

choses

loved

marche.

au

then

des
(choisir)

mere

worship

parentheses,
imperfect.

(depenser)beaucoup d'argent quand

Nous

book

of the verbs in the

first in the present tense, and

aller

often

her parents

garden

proper

good

she would

gods

many

worshipingin

was

I selected

god

to

9. When

soldiers

from

birds

would

often

found

hear

voices

the
the

in

French

country.

you

The

Gauls

4. He

because

when

houses

give an
town

not

they
day

every

in

were

and

spent

more

formed

Thus

added.

are

je donnerai, I

THE

FUTURE

the

Future.

give
give

Did

grammar

burned

the

many

king finally

Formerly he

20.

went

to

his friends.

than

future

The

nous

donnerons,

vous

donnerez, you
ils donneront,

give

Third

Conjugation

tense

is

If he arrives

The

shall

will

give

give

they will give

shall sell

Je quitteraila ville bientbt.

citysoon.

today,I

shall

etc.

etc.

the

leave

we

Conjugation

je vendrai, I

etc.

Note.

French

Conjugation

I shall finish
je finirai,

I shall

always

was

the

wilt

il donnera, he will

etc.

bench?

shall

thou

donneras,

Second

the

EIGHTEEN

First

tu

Canada.

endings ai, as, a, ons, ez, ont to the

final e being dropped as the endings
a
infinitive,

by adding

of the

of

Formation

girl?

one.

livingin

soldiers
19.

My

13.

red

and

choosing your

money

LESSON

136.

now

his lessons

country.

French

and

one

sittingon

18. The

orte.
our

the young

to

army

best

are

is

was

prepare

7. We

the

desire

we

who

little boy

the teacher.

looking at

white

friend,who

my

did

friend

best

My

to

the

see

you

soldier for their chief.

yesterday,a

dresses

two

sold his horses

15. Did
16.

often choose

in the woods

tree

nut

children?

the

playthings to

the old

under

nuts

would

bought

sister

the

back

carry

you

find any

Did
.

12.

do

When

10.
1 1

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

124

stay.

i of si elides before

SHI arrive
il and

ils.

aujourd'huije resterai.
See

Sec.

68.

THE

137.

future

French

Quand,

after

Future

FUTURE

be

must
following peculiarity
aussitot

be

must

used

in
the

will leave
she

As

English

are

of

uses

English,

After

the

quand,

when,

the

future

words,

Similar

time.

future

the

usuallyin the present.

li

salle

quitterala

elle

quand

chantera.

sings.

soon

in

like

denotes

when

room

the

as

other

verb

the

same

noted.

and

as,

when

constructions
He

soon

as

que,

While

etc.

mainly the

are

125

he

as

shall

arrive) I

(shall

arrives

close

A ussitbt qu 'ilarrivera,
jefermerai

la /entire.

the

window.

He

future time

when

But

leaves
she

the

is not

implied,the future

when(ever)

room

quite la

77

is not

used.
elle

quand

chambre

chante.

sings.

VOCABULARY

to

accompagner,

TStude/, the study

accompany

la

aller,to go
the
l'annSe/.,

aussitot

que,

heler,to call,hail

les bagages

soon

as

the

m.,

baggage,

le

de, on

du
the

edge

buffet,the lunch

of

counter

chercher, to look for,seek

le cocher, the coachman

compter,

to

dejeuner,

intend
fast
lunch, break-

to
*

dernier

(f,-iere),last

ensemble, together

avait, there

le lieu,the
le

bientot, soon
bord

il y

as

luggage

au

station
(railway)

the

la gare,

year

arriver,to arrive
v

fois,the time

was

place

monde, the world

monde, people,company
monter

cheval,

to

ride

horseback
nager,
passer,

swim
to

i p"cher, to

pass,

spend (time)

fish

pendant que, while

porter, carry

pr"t (a),ready (to)

prochain,

next

126

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

quitter,to leave
la salle

je serai,I

d'attente, the waiting-

si,if
les

room

le

s6jour,the stay

la

semaine, the week

le

sur

last

week,

the

point de, on

la semaine

voyage,

en

2.

journey

point of, about

demiere

next

(a) Inflect

the future

to

Vannee

year,

all forms

Locate

of passer,

treated

prochaine

(thatis,give tense,
vendons

vendant

vendent

vendront

comptes

compteras

comptas

will
do

into

they arrive

they

does

he not

were

seek
leave ?

have

b. I shall call the coachman

shall you

not

when

leave the house

he wept

I heard

the last time

ready
4.

Model

to

Change
on

to

page

the
119.

future

the

he arrives

when

he arrives

as

soon
we

we
we

spend

my

to

give

I intend

to

give

verbs

down

shall go down

shall find

seek, we

she

go

he arrives I shall leave

as

in order

while

fish

heard

you

I shall

week

when

if

last week
next

"

they asking ?

were

fish in the river

of)

choosing ?

we

did she lunch

they will

number

"

think ?

shall not

we

French

and

person,

vendions

3. Translate

choisir,entendre,etre, dire.
far of finir,
compter, tendre.

thus

vendrons

c.

on

EXERCISE

(b) Inflect

a.

vacation

week, etc., take the article,

Drin
1

vacances/!,the
vite,quickly

like last

Phrases

Note.

shall be, etc.

vacation

here

wept

(except avoir)in

the

fishes,I shall swim

friend

my

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

128

often

was

in the

I intend

water.

stay will end

My

in the

spend

to

quickly. When

too

country, it always passes

of the lake.

waters

Last

vacation

my

spend

agreeably.

vacation

my

year

in the

quickly.

too

Oral

Pourquoi

i.

3. Oil

aujourd'hui?

ami

votre

ses
passera-t-il

5. A-t-il trouve'

derniere?

ses
pre'parera-t-il
bagages

arriverez

la gare ?

Passerez-vous

14.

etait-ilPanne'e

Quand

6.

la salle d'attente ?

est

seul

quand

vite
passent-elles
ici?

Partira-t-il

aller?

Serez-vous

nagerez-vous

vacances

vos

2.

sont-ils prets? 8. Pourquoi

9. Ou

11.

semaines

13. Les

campagne?

il desire

ou

cocher

Ou

12.

? 4. Ou

bagages

? 7. Ses

visiter?

Qui comptez-vous

10.

point de partir?

vacances

le lieu

helera-t-il un

ami

votre

le

est-il sur

quand

vous

serez

la

vous

la

campagne?

15. Montez-vous

cheval?

Resume

used

spend

to

intend

to

your

and

his

my

accompany

shall start

8. We

9. The

home.
Do

my

breakfast
start

the

friends

almost

studies

on

and

have

saw

the

go

to

the

will swim

in the

day

shall leave

some

14.

day

in the

the

the

large birds

river ?

leaves

?
12.

when

that

we

4. Did

you

we

school.

coachman.
friend's

of the

lake.

would

ride

I shall

were

water.

16. While

the

She

n.

finish

soon

13. Did

vacation.

my

the

you

6. I shall

army.

waters

pure

counter

on

3. Do

arrive at my

soon

park.

firsttime

large railway stations.

he

home

at

cityfor

the lunch
The

station,they will hail

shall

of

parents

waiting-room together?

when

week, and

His

2.

Europe.

edge

the

station

every

at

the

on

accompanied

spend

journey?

lake, we

to

in

or

leave

often

sometimes
a

to

next

coachmen

horseback

coachman

parents and

they desire

7. When

in Canada

vacation

next

friend

in the country.

his vacation

their vacations

left her

Joan

10.

spends

spend

friend

my
5.

friend

My

1.

about

were
on

you

the

edge

to

of

ally
15. Cities generwere

breakfasting

CONDITIONAL

THE

lunch

the

at

17. The

is

he

as

week,

They

yet ready?

not

shall

ready,we

with his parents, who

start.

always

20.

have

has

endings
final

but

being dropped

the

as

First

je donnerais, I
tu

should

donnerais, thou wouldst

Second

give

Note
as

those

of the

Note

and

think

nous

donnerions,

vous

donneriez, you

should

that

Thus

should

we

would

sea.

Un

endings

give
give
give

Conjugation

je vendrais, I

the

is

conditional
are

he

will

he

would

sort

sell

should

etc.

aimerait

tel homme
of the

conditional

of past to the

the past of will

illustrate this relation

I

infinitive,

added.

are

the

la
the

are

mer.

same

imperfect.

The

2.

would

that

Observe

i.

of the

Third

the

love

mood,

by adding

etc.

would

man

conditional

ilsdonneraient,theywould

etc.
a

the

endings

give

I should finish
je finirais,

Such

The

to

Conjugation

etc.

the lake

at

Conjugation

give

il donnerait, he would

soon

company.

ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient

better.

19. As

spent last week

He

tense, is formed

simple

one

hear

to

here.

be

soon

of the Conditional.

Formation

desk

voice.

CONDITIONAL

THE

which

will

coachman's

NINETEEN

LESSON

138.

the

heard

we

the teacher's

before
sitting

pupil was

18. Is she

last

counter

129

and

future,as,

shall.

The

in

English,

tences
followingsen-

give

some

Je pense qtSildonnera

some

Je pensais qu'ildonnerait

de I

'argent.

money.
I

thought
money.

that

give

de P argent.

ELEMENTARY

130
139.

Conditions

conditional
verb

The

be

may
in

in

Present, when

a.

If the child
If the

Neither

French.

used

in

the

verb

Si V

he
(shallfall),

Si

future

introduced

clause

English

falls,he weeps.

child falls

the

clause

conditional

French

FRENCH

the

nor

by si, if.

is

is present

future.

or

enfant tombe, il pleure.

/'enfanttombe, ilpleurera.

will weep.

Imperfect,when

b.

with

should

If the child fell

would

would

weep

Note

Si

he
(shouldfall),

Penfant tombait,il pleurerait.

corresponds

to

both

unreal

conditions.
As

illustrated

3.

may

When

follow

asking

to

tense

the

si has

the

that the first of the constructions

and

simple present

both

the

less

vivid

above, the conclusion

usuallycorrespondsin
Note

will observe

Classical students

2.

enfant tombait,il pleurerait.

(be weeping).

conditions; the second

Note

Si V

falling, he

were

future

is

pounded
com-

would.

or

above

He

is

weep.
child

the

If

English verb is past, or

the

and

mood

to

of

vivid

more

future

and

conditional

the

tence
sen-

English form.

the

the

whether,

meaning

the

future

or

tional
condi-

it.

whether

(if)you

will

II demande

si

vous

resterez.

stay.
He

was

would

asking

whether

(if) you

77 demandail

si

vous

resteriez.

stay.
VOCABULARY

acheter,to buy
admirer, to admire
le bord
la

de la mer,

les

the seashore

chance, the good luck

de temps

demain,

tomorrow

? how

les

parents

chasser,to hunt, drive

combien

{pastpart), said,told
Economies/, savings
grands-parents, the grand-

dit

l'hotel m., the hotel

long?

intgressant,interesting
l'itine"rairem.,

the

itinerary

THE

CONDITIONAL

le

jamais, ever

quelques,

libre,free

rester, to stay, remain

le matin, the
la mer,

midi,

the

les

morning

wealth

know
know

savez, you

vous

surtout, especially

noon

le

mois, the month

la

necessity/.,the necessity

le temps, the time

tracer, to

fishing

trace

out

to travel

voyager,

EXERCISE

."

i.

the conditional

Give

of

(a)chasser, choisir,descendre

"

(p) the

verbs

whose

infinitives

dire,prendre.
2.

all the forms

Give

thus

(a) admirer, p"trir,rendre

are

few

the
richesses/.,

je sais, I

sea

la peche, the

are

point, the point,place

la, there

longtemps, long (adv.)

131

far treated of

(b) the

verb

"

whose

principalparts

taire,taisant,tu, tais,tus.
into French

3. Translate

"

he will carry
he

would

carry

if he

finds,he will sell

if he

found, he would

sell

he did carry

when

he finds he sells

he does

when

he finds he will sell

if he

carry

finds,he sells
the

forms

of

the

soon

verbs

in

as

he finds he sells

the

parentheses,
in the present, future, conditional,past definite,
successively
and past indefinite.
4.

Supply

as

Je (passer)
quelques jours chez
campagne.

(entendre)les
tableaux.
et

ferme.

Je (admirer)sa
oiseaux.

(Aimer)

(pecher).Mes

vous

vacances

Mon

oncle.

mon

Nous

oncle

les tableaux?
vite.
(finir)

et

II

(demeurer)a

la

des fleurs et
(chercher)
des
tante
ma
(choisir)
Nous

au
(descendre)

lac

Model

Le

Demain

matin

frere que,

arriverons
si

mois

lieu

Le

avions

Si

admirerais

j'aide

ne

derniere

hotels.

les richesses

du

Je

nous

Ik

un

bord

de

la

grands-

mes

frere,nous

mon

pecherions. J'aime
le lac.

Si

surtout

riche,
j'etais

la

France.

les

points inte-

Mais

pays.

si

sais pas

ne

chance,

chez

visiterais tous

Je

quelques

au
j'etais

nous

visiterais

Je

mon

toujours mes

pas

mois

ou

resterions

passe

l'argent,je depense

de la vie.

necessites

Je

la

nous

nagerions dans

je voyagerais beaucoup.

riche.

jolique

chasserions

choisirais les meilleurs

de

avons

grands-parentsavec

mes

cheval,nous

et

si

est

J'aidit

la campagne

prochaine je passerai un

peche. Quelquefoisnous

ressants

nous

L'anne'e

chez
parents. Si j'etais
monterions

resterions

le temps.

la campagne.

L'annee

mer.

la campagne.

partironspour

nous

midi.

nous

Campagne

la

trace' l'itineraire. Si

vacances

Voyage

s'il e'taitlibre,nous

jours. J'ai

la

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

132

je

suis pas

ne

economies

mes

Je

pour

les

je serai jamais riche.

Theme
should

We
should
that
we

and

travel much
should

we

should

should

much

we

were

free he would

I do

not

know

time, we

should

I should

hunt

set

whether
a

pass

and,

horseback

and

find much

which

as

should
we

if I

also.

out

With

few

days

I like

at a

should
1

My

have
a

Sec.

end
shall

long

out

19.

start

time.

we

itinerary.

an

If

fish. We

we

had

last year.

were

should

points. We
interesting

too

friend said that if he

placewhere

admire.
See

would

traced

1 should
fishing,1

visit all the

of the country

savings

my

shall remain

we

vacation

free.
We

We

money.

in France, where
especially
should visit the big stores

We

am

much

the wealth

Our

rich.

for the seashore

tomorrow

remain

money.

not

are

had

we

admire

the best hotels.

spend

But

should

we

visit. We

choose

should

quickly.

and

if

vacations

good

pass

ride

should

FRONT

Les

Americains

attires
d'ceil

vers

la

sur

dangereuse
entre

le

front

de

de

la

bataille

quel

cooperation

Chateau-Thierry,
l'histoire

de

foret
la

sur

ennemies

lignes

du

point
des
de

Paris,

les

grande

troupes

l'Argonne,

participation

ces

des

celui

et

ont

de
du
ete

dans

la

de

moment

la

coup

distance

l'armistice
le

pendant
de

noms

jamais

un

proximite

La

guerre.

Les

resteront

jetant
de

repousses

americaines.

litats-Unis

En

compte

annees

naturellement

sont

guerre.
rend

se

on

juillet 1918
Allemands

France

en

la

de

pendant
15

L'OUEST

DE

maintenant

bataille

de

notamment

carte,
des

BATAILLE

voyagent

champs

jusqu'a

montre

temps

qui
les

DE

Cantigny,

fameux

grande

guerre

dans

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

134
Oral

Quand partirez-vous
pour

i.

resterez-vous
4.

la campagne

arriverez-vous

Quand

derniere

l'annee

8. Monteriez-vous

la campagne

quoi ne

riche?

etiez

Quel

11.

choisiriez-vous

Depensez-vous

13.

7. Montez-vous

pagne
cam-

chez

passerez-vous

cheval ?

? 9. Pour-

Voyageriez-voussi vous

10.

visiteriez-vous ?

pays

jours

de la chance

habitiez la campagne

vous

beaucoup

pas

voyagez-vous

de

fitiez-vousa la

5.

de temps

prochaine?
si

Combien

2.

souvent

6. Combien

cheval

? 3. Avez-vous

grands-parentsl'annee

vos

la campagne

toutes

hotels

Quels

12.

economies?

vos

Resume
father

My

1.

enough.

money
free.

fish

fish every

I should

store

he

tomorrow,

give

would

stay

at

home

today ?

best

hotels?

friends ?
two

your

15. Would

months.

grandparents ?

19. If I
The

the

Do

he
a

17. How

start

he

had

is

more

journey

on

you
would

ever

should

to

money

next

all your

spend
out

pleasantplace,he
long

did

you

if he would
brother

for breakfast

savingsthere
lived

the

itineraryfor

his

will stay in the

travel in France

good luck, I

shall

swim

in the
at

if you

an

that

his lesson.

your

like oranges

you
trace

boy

in the

said

9. He

the

country

work

not

whether

know

not

the

finished

if he

boy

stayingat the seashore, I should

king did not give Joan great wealth.

were

if he

his father.

Children

18. If I have

when

livingin

boy

you

12.

money

6. If he finds

with

13. Have

much

How

14.

seashore

were

8. If the

give some
1 1

(omit)the morning.

7. If I

to

money

seashore

has

France
next
especially
year
livingin the country, I used to

was

hunt

tomorrow.

desk

20.

would

some

will ride horseback

in

day.

said that he would

He

10.

6. When

if he

country

and

Europe

great deal in the lake.

now,

he

the time.

had

we

the

at

studies,I shall

visit

should

5. We

will visit the

stay longer

4. If I finish my

week.

in the

his vacation

father

My

2.

would

3. He

money.

if

will pass

start

every

at

tains
moun-

with
noon.

morning.

ELEMENTARY

136

FRENCH

John, you speak well.

Mr.
Leblanc, you speak well.

An

adjective or
is

vous

pronoun

it refers to
Mon

ami,

Mes

amis,

143.

the

would

be

used

would

be

used.

John, speak

refers to

vous

one

with

the

subject

plural when

person,

in

friend, you

My

Singular

and

singular in
address, the second

strong.

are

The

Plural.

second

strong.

are

My friends,you

imperative,

situations

where

plural where

tu
vous

Jean, park plus haut.

loudly.

more

parlez bien.

one.

Imperative

likewise,uses

amis, vous

participlein agreement

forts.

etes

vous

parlez bien.

Leblanc, vous

Mes

fort.

etes

vous

singular when
than

more

M.

well.

My friends,you speak
Note.

Jean, tu paries bien.

Explain the lesson, sir.

Expliquez la lefon,monsieur.

VOCABULARY

absent, absent
ah!

ah!

apprendre,
bien

la

haut, loud, loudly

good

Henri, Henry
to

learn

l'indicatif m.,

le mot, the word

conjugaison, the conjugation

le nom,

deranger, to disturb

the

nommer,

de nouveau,

noun

to

name

again

deuxieme, second

parler, to speak

donne-moi, give me

Pierre,Peter

eaniter, to listen

(to)

ensuite,afterward

le pluriel,the
le

plural

present,the present

to study
e*tudier,

primaire, elementary

expliquer, to explain

prononcer,

ferme,
le

the indicative

ce, this

conjuguer, to conjugate

hier,yesterday

hard

futur, the future

to

pronounce

la prononciation, the

ation
pronunci-

THE

IMPERATIVE

reciter,to recite

thy (Note 2)

ton, ta, tes, your,

le verbe, the verb

rep"ter,to repeat
le soir,the

137

evening

le voisin, the

neighbor

to study French
frangais,
in French
en
frangais,
to speak French
parler frangais,
s'il vous
(te)plait,if you please

gtudier le

Note

and
capital,
en, and

Note

of

Names

i.

languages

require the definite article,which

2.

is

Ton

used, not votre, when

"

and
affirmatively

(b) Give
whose

is omitted,

(c) Give

however, after

Express

of address.

entendre, choisir,

montrer,

negatively.
of punir ; of the

far treated

of

rendre, neg. ;

the

the

followingto

addressed

person

the

finish the lesson

love your

neighbors

fall

3.

Express the foregoingphrases to

4.

Translate

French

he

father,you

are

kind

she is

my

friend,you

are

kind

choose

Mr.

Ledoux, speak

more

addressed

one

speaks

my

this word

change

as

vous.

"

speak

John, pronounce

the months

name

into

tu

as

give back

us

of

future

neg.-int.
past definite of e*couter,

listen

let

verb

lire,lisant, lu, je lis, je lus.

are

conditional

the

tendre, int. ; the

do not

EXERCISE

thus

all forms

principalparts

2.

begin with

not

tu is the form

imperative of

the

(a) Give

both

do

preferablyafter parler.

-."

1.

masculine,

are

again

does

loudly

love

French

studying English
an

she

orange,

if you

read

French

not

thy neighbor

please
?

ELEMENTARY

138
Model

la

Nous

Le^on
de

sommes

ferme.

grammaire

francaise.

livre

Quel

les

prononce

de

mots

la page.

deux

verbes

de

I'indicatif du
Donne

Bon.
Passons

plus
Tu

du
la

haut.

je punirai toute

reste

Jean,
Mes

la classe.

bien, nous

lecon.

Jean,

aussi

hier,monsieur; je

s'il vous

plait.
cheval.

n'a pas

enfants, demain

Quand

vous

le present de

apporte

a.

chez

cahier.

liras,parle

etudiez

serez

vendre.

son

tu

si haut

ne

Nomme

verbe

Jean, quand

parle pas

ne

du

lis

Voici

"

mot

le futur

bien.

place et

ta

conjugaison. Conjugue

ecoutez

la classe.

deranges

Henri,

papier a Henri, qui

lis mal.

explique la

plurieldu

finir. Recite

lecture,et

Tu

le

la deuxieme

verbe

II

la page,

donne

etudions

te

Bien, ta prononciationest bonne.

Montrez-moi

legon. Maintenant,

s'il

moment,

parlefrangaisparce qu'il

J'etaisabsent

"

legons.

nos

pupitre? J'ai ma
un

nous

maitre

tableau.

au

regies de grammaire.

sais pas
la

lecon.

ta

Charles, ecris l'exercice

tes

Si

voici le maitre.

frangais. Ah!

est

livre

ton

parleronsbientot frangais.Notre

etudions

ton

sur

regie.

une

Nous

as-tu

Donne-moi

aire

prim

classe.

en

chercher

desire

l'Ecole

nouveau

Travaillons

plait. Je

FRENCH

voisin.

ton

mieux

vous

ou

soir,

ce

travaillez bien.

Theme

Henry,
John

will write

chalk
Do

write the first sentence

to

not

Henry

notebook
and

you

and

all the

have

You

afterward

read

Good.

the

like you,

pupilswere

do

and
read

very

Now
Look

not

at

disturb

badly.

the class.

Read

theywould

aloud

master

when

you

not

do

Henry

indicative

recite.

not

are

learn their

finish the lesson

and

some

of grammar.

Peter, you

Charles, you

conjugate the present

the

and

board, and

John, give
rules

new

Charles

the

on

chalk?

no

Peter, recite the first rule. Now

sentences.

verbs.

last.

the last rule.

read

If
listening.
lessons.

the

of the lesson

in your

not

listen

will repeat the

{Model)of

If you

spoke

the

more

IMPERATIVE

THE

loudly,the
will

study

lessons

evening

soon

speak

will

you

pluralof

this

explainsthe

For

listen better.

class would
the

Work

nouns.

hard

If you

home.

at

French.

all the

tomorrow

when

absent

not

are

your

often,

too

listen well when

Always

pupils

study

you

39

the

master

lessons.

Oral
Ob

1.

ferme

maintenant?

sommes-nous

? 3.

Pourquoi

eleve demande-t-il

un

professeurtrouve-t-il que

4. Le

maitre

5. Votre

la

est-ilfrancais

eleves

Les

2.

le livre d'un

ame'ricain ?

ou

10.

ou

Le

maitre

mal

vous

lecons?

voix

Lisez-vous

12.

15. Le

ou

parle-t-il
plus

lecons

vos

haute

voix

basse

que

vous?

haut

plus vite

maitre

les
punirait-il

etes

classe ?

en

re'citez?

vous

13. Ou

pluriel

Lisez-vous

11.

le maitre

4. Aimeriez-vous

le

de

s'ildonnait

bien

preparez-

longues

s'ilsn'e'tudiaient

eleves

de la deuxieme

quand

le maitre

que

bonne

est

6. Donnez

mots

9. Parlez-vous

eleve ?

autre

prononciationde Jean

deux verbes
cheval,general. 7. Nommez
conjugaison. 8. ficoutez-voustoujoursquand vous

des

travaillent-ils

pas?

Resume

2.

is

He

well.

learn
not

were

from

his vacation

but

the teacher

he

said,

"

does

4.

Repeat

attentive.

5.

John, if you

well, the
6. Let

7..Peter, look

at

writinghis

us

teacher

leave

your

the

on

French

class,u Study better

should

not

disturb

English lesson.
verb, please.

11.

10.

the

work

will

do

give

longer

speak

not

punish

Charles, you

so

much

if

we

to

every

morrow.
to-

trees.

when
to

pupil." 9.

her
We

studying the

were

badly;

said

rules

for

the

chum

teacher

present indicative
pronounce

lesson

your

will

Riou, you

play under

and

classroom
do

I shall

the

well,and you
recite all the

not

8. The

or

the words

pronounce

the board.

school

Give

not

school.

again at

the last sentence, Miss

book, and

exercise

is

and

Henry,

French."

grammar

he is

is back

studying French,
Today

3.

soon

of

brother

My

1.

{Model)
read

the

of

this

French

ELEMENTARY

140
in your

aloud

room

rules more,

you

the

of

future

speak

the

the

class will hear

learn

verbs

of

the

19.

Peter, how

this

morning?
who

States

20.

did

nouns

many

There

are

verbs

well

SUBJUNCTIVE

is reserved
verb.

145.

ending

for later
It has

Present

ant

of

the
Thus

Conjugation

voice.
studied

simple

the

lesson ?

reading
in the

lesson

United

French.

COMPLETED

discussion

present

of whose

here

to

uses

complete

tenses.

Subjunctive

is formed

by dropping

participleand

adding

e,

the

es,

Second

Conjugation

Third

Conjugation

je vende

je finisse

donnes

tu

il donne

finisses

tu

vendes

il vende

il finisse

nous

donnions

nous

finissions

nous

vendions

vous

donniez

vous

finissiez

vous

vendiez

ils donnent

when

all the

name

people

they speak

as

low

they

in

in the

French

not

gentleman

are

VERBS

SIMPLE

je donne
tu

find

you

if

will

lessons, is introduced

two

The

ions, iez, ent.

First

Subjunctive Mood,

The

Who

Do

15.

in

John,

14.

TWENTY-ONE

LESSON

144.

well

the

to

13. Write

lesson.

today.

the

study

today.

next

which

many

speak English as

lesson

read

French

.second conjugation

would

if you

17.

is

If you

hard

(My) children, always listen

the class. 18.
to
reading French

more?

the

French
for

vendre

Americans

16. Would

he

verb

12.

yesterday; study

loudly;

so

finish the

would

absent

were

you

evening.

every

the

FRENCH

ils finissent

ils vendent

"

e,

SUBJUNCTIVE
146.

of

letter

definite and

First

COMPLETED

Third

Conjugation

je finisse

je donnasse
donnasses

il donnat

the

past

Thus

Conjugation

tu

il finit

vendisses

il vendit

nous

donnassions

nous

finissions

nous

vendissions

vous

donnassiez

vous

finissiez

vous

vendissiez

ils donnassent

147.

The

of the

tenses

outline

ils finissent

Synopsis.

of

active

voice

has

been

now

conjugation of a
synopsis,which consists

so-called

parts and

the

the

first form

ils vendissent

formation

The

in each

Synopsis

of

verb

of

all the
A

treated.

is furnished

of the first three

simple
concise

by the
principal

tense, in order.

donner

French

Form

Name

Synopsis

Pres.

Inf.

Present
Infinitif

donner

Pres.

Part.

ParticipePresent

donnant

ParticipePasse

donne

Past

Part,
Ind.

ist

Sing.

Pres.

ist

Sing.

Imp.

Ind.

ist

Sing.

Past

Def.

ist

Sing.

Future

ist

Sing.

Conditional

2D

Sing.

Ind.

Sing.

Pres.

ist

Sing.

Imp.

Subj.
Subj.

The

example, would

Present
Indicatif

je donne

Imparfait

je donnais

Passe

Defini

synopsis of

je donnai

Futur

je donnerai

Conditionnel

je donnerais
donne

Imperatif

Imperative

ist

Note

Ind.

SubjonctifPresent

je donne

Imparfait du Subj.

je donnasse

donner

je vendisse

finisses

tu

by dropping

At, ssions, ssiez, ssent.

sse, sses,

Second

141

singular of

first person

the

adding

Conjugation

tu

VERBS

Imperfect Subjunctive is formed

The

final

the

SIMPLE

"

in

the

be il donne, il donnait, etc.

third person

singular,for

Note
formed
page

2.

is
431

; for

on

the five

rules

and

300

pages

fullyinflected

For

301.

model

which

by
of

the

several

table of verb

the

tenses

are

endings, see

regularverbs, see

following table summarizes

The

3.

of the

summary

given

Note

from

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

142

page

derivation

432.

of the verb

principalparts :

VOCABULARY

aimer

a, like

le

to

mathe*maticien, the

matician
mathe-

allemand, German
apprecier, to value correctly

les

matbimatiques/!,the

matics
mathe-

the artillery
l'artillerie/.,

Brienne, the

seat

of

French

militaryschool
1 what

comment

why

le

mgpris, the

le

m6"rite,the merits

Fofficier m.,

! well !

le professeur, the

l'empereur,the emperor
l'examen

quelque

future
(adj.),

l'imb"ile

chose,

something,

anything

facile,easy
futur

professor

profond, deep

the examination

m.,

the officer

peut-6tre,perhaps

l'"olier m., the student

eh bien

scorn

la remarque,

the remark

to reply
re*pondre,

m., the dunce

saisir,to grasp, seize

the inaptitude
l'inaptitude/.,

il sait,he knows

inspirer, to inspire

lourd, heavy

I knew
(imp.),
seul,a singleone
subir,to undergo

M., abb. for monsieur

supposer,

mais, why ! but

vaut, is worth

ironique, ironical
la langue, the

language

je savais
un

to

suppose

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

144
Theme

Napoleon

(a)student

was

for

professorof

German

M.

Bauer

German.

much

was

the merits

the German
future

well,M.

did

Napoleon

He

was,

two

languages

(at)his place,M.

M.
artillery.

did

mathematician

in the

with

the

knew

supposed
a

know

not

the

remark

ironical

grasp
for the

the

study

of
who

man

German.

day, as Napoleon
that he

knows

in the

perhaps

was

Napoleon

not

was

difficult examination

that

school, and

not

only scorn

that

One

men.

undergoing

was

Bauer

{Model)

two

did

study foreignlanguages,

to

inaptitudein

Bauer

Napoleon

country.

had

Bauer

and
however, intelligent,
is worth

Napoleon

as

like

not

naturallymuch

showed

had

He

student, but

very

later at Paris.

and

big and heavy.

{Model) man
professorsof the school appreciated

Bauer,

The

of their

officer.

and

in

M.

grammar

Brienne

at

for the
the

was

best

thing inspiredthe professor

that

mathematics

only

was

for dunces.

Oral
etait Monsieur

Qui

i.

langues etrangeres

6.

NAPOLEON

neuf

qu'iletait
de

moins

accent,

son

hair

et

ans

la France,

francaise.
etait

Son

si evident

joignait pas
loisir

ressante,

lire,ses
alors

demi

qui
et

que

etait

celui

de

il

vint

meme

en

vie, semble

ete

son

lui

en

jouer

pour

de

motif

chef.

un

et

il
la

et

depuis l'age

Tout

sciences

En

ceci

gloire. Cet

amour,

cause

lui fit

militaires

general, il
ses

ne

heures

Plutarque. Chose
mode

parce

fut devenue

la Corse

critiquaitle

principal.

le futur

taquinaient a

natal.

les

mepris ?

populaire

pas
le

passait plutot

Homere

etant

qu'il etait etudiant,

avoir

pays

et

bientot

favoris

son

mathematiques

vit

auteurs

ceux-ci

que

qu'on

camarades

et

regretter

les

7. Ou

Brienne

II n'etait

ans.

Corse,
a

pour

developpait, pensait-il,l'amour
sa

la

avait-il du

fut etudiant

camarades,

ses

Bauer

M.

sieur
3. Mon-

saisissait-ilfacilement

Napole'on?

pour

Bonaparte

talent

ses

qui

jusqu'a quinze

riche

le monsieur.

Napoleon

4.

mepris

BRIENNE.

Decrivez

2.

5. Pour

avait-il du

Pourquoi

de

e'tait-ilfrancais ?

Bauer
les

Bauer

se

de
inte-

d'education, qui

plus tard dans

officier

n'etait-il pas

souvent

des

jour?

un

examens?

Bauer

M.

1.

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

146

aimait-il les

etait-il bon

Napoleon

10.

mathe'matiques

fitudiez-vous les langues etrangeres

13.

est-elle

facile que

plus

homme

qui

sait deux

la

mathematicien

La

14.

francais

Etes-vous

12.

langue

francaise

15. Combien

langue anglaise?

langues

9. Subissez-vous

Pourquoi?

8.

vaut

un

Resume
We

1.

best.

language
3.

M.

studying

are

did

Bauer

German.

often.
student

did

studies

well.

my

teacher

like

8. Good
the

would

bell

that

exercises

in

speak

French

the

emperor

had

soldiers

13.

Miss

Leblanc,

studious

than

nephews

when

money

as

intends

to

17. How
1

8.

the

other

you
he

you,

would

many

John, listen
in

horses
to

20.

(My) children, when

your

notebooks.

pass

every

us

10.

or

not

the

my

will

not

is

our

will

He

out

in

friend

tomorrow.

long, write

If

12.

the

English.

much

more

had

as

to

my

much
16. He

Europe.

large enough.

are

when

learn French.
books

places

perhaps

something

friend

savings

to

carry

lesson

carry

15. If my

other

mathematician,

are

you

vacation

sell
you

drive

you

if his

their

speak English.

not

bright;

his

(a)

for the class

would

year

shall you

school, let

are

he

4. Shall

town

the teacher

we

not

were

the

was,

in

be

dunce.

very

down

visit France

was

enough,

girls. 1

go

9. If I

(de)mathematics
will like all your

you

girlswill

class; do

are

you

and

the blackboard

on

Always

11.

in

study

not

examinations.

Napoleon

hard

rings.

think

write the French

where

and

French

the

did

short

give

examinations

7. Work

boys

he

because

professors who

officer asked

like

we

foreign languages easily?

grasp

Napoleon

undergo

to

reply.

not

pupils

like

the

when

day

not

used

we

6. When

every

all

Students

4.

school

'5.In

Do

2.

but

languages,

two

home
the

he

arrives
1

9. When

evenings.
exercises

in

LESSONS

REVIEW,

XVIII-XXI

147

REVIEW
(Lessons
A.

Eighteen

Twenty-One)

to

General

Drill

endings of the future ; of the conditional ;

the present subjunctive
; of the imperfectsubjunctive.
Give the rule for forming the imperative.
2.
the

Give

of

forms

of the verb

the present

?
participle

3. What

from
the

present indicative ? from

derived

are

from

from

the infinitive?

the first person

singularof
singularof the

the first person

past definite ?
the

Name

4.

5. Give

other

Give

6.

parts

in order.

names

for the

full

the

imperfectand

conjugationof

the

in

synopsisof

Give

the

Give

the

whose
9.

proper

order

the

forms

principal

that constitute

the

verb.

"

imp. of

fut. of adorer
pres.
imv.

of

Studier

imp. subj.of

subj.of punir

cond.

rester

Locate

1 o.

tendre

of lire

(in all possibleplaces)

"

porte

aimes

tracez

rendit

punis

punissent

rendit

emportons

Translate

11.

us

whose

synopsisof vendre, choisir,chasser; of the verb

principalparts are mettre, mettant, mis, je mets, je mis.

8.

let

verb

past definite.

suivre, suivant, suivi, je suis, je suivis.

are

Name

7.

tenses

not

I shall not

French

"

carry

away

the books,

stay

carry

away

the

reply

do

carry

he will

into

not

come

John

chairs,sir

down

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

148
Translate

12.

into

shall

if he

speaks, I

if he

speaks, I reply

if he

spoke, I
should

if he

French

"

reply

should

reply

speak, they

he would

always reply

he would

reply if he

they

would

as

reply when

they speak

arrives,I shall

je (aimer)a

of the verbs
avec

he arrived

parentheses:
(passer)

Nous

entendre

les oiseaux

la campagne.
(visiter)

souvent

avons

in

ami.

un

(aimer)a

II

Nous

nager.

speaking when

was

ville demain

la campagne.

vacances

forms

proper

la
(quitter)

Je compte
nos

she

as

will sell

speak

Supply the

13.

asking if he

are

soon

reply
he will

heard

Si j'avais
bon
la campagne,
un
(chercher)nous.
(visiter)
cheval,je (monter)a cheval. Avez-vous
jamais (monter)? Jeanne
ennemis.
d'Arc (monter)toujoursa cheval quand elle (attaquer)
ses
les Anglais de son
Elle (chasser)
pays.
Si

vous

Change the verbs in turn to the

future,conditional,imperative,and
definite,
"

J'etudiele frangais. Saisissez-vous

subissent

eleves

un

Nous

cahier.

Elle rend

3. If

Tomorrow

I shall ask

think

we

that

study hard,

well if you
live in

read

he

lesson

large citywhen

he leaves the

house,

he

finishes

his

aloud

he worked

if the

when

lessons, he swims

temps

regarde
ta

son

lecon ?

boys

day.

for my

they do
in the

6.

4. The

My

8. The
not

lake.

teacher

study.
10.

girlwas
French

father

7. As

uncle.

lessons.

studious.

are

will pronounce

5. You
every

give long

years.

I shall close the doors.

gives the pupilslonger lessons

as

the teachers

school

arrived.

eleves

Jean, finis-tu

shall finish in four

we

your

des

Les

langues?
de

French

into

whether

les

beaucoup

Une

voisine.

sa

shall like the

singing sweetly when

to

Translate

B.
1.

les eleves.

le cahier

past indefinite

facilement

lis passent

examen.

entendons

Tecole.

2.

imperfect, past

14.

used

soon

as

always

9. As

soon

If I should

vacation

my

pass

children.
ones.

the

1 1

12.

Punish

fall from

nuts

if you

lesson.

pupils
18. There

back

the

148.

The

voice.

will
are

beautiful

many

morning.

future

19.

the

poor

of the

verb

to

the

He

INFLECTION

AND

to

the

20.

USE

every

write

on

OF

AVOIR

as

follows

Parts
eu,

j'eus,I

have

Present

in

forest; they

ayant, having
I
j'ai,

enough.

if I would

John,

have, is inflected

Principal

avoir,to have

in

father

vendre.

TWENTY-TWO

Avoir,

words

French

My

give money

asking

man.

LESSON

Verb

16.

new

friend

4. If my

more.

birds
was

13. When

speak

if he will

Indicative

the

attentive

would

lessons

well

pronounce

the

lessons.

easy

15. You

the Frenchman

to

apples to

usuallyripe. 1

grammar

your

money

the

blackboard

his

149

punish

not

the

the trees, they are

sing sweetly every

give

choose

AVOIR

bring some

do

lazy pupils;

always

not

studied

will sell his horses

17. Good

the

hear

should

spoke,
better

us

OF

in the country, I would

Let

USE

AND

INFLECTION

had

had

not

the

ELEMENTARY

150

FRENCH

ayez, have

The

Note.

be

to

are

of which

tenses

completed by

Avoir

149.

verb
animal

or

of the

singular alone is given

regularendings.

is used

Av6ir

with
in

expressions,where

be with

to

addition

Idioms.

in

followingidiomatic
the

the

the first person

the subjectbeing
adjectives,

avoir

froid,to be cold

avoir tort, to be wrong

avoir

faim, to

avoir

avoir

soif,to

avoir

sommeil,

warm.

you

person

chaud,

Are

the

is found

English

avoir

am

in

nouns

to be

be
be

(hot)

warm

hungry
sleepy

right

honte, to be ashamed

avoir peur, to be

thirsty
to be

avoir raison, to be

afraid

besoin, to be in need, need

avoir

fai chaud.
Avez-vous

hungry ?

am

not

afraid

am

too

warm.

am

in need

of the cold.

faim ?

fe n'ai pas peur du froid.

fai trop chaud.

of

(I need) some

fai

than

the others.

II

Observe

the absence

besoin

d'argent.

money.
He

is colder

Note.
but

one.

When

requires de, the

omitted.

Observe

de) is used.

the

word

whole

which

of the

plus froid que les

partitivesign in the

governs

noun

(de and

partitiveconstruction

also in j'aitrop chaud

that

used

j'aitres chaud, j'aiplus

Similarly,

last sentence

itself
partitively
the

simple adverb
froid que

autres.

....

article)is

(without

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

152
'."

EXERCISE

Drill

should

into

French

"

have

not

have

he would
have

us

French

into

Translate

4.

should

we

I have

had

have

not

thou

wilt have

does

he have

"

is there

there

was

there

were

kings

was

there

were

bad

there

are

the chairs

there

was

there

are

chairs in the

there

were

are

king

not

we

were

king

no

kings

no

right?

there 's your

would

kings

hungry

you

is he

the

of il y a,

forms

I had

let

synopsisin

first

(b)nega(a)affirmative,
tive,
{d) negative-interrogative.
(c)interrogative,
all the

Give

3. Translate
we

its

plural.

person
2.

synopsisof avoir;

the

Give

i.

the

had

no

he

full tense

of
pas

the form
il y

in the
a

il n'y

des
a

no

n'y a-t-ilpas

de

money

is the pen

thirsty

plumes

various tenses
ici

de viande
d'eau

hour

peur

enfants

pas

money

"

besoin

n'ai-je
pas

bread

(it)is the

he is not

je n'avais

6. Give

some

here

ashamed

5. Give

I need

is there

school ?

pen

she afraid ?

now

brother

there be

la?

y a-t-ilbeaucoup de bruit ?

of

"

room

INFLECTION

AND

Model

En

Quand

si

mais

ouvertes,

fenetres

et

froid,et si

avons

fermons

nous

toujoursbesoin

honte

si

des

mal, mais

re'cite tres

sommeil

J'aisouvent
soif,et

tres

de

coup

nous

il y

de

assez

aura

le souper,

des

punitions.

besoin

aurons

Si

tout.

je

tres

avons

jouerons un

nous

dans

lecons,

ses

maison, mais

Nous

bien.

classes,

il travaille. II

J'auraispeur
la

nous

eleve

pas

dix

ignorance. J'aurais

son

la sortie. Nous

de

mangerons

apres

chaud,

aurons

lecons.

mes

l'heure

choses, mais

trop sommeil

de

si

autres

quand

autres

quand j'etudiea

travail. Voici

mon

des

honte

il n'a pas

il y avait

mauvais

II n'etudie

classe.

ma

les fenetres

tres

un

maitre.

exercices

savais pas

je ne

du

peur

derniere

trop le bruit des

a

fenetres

les fenetres

portes dans

fermons

aussi les portes. II y

II n'a pas

classe.

ma

Nous

entendons

nous

deux

et

les

fermons

j'etaisl'annee

quatre portes.

153

trouvons

froid, nous

classe oil

la salle de

Dans

AVOIR

classe, nous

en

six fenetres

OF

Classe

avons

nous

les portes. II y

et

et

arrivons

nous

USE

reste

faim

et

de

beau-

n'avons

nous

Quand

peu.

pas
nous

rentrerons.

nous

Theme
Last

When

pupils'exercises.
afraid of

do

school, but

windows
also.

there
If I

open

There

was

always

not

know

you

not

lesson.

leaving.

in need

would

you

we

We

play

often
of

we

water
a

are
on

glass.

warm.

When

the table?

am

rance
igno-

the master,

little after the

very

but

warm,

not

right. The

hungry

after

the

table

everythingon
I

was

of your
be

not

of the other

need

When

am

was

his lessons, he

cold, I close the windows;

when

who

be ashamed

and

always enough

is

am

is

of

the

student

wrong.

are

of

rules

Is there any

for you.

did

bad

was

study hard

study

not

explains the

home.

he

Yes, you would

lesson, at the hour

at

He

punishment(s).Would

pupils who
he

work.

of his poor

ashamed

class, there

year, in my

like the

we

am

Yes, there is enough

thirsty
water

ELEMENTARY

154

FRENCH

Oral
Combien

i.

a-t-il de

fenetres

sont-elles ouvertes
fenetres ? 4.
du

vous

rade

bruit ?

quand

7. Votre

quand

vous

vous

l'heure

ou

savez

ne

fini

avez

mal

pas

vos

fermez-vous

Quand

exercices

camarade

les

lecons ?

de

votre

donne-t-il des
Avez-vous

1 o.

Restez-vous

11.

cama-

travaille-t-il
ferme

maitre

9. Le

Avez-vous

12.

netres
fe-

l'autre classe ? 5 Entendez-

des

travail ?

votre

la sortie?

de

Les

2.

travaillez ?
bien

la classe?

3.

bruit dans
besoin

vous

quand

6. Avez-vous

8. Entendez-vous
tions

ferme'es ?

ou

a-t-ilpas du

N'y

dans

besoin

puni-

sommeil
classe

en

d'encre

a.

e'crire?

pour

Resume
If you

i.

cold, close the windows.

are

that the teachers

his

black

dismissal

knives

and

forks

French
friend

not

has

After
.

sleepy.

there any

lazyboys

When

many

large streets

the

finish your

house, and
American

many

of the animals

had

which

Du, because

are

the doors
were

20.

thought

You

Paris.
16.
open

park.

The
is

15.

if I

school ?
not

am

not

will find fresh

Peter, do
we

play so

not

were

are

in

warm

morning.

17. How

18. Do

be afraid

not

has been

will be

reallyaffirmative.

at

right; there

are

all the

9. There

largerhouse.

book

Yesterday

lessons

you

Brienne, he did

at

there in France?

in this

today.
the

cityof

many

pronounce

were

thirsty,
you

14.

of
find

when

not

you

French

my

too

Mary,

needs

class when

are

you

quickly.

soldiers

in the classroom
1

in the

he

now

not

do

hour

great ignorance. 9. My

student

dining-room.

work

we

was

13. When

in the

enough

in your

shall read

Napoleon

water

and

John, if you

of your

enough

there

6. Are

sold all

should

hungry, we

7. Charles
8.

has

is the

4. Now

were

kitchen.

fast.

too

(the)supper
12.

we

table?

already wealth

like all his studies.

much;

the

the
eat

5. If

lazy pupils said

uncle

My

3.

officer.

will be ashamed

well,you

Were

1 o.

school.

on

lessons.

French

everything in

hungry,do

are

the

to

the

from
of

enough

1 1

horses

long

too

gave

The

2.

much

noise

longer tomorrow.

See

Sec.

116, a.

IN

AVOIR

AVOIR

the

of

forms

participles.The

PERFECT

IN

Tenses

Perfect

made,

are

as

auxiliaryverb
compound tense
an

in

English,by

made

ant

to have

I have

j'aidonne

I had

j'avaisdonne
Anterior

j'aurais

I had

of donner.

tenses

given

given

given

given

futur anterieur)
(Ft.,

Perfect

/ shall have

donne

given

(Fr.,conditiofinel passf)
/ should have given

Perfect

donne

Perfect

is

passe anterieur)
(Ft.,

j'eusdonne

Conditional

Below

Sec. 135.

(Fr.,plus-que-parfait)

Pluperfect

j'aurai

of

(Fr.,
passe indefini)

Indefinite

Future

present

having given

donne

Past

the

participe
passe compose)
(Fr.,

Participle

Past

of

(Fr.,infinity
passe)

Infinitive

avoir donne

ay

ing
combin-

(usuallyavoir)with past

has alreadybeen treated in

auxiliary
given the synopsisof the perfectactive

Perfect

55

TENSES

the

Perfect

TWENTY-THREE

LESSON

151.

TENSES

PERFECT

Subjunctive

passe)
(Fr.,subjonctif

j'aiedonne
Pluperfect

Subjunctive

j'eussedonne

du subjonctif)
plus-que-parfait
(Fr.,

156

ELEMENTARY

Note

Note

The

the

to

Note

152.

or

des

forms

two

only

the

perfect.

has

nothing

immediate

as,

had

and

of
priority

future

mood.

introduced

soon

as

sponding
corre-

imperative.

Anterior.

Past

for

in clauses

que,

the

perfect conjugation

of the indicative

tenses

are

the

called

pluperfect,past anterior,and
past indefinite,

Pluperfect and

there
used

that

or
past participle

The

3.

perfectare

past indefinite is sometimes

Observe

2.

FRENCH

In the
The

given.

by

action.

past anterior

quand, when,

words

other

synopsisabove
aussitot

phrases

or

Elsewhere

the

is
que

ing
indicat-

pluperfect

is used.
il eut

Quand

parle*,il quitta la

When

salle.
son

aussitot

cahier

qu'il

maitre

aii

fini

eut

He

that

spoken, he leftthe

Word
for

his

as

notebook
as

soon

to

he

the
had

finished his exercise.

travaillS hier.

153.

brought
teacher

son

exercice.

given

had

room.

II apporta

II avait

he

Order

in

worked

Perfect

Tenses.

The

apply also

simple tenses
consider

had

He

to

yesterday.
of order

rules

perfecttenses, provided

the

auxiliary alone as the verb. Thus,

the
made
are
negative forms
by placing ne before the
auxiliaryand pas after (between the auxiliaryand the past
forms
participle)
by invertinga subjectpro; interrogative
noun
and the auxiliary.See also Sec. no,
Note.
we

He

had

Had

he

spoken

Had

he

not

He

not

would

154.

spoken.

well.

Rules

down

for

for

II aurait

Perfect

parte.

parte f

N' avait-il pas

spoken

Special

already laid
clauses

Avait-il

spoken
have

77 ri avait pas

parte

bien

parte.

Tenses.

governing the tense

apply equally to perfect tenses, but

The
in

principles
subordinate

concern

here

AVOIR

IN

PERFECT

TENSES

the participle
only the auxiliary,
being

pointof

view

of tense.
clauses

Future

a.

will

He

he

when

Often

If

If

not

not

been

have

155.

the

in
especially

"

argent quand il

aura

la maison.

he sells the house.

theywill

eaten,

eaten,

S'ils

n'ontpas
faim.

S'ils

theywould

n'avaient

auraient

with

depuis. The

English, demands

with

action

an

or

state

Us auront

mange,

pas

followingtense

usage,

specialmention.
begun in the past

has

Us

mange,

eufaim.

into the present, the present tense

continues

the have

even

(see Sec. 139).

Construction

When

English omits

hungry.

variance
a.

vendu

hungry.

they had

at

when

above,

Conditions

they have
be

the

quand, etc. (see Sec. 137).

II rendra

money

in this construction

translates the

b.

the

by

from

house.

Note.
and

introduced

invariable

be observed

must

(shall have)

has

the

sold

back

give

This

157

and

is used, followed

by depuis, since,for.
I

Je park

speaking (for)an

been

have

depuis

heure.

une

hour.
I have

been

home

at

Je suis

(for)two

long
Note

have

morning.
long did

He

had

or

(for)

How

I have

the action

When

is

worked

Note

here ?

been

you

used, either alone

He

depuis deux

jours.

days.
How

maison

la

2.

been
been

with

completed

this

//

you

Alternative

speaking
here

an

an

travaille

a
ce

work

in past

id ?

time, a past

tense

is

pendant, during,for.

hours

two

Depuis quand etes-vous

hour.

hour.

heures

matin.

Combien

forms

{pendant) deux

de temps avez-vous

travaitle?

II y

une

77 y avait

heure
une

que

hetire

je park.
qu'il etait

ici.

ELEMENTARY

158
6. When
to

action

an

is continued

state

or

referred

definite past time

FRENCH

I had

been

(for)three

speaking

past up

to, the imperfect is used

similarlywith
English pluperfect,

the

in. the

for

depuis.

Je parlais depuis trois heures.

hours.

long had

How

playing) when
Note

he

How

i.

where

cases

played (been

you

spoke
is

long

the

Depuis quand jouiez-vous quand

il

expressed by

corresponding

parte ?

combien

de

demands

answer

temps

except
It

depuis.

is

in

then

expressed by depuis quand.

Twill you

long \

How

do

did
[_
How

long

"

"

(^had

Note

speak

you

f have

been

you

has the word

de

temps

"{parlez-vous?

avez-vous

been

?
_

speaking?

that

Observe

2.

Combien

speaking

you

fparlerez-vous?

speak

you

speak

when

-,

Depuis

depuis

is

(parlez-vous?

quand

"\

parle ?

...

"

yparhez-vous ?

required

the

English usually

been.
VOCABULARY

Pamusement

the

m.,

amuse-

un

en

le repos,

the year

"onomiser,
"tre

day

puis, then

ment

l'an m.,

day, some

jour,one

to

retourner,

save

vacances,

the

have

to

en
a

mois,

un

to

return, go back

tot, soon

vacation
il y

rest

ville,in
month

town

ago

EXERCISE

Drin
i.

Give

2.

Inflect the

3. Give

the

the

synopsis of

the

perfecttenses

perfecttenses
of regarder

pluperfectof tendre, neg.

of saisir and

vendre.

throughout.
future

past definite of trouver, neg. -int.; past anterior

perfectof subir;
of

rendre; pluperfect

subjunctiveof Studier; conditional perfectof entendre, neg.

160

ELEMENTARY

Quand

ma

sceur

aura

FRENCH

de

assez

eu

deux

agreablement. Depuis

temps

d'amusements.

sortes

Notre

comptons

nous

repos,

jours nous

toutes

preparons

e'te trop

sejour aura

le

passer

court.

Theme
Last

as

year,

soon

country, where
in town,
as

soon

he had

He

six years.
he has

had

worked
remain

in

finished my

where

she

has

all kinds

has

lived

long.

so

at
at

now

will

amusements,

cityfor

mother

weeks

is

new

left Paris

in the

my

there
few

his

city

in the country when

whether

been

have

been

day

some

sister,who

of

would

had

know

not

My

rest.

and

He

studies, I shall pass

much

shall have

(inorder)to buy

money

live

to

; she

town

Formerly he

air of the country, he left the

enough.

I do

enough.

farm.

citymuch,

intends

studies,I visited the

my

beautiful

enough

rich

been

finished

the

like the

father

My

prefer to
have

has

saved

did not

if he

sooner

uncle

my

but, as he needed
as

house.

I had

as

When

uncle's.

my

the

also

would

seashore,

have

spent

happy days.
Oral
i

3.

Ou

demeure

FERME

DE

la

population

maniere
de

ancetres

economiques
est

ticulieres

au

carrure

est

f emmes
tous

la

ou

francais

paysan
sort

son

La

fait le
par

sa

gravure

la nature
le bonheur
et

et leurs

enfants

tres

vetements

sauveur

de

substantielle

leur

lequel a

ses

ete

enfants.

II

son

pays

patriotismequand

est

les crises
le

caracteristiquesparsa

demeure

membres

part des
mais

dans

celui

son

de

simples

Pourquoi

et

des

apparent

5.

de

certaines

montre

ferme?

sa

plus de la moitie
est
simple dans sa

humble,

celui

bravoure

ayant

campagne?

Ik ?

qu'ilest

achete

represented

vraisemblablement

qualite en

rugueuses;

de

satisfait de

sera

Le

il

quand

paysans

France.

il l'est aussi

paysan

tous, hommes,
la

et

danger.

en

pierres

la

de

et

Cette

econome.

Les

a-t-illongtemps

Y
.

ville

en

NORMANDIE.

vivre

de

ses

pays

la ville

mieux

4. Aimeriez-vous

de

etait-il

Depuis quand

de

oncle ?

votre

travaux

durables.

construite
de
de

la famille,
la ferme

ivood

FERME

DE

NORMANDIE

"

Underwood

62

ELEMENTARY

oncle

votre

t-il la

n'a-t-il pas

ville ?

Ne

1 o.

la

longtemps

votre

14.

chez

avec

oncle?

Qui

avec

besoin

de

15. Combien

de

temps

etudierez-vous

Resterachambre
la

prepare

quand

vous

11.

aura

pas

repos

oncle

Quelle

12.

13.

quitta-

votre

vous

partirez?

votre

Quand

est-elle

sceur

quelques jours

6.

chez

etes-vous

vous

tot

N'aurez-vous

fini la lecon?
demain

plus

9. Votre

quand

aura-t-elle

sceur

chambre

oncle

votre

ferme

sa

quand

passera-t-elle
pas

t-elle chez

pour

achete

Depuis

7.

8. Resterez-vous

FRENCH

vous

aurez

votre

lecon

States

long?

Resume
Have

1.

uncle

My

2.

soon

soon

used

he

as

long

had

been

7. If you
Paris
in

when

the

in Canada

the
5

16.

My
My

board?

long

study

students

bought

4.

more

How

have

brother

18.

weeks.

several

friends

work.

their

any

for

long
been

and

17.

sister will

John, how

your
at

lesson.
school

clothes

19.

Do

had

20.

had

are

too

remain

in

to

the

The

to

friends

were

intending
been

cold,
Paris

money.

to

?
in

I will close
next

when

year

writing

man

on

chum

there
would

years.

they

your

stay

traveling

for many

whether
poor

long

singing loudly

been

know

6. How

officer will be

France

you

store.

States

have

aunt

his

United

were

is he

speaking

you

sold

My

together

have

been

tomorrow?

if he

go

return

long

have

Peter, you

and

desiring to

4. As

year?

pupils

shall you

vacation.

American

If you

13.

8.

long

uncle

My

3. As

left the

rest.

How

11.

12.

last

you

The

10.

seashore.

country, he

9. The

ago.

the

have

Europe

will need

returned.

today?

window.
.

years

the

when

months.

two

teacher

his cousin's

at

several
for

England

French

United

at

will

in

in

long, you

too

week

travel

you

studying

work

he

house

the

vacations

enough,

selected
did

living in

his

pass

saved

had

5. How
you

to

has

he

as

been

parents

your

finish
the
too

will be
have

IN

ETRE

LESSON

The

Inflection

to

of the

be

The

157.
as

an

used

Etre

forms

in Perfect

auxiliaryin
with

not

the

the

follows

ete, been

being
je fus, I

given

as

Parts

am

Present

Note.

etre, to be, is

Verb

etant,

je suis, I

TENSES

PERFECT

IN

Principal

etre,

163

TENSES

TWENTY-FOUR

ETRE

156.

PERFECT

was

Indicative

are

Tenses.

formation

made

regularly.

"tre,as
of

great majority of

well

as

avoir, is used

perfect tenses.
verbs

etre

with

Avoir

is

certain

64

ELEMENTARY

verbs

intransitive

of motion

and

of the
past participles

the

are

FRENCH

back

come

tombe, fallen
ne, born

sorti,
gone

mort, died

out

Je suis

come.

had

reste, remained

parti,started

He

these verbs

entre, entered

devenu, become

I have

following

arrive,arrived

come

revenu,

important of

most

alle',
gone
venu,

The.

transition.

started.

158.

Below

is giventhe

Perf.

Inf.

etre

Perf.

Part.

etant

Past

synopsisof

Ind.

had

gone

Fut.

Perf.

je serai

of alter

alle,I shall have gone

je serais alle,I

should

have

gone

je sois alle

Subj.

Pluperf.

perfectactive

gone
gone

je fus alle,I

Perf.

have
had

Ant.

Perf.

the

alle,I
j'etais

Past

Cond.

parti.

alle,to have gone

alle,having gone

je suis alle,I

Indef.

Pluperf.

etait

venu.

je fusse

Subj.

alle

VOCABULARY

d'abord,(at)first
l'accident m.,
les

le

the accident

le commercant,

affaires/,business

man,

arriver,to arrive,happen
de bonne

business

merchant

(dans),to enter (tr.)

gros (/.grosse),
great, big
lu, read (pastpart.)
entrer

heure, early

le bureau, the office

continuation
la suite, effect,

chute, the fall

to talk business
parler d'affaires,

des

the

client

diner,to dine

l'avocat,
m., the lawyer

la

client,the customer,

suites

aller

en

de, because

ville,to go

to

of, from
town

ETRE

IN

PERFECT

Give

the

synopsisof Stre ; its synopsisin the third plural.

the synopsis of the perfecttenses
of rester; of

Give

2.

partir ; of alter in the third

he has gone

they have
has

"

out
seen

remained

he

had

she had

had

I not

as

become

not

should

we

singular.

into French

3. Translate

I had

have

been

he

us

be

not

they

did

Supply

4.

the

II

(have) de

commercants

(arrived).II

ami

arrived

useful

be

lazy

ne

(has)alle

read ?

not

we

in

(had) pas

parentheses.

ville.

en

e'toffes.

nouvelles

II

II

(had) lu

(had) partiquand

d'argent. Je (had)

assez

les

que

tou-

tent^).
je (have)de l'argent,
je (shallbe) con-

jours de l'argent.Quand

je
je (have) de l'argent,

Quand

be

words

for the

French

client.

Je (have)un

son

I had

as

they will

not

were

come

there will be
started ?

not

soon

let

will he be ?
had

165

EXERCISE

.,/
1

TENSES

(am) jamais

ne

honte.

(has had) beaucoup d'argent. II (has)devenu riche. II

s'il(had had) l'argent.
(would have) parle aussitot qu'il(had)entre',
ami

Mon

Model

MON

Mon
ville

pere,

ce

matin.

aussi pour
arriver

qui

est

II

est

aller a
son

bureau

tombe

un

ici l'anne'e derniere

de

son

cheval.

d'un

aller

sorti pour
mon

de bonne

heure.

mort

II etait devenu

II

long
ses

est

pere

journal.
etait

Bureau

au

hier

revenu

mais
l'ecole,

alle,d'abord, acheter
venu

PeRE

Mon
a

des
un

alle

est

voyage,

Je suis sorti

affaires.

partiplus tot.

II aime

son

suites d'une

ami

qui

chute.

gros commercant

II est

pere est avocat

lu que

en

etait

II est

et serait

66

reste

Quand

mon

seulement,

mon

Quand je suis

parlaitd'affaires

si

ma

est

l'ecole,
j'aitrouve
Monsieur

avec

n'avait pas

avec

lis

client.

son

dans

pere

Leblanc.

le diner

dit que

mon

un

quelques heures

la maison

trouve

depuis long-

vu

ville pour

en

n'etait pas

bureau, il a

son

diner

revenu

de

rentre

II

mere

Leblanc

est

pere

Leblanc, qu'iln'avait pas

Monsieur

Comme

temps.

arrive

est

pere

clients,Monsieur

ses

les affaires si l'accident

dans

longtemps

encore

arrive.
de

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

le salon.

encore
parleraient

etait pret.

Theme

He

is

father, who

My

back

was

when

brother

my

remain

long in

town.

He

of

clients,whom

he

his

They

talked

hours

only,he
Leroux.

Mr.

This

had

not

as

an

died

and

fall. He

had

in business

spend

week

during his

Leblanc

My

father

had

gentleman, who

his horse
been

here.

vacation

went

had

for

of his

to one

not
one

in.

came

buy

to

few

paper.
news-

friends,

great merchant,

the effects of the

Last

have

would

if the accident

out

after from

long time.

when

in town

was

become

had

hour

an

did

He

long time,

happened

hour

an

father

My

for

seen

his office.'

school.

from

Mr.

accident

earlyfrom

in his office

been

fell from

arrived

after.

soon

read that

He

had

business,and,
left

back

lawyer,came

he

year

his friend's

to

gone

to

came

happened.

not

Oral
D'ou

i.

ce

matin?

5. Etes-vous

arrive

Qui

votre

n'avait-il pas

est-il sorti ?

l'ecole de

accident?

suites d'un

des
8.

Pourquoi

3.

hier ?

pere est-il revenu

votre

client?

son

vu

h
10.

4.

de
son

Est-il reste

Est-il sorti le
heure

bonne

7. L'ami

a-t-il trouve

pere

2.

votre

bureau

6.

Qui

premier?
est

mort

pere

etait-ilavocat?

Depuis quand

9.

est-il en

Leblanc

Monsieur

la maison

ville

A.

longtemps

pour

jamais

tombe

14. Votre

alld

de

diner

la campagne

11.

votre

Votre

pere

cheval ?

sera-t-ilpret
l'annee

est-il revenu
13. Etes-vous

quand

derniere

vous

seul ?
alM

rentrerez?

12.
a

Etes-vous

l'ecole hier?
15. Etes-vous

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

168

160.

after

Agreement

Auxiliary

When

etre.

in number

the past participle

auxiliary,
agrees
with the subject.
Elle est arrived.

She has

lis sont

They (m.) have

venus.

161.

They

entries.

Elles sont

after

Agreement

does
the past participle
auxiliary,
objectprecedes the verb, in which
with this object.

J'aitrouve*
La

plume
livres

Les

que

when
participle,

une

162.

The

this

the

en

Present

in

As

is the

avoir

unless

direct

participle
agrees

found the pen.

which

as

an

I have

which

found.

he carried.

adjective,
agrees

with

lightedroom

Participle is used

English, to

denote

attendant

an

circumstance.

the

prepositionen, which
be translated while, in, by. Sometimes
use
may
In this use
is emphasized by prefixingtout.
the

is
participle
Elle est entree

by

invariable.
en

Sconomisant

En

salle 6clair6e, a

generallyintroduced

It is then
in

entered.

When

the

books

used

come.

vary

case

The

qu'ila ported.

gender

it modifies.

noun

a.

not

The pen

j'aitrouvee.

past

(f.)have

/ have

plume.

The

Note.
the

la

and

arrived.

avoir.

Auxiliary

is the

etre

parlant.
il est

devenu

She

entered

speaking.
(while)

By saving he has become

rich.

riche.
Elle

repondu, tout

b. As

modifies,and

II

De

pleurant.

She

enfants

l'eau courante.

usuallyfollows
charmants.

replied(even)while weeping.

then

simple adjective.It

it

deux

en

agrees

with

the

noun

it.
He

has

Running

two

attractive children.

water.

OF

AGREEMENT

169

PARTICIPLES

VOCABULARY

alors, then

"

attendre, to await, wait for

l'automobile
boncte
border

le gaz

m.,the automobile

(de),crowded (with)
(de),to border (with)
de poste, the

le bureau

la chaussee, the

(at)the

to

the
[gaz],

continuel

le

marchand, the merchant

ambulant, the pushcart

le marchand

post office

peddler
la

roadway

marchandise, the merchandise

marcher,

the business

la

walk

to

the

devanture, the show

le

window

(a),to light(by)
l'Slectricite*
/, the electricity

le Soulier,the low

alreadybeen

has

inside

of, as
as

near,

la

dans

la voiture, the
to

seen

la

be rendered
in

in

French

maison, in the house

cross

by

carriage
a

rather

than

denotes

denotes

position

all the forms

(bothgenders and

both

at

or

numbers) of

trouvS, vendu, subi, eu, criant, mort.

participles
of entrer
Give the synopsisof the perfecttenses
2.

in the

plural.

3. Give
aller ;

position

EXERCISE

Give

third

dans,

window.

devanture, in the show

the

car
(street)

specialexpressions. Dans

Drill
1

to

shoe

le trottoir,the sidewalk

house)

Staler,to display

as

the

traverser,

is often

meet

to

le restaurant, the restaurant

entre, between
1'Stagem., the story(ofa

people

piSton,the pedestrian

le tramway,

electric
e*lectrique,

In

the person,

rencontrer,

Sclairer

Note.

paire, the pair

la personne,

droite,to (at)the right

about

moving

particulier(/ -ifcre),
private

continual
(/.-elle),

crier,to shout, cry

la

gas

long de, along

le mouvement,
le commerce,

left

le

wear
chaussures/, the shoes,foot-

les

gauche,

the past indefinite

pluperfectindicative

of sorti ;

of venu,

perfectsubjunctiveof

neg. ; conditional

perfect

ELEMENTARY

170
of parti,int. ;

past anterior of

of 6tre ; future

a.

perfectof

Translate

4.

FRENCH

mort, neg.

French

into

"

she has remained

started

not

shall have

the books
I had

I have

which

bought

I had

sold

the

you

she

has

je suis

of

je suis

entered
the

which

room

she

will

give

"

depuis longtemps

reste

j'aiecoute

back

come

become

not

the lesson

full tense

la

they had

as

had

come

she has entered

sold the books

5. Give

soon

as

arrived

which

b. the pen

examined

they {/.)had

they had
we

shall have

we

fell

we

neg.-int.
; future perfect

passer,

longtemps

alle

plume

la maison

a.

j'aitrouvee

que

Model

La

Rue

La

rue

011

je demeure

les trottoirs.

sur

eclaire'e au

LE

forme

maison

BOULEVARD

DE

partie de

une

qui vade
l'emplacement
XIV.

Louis
les
ou

Le

trottoirs
de

la
des

cette

Tangle gauche
une

des

est

d'une

LA

artere

Concorde

boulevards
dont

Paris

de

de

il est

la par

les

spacieuse,
la

photographie

eglises principales et

des

majestueuse colonnade,

magasins,

theatre
nous

de

appelee

ici

affecte

Cette

cafes

un

de
et

coin

la forme

vards)),
boule-

grands

est

demolie

gens

de

Sur

affaires

qui

parisienne.
la

Madeleine,

Entouree

d'un

sur

sous

restaurants

la vie

Paris.

la Madeleine

la serie.

foule

de

est

rue

beaucoup

artere

fortifiee

une

de

"

commence

les

voyons

plus
elle

les

fidele

belles

II

boulevard

l'enceinte

La

borde's de hautes

sont

la Bastille.

question

pietonsmarchent

etages.

ample largeur s'y promenent

avenue

de

Le

MADELEINE.

grande
place de la

anciens

deux

Les

la chausse'e.

trottoirs

seulement

la

attires

promeneurs

bordent

boulevard

d'une

largestrottoirs.

l'electricite. Les

Ma

maisons.

de

les trottoirs il y

Entre

et a

gaz

qu'elle

temple

grec.

avait

continuel

mouvement

un

marchands

ambulants

personnes

attendaient

bonde's.

achete
Ma

Ma

des

magasins

droite

chaussures

sceur

sont

sceur

La

elles

de

beaux,

tres

Tout

de

filet.

son

la

traverse

rue

passant le long des

en

leurs
dine.

ont

elle

et

dans

Elles ont

qu'elle

amies,
Chez

elles sont

et

le marchand

de

plusieurspairesde souliers,
qu'elle

demande

choisie

chere.

est

Ma

et

mere

ma

de poste.

passant par (by)le bureau

en

Les

fruits

a emportees
qu'elle

pairequ'ellea

revenues

il y

Beaucoup

emplettes. Les

ses

deux
ou

matin

electriques,
qui etaient toujours

gauche.

restaurant,

ma

marchandise.

alors sorties.

rencontre

ont

un

examinees.

et

Ce

d'automobiles.

et

fruitier etaient

du

sont

sceur

elles

dans

entrees

ma

regardant a

en

allee faire

je demeure.

voitures

leur

des bananes

poireset
et

mere

de

les tramways

la devanture

oil

rue

criaient

est

mere

etales

vus

la

dans
particulieres

de maisons

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

172

Theme
Do

not

there

because
is

the

cross

is

while

his merchandise
The

sidewalks
of

windows

the

has

gone

stores

the

in with

the

with

show
her

This

of

daughter.

push-cartpeddler cries
look

There
There

The

are

's

whole

The

better than
street

pair in
with

is bordered
where

of the house

rooms

the

I live.

the show

They

are

pretty
A

restaurant.

lady has

net
to

the shoe

bought

last

store.

lightedthan

lightedwith

in

bag

of this

window
better

stores

the show

many

(ou)are the things that she bought. She went

dealer's (Model) and bought low shoes. The pairthat
was

sidewalk.

at

which

month

left

carriages.There

who
pedestrians,

windows.

the

to

roadway along the

speaking.

while

right and

about

moving

walking on

the

to

passing by.

crowded

are

things displayed in
lady

continual

that is

automobile

an

Look

street.

the

gas.

Oral
Les

i.

2.
une

Les

pietons

marchent-ils

trottoirs sont-ils aussi

rue.

4. Ou

votre

mere

generalement

largesque
a-t-elle vu

sur

la

la chausse'e ?
des

fruits ?

chaussee?
3. Decrivez

5. D'oii votre

AGREEMENT

votre

et

mere

7. Ou

elles cheres

rencontre'

maintenant

ambulants

dans

maison
lieres

dans

rue?

votre

demeurez-vous

a-t-il seulement

est-elle eclairee

sont-

marchands
dans

maisons

une

particuhier?

restaurant

au

revenue

pas

des

dine

Avez-vous

14.

la classe

Comment

15.

13.

est-elle

a-t-il des

rencontre

chaussures

mere

11.

Ne

12.

ont-elles
Les

8.

votre

chaussures?

173

Qui

personnes

rue?

particuliere?

6.

9. Comment

vos

votre

PARTICIPLES

sorties ?

ces

achetez-vous

Ou

10.

sont-elles

soeur

ont-elles

OF

Resume
did

1.

need

not

were

look

to

been

visitingfor

right

mother

my

had

7. Merchants
windows.
9. In
were

house
brother

and
the

down

the

attractive
to

leaves

20.

Did

My

to

gave

street

pictures in

have

you
mother

been
18.

went

dead

for

Where

did

look
lived

at
ten

the

lawyer

she

of

years

read?

house

the

show

street

13.

car

There

1 o.

11.

time

go?

She

which

in the

house

and

My
you

15. Are

there

station.

for

she

ing
speak17. The

apples

have

(the)school.

Englishman

where

The

going

the

started
the

Have

16. While

While

14.

railway

long

castles

in

entered.

ago.

as

bought.

people.

in his automobile.

out
a

week

had

soon

had

for the

she

we

sister

My

she

you

always

merchandise

with

of your

room

every

she
"

friend

my

which

lighted by electricity.
12.

Europe
the

hats

ill. 6. As
that

when

car

is

from

which

saw

brother

street
son

my

newspapers

my

the

Shall

would

5.

waiting

crowded

always

are

sister returned

already fallen.
19.

streets

their

been

you

out.

jewels

2.

aunt

became

display

to

My

4.

she

sold.

3. The

went

all the

have

long

{places)in

which

found

How

seats

no

like

she

when

sold

we

week

expensive.

weeks

died,

friend

my

next

left when

two

citythe

our

and

which

shoes

very

always
8.

horses

of

pair

store

the

the

see

new

the

at

saw

not

was

sold?
born.

ELEMENTARY

174

FRENCH

REVIEW
(Lessons

Twenty-Two

Drill

General

A.

Twenty-Five)

to

synopsis of avoir; present subjunctiveof

of il y a ; all the
avoir ; imperativeof avoir ; all the forms
forms
of il y a, neg.-int.
of 6tre ;
Give the synopsisof 6tre ; present subjunctive
2.
imperative of etre.
i.

the

Give

in proper

3. Name,

synopsis of
4.

the

of

perfect tenses

synopsis of

the

Give

order, the
the

forms
a

that

constitute

the

verb.

perfect forms

of

apporter,

arriver, avoir.
5. Give

the

perf.subj.of
ant.

past

fut.

cond.

of rester, int.
avoir

Give

the

of choisir,neg.-int.

perf.of

entrer

pluperf.subj.of rendre,neg.

penser

perf.of

6.

pluperf.ind.

tomber

of traverser, neg.

imp. subj.of
perf.ind.

"

past

ant.

of punir, neg.

imp. subj.of
list of

past

etre

that
participles

take

etre

as

auxiliary.
7. State

both

cases

of

agreement

of

the

past participle,

illustrate each.

and
8.

Give
the

sentences
containing respeccomplete French
tively
following forms : imperfect; past definite ; perfect

pluperfectindicative ; past anterior ; future

perfect; conditional ; conditional perfect; imperative.
sentences
containingall6s ; aurait
9. Give complete French
indicative

vu

depuis ; achet"s

; tout

en

; traversant

; furent.

ELEMENTARY

176

Translate

B.
I have

i.

ten
to

been

years.

his father.

she is very

happy

the

table; they fell from

his

which

had

also

of you.
when

sleepy.

you

been

Children, study
in

are

remain

children

France.

for hours

singing in
He

15. If you

reads

thinks

of the

For

the horses

not

forgeant on

Loin
A

hour, and

should

speak
went

than

be

hour.

an

they

have

saw

waiting for

II

loin du

donne

aux

n'y a pire eau

Les
Tout

pauvres

ashamed

que

petitsruisseaux
ce

l'eau

19. Were

in the
the street

qui brille n'est

pas

Dieu.

qui dort.

font les

grandes

or.

she

the birds

cceur.

well

town,

forgeron.

prete

now

French

to

my

oftener

chaque jour suffit sa peine.

Qui
9

des yeux,

devient

he

come,

Proverbes
En

ished
fin-

sisters arrived

long

18. How

while

great deal,even

he had

lawyers are

aunt

my

which

animals

shall

playthingswhich

an

will

you

more

on

pretty things to

pencil,I

store.

6. We

seen

My

12.

some

and

leaves

John's youngest

that old

no

more

the

thirstyfor

had

the old tree?

afraid

and

17. When
in

not

There's

beautiful?

father

My

yard.
7. When

buy

11.

brought

hot

here
visiting

If his parents had

1 o.

eyes

been

in the

did you

weeks, and

beautiful

8. I had

uncle's.

black

14.

wrong.

16.

would

20.

her

not

his

to

13. I have

rightthan

the

9. Where

been

for

of his work

speak

had

some

tree

mother

and

for three

sell the house.

we

Europe yesterday and

mother.
am

old

the children ?

gone

sister; are
from

sold.

to

have

would

when

school

are

lesson,he closed the book.

brought

you

the

will

4. She

5. There

she died.

enough

you

father

my

at

her friends.

with

weeks

money

been

sister has

two

have

when

with

studies well, the teacher

My

3.

French

into

home

livingat

If he

2.

FRENCH

rivieres.

park ?
car.

INTERROGATION

LESSON

177

TWENTY-SIX
INTERROGATION

163.

Direct

subjectis

Questions

with

Pronoun

personalpronoun, a sentence
by invertingthe subjectand the

is made

verb

compound tense), and connecting them

alreadyexplainedin Sec. 87.
you

Have

you

Has

but

Est-ce

est-ce

i.

above
principles

following
to

Indicative

Present
est-ce

que

chante?

je

do

? dost

thou

chante-t-il

? does

he

chantons-nous

? do

chantez-vous
chantent-ils

est-ce

que

avais-tu

they sing

chante

avions-nous

chante

aviez-vous

chante?

avaient-ils

chante

he

had
? had

and

compound

thou

you

singing

?
?

they singing ?

chanter,
I

sung?

sung

? etc.

sung?
we

singing

sung?
sung?

they sung

Interrogatively
had

I been

the

tense:

singing?

singing

we

you

are

had

? had

application of

singing ?

are

of

? hadst
? had

am

thou

are

sing

j'avaischante?

avait-il chante

sing?
? art

sing ?

we

the

simple

? is he

sing

Indicative

Pluperfect

sing

? do you
? do

first

je cha?ite ?

chanter, Interrogatively

of

chantes-tu

que

illustrate

tenses

conjugation of

the

in the

usuallydoes not take place,

prefixedto the affirmative order.
Est-ce

The

subjectis

inversion

is it that, is

que,

the

If,however,

que.

sing?

Note

A-t-elle chante ?

singular,this

person

tive
interroga-

chante ?

Avez-vous

sung

she sung

164.

Do

Chantez-vous

sing ?

the

(theauxiliaryin
by a hyphen, as

Do

When

Subjects.

singing?

ELEMENTARY

178
Note
the

indicative

present
these

among

je

suis.

Indicative

Present

suis-je?

etre,

of

conjugation:

Interrogatively

thou

Indefinite

as-tu

chante

Interrogatively

chanter,

of

ai-jechante?

have

? hast

sitng?

did

sing?

didst

sung?

thou

Questions

with

Noun

Sec.

Is the

b.

carriagenew

The
or

noun

Isn't

he

here

166.

to

que

construction

pronoun

with

subject,when

Where

order

is he?

or

after

it

the

voiture est-elle

the

que

by

verb,

the
as

introduced

by

used,
especially

qu'il n

subjectis a
explained in
est

165,

{Ou
pere

mon

pere ?

mon

ou

such

subject

they take

Oil est-il?

Oil

ici ?

if the

noun,

Sec.

either

surprise.

'estpas

order

inverted

Mon

with

Interrogative Words,

; if the

the order

neuve

le del est bleu ?

que
is

order.

question involves

Est-ce

personalpronoun

inverted

repeating

the declarative

est-ce

Questions

the

interrogative

pardessus est-il beau

Est-ce

quand, ou, combien, take the

as

is

La

blue ?

sky

Note.

Le

By prefixingest-ce

Is the

When

90.

beautiful ?

Is the overcoat

sing?

Subjects.

is made
subjectis a noun, a sentence
a.
By placing the subjectfirst and
form
of the personal pronoun
proper

explained in

thou

etc.

etc.

Direct

in

Prominent

questions.

etc.

etc.

165.

in

I ?

am

? art

es-tu

Past

Thus,

singular of

the first person

regularlyinverted

are

j'aiand

are

of

monosyllabicforms

Certain

2.

FRENCH

est-il ?

pere est-il ?

a.

the

INTERROGATION

long does

How

de temps travaille-t-il1

Combien

work

he

179

f Combien
much

How

does

book

the

[Combien
When

did

xiu,

a
a
did

he

le livre coiite-t-il
1
est-il parti 1

Quand

start

coiite-t-il
1

livre combien

? i Le

cost

le livre ?

coute

(Votrefrere quand
V\ hen

167.
yes

is

not

so,

am

^
brother

your

asked

affirmative

the

I not

not

He

talks

well,does

the

n'est-ce

answer

is it

pas,

statement.

Je suis riche,n'est-ce pas ?

lis sont
he

listen,won't

frere est-il parti ?

votre

by adding

rich ?

they
will

be

may

question to which

Any

pas.

Are

You

est-il parti?

"

[ Quand

expected

rich,am

N'est-ce

to

-^
start

not

you

II

riches,n'est-ce pas ?

parte bien,n'est-ce pas

Vous

kouterez,n'est-ce pas

VOCABULARY

annoncer,

apporter,

to
to

le domestique, the servant

announce

le gant, the

bring

k bientot, will

see

you

again

merci, thank

you

take

off

oter,

soon

il ouvre,

card
la carte, the (visiting)

this,that
(/.cette),
his (her)
lui (elle),
at
chez

ce

open

he opens

le

pardessus, the

la

peinture,the painting

la province, the

home
allez-vous

comment

? how

are

you

to

I
j'ouvre,

bonjour, good morning

glove

couter, to

je dois, I

au

to

ring (a bell)

trois,three

cost

la visite,the call

must

Indicative

of

aller,to go,

to be

(in health)

je vais

nous

allons

tu

vous

allez

vas

il va

province(s)

revoir,good-by
sonner,

Present

overcoat

ils vont

180

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

EXERCISE

.-

the
Conjugate interrogatively

i.

; future

perfectof
subjunctiveof choisir

entendre

definite of

past indefinite

venu

les gar^ons

entreront

3. Translate

sa

past

sing,won't

much
the

did

didn't he

Give

she ?

where
will

had

the full tense

maison

belle

auraient

of

birds

etudie

John

sing?

the

men

enter

are

she is

come

do

why

they sell ?

boys good

n'est pas

soeur

une

"

did the child fall ?

4.

blanc

est

les enfants

into French

achete

ont

chien

mon

chantent

she will

amis

vos

entree

les oiseaux

are

tomber

"

etait

elle serait

how

of

fect
imper-

j'airegarde
pere

when

aller ;

interrogative

je sonne
votre

pluperfectof

of

couter.

Make

2.

finir ;

indicative

present

here, isn't she ?

she started ?

"

parti?
quand suis-je
est-ce

j'auraitrouve

que

vendu
pourquoi avais-je
est-ce

Model

Je
ouvre

"

et

la porte

dans
j'entre

Oui, Monsieur

plait?

"

Voici

la maison.

Leblanc
ma

carte.

est
"

Visite

Monsieur

de

je depensais tout

que

XjNE
sonne

"

chez

Leblanc.

Monsieur
lui.

J'ote mon

Leblanc

Le

domestique

est-ilchez

lui ?

s'ilvous
Qui annoncerai-je,

chapeau, mes

gants

et

mon

INTERROGATION

pardessus.

Monsieur

jour, Henri

; comment

Bien, merci.

vous

"

arrive hier.
n'est pas
allee

tot

que

sa

reste

Londres.

achete' de

beaux

France?

en

tures

deux

revenue.

pas ?

quitteParis

Combien

"

Vous

"

Est-ce

"

aussi

Combien

"

chere

agre-

etes-vous

la

J'ai
chers

sont

deux

pein-

plus grande
voiture.

ma

la

et

Touraine.

en

l'autre. Voila

que

Aussi-

"

visite Paris

qu'ici.Voila
coute

et elle

a-t-il ete

les tableaux

chers

; elle

Oui,

de temps

avez

que

Non

ville ?

et

Je suis

"

"

"

voyage

Oui, je suis alle

"

moins

est

bientot.

"

mois.

Oui, ils sont

Elle

revoir.

Trois

j'aiapportees.

"

aussi ?

Votre

"

agreable.

tres

tableaux.

"

que

A-t-elle

Bon-

"

bien, merci,

tres

cette
Quand quittera-t-elle

"

province, n'est-ce

le salon.

arrive de Paris ?

est-elle revenue
"

sera

France?

en

dans

Je vais

"

etes-vous

mere

"

Oui, merci,

"

Quand

votre

sceur

bientot

entre

allez-vous ?

revenue.

encore

est

able ?

Et

"

Leblanc

181

des
Au

"

Theme

Yesterday
the

(/.)went

The

bell.

card

to

the

servant.

"

No, Mrs.

time?"
"

Good
you

back

with

she
set

has

been
you

to

business."

Leblanc
Mrs.

"

?"

soon

liked

Is not

my

carriageat

been

the

found

How

she

France
the door

"

Did

are

Did

her

?"

On

I gave

my

in

How

there

come

also ?

"

Yes,

(Sec.137) better,she
son

if he

But

has

finished

will
his

"Very much,
I

Yes, it has been

must

there

pleasant."

long

Paris, where

(seegeneral vocabulary). Good-by, madam

very

long

husband

your

beautiful.
w

you

trip,didn't you?"
very

kind.

wait

you

remained

is

and

rang

after."

Is his mother

as

your

arrivingI

is very

home

soon

husband
"

On

door

parlor.

France?

provinces with

; I

has

at

No, my

you

"

Leblanc

Lenoir.

from

as

visit the
"You

the

arrived

business."

well, but

Leblanc's.

opens

I entered

thank

minutes

Mrs.

back

still some

is not
out

Is

morning,

have

he

who

servant

entering I asked,

Mrs.

to

; my

leave.
a

few
visit

ELEMENTARY

82

FRENCH

Oral
le

Quand

i.

vous

domestique ?

au

quelle salle

Dans

4.

la

pardessus?

votre

Leblanc

M.

est-elle

mere

a-t-ilete

M.
12.

Le

M.

aussi ? 9.

revenue

parti{gone)?

cocher

M.
quitte-t-il

k l'ecole ?

entrant

longtemps

Paris ?

Combien

10.

M.

Leblanc?

ami

votre

la

?
capitale

13. Comment

porte?

Otez-vous

14.

15. Comment

la

8. Sa

de temps

A-t-il visite seulement

11.

n'attend-il pas

au

5. Entrez-vous

est-ilarrive de

Pourquoi

carte

attendez

vous

que
X

M.

Depuis quand

? 7.

votre

entrez-vous?

6. Est-ce

demandez-

Que

2.

donnez-vous

Pourquoi

3.

domestique?
avec

ouvre-t-il la porte ?

domestique

chapeau

votre

en

va-t-il aujourd'hui?

Resume
Did

1.

ringing the
said,"

How

brother

for

Riou

Miss

shoes

the
dear

in

went

cost

Europe

out,

better
You

20.
1

To

which
as

today?

will sell this

ask

person,

une

did your

this

morning?

8. When

gentleman

birds have

did

speaking

are

at

been

home

singing

carriage. 14.

my

there.

16.

17. Were
war

automobiles

you

19. Are

bought, won't

personne.

the

is your

did
as

boys
you

family?

you

Compare

Has

Paris?

much

How

18. When

How

you.

in

French

speak

you2 tomorrow."

see

paintingwhich

demander

during the

better, thank

am

long

Stay to dinner,Mr. Leblanc, if you

French

they said,"Good-by,

6. Where

Peter, you

The

woman

5. How

room.

Is the

wearing?

in America

4. The

is

3. Good

15. Did

are

please.

waiting for

am

yet?

you

9.

1 o.

1 1

in.

wearing

Who

2.

come

home
the

was

1 2.

Certainly,
everybody speaks

to

overcoat,

to town.

you, I

returned

he

not

brought?

last year ?

England

you

he had gone

No, thank

she entered

England

long time,have theynot

13.

desires

off your

start

he

daughter at

which

neighboragain,are

desire.
not

in

take

uncle

and

thought that

for

when

gloves

in,sir,and

aunt

your

?"

you

the

buy

7. Come

to

Leblanc, who

Mr.

Leblanc, is your
are

which

card
visiting

sisters remain

did your

your

bell ?

Mr.

morning,

the

see

you

?
bientSt.

169.
in

Negatives without

which

the

the

second

No

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

84

is omitted

Note.

Ne
.

expressed by
170.

also

ne

Plus

only

is

de crayons.
sera-t-ilid ?

with

verb.

Jamais,

Elsewhere

of

In

Negatives.

compound

part of the negative is placed between

the

only

tenses

the

Personne, however, takes

past participle.

of the

correspondingEnglish word,

precedes the word

He

has

not

He

has

heard

He

sold

whose

is

and

que

the

auxiliary
the

tion
posi-

immediately

it restricts.

meaning

here.

been

77 n'a pas tie id.

nobody.

yesterday only

few

77 n'a entendu

personne.

II

hier que

n'a

pencils.

vendu

quelques

crayons.

The

Note.

and

seulement.

Position

second

omitted,

is used.

Quand

is used

que

Never.

negativeexpression

part of the negative alone

will he be here ?

and

the

pencils.

more

When

verb

In

Verbs.

following examples illustrate

application of this

the

principleto the conjugation of perfect tenses:

Indicative

Pluperfect

je

n'avais

pas

chante,

I had

tu

n'avais

pas

chante,

thou

il n'avait

pas

chanter,

of

chante,

not

sung.

hadst

not

he had

not

Negatively

sung

sung

etc.

Indicative

Pluperfect

est-ce

je

que

n'avais-tu

pas

n'avait-il

pas

chanter, Negative-Interrogatively

of

n'avais

pas

chante

chante

chante

? hadst

? had

? had

thou

he

not

not

sung?

I not

sung?

sung

etc.

171.
a.

verb
She

Neither

With
and
neither

two

ni

ne

verbs

before

speaks nor

is

nor

in

expressed

simple tenses

the
hears.

by

ne

before the first

second.
Elle

ne

parle ni

rientend.

NEGATION

b.

has

He

the

by

of the words

each

before

situations

other

In

the

neither

185
before

ne

verb

ni le crayon

ni la

and

ni

affected.
// n'a

pencil nor

the

the

boys nor

Ni

girlsare

here.

plume.

les gar

ni lesfilles
ne

cons

fit

so

%ici.

has

neither

bought

sold.

nor

After ni neither de

Note.
U

main

pen.

Neither

He

the

n'a ni crayons

ni

nor

ni achete ni vendu.

// n*a

the article is used

plumes.

He

in the

neither

has

partitivesense.

{any) pencils

nor

(any) pens.

VOCABULARY

[o-ton]m.,

l'automne

to

la

fall

autumn,
cesser,

;".,
Thiverp-veir]

the

la nuit, the

the field

le champ,

deserter, to desert
durer,

to

par,

partout,

summer

le fermier, the farmer

la

m.,

la

people

the

in Sec.
Note

perfume

everywhere
the

saison, the

le voyage,

au

printemps, in (the)spring

en

"te* (automne,
i.

the

spring

reverdir, to grow

la glace, the ice

Note

night

le printemps,

fin,the end

les gens

snow

through,by

le parfum,

last

the

l'6te*m.,

n"essite\ the necessity

la neige, the

cease

the winter

Additional

in (the)summer
hiver),

new

words

will be

found

green

again

season

the

journey

winter)
(fall,
in the list of

negatives

168.
2.

Names

Present

of the

seasons

Indicative

take the definite article except after

of

vouloir, to wish,

je veux

nous

tu

vous

veux

il veut

voulons
voulez

ils veulent

want

en.

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

86

EXERCISE

Drill
Give

neg.-int.
; past

entrer,

a.

in French

Express

he has

not

he has

not

he has

never

he will

study no

b. have

you

had

he

work

no

she does

not

don't

we

I neither

4.

he has

given nothing

he has

only one

brother

have

you

found

only one

longer?

did he

French

he

is

no

see

nobody

"

all

sing at

punishes

neither

good

the bad

nor

he sells neither

longer

the

bread

nor

meat

in winter
to

want

Supply

the

go

give nor
the

J'ai (never) vu

French
votre

for the

travaille

(not at

been

is the cold

words

in

hot

season

parentheses:

(no more). II (never)

all).Va-t-il (no longer)a la
ici

II vient

pere.

has

summer

winter

sell

(anything).II

veut

gives to nobody

nothing ?

snow

any

he

saved

well

spring there

in the

givesnothing

you

into

worked

he

have

3. Translate
she has

more

seen

"tre, neg.

"

studied

never

of

neg.-int.
; imperfect

pluperfectof

fallen

never

shall you

of rendre,

anterior

subjunctiveof Studier,neg.
2.

punir, neg. ; past indefinite

imperfect of

the

(only)a Paris ? (Nobody) veut rester en

etudient.
lis (scarcely)
ville. Ici je vois (only)quelques enfants.
francais ?
lisent (nor)e'crivent. Quand
lis (neither)
parleront-ils
?

campagne

A-t-il ete'

(Never). Sont-ils (never)alles

Model

LES

II y
mois.
sont

Au

quatre saisons

printemps

nous

l'ecole ?

Saisons

Quatre
dans

Fannee

n'avons

plus si longues qu'en hiver.

et

de

guere
Nous

chaque

ne

saison

neige,et

dure

trois

les nuits

ne

portons plus de lourds

NEGATION

champs

Les

vetements.

qui

trouvent

ete

les

le

jours

froides.

longs

sont

Nous

chauds,

et

aller

fermiers

saison
n'est

des

veulent

des fruits. II y

saison
Les

fleurs

Les

enfants

sont

que

par

je demeurerai

ni la

n'aime

enfants

ne

la

derniere.

leur

plus

parfum.
il y

hiver

En

jardins. Les

a
ne

gens

j'aitoujours froid,

Comme

necessite.

la

Personne

l'annee

vacances.

les

aussi

automne,

en

elles n'ont

fin des

les pays

dans

l'ecole.

que

pommes

mer.

ville. Le

est

re'citons. Les

ne

de fleurs dans

Plus

point l'hiver. Je

je n'aime
que

plus de

point la

L'ete

la

de

qu'en

maintenant

belles, mais

neige partout.
maison

ni

sommes

aura

encore

n'aiment

quittentla

alors personne

n'e'tudions
Nous

jouer.

que

chauds

En

riches

gens

bord

au

ou

gens

jamais

sont

ne

Les

la nuit.

qu'avec

n'y

Nous

tableau.

au

de la

II

vacances.

soif.

et

aussi

sont

ne

cesse

ne

les nuits

et

des

les saisons.

toutes

la campagne

La, ni les jours ni les nuits

travail des

de

chaud

souvent

avons

la ville pour

desertent

plus belle

la

II y

reverdissent.

les bois

et

printemps

187

neige

ni la

Est-ce

glace.

Jamais 1

froids ?

Theme
There

better

summer

at

only

are

all. Then
remain

desert

the

as

in town.

are

scarcelyripe. My
at

his farm.

so

long

he

in
want

never

here
will

no

The

to

are

My

last winter.

longer be

better than

days

any

has

the others.

only two

cousin

will

never.

When

it is

(we

ice.

Many

or

Next

are

are

in

the

nor

I shall

year

In

already been.
are

did

so
are

vacation, is

of

they

never

basket

in that

weeks

We

like

study

not

old

are

like winter

not

No,

the

Apples

still beautiful,but

here ?

snow

have

flowers.

apples which

the

father, who

come

pupils

they do

Neither

lessons.

fruits than

more

The

year.

because

seasons

seashore, where

the

summer.

the

visit the country.

Many

However,

now.

as

the other

than

cityfor

there

good

in

seasons

nobody gives any

young

autumn

four

no

more

Does

here.

not

have

body
any-

the) spring,there

people like

that

season

ELEMENTARY

88

FRENCH

Oral
Combien

i.

de

saisons

saison?

3.

jours?

4. Dans

quellesaison

neige

printemps ?
saison

Quelle

7.

la

est

jamais froid

n'avez-vous

les nuits sont-ils aussi chauds

reciter
au

pendant

bord

de la

les

mer

hiver ?

en

bord

? 9. Au

1 1

1 2.

blancs

encore

de la mer,
enf

Les

1 o.

au

quelle

les

jourset

veulent-ils

ants

personnes

des fleurs

a-t-ilencore

les

a-t-ilbeaucoup

a-t-ilbeaucoup de

dure

temps

des saisons ? 8. Dans

qu'en ville ?

vacances

5. Y

sont-ils

champs

plusbelle

de

plus longues que

sommes-nous

6. Les

printemps ?

au

Combien

2.

les nuits sont-elles

Quand

chaque
de

a-t-il?

hiver ?

en

quellesaison n'y a-t-ilni neige ni glace?

13. Dans

Resume
There

1.

the winter
3. There

was

which

snow(s) there
grass

dry.
the

yard

in the

and

fields

during the

flowers,and you will

!

trees

No

sell bread
in the

to

the poor.

city.17.

summer.

in the river !

Neither

18.

today,does
20.

6. In the

old

John does
he?

Animals

nor

not

19. The
no

15. He

During

wishes

and

want

days

wish
to
are

to

write
no

the

garden.
sing in

to

like

to

13. When

will

apples on

the

to

give nor

scarcelyany

remain

in

longerfind anythingto (a) eat

to

snow

during

town

anything in
longer so

work

of birds

season

neither

season

it is everywhere

men

more

have

countries

in the

home.

4. No

prefer
English

7. The

is the

at

springwe

young

nor

the

4. Are

play nor

to

Spring

finish the lesson ? Never.

water

8.

horses

nobody

ceases.

6. The

leaves

nor

neither

12.

find

now

then.

longer green

no

want

winter.

never

In

2.

5. Children

castles.

Neither

11.

work

it arrived.

flowers

students

Now

10.

and

lessons

no

is

summer.

in summer?

citywhen

meadow

in

as

country last year.

our

days

neither

in the

day

longer any

no

are

every

give

the

of the school.

the students

the

teachers

she visited have

9. The

the

nothing in

autumn

all in

at

longer than

found

army

school

to

in

days

many

wheat

no

because

summer

as

pupilsgo

nights ever

of

not

are

his notebook

cold

as

merly.
for-

in the forest.

"

" Underwood
LA

La
ce

France

qui

Riviera

la bonne

fortune

attire

les gens

pendant

ou

Cote

d'Azur,

paradis terrestre.
impression inoubliable
l'aristocratie du

monde

MONACO

D'AZUR-

COTE

d'etre

baignee

la belle

aussi

attrayante

Le

bleu

de

et

fait de

entier.

Sur

nord
La

le

cote

cette

du

cote

et

que

sud

au

du

cote

l'hiver
et

mer

cette

au

saison.

est

la

Underwood

au

rendez-vous,
trouve

la mer,

midi, appelee

l'ete.

ciel laisse

se

par

C'est

un

visiteur
en

table
veriune

hiver,

de

l'etrangepetite

de sucarres
qui,quoique n'ayant que
encore
perficieet une
population de quelques milliers d'habitants, forme
etat
La
un
independant gouverne
principaute fait
prince absolu.
par un

principaute de

saillie

dans

la

Monaco

huit

Mediterranee

Alpes-Maritimes.

Elle

et

contient
ses

est

enclavee

Monte-Carlo
maisons

de

dans
connu

jeu

milles

le

departement

surtout

cause

des
de

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

iqo

REVIEW
Twenty-Six

(Lessons

A.

the

Give

1.

the

Give

synopsisof

entrer,

tenses,
compound (perfect)

int. ; tendre,compound tenses, int.

"

pluperf.subj.of tomber,

subj.of couter, neg.

pres.

Drill

General

neg.-int.
simpletenses,
; finir,
2.

Twenty-Seven)

and

neg.

fut. of perdre, int.

past indef. of avoir, neg.-int.

past def. of vendre, neg.-int.

past indef. of batir,int.

past

the

3. Give

to

to go,

4.

Make

il a achete

votre

"

habit

un

achete

n'a

pere

il n'aime

habit

un

pas

habit
achete

un

habit
il aime

amis

ses

5. Translate
when

do

when

does

6.

into

work

you

Give

of arriver,neg.-int.

ing
present indicative negativeof the verbs meanwish, to read, to write, to have, \to sell.

achete

pere

perf

interrogative
un

il n'a pas
votre

cond.

of acheter, neg.

ant.

your

French

friend work

French

ses

pas

j'entendsles
je suis entre

dans

je n'entends

pas

amis

oiseaux

aime

votre

pere

votre

pere n'aime

le

restaurant

les oiseaux
ses

pas

enfants
ses

enfants

"

when

did you

when

did your

stay here ?
friend stay here ?

containingest-ce que; n'est-ce pas.

7. Modify (a) le garcon entend, (b) les garcons ont entendu,
by adding the followingnegatives: never, nothing,no longer,
scarcely,not at all, nobody.
a

sentence

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

192

LESSON

TWENTY-EIGHT
PERSONAL

CONJUNCTIVE
172.

Pronouns

Personal

and

objectof
personalpronoun

are

verb

has

the

English the preposition to (orfor)

gave

it to him

173.

obj.);I give
(indir.
of

List

distinct forms
The

forms

Sing.

used

junctive
classes,con-

subject,direct object,
expressed. In all other cases
form.
disjunctive

By the indirect object is

Note.

into two

disjunctive.

indirect

the

divided

are

Conjunctive pronouns
and

PRONOUNS

ist

Per.

2d

Per.

the

meant

is

expressed

him

understood

or

follows

in

as, /

book.

obj.)the
(indir.

subject,direct object,and

as

which

object before

Conjunctives. Conjunctive

for

are

as

pronouns

have

indirect

object.

"

Per. ^
[3d
Per.

r ist

\2d

Per.

3d

Per.

PL.
m.

Note

look
Where
show

is
at

the

Of

the

it to

II m'aime.

forms

two

for the

the it refers determines

ribbon

want

it,the gender of

object pronoun
the choice.
le ruban

to

Oil

to

Oicestlasoie?

est

Sec. 8

Compare

Je

veux

le

2.

silk?

am

going

Jevais

vous

lamontrer.

you.

Le, la, me,

and

te elide before
He

loves

vowel
me.

or

mute

h.

regarder.

it.

is the

Note

to which

the word
Where

PERSONAL

CONJUNCTIVE
Note
are

and

De

3.

do

not

PRONOUNS

le and

before

contract

193

les when

the latter

pronouns.

II aime

le

174.

He

montrer.

show

to

it.

Conjunctives. Conjunctive object pronouns

of

Position

loves

precede the verb of which they are the object,

directly
they follow.
except in the affirmativeimperative,where
connected
When
the objectsthus follow the verb, they are
and toi.
and te become
with it by a hyphen, and me
moi
II

Je

lui ai donne

un

l'aime

ne

Will he

Entendez-le.

Hear

Regardez-moi.

Look

Ne

les

Do

Me

voici.

portez pas.

lis veulent
Note.

me

that

tense, that
In the

they

last illustration

voici,like verbs,

are

me

precede

is the

are

me

the verb.

le montre.

nous

II le leur

le montrez

want

pas.

Le

lui donne-t-il ?

to

me.

see

in questions,and

If both

that

they

of veulent.

pound
com-

follow
Voila

ne.

and

pas.

conjunctivepronouns

two

in the

one

third

are

that

they

He

shows

are

third person

person,
then

it to

is

le, la, les

arranged

in

me.

it to me.

Do

He

Donnez-le-leur.
les lui donnez

am.

in
precede the auxiliary

Show

donne.

Ne

them.

carry

preceded by object pronouns.

Montrez-le-moi.
Ne

like it.

objectof voir,not

precede lui, leur ; it happens

order.
alphabetical
II

not

Two

placed nearer

it ?

me.

They

Conjunctives. When
verb, the
objectsof the same

175.

at

these pronouns

also

book.

him.

Here
voir.

Observe

find

does not

He

pas.

us.

given him (her)a

/ have

livre.

Le trouvera-t-il ?
II

loves

He

aime.

nous

not

show

gives it

it to

us.

to them.

Give

it to them.

Don't

give them

Is he

giving it

to him
to him

{her).
(her)?

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

194

following table presents,

The

Note.

possiblecombinations

-le

fie

me-jla

la

nous-"

lies

-la

lies

Pleonastic

definite

In

Use.

noun

or

gender.

If it stands

clause,it

is

for

memorizing,

all

order

""-moi

-la

If the

an

}"

-les.

avoid

to

is often

the
repetition,

used

to

represent

conjunctiveobjectstands
it agrees

pronoun,

for

-le

"]

or
adjective

number

in

whole

and

phrase or

always le.

Etes-vous

Phomme

Etes-vous

sa

Etes-vous

heureux

mere

vendra-t-il ?

Le

form

-lesJ

conjunctiveobject pronoun
preceding word or phrase.
for

rle

176.

in

Je

Je

le suis.

Are

you

Je

la suis.

Are

you

Je

le suis.

Are

you

Will he

le pense.

the

(he).
I am
his mother?
(she).
happy ? I am (it).
sell it? I thi?ik so (it).
t I

man

am

VOCABULARY

bon

marchg, cheap

la caisse,the cash
le

le

window

ensuite, then, afterwards

passer,

envelopper,

payer,

up

the piece of goods

l'Stoffe/,
les

the goods
6toffes,

la fille de

le

department

magasin, the clerk

franc, the

franc

store

la modiste, the milliner

caissier,the cashier

to wrap

nouveaut"s, the

de

magasin

(coin,par
value about twenty cents)
to trim (with)
garnir (de),

to

pass, go

by

(for)(Note i)
taken
pris (pastpart.),
what ! what a !
quel ! (/.-lie)
to

le rayon, the

reporter,

pay

department,counter
to

take

le ruban, the ribbon

la soie, the silk

(carry)back

CONJUNCTIVE
a

PERSONAL

gout,

mon

to

voulez-vous

paid, the
lui ai paye

Note

Vouloir,

from
you

Are

you

But

la robe.
2.

Are

le vend-il

indirect.

willing?

you

modiste,

After payer,

i.

taste

my

are

la

chez

combien
Note

the

to

her

for

also,I paid
in

much

thing paid for

paid
the

is the

the dress

of

(Note 2)

be

to

he sell it?

does

direct

object; the

(paid the dress

je lui

her the money,

sense

the milliner's

enter

how

at

will you

ai

to

son
per-

her),je

paye'Pargent.
be

willing, must

guished
distin-

the future.

willingto stay ? (Will you stay ?)

going to stay? (Shall you stay ?)

English shall and

Compare

Voulez-vous
Resterez-vous

dire,to

of

say,

tell

je dis

nous

disons

dis

vous

dites

tu

rester

will.

Indicative

Present

ils disent

il dit

Participle

Present

195

prie, please(I beg of you)

je vous

entrer

PRONOUNS

Past

Imperative

Participle

disant

dit

dis,disons,dites

EXERCISE

Drin
the

Give

1
.

int. ; the future

Supply the

2.

them

pas

La

La

modiste

ne

modiste

(her)modiste

(them

montre

montrez-vous

modiste

in

parentheses,
placing

position:

(them) a (your)gout

pourquoi
me). "

La

dire.

for the words

French

demande

dame

chapeaux.
vous

perfectof

in the correct

Une

of dire, neg. ; of dire, neg.-

present indicative

dit

"

de
to

(her)quelques

montrer

her) et

Oui, mais

ces

dit

"

"

Ne

autres

(them to me)? Montrez

Je vendrai (them to you) bon
pas

enveloppe (them for her),et

la dame

paye

trouvez-

chapeaux,

(them
marche.

to
"

(herfor them).

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

196

in French

Express

3.
she

gives it

she

gives him

she

gives it to

tell it to
franc

him

she has

given it to

she did

not

it back

he

gives them

to

them

he

gives them

to

us

back

French

them

daughter,do

she

wants

friend,you

the book
the

you

tall

notebooks

les beaux

montre

notre

cousine

magasins.

prise. Nous

de

the milliner ?

nous

Comme

Ma

cousine

rubans

que

am

I will pay

him

I will pay

for them

I will pay

her for them

good

parties de

look at
look

am

not

me

at

store

me

the milliner's

voiture

une

entrees

chez

nous

cependant
la modiste

ne
a

faire

heure

bonne

accompagnees

plusieurschapeaux, mais

fleurs et

you

Magasins

les

d'abord

sommes

gout.

are

she entered

sommes

nous

emplettes. Ma

sick ?

shall you

Dans
matin

so

you

will you

her ?

seen

please (two

me,

are

what

it

I want

Model
Ce

us

them

brought
you

us

stay here

you

have

me

are

to

she thinks

us

cheap

ways)

it

love

given it to

not

son,

I have

you

it to

them

give

hear

to

he will show

he

to us

"

them

want

my

de

tell it to her

he sells them

is the pen

where

have

not

the books

it

I do not

have

do

gives them

into

Translate

I want

my

tell me

he gave

4.

had

not

he

tell me

my

do

them

carried them

has he not

us

tell it to him

him

give it to

he carry

does

"

pour

montrer

nous

l'avons

passait,nous
la modiste.
les

achete

avons
un

lui avait

nos

Elle
pas

nous

trouves

chapeau garni
montre

ensuite,

PERSONAL

CONJUNCTIVE
elle

mais

dit

mere

vendu

voila,a droite.

belles etoff es
"

Regardez

belle ?
etoffe

Je
ma

francs.
vous

La

!"

vous

fille de

dit

Combien

la

"

marche.

nous

disant

en

la trouvez-vous
En

"

regardant une

autre

Voulez-

"

madame
plait,
Marie

"

Voila

Dix

"

Enveloppez-la-moi.Voici l'argent.

caisse,s'il vous

tres

pas

la vendrez-vous

nous

soie.

Quelles

"

montre

la

je

e'toffes de

facilement.

Ne

Marie, voici l'argent.Donne-le-lui.

"

la fille qui m'a

des

rayon

les leur

Examinez-la.

entrant

Oui, madame,

"

Nous

En

nouveautes.

trouverez

magasin

bon

Tresbien.

payer

le

demain.

Etes-vous

"

prie,le

la vendrai
a

de

repondu

vous

Vous

etoffe.

cette

mere

"

magasin
Elle

197

le lui reportera

magasin

un

fillede

une

Montrez-moi, je

"

Le

"

dans

e'toffes hier ? "

des

suis.

Elle

plus.

allees ensuite

sommes
ma

l'aime

ne

PRONOUNS

le caissier.

le lui

donnd

et

sorties.

sommes

Theme
entered

clerk
to

Where

And

me.

The

is the

what

have

for

shows

please?

she

opposite this

few

and
"

flowers.

milliner

hat,which
home.

"

"

Here

milliner

is

home

so

to

back

if I do

Do

not

to

not
me

you

at

like it any
to

the

want

Show

find it to my

show

I choose

There

last

"

(hats

to

you."

very

wide

on

more

door.
it ?

taste."

hats

them

"

me

with ribbon

the winter

are

want

and

me

do

where

accompanies

early.

"I

them

window,

li

madam."

am,

the

now.

beautiful hat trimmed

they are.

carriage(which is) passing.

shall arrive

Here

all.

When

she wraps

the milliner's

it

them

the cash

at

pay

store

showed

goods.

they want,

to

go

like it ? "
think

gives them

I shall take

The

Here

"I

that

She

examine

the

Will you

to
M

store.
"

"

asked

?"

I like to

customers

goods

I want

do you

How

cheap

winter)?

The

the

the

But

hats,please."

Is it too

of

goods

them, saying to them,

if you
is

silk-goodsdepartment

chosen

"

yesterday and

store

beautiful

(store)clerk

customers

up

department

arriving

There
Please."

's

ELEMENTARY

198

FRENCH

Oral

Quand

i.

allees seules

trouves

chez

9. L'aime-t-elle

la modiste

les etoffes

dit
etoffe,qu'a-t-elle
sont-elles bon

la nlle de

marche

etes-vous

7. Les

avez-

a-t-elle achete

un

le chapeau
Reportera-t-elle

votre

que

magasin

qui votre
montrer

choisi

eut

mere

15. Les

1 2.

aime-t-elle

magasin

4. Aussitot

qui

allees ensuite ?

flllede

La

accompagne'es?

5. Chez

cousine

1 o.

etes-vous

13.

clients ?

aux

encore

Ou

1 1.

a-t-elle parle?

mere

8. Votre

Etes-vous

2.

la modiste?

montre

gout ?

votre

a-t-elle

vous

ville?

en

Que (what) vous

6.

chapeau

allees

emplettes?

vos

Pourquoi

3.

etes-vous

entrees?
vous

ville ?

en

Comment

4.

partiesfaire

etes-vous

une

etoffes de soie

Resume

2.

Will you

the

cash

He

oranges

rich ?

They

that
will

he

yesterday and

are

they do not want

not
give his son

bought

her

to

sell him

you

them

to

me.

say

give it to

him.

you

more

francs ?

found

not

flowers

19. Show

them

the house

that he has

my

; have

jewels,but
bought

do

old ?

His
.

him

sister did

been

not

know

you

I do

not

say

15.

They

for them.

to
so.

chant's
mer-

want

6. When

17. If my

have

waitingfor
think

pay

which

the

at them.

give them

not

the shoes

woods, he would
you

teachers

father says that he

My

look

bought

My parents

10.

tell (itto)me.

any

am

4. Do

grocer's,
always pay
I

too

has

kind

8. Are

13. Did

the

18. Here

me.

1 2

they bought ;
in the

to

is

5. I shall

father

My

me.

milliner

6. What

7.

11.

her in town.

ten

which

so

money.

bought

only

the horses

buy thingsat

friend had

them

to

? 3. Where

them.

tomorrow.

gave

it

gave

4. The

buy

to

lessons.

not

any

cost

want

long

No, sir,he did

name?
to

9. Do

not.

not

he

bought

you

please.

me,

brings it

gives us

for the silk that I

me

to

do

we

if he

meat

never

some

it

hats, but

which

dress

new

Show

for the

teacher!

large red apple, but

the

me

window

him

pay

sell

beautiful

many

had

brother

My

1.

brought
me

them.

long?
20.

Is

ELEMENTARY

200

He

and

FRENCH

also.

spoke

Lui

moi,

et

nous

parte

avons

aussi.
He

and

I both

Henry and

Lui

spoke.

she

et elle ont

Henri

spoke.

I gave

and

thee

it to her

179.

Je

him.
and

Intensive

Pronouns.

by adding

meme

formed

parlk

avons

entendus, toi
a

elle et

intensive

(//.memes), even,

Thus

pronouns.

ai

vous

The

nous

les deux.

Je Vai donne

them.

to

moi,

et

tons

I heard

parlk.

et

lui.

eux.

pronouns
to

sarne,

the

are

junctive
dis-

lui-meme, himself

eux-memes,

Je l'ai vendu

/ sold it myself.

moi-meme.

themselves

VOCABULARY

sit

asseyez-vous,

down,

mais

seat

yourself
bien

messieurs, gentlemen

entendu, of

(to)
promis {pastpart.)de, prom-

fumer,
fumer
heureux
inviter

to

la

Note.

ised

cigar
smoke

pipe,to smoke

la

pipe

(de),happy (to)
(a),to invite (to)
les deux,
tous
(toutes)

Observe

with

see

demander

him),/"?le
book,/*?lui demande

I ask

him

for the

I ask

him

to

il vient

(on) me

both

for it (ask it to

viens

moi, about

voir,to

him

je viens

without

quelqu'un de, to ask somebody

the construction

Present

to

santS, the health

sur

I ask

tu

sans,

"

demander

de, near

pres

course

boire,to drink
le cigare, the

oui,yes indeed

com",je lui demande

Indicative

of

lui demande

le livre

de venir

venir, to

come

nous

venons

vous

venez

ils viennent

to

PRONOUNS

PERSONAL

DISJUNCTIVE

201

EXERCISE

Drill

Continue

i.

heavy type

I hear

him

I gave

him

he heard

into

you

it will be

sit

and

you

pour

(me)

demande

mais

(me

she

for

pour

them).

j'aidit (her)d'attendre

(them to me). Je

(me) cinquante

(her) et

donne

pour

je

Comme
et

que

(them

je
to

to

write

in

to

me

Note

promised

words

for the

French

donner

Voulez-vous

invited

(Sec. 173,

him

Supply the

4.

them

down, please

they

he
themselves

them

I will find them

she asked

they came
saw

and

hear

to

in front of her

her
than

herself

started

in order

here

lead them

coming

French

himself

happy

more

she is

is here

are

me

did he not
with

I told her

he has

she

her

I hear

she

he and

(toi,etc.)

"

him"

3. Translate
was

in

pronouns

moi

que

cigar

he himself

it

the

her father

near

was

plus grand

in French

Express

moi

partieavant

est

il est

of

forms

"

elle

2.

all the

through

to

see

him

see

3)
him

parentheses:

francs ?

Us

ne

sont

pas

(them). (It is she) qui

n'avais

pas

demanderais

(them) sur
(you) de

(me),
donner

you) volontiers,(toyou), mais

(toher),et je dirais bien (her so myself). Je n'inviterai

(her)(to)aller avec (me) ou (to)etre pres de (me).

pas

pas

Model

promis
mois,

de venir

et

amis, je suis heureux

Jean de venir
Vous

"

vais

moi,

chercher

vous

Moi, je ne fume
bonne
des

ne

de

cote

voir.

vous

sommes

vous

Nous

avec

venus

la

Charles,

vous,

pipe. Qui

tous, bien entendu.

lui.

sans

moi.

sur

eux

J'aidemande

"

pas

n'ai rien

mais
jamais de cigares,

ai invites

Jean, ici pres de

cigares.Je

"

Jean

pas

deux

la porte ! Ce

(done).Asseyez-vous la;

des

de cafe ?

tasse

moi.

Les

voici.

boire

veut

Je

une

Marie, apporte

"

le cafe'. Jean, qui est plus grand que

Moi, j'apporterai

tasses.

la

aura

nous,

fait

Henri

et

Nous

nous.

bien

avez

devant

avec

de

Je les

voila

m'ont

il y

eux

derniere.

N'est-ce

amis

mes

chez

ici. Les

seuls.

pas

de

partisde

sont

bientot

sont

Deux

la semaine

que

ils ne

Mes

"

lis

ils seront

et

Mais

oui.

moi.

Visite

visite.

une

revenus

voir

me

eux.

Mais

chez

sont

ne

venir

sont

Autre

tjne

Aujourd'hui j'attends

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

202

plus grande

Messieurs, a

tasse.

bonne

votre

sante.

"

Theme
I had

Yesterday
them

long because
them.

see

had

They
When

them

spoke

brought

here.

them

some

said,

hour

"

To

and

very

your

then

(un moment).
had

him,

"

he
He

cigar about

but without

me.

parlor,I

for

much

as

as

good

health."

went

home.

and

I did not

Good-by, will see

I have

often

them,

to

about

John

I gave

go

you

out

it

likes

with

for

remained

; so

him.

him.

again soon."

together.

Mary

too, of

us

did I
Then

pipe.

my

coffee,and

at

My

wrong

down," and

course.

their cups,
house

my

I remained

and

to

traveled

to

months.

been

giving them

On

Peter

for three

Sit

for

happy

was

I smoked

me.

him, and
he.

"

wait

not

have

and

of his business

spoke
me,

Europe

things. Peter

large cups

I did

early.I

come

in

said

I had

of many

to

them

John, Peter, and

the

house.

my

were

with

go

cigarsthat

some

with

to

me

like coffee almost

We

they who
(sont)

they entered

gave

at

they had promised

invited

(de)stay

to

It is

friends

two

yet

while

(I too). I
he

wife and

went

an

still
out,

I said to

DISJUNCTIVE

PERSONAL

PRONOUNS

203

Oral

Qui

eux

pour

1'Europe ?

4.

Depuis quand

1.

chez

Europe

invite' a venir

amis

vos

Marie

a-t-elle

13.

Qui

moi?

voir?

vous

quand

tasses

venir

est-il venu

quoi Jean

des

de

promis

?
est

aussi ?

Qu

de

cote

(isit)eux

vous

dit

des

donnant

en

Le

14.

avez-vous

cigares sur
?

vous

Pour

10.

qui

apporte' que

cafe

du

en

porte? 7. Pour-

N'a-t-elle

11.

classe ?

en

la

partisde
restes

Qui

5.

9. Fumez-vous

tasses

'avez-vous

sont-ils

eux

8. Aviez-vous

arrives?

sont-ils

de temps

sont-ils chez

6. Sont-ce

sont

Quand

2.

3. Combien

apporte' des

12.

voir?

vous

tableau

amis

vos

est-ilderriere

15. Montrez-le-moi.

Resume
Where

1.

the

apples which

it not
to

He

the

him.

without

army

to

in France
table

carry them

with

came

Orleans.

him

in Paris.
for

16.

week.

seashore

the class himself.

her

to

ask

for it.

Europe?

Both

my

and

Peter

me.

13.

father

your

Paris

yesterday,and

is

18. I

19. Miss
20.

He

am

say

is

he

that

they

to

ask

and

to

the

him

boy

1 1.

died

men

the

on

going
he
she

to
to

when

to

now

bought
will stay

going

are

Riou, did she invite you

it

the

general'sarmy

cigars which

some

going

promised

dogs.

newspapers

4. The

home

behind

Many

12.

coming tomorrow,

parents

I started

them

are

found

arrived

Mary

morning.

gone

punish

not

and

afraid of

are

yourself. 1

friend

do

Are

he, was

was

city,they

and

you

2.

she have

John

and

Jane, here

brought

her.

7. First

this

Lebon

the

to

came

if you

son,

and

wish, but

you

found

them.

3. It

Henry

8. You

came.

me,

17. Her

without

4.

9. We

and

from

My

I.

for him

yourselfif

mother

to

15. Mr.

or

of them.

you

for you

me

in front

without

came

for

soldiers

near

see

He

French

and

Stay

10.

happy

her

didn't you

us,

house.

the

father

my

than

Punish

city. 5.
6. When

then

found

you

is younger

the German

am

John's sisters?

are

to

read

the
it

to

accompany
he

should

ELEMENTARY

204

FRENCH

THIRTY

LESSON
Y

180.

The

when
to

the

of a, to, at,
a.

When

in,

This

Repondez-vous

Are

J'y

Paris;

J'etais a

mon

pere

there

When

Etes-vous

my

father lives

(atit).

in.

means

Paris

at

was

demeure.
c.

it.

replyingto

am

at.

means

ings
mean-

the letter?

replyingto

you
I

When

various

reponds.
b.

all the

to.

la lettre ?

with

Thus

the

place of the
dans) and an object pronoun
it
to
a
thing (rarelywhen

occurs

etc.

means

and

en

take

to

refers

pronoun

person).

is used

(sometimes

preposition a
refers

Pronoun

EN

AND

l'ecole?

J'y suis.

Are

in the school ? I

you

am

there

(in it).
Observe

Note.

be

la must
I

am

was

here,
at

181.

but

home

used

often

translates

; otherwise

is there.

he

he

and

The

that

was

Pronoun

too.

En

suis

fetais "

is used

with

all the

various

la maison

take

to

partitive
use),from, with,
a.

Voilk

When
le livre

de
;

means

il en

meanings
etc.

il est

ici,mats

prepositionde and an object pronoun

when
it refers
refers to a thing (rarely
occurs

there

When

is

phatic,
em-

y.

Je
there

there.

to

il y itait aussi.

place of the

the

when

of de,

Thus

et

Id.

the

pronoun

person). This

of (includingthe

of (not partitive).
parle.

There

is the book

of it

he has

spoken

AND

Voila

elle en

bijoux;

mes

EN

parle.

205

There

are

my

jewels;

she

book

need

speaks

of them.
Avez-vous

livre ?

mon

J 'en ai

Have

besoin.

you

Pargent ? J'en ai.

Have

you

a-t-il?

II n'en

de

livres

How

avez-vous

J'en ai deux.

Est-il

When

II

est

books

many

have

you

(ofthem).

two

from.

means

la maison

en

have

(ofit)?
(of it).

none

have

de

partide

ami ?

has

He

pas.

Combien

c.

he any

Has

money

any

(ofit).

some

En

it

is partitive.

de

de

Avez-vous

of it).

need

(have

b. When

my

de

Has

son

hier.

venu

he started

house?

his

from

He

friend's

from

there

for the

use

came

yesterday.
(it)
182.

of y and

by

de

or

En

and
en
a.

in

found

are

Such

after

certain

constructions

English idiom.
Among these verbs

Occasions

Idioms.

Verbal

verbs

that

often

are

at

followed

are

with*

variance

the

jouirde,

to

are

enjoy

remplirde, to fillwith
remercier

de,

penser

a, to think

penser

de,

J'aime le cafe
ma

Je

vous

to thank

to

think

for

about, of (fix the mind

about, of (have an

remplissez-en

/ like

on)

opinion of)

coffee
; fill my

it

tasse.
en

I thank

remercie.

J'aiune longue lecon

j'ypense.

have

you
a

for it.

long lesson;

thinking about
Qu'en

cup with

pensez-vous

What

do you

think

it.
about

it?

am

206

ELEMENTARY

183.

of Y

Position

and

FRENCH

En.

and

reallyconjunctive

are

en

ing
objectpronouns, and precede or follow the verb accordlaid down
in Sec. 1 74 for such pronouns.
to the principle
If used

they

les y

Je

leur

object pronouns,
y
together,y precedes en.

I shall carry

porterai.

en

I shall

apporterai.

en

ici.

instead

Sell

i.

Before

of moi

and

y and

en,

contrary

may

be

there.
some

(ofit).

here.

some

Sec.

to

174,

have

we

m'

and

t'

toi.
Give

rules for the order

The

2.

them

If

some.

Donnez-m'en.

Note

follow.

en

bring them
is

There

Vendez-en.

Note

and

other

used

are

Je

II y

with

summarized

thus

Je

le lui ai pas

II

ne
ne

nous

en

of the

me

some.

ordinary elements

of

tence
sen-

avait

encore

pas

donne.
encore

donne.

VOCABULARY

l'addition/,the
de bon

bill

app"it, with

penser,

good

le

fromage, the cheese

le garcon,

the

garder,

to

le menu,

recu

keep

the menu

tip

(pastpart.),received
remercier
(de),to thank (for)
to fill(with)
remplir (de),

waiter,boy

lettre,the letter

poisson,the fish

le pourboire, the

jouir (de),to enjoy

la

(Sec.182)

placer, to place

aple

petite

to think

le

rosbif,the

la soupe, the

roast

soup

beef

208

ELEMENTARY

Supply

4.
Ce

restaurant, que
?

venu

Oil

l'assiette. Donnez

Remplissez
donnez

votre

assiette.

Je dine

le temps

pas
"

restaurant

au

de

Entrons-y.

table

fenetre.

nous

apporte des
des

des

Monsieur

la soupe

De

veau.

"

Garcon,

un

"

"

est

II

est

alle

Voici

moi.

Le

fromage

anne'e.

cette

n'y a

en

est-il sur

J'aidine

"

de bon

aussi ?

peut-etre pas

besoin.

ai pas

garcon

assez.

"

"

En

J 'en

voici.
ai

assez.

Oui, donnons-lui-en

"

"

a.

garcon

place

de

nous

pere

II

en

y
est

vous-meme.

rosbif
Avec

"

Nous

et

du

plaisir.
Y

de terre.

en

menu

Ah

voulons
!

un

oui, il y

Et le cafe noir ?

"

l'addition.

"

Oui, mais je n'en aurai

Donnerons-nous
"

Le

Apportez-nous-en

"

Non, gardez

un.

garcon

"

des pommes

le

du

que

appetit. Garcon,

avez-vous

Le

Son

Choisissez

"

et

la

de

II y

face

en

J'y pense.

"

"

d'Europe

rosbif

Cette

"

pres

la table.

sur

II

d'ici.

pres

le lisons.

voulez-vous

En

menu.

monsieur

un

des fourchettes
cuillers,

nous

menu.

pensez-vous

Charles, j'aide l'argent.En

au

le

Garcon, n'en apportez que pour monsieur.

Surement.

n'en

des

est-il revenu

dessert,Charles

le

Nous

"

Oui, monsieur, il y

- "

me

n'avons

j'aifaim.

que

le

Paris

en

plus grande

une

ce

poisson,du

de

peu

n'est-ce pas ?

peu,
est.

Et

"

Qui

qu'en

a-t-ilde la salade ?
alors.

"

rosbif pour

Du

"

parce

voila

En

"

II y

content

lui et moi

quand

nous.

qu'ilplace devant

dernier.

le mois

revenu

ami

mon

Depuis quand

"

Ne

pas.

pense.

des verres,
assiettes,

Lenoir.

; prenez

veux

Je

voici,messieurs.

serviettes.

demeure.

"

Le

couteaux,

aussi
"

"

potage

Garcon, donnez-moi

"

le donne.

du

Moi, je ne

chez

retourner

Allons-y.

nous

et

avec

trop petite.

est

sous

Restaurant

J 'en suis bien

"

Voila

Et la salade ?

Au

mettons-nous

un.

Model

jamais

II etait

un.

"

me

pas.

table

une

voila
"

"tes-vous

Void

souvent.

le menu?

est

meaning requires:

pensez-vous

viens

Je

the

1", as

or

y, en,

FRENCH

votre
un

argent. Je

pourboire

Service

2fr.

Salade

la

carte

heure

toute

Potage

choix

Deux

" bouteille

de

hors-d'oeuvre

ou

Deux

Salade

vin

"
Pain

MENU

choix

plats au
legumes

dessert

ou

jfr. 50

poisson

ou

et diners

Dejeuners

jo

plats au

Legume

LEBLOND

hors-d'oeuvre

ou

Deux

209

et diners

Dejeuners

Potage

EN

RESTAURANT

GRAND

AND

poisson

ou

dessert

et

bouteille

de

vin

discretion

DU

JOUR

Potages
Consomme

de

volaille

de

Puree

haricots

croutons

aux

Hors-d'oeuvre
Huitres

d'Ostende

Saucisson

coquille

en

de

Celeri

Lyon

Poisson
frais

Maquereau

la maitre

d'hotel

Homard

mayonnaise

Entries

Bceuf,

Navarin

tomate

sauce

CEufs

de

la coque

Pigeon

mouton

Omelette

aux

petitspois

aux

champignons

Rdtis
Veau

aux

Bceuf

carottes

Poulet,

braise

la

jardiniere

Rosbif

jus

au

nouvelles

pommes

Legumes
Pommes

de terre

en

robe

de

Choux-fleurs,

chambre

Tomates

sauce

blanche

farcies

Salade

Laitue,

sauce

mayonnaise

Chicoree

frisee

Tomates

au

persil

Dessert
Creme

fouettee

aux

fruits

Compote

de

pommes

Boissons
Vin

Biere

(voir liste)

Cafe

The

ELEMENTARY

210

FRENCH

Theme
"

Where

is there

for

long

smaller

"

?"

one

shall like that

We

menu

"

"

of

fork.

do

some."

any

want

more,

Fill my
There

give the

waiters

with

live in Thiers
live there.

is cheese.

"No,

Street

I have

(la rue

been

there

for

you,

like

What

some

home.

do

you

any?"

want

coffee."

"Do

Do

you
I have

any.

you

(mais)yes,

Why
years."

ten

of it ? "

Waiter, bring

you

"

"

beside

one

think

give them

return

Thiers)?

it."

the

never

us

is

much

No, thank

is.

Do

and

good appetite. Let

with

cup

one,

too

should

Yes, there

cheese

tipshere?"

enough.
w

me

give me

?"

is the

littlesoup

do you

more

"

Give

! yes, here

not

window.

Where

want

Don't

What

some

the

there.

you

Oh

good/

(tea)?

tea?

Don't

Is there

near

of them.

several

have

please." "Waiter,

you

dined

you

one

go

"*

"

table."

us

me."

hungry." There
been
dining there

am

have

's

Let

spoon.

is very

like tea.

to

no

green

of this green

think
"If

Do

any

"

it

I have

"

want

there

Is

tea.
us

not

is

dine well.

to

roastbeef

Very good."

Here

There

! yes.

plate. Pass

This

{emphatic)are

it,please. But

my

in.

go

Oh

going

are

is your

There

us

one.

place better.

There

please. WTe

"

Let

time.

is

restaurant

There

everywhere.

some

are

good

still

I still

Oral
i.
un

Dinez-vous
?

restaurant

les choses

toujourschez
3.

6. Nommez

deux

8. Comment

les Francais

vous
vous

au

14.

les

vous

Avez-vous

viande.

de

questionsdu

de bon

chez

etes

7.

5. Ou

vous

1 o.

13.

Quels

les

sont

place-t-il?

Pensez-vous

Que pensez-vous
15.

Que demandez-

Que lui donnez-vous

vous?

4.

Qu'aimez-vous le mieux

appe'tit?12.

l'argentsur

maitre

garcon

dans

souvent

finissent-ilsleur diner ? 9.

apres le diner ?

garcon

gendralement

quand

de

au

la table?

place sur

sortes

Entrez-vous

2.

demandez-vous

Que

le garcon

que

vous

?
a

de

1 1

vos

cette

Re'pondez-vousa

Dinez.

lecons
lecon ?
toutes

POSSESSIVES

211

Resume
i

Have

but do
a

this
in

Europe.

8. Are

it for

you

bought

time.

9. If my

1 1

sell any

He
to

his

to

customers.

have

you

give me

enough, keep

night and

I answered

it

studying

were

you

16. His

any

do

I have

think

two,

4.

and

13.

wood

coming

to

17. If you

go

of them?

How

sister,of

course,

too

menu,
at

many

him, but he is

see

hats when

need

there.
20.

good
have

18. If there

to

restaurant,

have

no

he

that he

15. If you

some.

my

into

and

Boy, bring me

If you

father is

me

I go

some

that

oranges

littlemeat,

When

there.

you
ask

not

you

money.

I will show

city,do

What

one.

for the

only a

12.

some

you

one.

town,

is

give him

to

in your

horses!

have

some,

take any, I will take

father

my

fish if there is any.

bring

horses,sell me

come

; I

when

not

that he has

says

some

I will

going

often

does

son

thank

to

please. Yes, sir,here

not

of you

last

me

fresh water,

any

flowers

any

Give

2.

wish

I want

10.

always take

home,

some.

coffee,the waiter will fillyour cup with it.

enjoying your wealth ? Yes, sir,I have been enjoying

me.

not

have

letter arrived

thought

7. If you

long

myself.
will

6. I

morning.

give me

5. Your

Mary.

I have

Yes,

3. If you

any.

it. 4. Don't

for

fruit ?

good

any

give him

not

glassof

some

you

are

no

19. What

biles
automo-

beautiful
cousins

many
has

you

as

do

many.

THIRTY-ONE

LESSON

POSSESSIVES

184.

Adjectives and

Possessive

Pronouns.

In

French,

as

used
English, there are both adjectivesand pronouns
used
to
denote
to
adjectivesare
possession. Possessive
used to
limit an
are
expressed noun;
possessivepronouns
in

take

the
my

place of
book
(adj.)

noun

that is.omitted.
the book

Thus:
is mine

(flron.)

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

212

185.

Possessive

The

Adjectives are
Singular

Plural

M.

(First Person

J Second

Sing.

mon

Person

I Third

ton

Person

son

(First Person

J Second

Pl.

notre

Person

votre

leur

\Third Person

distinction

The

Note.

tu and

between

Possessive

186.

than

more

187.
ta,

ton,

mon,

son

and

vest,

used

used

in

habit et

mon

vowel

or

each.

gilet

mon

The

h ;

mute

The

is used

owner

closinghis

He

is

He

lost his left

The
He

dog

instead

denoting

in addition

hand

he sat there.

to

77
Le

arm.

II

lost his life.

(With) his

in his

forms

of

possessiveadjective,

parts of

the

the

monly
com-

the
the

body

or

meaning

referringto

article.

Ilferme lesyeux.

eyes.

arm.

bit his

the

ma,

article is

definite

with it. When

something closelyconnected
indirect object pronoun
be clear,an
would
not
the

forms

feminine

school

ecole,my

French,

predicate nouns

with

that

to

fying
possessive adjectivemodi-

repeated before

for Possessive.

Article

corresponds

votre

instead.

mon

188.

Vowels.

before

stand
are

is

noun

before

Possessive
cannot

sa

one

and

ton

142.

Repeated.

coat

my

Sec.

See

vous.

between

pocket,

La

perdu

chien
a

lui

perdu
main

assis.

le bras
a

gauche.

mordu

le bras.

la vie.

dans

lapoche,il y

etait

POSSESSIVES

similar

in

describingparts of the body, is

Note.

after avoir
She

has

You

have

small

blue

hand.

190.

Ownership.

Possessive

is mine

cow

The

Note.
that

of

the

mine,

with

is la

vache

Son

the

sa,

being

his pen,

Also, mon

we

is

must

because
say

sien,my

sa

est

cow

the

with

the

disjunctiveand

her

from
answer,

question

is which

Note
not

gardai

that the
with
as

the

well

as

book and

because
hers ; not

plume
la

cow

cow

is

possessives
possessor.
his

jardin is masculine; while

plume

the

la mienne.

est

rouge

former

another.

is it ? the

is la vache

mine,

pressed
ex-

moi.

distinguishesone

V/hen

moi.

translated

used

livre et le

livre is masculine.

latter

of Possessives.

be

bleus.

possession is important. The

; the

cow

petite.

ownership is
disjunctivepronoun.

of

use

thing possessed and

jardin may

son, not

following:

etre,

vache

La
the

express

the red

Agreement
with

agree

est

the

by

les yeux

avez

question whose

the

? the answer,

191.

with

distinction between

illustrated

la main

verb

(belongsto me).

definite article is used

are

the

prepositiona

possessive to

example,

mine

After

simple ownership

expresses
For

Pronouns

the

Vous

The

the

which

Elle

eyes.

by

is

construction, in

189.

The

213

garden,
to

late
trans-

is feminine.

sienne, because

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

214

VOCABULARY

le

bal, the ball

la

jupe, the skirt

le

bas, the stocking

la

laine,the wool

le bouton, the button

la

manche, the sleeve

le chapelier,the hatter

la manchette, the cuff

la

chaussette, the sock

la

chemise, the shirt

le costume,

le manteau,
meme,

the suit

le

la couturiere,the dressmaker

la

same

mouchoir, the handkerchief

de la

la cravate, the necktie

the cloak

nuit, the night long

le pantalon, the

dentelle,the lace

perdre,to lose
la poche, the

double* de, lined with

pocke

le

faux-col,the collar

le

feutre,the felt

le

le

gilet,the

la tete, the head

Phabit
la

recommencer,

vest

m., the dress

jaquette,the

coat

le veston,

(woman's)
de

ville,the

Indicative

the coat
suit

street

mettre,

of

to

put, put

nous

mettons

tu

vous

mettez

mets

skirt

on

ils mettent

il met

the

begin again

the tailor
tailleur,

je mets

Note.

to

la toile,the linen

coat

le costume

Present

trousers

En
is

is used

to

material

express

(of)silk,la jupe

est

en

soie.

De

silk

skirt,une

sometimes

jupe

en

soie ;

replacesen.

EXERCISE

Drin
Prefix

to the

nouns

below

the proper

forms

for

(a)his,

(b)our, (c)their,(d) her:

mere

dcole

bras

amies

yeux

cheveux

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

2i6
Le

mieux.

chapeau

toujours un

en

chapelierou

mon

feutre

pardessus qui est

du

sien

la chaise

Ma

matin.

costume

sont

en

laine.

sien

est

Ce

robe

elle. II

son

au

bal

ce

habit.

est

de

est

de

cote

sac

meme

cote

j'aiachete'es

que
une

le

son

mien

soie

son

costume

son
ma

Le

mere.

manteau

son

qu'elleportera

ce

garnie

fait

aussi

jaquettede

la

les gants

et

Le

faite lui

et

pas

Dans

les bas

sont

la lui

jupe

n'est

chapeau

lui,a

avec

qui

plus beau.

encore

de soie

double

bal

au

ville. La

de

dernier

lui.

va

II prepare

les chaussettes

avec

couturiere

La

est

J 'en porte

chez

frere

de la nuit.

fauteuil

ce

qui va

sceur,

dentelle.

de

sur

feutre.

en

Mon

le sien.

les yeux

pas

Le

sur

achete

est

Je l'ai achete

hiver.

en

frere

fermera

soir,et il ne

la tete

j'aisur

que

soir.

ce

Theme
In winter

into

the

we

street

suit which

also made

one

for my

long

lined and

has

mine

it.

not

than

mine.

went

down

for me,
That

not

are

to

the

silk dress

ball,I

Her

woolen

cloak

yours.

Your

I have

goods

as

coat

dress

dressmaker

is

vest, but

yours,

but

It is of linen like

She

made

silk is

on

prettier

My

coat.

bought

lace for herself

lined with

it,

sleeves.

is of silk. It is

morning.

with

trimmed

dress there is hers.

Her

this

mother

made

short

is mine.

wear

go
The

heavy.

has

coat

same

shirt. Yours

we

finished yet. It will be

only two.

of the

are

is very

long as

has

if

and

who
My tailor,

not

handkerchief

This

with your

town

is

so

Mine

trousers

I go

color.

begins again. My

the cuffs of my

the coat.

and

My

When

and

street

His

buttons.

wide.

so

collar and

my

brother.

They

arms.

three

wear
are

dark

his school

I haven't

never

in summer,

Mine

overcoat.

an

wearing is of

finished when

wear

we

am

clothes than

thicker

wear

sister
socks

(elle-meme).
her the skirt

the chair.

Oral
i.

votre

De

Qui
veston

vous

fait votre

costume?

3. Portez-vous

quelle couleur

est

le votre?

un

gilet?
5. Ou

2.

Combien

4. Mon
est

mon

de

boutons

pantalon est gris.

mouchoir?

6. La

POSSESSIVES
chemise
elle

maitre

du

soie ?

en

217

est-

7. Votre

faux-col est-ilplus haut

le mien

que

robe

est-elle

Que

de

pensez-vous
?

cravate

ma

moins

la mienne

longue que
9.

8. Votre

Quel

1 o.

chapeau portez-vous
hiver?

Ou

11.

achete

vous

avez-

peau?
cha-

votre

Portez-vous

12.

habit

un

en

quand

vous

allez

dans

les

sins?

13.

Quelle

sorte

votre

sceur

de

robe

maga-

bal ?

porte-t-elleau
14.

Le

fait

votre

tailleur

a-t-il
de

costume

TYPE

mademoiselle
ville,

La

livre

15. Ce

est-il

Bretagne, province

France,

fait saillie

La

bretonne

race

tionnelles

Resume

de

sister

My

teacher;
school

is

she closed her

produit

nourrir, habitue

ago.
et

2.

Your

cousin

is

dans

wants

her.

3.

John

this necktie

yours?

to

It

is

punish

religion et

where
on

que

toute

la

que

affronter

dure

l'imagination.
est

en

meme

me

is
the

la

poesie.
la terre

La

des

l'une

des

Bretagne a
legendes. "

mieux
ete

de

(F.

Le

deux

realite

la

Aussi

la

temps

la

douees
tous

est

population qui

cette

de la France

plus religieuseet

danger,

la crainte

II n'a que

la

se

pour
le

dans

la mort.
a

partie de

besoin

tradi-

s'habiller

ingrate qui

terre

il
a

de

de

autre

la pauvrete,
de

Atlantique.

et

une

mer

le monde

voyons-nous

plus pauvre
gave

de

habitudes

ses

vivre

echapper

pour

l'ocean

dont

ce

la pensee

moyens

never

nord-ouest

de

sur

sur

vit dans

not

studious, but her father

FJeve

peine

dans

penser,

"

le Breton

week

du

retient

plus religieusement
la France.

1.

BRETON

vous

DE

pour

les temps

Bourgeois)

ELEMENTARY

21

table.

My

4.

5. Both

is mine

shirts,but

he

brother

friend
the

eyes

France,
his

and
year.
his

My

nor

here

is

invited

him

stay
we

lose

see

his

friend.

an

hour

with

; I do

17. When

want

not

to

Is

19.

the

to

go

Cinq voyelles,une

Et
De

Si

quoi

mon

Mon
Et

hat

this

pen

hers?

mon

sur

ma

mon

ncm

nor

coats
over-

cuffs

our

pocket,

his, but
It

my

going

mine

is neither
new

shirt

crayon.

premier

est

precieux,

habite
est

personne

sans

tout

is

lost

consonne,

l'ecrire

dernier

on

ball.

franc,aiscomposent
je porte

is

in my

This

cuffs

there

off your

put money

my

teacher

d'Esprit

Jeux

En

and

his

from

of them

coat

18.

Neither

close

My

one

take

my
one.

returned

putting

are

day.

20.

dress

16. We

not

will remain

Gentlemen,

15.

table.

it is mine.

his

bile,
automo-

woolen

will

and

one

woolen

My

12.

and

(the)war,
on

has
he

mine

hat which

already

week

has

8.

son

tomorrow.

us.

ready.

the

on

yours

his

there

putting

little during the

yours

is

John

green

9. The

has

to

; the

summer.

ball,and

last

but

7. Peter

house.

yours.

white

are

room

aunt

went

14.

shall be

the

to

from

brothers

in

one

felt, but

Europe

to

in the

of my

His

11.

arrives

two

to

soon

in front

his

than

longer

are

mother's.

silk

hand

went

town

is beside

are

wife

it.

always

hers

mine

but

life in

and
and

has

is my

wears

are

his

dresses

one

night long.

13.

down

his

in

has

blue

they
socks

new

two

are

always

and

yours,

10.

the

have

and

6. There

and

short, but

are

Charles

black.

are

arms

FRENCH

les

(Oiseau.)

cieux,

delicieux.

(Or-ange.)

LESSONS

REVIEW,

XXVIII-XXXI

219

REVIEW
Twenty-Eight

(Lessons

A.

Thirty-One)

to

General

Drill

(a)conjunctivedirect objectpronouns;
indirect objectpronouns
(b)conjunctive
; (c)disjunctive
pronouns
; (d) intensive
pronouns.
Give
the rule for the positionof conjunctiveobject
2.
Give

1.

each

reference

(a) with

pronouns
to

the list of

to

the verb

other.

3. Translate

into French

"

sell it to him

have

you

fallen,my

son

have

you

fallen,my

friend ?

do

have

you

fallen,my

friends ?

he sold them

he is

punishing them

he is

sellingthem

will
do

they like

they did

not

sell it to

me

do

will you

if you

have

me

the newspaper,

his sister ? I

you

punish them

bring

am

do

me

French

sentences,

want

5. Translate

into

he started without

him
me

to

give it to

as
illustrating

"

I shall visit him

I shall visit with

French

saw

you

she found

and

them

it herself

before

tomorrow

before

the

palace

so

so

me

give them

shall you

me

four

will you

me

they not

not

? I think

disjunctive
pronouns.

it is I

to

is she pretty ? he thinks

sell it to

Give

them

sell them

not

will he

her

see

to

it with you
are

will he sell it to

of

he did
horse

sell it to him

not

it?

sell it to

not

4.

sell them

not

reference

(b)with

me

her ?

many

uses

ELEMENTARY

220

it was

he

not

6.

Explain

are

the

the

speaking of

were

you

not

are

Give

8.

him

how

him

to

do you

bring the
to

some

carry

there

books

some

are

want

them

with

cart

bring some,

him

none

many

there

any ?

you

fillthe

give it to

will you

it?

chairs

some

has he

uncle

going

you

"

it ?

thinkingof

of y.

and

en

have

speaking of

you

French

there ?

you

there 's my

the tailor for it

her for it

I have

were

were

of

nature

exact

farm

going

you

I asked

room

into

7. Translate

garden

I shall ask

I entered

there is my

the

near

he is taller than
she and

FRENCH

best

there

them

complete list (a)of possessiveadjectives;(b)of

possessivepronouns.
Give

9.
les

French
; notre

votres

into

French

his book

her father'

thy father
he will

school

your

1 1
.

is mine

Supply

the

(My) tailleur,
(who)
costume.
sont

(My)

veston

vie. II aimait

demeure
a

plus petites.II

(him to). Charles

(John's)costumes

for the

French

my

fait

(itfor me)

donne

eyes

long arm
in

parentheses:

(my) ecole,a
que

fait

(me) un

mais (mine)
(yours),

j'avaisdemande

cOmme

(one). (His) est

differents aussi.

sont

(her)et

de

eyes

black

words

plus de poches
neuf

un

pres

brother

her life

save

have

you

theirs

and

they have

is mine

this book

and

I closed

best friend

the book

"

his house

my

leur ; les siennes

; notre.

Translate

10.

containingla

sentences

different de

(His) sceur

(her)(her)beaux

(mine).

perdu (her)

bijoux.

DEMONSTRATIVES

Translate

B.
it

Give

i.

studied

4. Did

which

garden

give

one.

8. I

him.

9. When

you

will

bring you

some.

think

so.

bought
a

back

11.

to

He

when

me

too, all used

mine

; it is theirs.

think

of it?

silk which
to

in France, but

now

have

you
to

finished

be mine.

17. I

18. She

need

16. That

thinkingabout

am

had

LESSON

her

on

head

to

to

have

14.

not

They

12.

only

Bring

it

horses, his,and
but it is

good,

hat; what

red

some

me

much

I do

him.

new

my

in the

good fruit,I

many.

fruit is

they had

there?

it. 15. Their

happy.

give

to

sold

I have

found

John

13. I used

them.

had

dogs, give

some

blue

and

5. If

many

going

always

sea

itback

gave

not

am

He

very

and

you

too

cityand

Is the

her the

we

friends

the

at

have

been

friend ?

niece's

7. If you

10.

have

little. 6. I heard

2.

3. If you

morning.

my

him, but

to

gave

yours

you

me

arrive

itfor us, but

good

few

going

am

to

him.

to

any

lost, I should

I entered.

when

this

money

any

they would

any,

had

send

you

hours

two

give

not

French

into

do

but

me,

lesson

our

watch

the

to

22

not

do

leaves.

THIRTY-TWO
DEMONSTRATIVES

192.
define

point

or

called

English, are
of
are

out

Words

Defined.

Demonstratives

object,such

an

demonstratives.

place
193.

of

with
a

The

noun

the

latter

these
two

are

pronouns.

expressed;

closely to

and

this

There

demonstratives, adjectivesand
used

as

used

The
to

Demonstrative

take

Adjectives are
Plural

Singular

(cetbefore

Masculine

ce

Feminine

cette

vowel

or

mute)#

kinds
former

omitted.

noun

in

ces

ces

the

ELEMENTARY

222

ce

FRENCH

gant, this (orthat)glove

ces

habit,this (orthat)coat

ces

this

ces

cet

plume,

cette

194.

pen
(or that)
ci

Suffixes

and

/a.

Special emphasis

la, there, placed after the

with

it

by

This

the adverbs

Cet homme-ci

usage

sont

pas

This

ces

grands.

Demonstrative

The

is

man

are

not

Pronouns

celui,this,that

Feminine

celle,this,that

followed
a.

ma

of

used,

stated

ceux,

serviette

above, without

some

et

Demonstrative

Pronouns.

definingconstruction.
possessivephrase introduced by

by

these,those

celles,these,those

Demonstrative
as

tall.

Plural

Masculine

Uses

tall,but those boys

are

Singular

pronouns,

connected

involved
emphasis is especially
this from that
to distinguish
serves

grand, mais

est

garcons-lane

196.

and

noun

ci,here,

distinction is necessary.

such

195.

modified

the

upon

Such

hyphen.

in contrasts.
when

(orthose)gloves
coats
habits,these (orthose)
plumes, these (ortfrose)
/"#.$"

adjectiveis expressed by

demonstrative
and

gants, these

celle de Marie

napkin

my

noun,

This

always

are

may

be

de.
and

Mary's

(thatof

Mary)
relative clause.

b. A

only represent

not

the one,

In

this

the

use

demonstrative

the

those, etc., but also

English demonstratives,that,
the English third personalpronouns,

he, him, she, her, they, a conjunctivepronoun

being
Ma

used

plume
que

Celui

as

qui

avez

est

antecedent

bonne, mais

est

vous

the

est

riche

celle

of

heureux.

which
He

never

relative.

My pen

meilleure.

est

nouns
pro-

is good,but that {the one)

you

have

(the one)who

is better.
is rich is happy.

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

224

other

when

But

Elle est riche.

is rich.

She

isthe book?

Where

Note.

personal

used.

are

pronouns

etre, the

follow

constructions

It is

the

this construction

In

when

singular except

third person

plural,in which

verb
the

itself is

the verb

case

Oil est le livre ? U est

Henry's.

always

the

It is he.

C'est lui.

It is

we.

C'est

It is

they.

Ce sont

eux.

These

are

Ce sont

mes

brothers.

my

third

in the

ce

third

in the

predicate is

usuallyin

with

agrees

Henri.

person

person

plural.

nous.

freres.

VOCABULARY

l'amabilite* /, the kindness

en

la

bas, downstairs

la bibliotheque,the

lumiere, the light

le rayon,

expensive

au

la salle de

Present

(or le)jour, three

Indicative

of

voir, to

je vois
tu

vois

see

the

on

floor

ground

face,opposite

receive

we

rez-de-chauss6e,

l'"tagem., the floor,story

trois fois par

the shelf

recevons,

nous

electrique,electric

en

natural
(/ -lie),

naturel

library

confortable,comfortable
couteux,

haut, upstairs

en

bain, the bathroom

times

day

vu)
(pastparticiple,
nous

voyons

vous

voyez

ils voient

il voit

EXERCISE
-.

."

Drill
i

Prefix the proper

form

of the demonstrative

adjective

vie

tete

souliers

homme

livre

ecoles

to

"

DEMONSTRATIVES

into French

Translate

2.

225

"

this

glove

did he say that ?

that

glove

my

my

glove and

John's

my

glove and

his

this is
a

book

better than

3. Translate

my

into

mother's

French

our

dresses

she

who

is here

the

ones

which

he is

one

it is

he is

it is

new

it is

library

she

is

it is I

coat

they

they are

pupils

it is

good

John's

it is better
it is the best

John's

4.

Continue

Supply

the

vous

mieux

blanche.

(Those) fenetres

Ma

(It)est

tante,

deux

la

cette

grande, mais

etages.

salon,

dans

neuve.

cheres

Entrons-y.

bibliotheque,la

rez-de-chaussee.

En

haut,

(that)?

(It)est (theone

that)

de

haut.

fenetres

en

femmes.

Maison
C'est celle de

maison-la.

elle

parentheses:

(these).Je parle de (those)

demeurent
(there).
(yours)et (John's)

Ma

Je demeure

in

disjunctive.

que

(There they are).(They are)de

Model

of the

(that).Entendez-vous

que

plus hautes

sont

ouvertes.

n'est pas

words

(there).(There are) beaucoup

voyez

qui sont

for the

French

maison

une

the forms

through

c'est moi

maison
J'aime (this)

(It)est

friends

sister

our

it is

want

you

good boy

old

this is

Mary's

of my

they are
it is

and

"

it is his

new

which

ones

have

you

that is poor

good,

the

and

pens

est

Elle

confortable.
a

salle
il y

huit
a

C'est

pieces.

manger

mon

pere.

une

maison

Celles-ci

et

quatre chambres

la

sont:

cuisine
a

coucher

tile
de
le
au

et

226

ELEMENTARY

aussi
amis.

Dans

suis

Je

salle de

une

aussi.

piece il y
dans

sont

salle

manger

droite

est

Celle

qui

bien.

tres

Je

lui ;

mon

pere.

livres

Nous

Elle

est

naturel.

amabilite.

la

est

plus
C'est

face, qu'est la salle de bain.

de votre

nous

celle que

est

est

la

avons

chambre-ci

Cela

les

dans

celle que

vous

qui

sur

C'est

sceur.

la devant

remercie

vous

Les

jour.

Dans

ma

beaucoup

qui sont

Cette

celle de

en

bibliotheque.Dans

ceux

maison.

est

livres francais.

pere.

eux-memes.

Ik,en

C'est

plus grande.

mon

il y avait le gaz.

ans

de

trois fois par

notre

choisie pour

ont

tous

pas

allons

nous

de

la

nos

recevons

d'ecole ; il

dans

temps

moi, ceux-la

la mienne.

que

est

sont

celle-la

et

sont

nous

que

beaucoup

pupitre,celui

un

deux

salon

au

maitre

electriquedans

parents

ceci

de

que

il y

mienne,

la

beaucoup

gauche

habitions

mes

mon

piece ne

la lumiere

gaie

celle de

cette

rayons

de

dans

entre

C'est

bibliothequeil y

notre

Je passe

cette

bain.

FRENCH

"

Tout

"

Theme
That
in the

house

garden.

his. It is

that).It
windows
his

not

is

has

He

pretty

so

the

with

books.

of

Many

those

the

on

is the

tree

That

that

one

that

It is

book.
interesting

SALON

de

DE

la maison

ROUSSEAU
ou

la gravure

dans

caise

Phote

d'a
Le

ordinaire.

Savoie,

an

connue

sous

-LES

recoit
cote

est

salon
le

It is very

peut-etre
nous

des

salon

Le

CHARMETTES.

Le

visiteurs.

ses

que

nom

me

mobilier

typique

voyons

Charmettes,

de

celui

ici est
et

ecrivain

en

politiqueet

en

pedagogic

That

of

filled
man

I showed

you

expensive. My
la chambre

est

represente

d'une

maison

d'une

francais, dont
en

fran-

maison

pendant

et
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, penseur
le
furent
de
point
originales
depart d'importants changements

par

are

modeste

celui

occupee

those

are

shelves

that

this

morning.

floor

French.

who

gave

ground

are

It is he

(as

Leroux, lives. Those

has

likes French.

is

his is also

comfortable

as

library.The
he

is he who

beside

one

friend,Mr.

the door

that

neighbor's.It

other, but it is

that my

rightof

parlor. Behind

the

as

rich

houses.

other

there
(c'est)

on

is my

oppositeours

en

huit
les

ans

idees

litterature,

ELEMENTARY

228

has

friend
has

He

are

That

window7,

rich
is

as

The

friend, I

my

there twice last week.

largerthan

is

is electric

lightin

would

too

have

all those
If

like that

house

Upstairs

ours.

left,is that of the bathroom.

the

on

kitchen
There

sleepingrooms.

there

I dined

dining-room.

cook.

good

fine

very

FRENCH

rooms.
were

as

That

one.

sure.

Oral1
i.

gauche?

votre

de

Combien

2.

tante

votre

y a-t-ilen

Quelles chambres

6.

plus de

9. Avez-vous

livres-ci sont-ils
voisin ?

votre

vous

chez

celles de votre

petitesque

semaine

de fois par
vous?

sont-ils

livres

Vos

Ces

14.

le

sur

Ces

10.

pupitre de

etes-vous

l'e'cole?

fen"tres-ci

sont-elles' plus

lecon

est-ellefacile ?

15. Cette

maison?

maitre

votre

de livres francais ?

anglaisque

11.

Combien

12.

a-t-ille gaz

13. Y

livres

amis?

a-t-ildans

Qu'y

visite' celle de

pieces du
nos

? 7.

est

3. Celle

les

recevons-nous
vous

qui

maison?

votre

chez

haut

camarade

votre

Quelles1 sont

4.

8. Avez-vous

?
bibliotheque

votre

quelle piece

5. Dans

de

d'etages a

a-t-elle deux

en

rez-de-chausse'e

la maison

dans

Demeurez-vous

Resume
1.

These

putting on
is

these

expensive.
only

looking
gave

me

felt
his

at

shoes

(ones).

country

8.

sister's children

is

in class. 9. Show
friend

says
1

5. While

me

pronouns

the

cheap

are

this,but do
a

are
one

not

bathroom

in the

of

town

mine

show
on

replieswhen

Mary's.
those

which

my

every

is of
are

more

now,

he

my

7. Our
three
more

sister that.

am

3. He

are

hats, but

mother's.

my
in

2.

of this house

horses

new

studious, but

are

is

prettierthan

speaking

The

yours ?

are

all kinds

wear

low, but

that there

Use

they

stable; these

in the

My

to

neighbor's. 6.

in the

are

because

John used

4.

; where

mine

are

silk dress ; it is

blue

my

taking

wears

cuffs

collars and

he
was

father
house
stories.

attentive
10.

My

floor of this house.

possible hereafter.

PRONOUNS

RELATIVE

These

11.

not?

Do

12.

country.

This

13.

pockets with

filled his son's

These

former

countries; the
do

What

18.

that I have

ones

think

you

the

happiest

and

also those

cost

20.

French, but

of

his

more.

Are

which

and

that,

according to
Subject of
of

Object of
my

always

PRONOUNS

by qui,
expressed in French
the followingtabular arrangement

verb

(persons, animals,

preposition1 ?

which,
lequel,

or

que,
:

and

things)

'
"

L lequel (persons, animals, and

friend who

is here

mon

I love

the

man

whom

the

man

for whom

I work

ami

qui

"

the pen
the book
the

is here

pencilwhich

est id

Vhomme

quefaime

Vhomme

pour

which

I lost

in which

picturethat

study

I find

le crayon

qui

la

que

plume

le livre dans

le tableau

que

things)

je
qui (or lequel)

travaille
the

the

verb

but

not

are

English Relatives, who, whom,

"

Object

English.

good,

THIRTY-THREE

Common
are

is

picturestoday? Yes,

his

see

rich

are

different

brought

you

RELATIVE

The

to

? It is I ;

from

are

apples?

sister who

my

latter

the

who

9. Those

not

came

gloves? They

going

you

LESSON

199.

aunt

is

the

see

the

often

and

is downstairs

Who

and

uncle

largestin

money

15. It is

mine.

are

17. His

afraid.

be

not

more

Peter, do you

upstairs. 16.

is

; she

have

to

it. 14.

all John's ; those

are

arrived,but his
do

used

man

they

John's, are

are

It is the

this beautiful forest?

see

you

found; they

which

the pens

are

229

est id

fai perdue
lequelf etudie

je trouve

ELEMENTARY

230

Lequel is formed

200.

the

and

le

and

number

FRENCH

the

by

union

of the

definite article

adjectivequel. It therefore varies to agree

Its forms
gender with its antecedent.

in
are

lequel, laquelle,lesquels, lesquelles.

la chaise

les salles dans

Note

i.

and

number
Note

laquelle je suis

devant

All

relatives

The

with

le of

le cMteau

am

I have

invariable

are

been

in respect

to

lequel

in Sec. 77,

duquel

parlions,the

nous

with

show

order

to

is the

antecedent.

de

or

in

formity
con-

forming duquel, desquelles,

which

of the

doctor

is

who

wife, who

la

is here

we

femme

du

qui)est

id

la femme

variable

qui and
which

cases

du

speaking

were

The

invariable

clearlyin ambiguous

more

the

of

Antecedent.

here
the doctor's

preceding

castle

Ambiguous

lequel is often used, instead

of

with

contracts

etc.

Lequel

wife

in which

rooms

except lequel

the rules laid down

auquel, auxquels,

the

the

lesquellesj'aiete

beforewhich

gender.

2.

201.

the chair

que,

in

word

lequel (or

medecin

medecin, laquelleest

id

202.
be

Relative

omitted

in

Never

The

Omitted.

French, though

it often

the carpet

le

the

le garcon

(which)I sold
boy (who is)with you

relative

must

is omitted

in

never

English.

tapisque j'ai vendu

qui

est

avec

vous

VOCABULARY

ancien

(/.-nne),old, former

l'artiste m., the artist

au

centre

de, in the

center

la couronne,

l'Sdificem., the
of

building

KEgypte/., Egypt

contemporain, contemporary,
modern

the wreath

le

exprimer,

to

guide, the

guide,guidebook

express

ELEMENTARY

232

he works

the tailor for whom

which

is in the

the statue

which

they admire

the

in front of which

the

statue

statue

is

FRENCH

park

Give

she

Model

a
voici

Paris

de

faire, neg.-int.
; past

et

Seine, qui traverse

Nous

voici devant

voici le Louvre.

grand

Celui

"

le

des

tresors

dans

du

mieux

traversons

la Concorde.
les

Les

aller
est

huit

statues

signature de

"

la

Celle que

paix

les deux

peu

le

Paris.
me

rives

la rive droite.

sur

Mais

"

artistes anciens.

Quel

"

Ce

jour?

"

Au

qui

France.

sont

regarde cette

elle etait

couverte

de

est

dame

de

ces

plus

Ce

"

de

la

celle de
en

le

jardin

place de

place represented
Strasbourg.

blanc.

couronnes

que

musees

! voici la

autour

Celle-la

le

dans

est

musee

Louvre.
Ah

Sur

Luxembourg

Auquel

nom.

est

musee

celui du

celui des Tuileries.

grandes villes de

Laquelle?

des

ceuvres

meme

un

de

guide

! le bel edifice !

contemporains.

le

libraire dans

edifice,
qui e'taitl'ancien palaisdes

C'est dans

artistes

un

d'abord

Oh

"

monuments

Quelle partiede Paris

Luxembourg.

Louvre.

jardin public qui porte

aimeriez-vous

cet

les

sont

musee

du

"

Le
bon

tres

un

visiterons

l'Hotel de ville.

France, que
est

soir.

Nous

"

les

renferme.

la ville. Allons

C'est

l'autre rive

Paris

que

ami, qui a deja

montrer

me

pour

l'ai lu hier

je

de la

rois de

Paris

suis alle hier avait

d'abord

montrez-vous

"

is yours

depuis hier,et aujourd'huimon

qui je

Je l'ai achete

nous

house

of

TRAvERS

les edifices interessants

magasin

que

is

j'aivue

ville,
m'accompagne

cette

les

which

j'aime(tu aimes, etc.)

la filleque

sont

is

"

la ville que

he

opposite

present indicative

5. Continue

visite

house

uncle's

my

which

the

which

to

of faire.

anterior

Me

mountains

going

standing

4.

et

the

Avant

que

la
des

RELATIVE

patriotesposaientla
perte de

autrefois

233

les regrets que

obelisquequi

regardez etait

vous

que

exprimer

pour

ville. Get

cette

PRONOUNS

est

leur

de la

centre

au

la
inspirait

place et

"gypte."

en

Theme
"

who

You

today ?

me

do you

people who
it

not

which

"

"

the

at

pleasure."

far from

bookseller's.

"

"

Yes, and

those

which

people

of

is the

at ?

Strasburg used

"

They represent

them.

France."

to

That

What

beside

formerly in Egypt.

was
we

shall

the

palace of

The

works

of the
river.

to

cross

modern
The

the

is the

the

do

those

other

Hotel

the

that

The

in the

shall show

you

the

peace,

which

they

It

now

represent ?

statues

there

"

eightof

are

obelisk.

an

It

Tuileries,which

Parisians

have

many

of

ancient

on

the other

Luxemburg

which

city.

which

those

are

Paris, is

statue

the

of the

many

is that statue

is
lady is,1

garden

museum,

it contains
are

which

the

saw

beautiful

in

signingof
of

statue

the Louvre.

to

go

buildingI

the beautiful

on

There's

the Louvre

that

It

the great cities of France, and

monument

! the

what

Place

were

inspirein (a) patriotsregrets

to

expressed by laying wreaths

belongs

Oh

But
M

represents the cityof Strasburg. Before

loss of

there

beautiful

most

"

The

there.

go

Paris.

pany
accom-

interesting
point

store

largest."

looking

are

his

to

of them.

us

also the

what

To

Let

In

want

you

many

here.

buying guidebooks

were

"

Paris contains

It is this square

square

With

is not

de la Concorde
it

"

"

go ?

to

want

picture of

already visited Paris, do

have

made

of

strangers visit.
artists. Those
bank

after that of the

of

Louvre

the
is

de Ville."

Oral
1.

Depuis quand

?
capitale

fait ?

5.

3. Oil

etes-vous

Paris?

trouve'

avez-vous

Quel fleuve

traverse

See

un

Paris ?
Sec.

2.

Visiterez-vous

guide ?

4.

6.

est

328,c.

Quel

Qu'en

seul

la

avez-vous

le fleuve

sur

la

CO

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236

ELEMENTARY

rive

duquel

l'Hotel
9.

ville ?

Quelles

Quelle

13.

le

les

la

Seine

est

musee?

un

le

est

le

est

des

15. Decrivez

ete

Oil

11.

oeuvres

la

Lequel

10.

interessante

plus

de

toujours

muse'e

sont

la

statue

Pourquoi

14.

a-t-il

ce

rive

quelle

Luxembourg?

lequel

la

est

Concorde?

dans

ou

Dans

7. Sur

Louvre

sont

Louvre
12.

8. Le

oeuvres

grand, le
?

le Louvre

est

de

FRENCH

plus

bourg
Luxem-

contemporains

de

la

de

place

place de

?
la

la Concorde.

Resume
Did

1.

morning
the

near

that

of

Here

2.

entering

are

her

show

to

the

world

he

rightbank

is

9. He

making.
Seine.

speaking yesterday.
they bought.
live ?

4. Are

the books
which

teacher's
me

an

want

wreath

to

so

many

daughter, who

hour
see

ago, the
the

which

the bookseller's
the hotel.

France.

is

man

treasures

the
a

to

palace to

11.

This

is the

They

the

15. Have

beautiful
this

arrived
with

me

was

which

are

patriotplaced
guidebook

of

on

all

I went

statues?

the

Paris, without

which

was

to

you

the

see

you

saw

Foreigners

19.

in

museum

18.

20.

examining

am

palace.

statue.

the

on

Joan used

17. When

brother.
the

from

photographs

16. Did

morning?

in

is

whom

to

visited the

you

my

do

around

journey

in which

today

her

8. What

the

him

we

brought

bookseller

the house
at

to

man

accompany

city?

which

showing

are

seen

you

you

is

which

is the

of the

The

of

(into)which

me

1 o.

standing

work

the French

one

speaking

is

5. He

this

bookseller's

she

museum

7. Will

It is the

yesterday.

are

6. The

France

at

The

4.

emperor's.

doing nothing

you

I read

there

12.

Have

13.

which

Domremy.
the

in

bought

interestingthings in

obelisk

the

of

best

most

foreigncountry.

the

be

to

before

photograph.

is the

of the

think

you

the

gave

of

from

arrived

which

statue

maid

used

speaking

whom

the books

3. The

peasant

who

woman

are

square.
the

are

you

the

see

you

It is the

bought
never

at

leave

PRONOUNS

RELATIVE

THIRTY-FOUR

LESSON

PRONOUNS

RELATIVE

(or

its

meanings)

and

an

generallyused.
of which

the church

je
laquelle)

de

(Continued)

(in all

de

is very

objectrelative,dont
dont
l'e'glise

of

Instead

Dont.

203.

237

speak

parle
rempli la

il a

whom

to

of

by

dont,

whose

man

son) is

the

(ofwhom

205.

Ou
in

cases

English
the

she
the

was

objectof

if it is the

dont

Fhomme
est id

punished

where

dont

The

Relative.
a

which

may

(where)

(or

de

on

which

(when)

he

parlor in

which

(where) I

qui) j'ai

puni lefils
not

be

used,

adverb

prepositionwith
where

dont

Fhomme

or

Sec. 321,

is often

in

object relative

in

when.

la maison

ou

le jour

il est

ou

le salon

b.

used

ou

an

see

elle est

is

day

(or de qui) le fils

parti

started
the

equivalent

verb.

equivalentto
at

is

whose

relative

article,and

(of whom

case

which

house

or

punished the son)

as

is

qui

the

son

filledthe

expressed,therefore,either
modified
noun
by
lequel. The

here

For

Note.

he

It is

definite

son

whose

man

with

follow

it must

the

de

the

takes

verb

the

by

English

which.

of

which

appleswith

basket

The

or

or

the

corbeille

Whose.

204.

whose

(or desquelles)

dont

les pommes

oufetais

206.

The

What.

which.

that

English

French

In

Subjectof

there

is

verb

ce

qui
que

verb

ce

Object of

preposition

ce

equivalentto

word

one

no

Object of

sellingwhat

am

is

relative what

parts being expressed. Thus

both

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

238

for this

struction,
con-

quoi

id.

(thatwhich)

Je vends

ce

qui

(thatwhich)

Je vends

ce

quefai.

est

is here.
I

sellingwhat

am

I have.
He

what

me

gave

(thatof
thinking)
ing

phrases in

In

prepositionde, the
have

You

which

of

Note.

de

quoi

// m?a donne

ce

quoi je pensais.

was

which

the relative

becomes

of which

that

done

think-

was

avezfait

Vous

is used

quoi

in accordance

dont

was

ce

with
dont

ce

with the

Sec.

203.

jeparlais.

speaking.
I will

what

give you

of which

207.

you

need

you

have

above

the statements

vous

avez

contains

f que, object of
r
(that) \
Lqui, objectof
/"

verb

preposition

'

(that)
=

"

que,

objectof

a
a

[lequel,
objectof
what"

dont

followingtable

The

f qui, subjectof

whose

ce

(that) qui
v

which

donnerai

vous

besoin.

of Relatives.

the gistof
concisely

whom

Je

need).

Summary

who

(that

(ofwhom, of which)
ce, which

preposition

subjectof
[qui,

that which
=

verb

dont

that

verb

":

que,

objectof

[quoi,
objectof

verb
verb

a
a

preposition

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

240

he

avenues

the

teacher

the

saw

whose

pupilsI

Model

A
loin du

is yours

praisedthe

wife,who

Les

je veux

que

m'a

qui

ce

francaise

la Comedie

est

de

acteurs

frappe

(Suite)

pARIS

TRAVERS

Louvre

si fiers.

ce

sais pas

(p) je ne

dont

les

le monde

theatre, lesquelstout

ce

Frangais

classique.Cette
admire, jouent principalementle repertoire
ou

nous

maintenant

sommes

le the'atre le

laquelleest

nous

de
l'eglise

avons

Nous

photographic
de

laquelleest

l'Arc de

une

d'ici

est

vue

Seine.
aussi

C'est

la,sous

Oh
le

que

a
j'aimerais

Reims, dont le monde

de

! Voila

victoires de
de

e'difices de

entier admire

une

vu

ce
vue

un

Napoleon

monument,
nous

que

Eiffel et,

tour

visiter aussi

deja

gauche

republique,et

dome, qu'estle tombeau

autres

de

qui frappe

notre

avez

la

effet la
la

bout

la maChamps-filysees,

haut

En

avenue

au

l'fitoile.
Le voila. Je sais

aux

pensez

ete' erige. Du

belle.

vous

president de

Triomphe

Vous

visiterons les

nous

Ce

le

Ce

escalier.

les

dans

superbe. Montons-y.

surement

Invalides.
Demain

pensez.

desquellesil a

memoire
avez

voici bientot
demeure

(ce)a quoi vous

superbe

son

monde.

du

Madeleine, dont

ou

gnifiqueavenue
bout

la

beau

plus

l'Opera,au

de

l'avenue

est

les etrangers, c'est

surtout

was

"

(a) je sais

sont

which

of

theater

Continue

Non

is mine

the actor's

are

good
4.

spoken

victory of

what

saw

pupils

whose

teacher

pocket

thinking

spoke

we

is in your

I had

what

saw

the

of which

the

what

give back

bought

all he

she visited

the countries

he makes

he will sell what

man

"

spoke

the artist of whom

the

French

into

3. Translate

la rive

la

vous
avons

derriere,les

de

Napoleon.

gauche

de

la

jour,c'est Versailles,et
la cathedrale.

RELATIVE

PRONOUNS

241

Theme
Tomorrow

beauty of

the
have

been

which

whose

visit what

is the Arch

Here

It is

Hotel
of

Napoleon,
beautiful
the end
that

des

the other

you

Farther

day.

(on) is

All I

At

What

looking at, there,

are

you

whose

is the

dome
moment

in the

at
Champs-filyse'es,

which

of

spoke

to

itis what

bears

I told

is the

the

beautiful

most

is its

most

same

theater

great staircase.

is surelyvery

me

{dans)

on

speaking yesterday.

was

it is the

foreignersspeak

That

de la Concorde

avenue

(/est)that

you

of

tomb

ago.

Is it not

Place

of which

one

Seine.

(Sec.321, b) you

the left of the

Opera,

all of which

or

saw

the

What

in the world.

Napoleon.

presidentlives (Sec.328) ? Yes,

is certain is

What

name.

of

la Concorde.

Church, that

Madeleine

the memory

is the Place

that the

avenue

today

the

is that of the

de

But

right bank

in front of you

of which

I shall visit

of

speaking

were

we

day

top of which

Invalides, under

whom

avenue

of Paris.

view

superb

the

to

what
(/est)

beautiful.

so

the

the treasures

is

Another

be

to

on

there

see

praised. It

erected

Triumph,

magnificent arch, from

will have
is the

of

used

seen

to

time.

long

cathedral
not

often

so

for

do

have

we

in Versailles

have

you

desiringto

also Rheims,
we

shall be

we

interesting.

Oral
1.

les

De

quoi
de

acteurs

etrangers

les Parisiens
theatre ?

ce

grand

du

de

Triomphe

10.

Du

1 1.

Au

quoi
avez

haut
bout

avez-vous

Tavenue

de

14.

qui est-ce

a-t-il ete
de
de

5. Avez-vous

? 6. Y
des

quel

erige?

Tqus
qui est

pour

est

la

ecrire ?

les livres que

sur

la

monument

le bureau

dans

?
"lysees

Que

9.

de

place de

avez

des

12.

livre que

l'Arc
?

est-elle belle?

mon

sont-ils

Que

7.

Invalides

la Concorde

le tableau

graphic
photo-

une

Pourquoi

Paris

13. Est-ce

devant

8.

vu

pensent les

livre ?

ce

savez-vous
vue

vous

Que

4.

jamais

a-t-ilune

en

Champs-

quelleavenue
besoin

Quel repertoirejouent

2.

?
l'Ope'ra

3. Oil est

escalier?

de la Madeleine
savez-vous

sont-ils fiers ?

vous?

De
vous

15. A

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

242
Resume

public buildingswith
3. The

whose

man

the

4. At

rich

7. A

8.

live.

9. Do

The

what

thinkingof

imposantes qui
construit

les

dont

avenues

de

conduit

Les

la

deux
des

double

photo

promenade
vers

ete

you

have

ne

ainsi

compensee

centre

1806,

en

peuvent
cela

sont,
la

gauche,

Concorde,
celles-ci

dimensions

et

de

a gauche,
l'arriere-plan,

favorite

d'arbres

et

du

Bois

de

la societe

de la

de

la Grande

Kleber.

voit

Boulogne,

conduisant

parisienne.

L'avenue

l'avenue

la fin de

photographie,
la plus grande

sous

de

le mieux

laquellese

photographie,est

triom-

Victor

ce

Armee.

la continuation

premier plan

au

l'avenue

fut

ne

victorieuses

dire, formant

l'Arc, sont

en

victoires

Champs-Elysees,qui

des

ainsi

de

la

Dans

celle de

droite

au

douze
Arc

armees

forces

des

recente.

et, pour

les

Allemands

les

l'avenue
a

les

que

passer

jointes passeraient

de

des

Austerlitz, il

apres

le passage

par

situee

commemore

par

the

les surpassant tant

mais
II

of

le colossal

est

were

; then

think

cause

extremites

droit de

nominee

Au

faire

vu

you

heureusement
l'"toile,

de

father

My

I need
I

most

pocket.

in your

what

to

England?
of the

one

what

know

romains

lui,

last

4. Tell her what

give me

he

arcs

entered

I shall sell it. 13.

les

rangee

le haut

what

la guerre

place

et

is

15. First

est

rich.

from

arrived
actor

Europe.

Joan used

that

in town.

are

is very

we

allies apres

l'avenue

est

me

in

saw

France

ses

plus longues

Wagram,

d'une

l'Arc

d'avoir

l'Arc

angle

par

Sous

de

et

ouverture

de

1870

la France

he

when

place

me.

of which

villagewhere

the

architecturale.

Commence

l'amertume
de

la guerre

les

beautiful.

very

palace which

rayonnent.

en

qu'en grandeur

phales, et
de

La

d'apres

qu'en 1836.

termine

to

heard

legere eminence,

avenues

Napoleon.

going

16. Does

L'ETOILE.

d'une

de

am

Show

bought

sommet

magnitude

uncle

is mine, and

house.

DE

Triomphe,

whose

the

she entered.

the

PLACE

boy

day

we

1 1.

he had

when

I will leave

LA

in which

is in his house

me

the

in the world.

What

gave

know

you

theatre

beautiful
12.

is the

foreignersvisit

Many

are

church, the doors

is the

whom

filled

The

2.

you.

presidentis standing behind

Englishman bought

week.

10.

with

speaking to

was

city is

now

street

Here

the

is

of that

end

merchant

6. The

which

son

magnificent.5.

very

of which

is the cathedral

This

i.

Celle
toutes

fameux

l'avenue
bordee
dans

pare,

tant
plus etroite,remon-

Hugo.

la

ELEMENTARY

244

victory?

will you

I want;
sister who

the

near

sell

all you

me

from

the top of the dome

18. Will

have

tell me

you

19. These

yesterday is going

left

view

square.

in that window?

looking at

are

enjoy the

17. Americans

of the cathedral

FRENCH

the

are

of them

what

French

books
father's

My

20.

you

Canada.

to

THIRTY-FIVE

LESSON

INTERROGATIVES

208.

Who

expressedby
Who

is

Who

is this

Of

doing

whom

?
find ?

in sentences

antecedent,is

an

speaking ?

you

Whom

Note.

Interrogative Pronouns,

Qui

est

Qui

avez-vous

De

qui parlez-vous?

interrogativepronoun

an

is

209.

by

as

trouve

in

the

not

it is without

indirect

an

question.

object relative
qui

possession, by

que.

votdez.

vous

is

de

qui

expressed
when

it

relationship.
book

this

Interrogative Pronoun,

it denotes

qui when

Whose

an

used

77 demande

want.

you

Whosey

denotes

is this

(to whom

is

qui

est ce

livre ?

book) ?
is he

husband

Whose

is he the
Whose

son

210.

by

whom

asking

cet homme

type below, in which

of the

Use, therefore, the interrogativequi and

He

are

Qui fait cela ?

that ?

man

are

as

qui.

did you

Whom

Whom,

and

is that

quel, quelle
man

What

women

De

qui est-ille

De

qui

mart

husband) ?

What,

What

(of whom

?
?

as

boy
an

ce

garcon

est-illejils
?

Interrogative Adjective, is expressed

(/.),pluralquels,

quelles

(/.).

Quel homme

Quellesfemmes ?

INTERROGATIVES

Note

This

is true

immediately follow

not

What

(color) is

house

of

2.

modifies

does

pronoun.

la couleur

Quelleest

What,

de

shown

in the

Subject of
Object

of

Predicate

Object
What

is

What

is your

What

will death
what

growing

maison

cette

are

212.

you

Which

When

an

verb,

nominative,

of

expressed

.que

quoi
preposition,
Qu'est-ce qui pons

se

la 1

Que fa it voire perel

doing ?

be ?

Que
De

speaking ?
is

is

verb, qu'est-ce qui

a
a

sentences.

soldier!

following table

there ?

father

exclamatory

Interrogative Pronoun,

an

as

in

What

as
variously,

a.

apparentlya

Quel has the meaning what

soldat !

211.

Of

this

what

that

noun

Note

Quel

the

it is thus

it,and

color

the

when

even

245

la mort

sera

quoi parlez-vous?

expressed
"

the

interrogative
adjective,by

proper

form

proper

form

of quel.
Which

book

Which

houses

Quel livre ?

b. When

Quelles maisons

an

by

interrogative
pronoun,

the

of lequel.
Which

Do

(man)

love your

you
one

Which

is your

uncle ?

niece ? Which

are

est

votre

Aimez-vous

onele 1

votre

niece ?

La-

quelle?

(pupil)of

your

pupils is

(pupils)of
the best ?

Lequel

de

meilleur

the best ?
Which

Lequel

your

pupils

vos

est

le

Lesquels de
meilleurs

Sieves

vos

eleves

sont

les

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

246
213.
contains

of

Summary

conciselythe gist of
who

following table

Interrogatives. The
the

above:

statements

qui

"

whom

qui

^={,que\adjective
[lequel,pronoun

Cqu'est-ce qui, subjectof

Ique, object
'
\

of verb
"

what

verb

"

objectof preposition
^quel, adjective
quoi,

fa qui,

denote

to

ownership

~~

[de qui, to
Note.
often

composite forms,

Other

for

substituted

what,

qu'est-ce que,

various

as

denote

similar

relationship
to

qu'est-ce qui above,

for

interrogative pronouns;

object of

verb.

See

are

example,

Sec. 323.

VOCABULARY

(/

Australien

-nne), Aus-

esperer,

l'auteur m.,

hope

la mort, death

the author

prendre part a,

lieu,to take place

la bataille,the battle
la cause,

to

juillet,
July

tralian

avoir

dash, enthusiasm

l'elan m., the

attack

l'attaque/,the

the cause,

commander,

to

la

the
response,

le

drapeau, the flag

Indicative

la

of

pouvoir,

to

be

able,can

nous

pouvons

tu

vous

pouvez

il peut

rigorous

tuerie,the slaughter

je puis,peux
peux

meet,

answer

seVere,severe,

cdte\the side

take part in

across

command, order

Present

to

rencontrer,

reason

le

to

ils peuvent

come

Model
e'tait avec

De

qui

vous

matin

ce

est-il le fils?

parliez-vousquand je

entre

la

grande

guerre.

la* bataille ?

lieu

de

Lequel

"

nos

difficile. lis e'taient tous

Quels soldats!
sont

Mais

quoi

la

mort

mais

quelle tuerie
?

Que

les

Australiens.

Le

la

general Bullard.
re'ponseest

La

"

e'te

ont

alles

superbes.

Fattaque! Quels

Allie's e'taient fiers d'eux.

C'etait

sera

de

annee

des

notres

sont

oil les

avait-il dans

et

Je pense

"

dit?

Allies y

"

Les

emportes.

que

guerre

pensez-vous

ceux

ils

fait mieux

auraient

qui

ceux

elan

quoi

parlaitde

me

la derniere

plus braves

braves, mais

quel

Avec

des

commandait?

generaux

II

premieres batailles

Americains

des

de

Et

"

Qu'est-ce qu'il a

de
juillet

armees

Charles.

neveu

"

"

des

une

soldats furent les

Lesquels des

"

avait

II y

"

jour.

un

Quelles

"

mon

Marie.

soeur

ma

C 'e'tait
en

prispart.

ont

C'etait

"

ai rencontres?

Que c'etait la qu'avaiteu

Americains

De

"

vous

oil il etait

Cantigny,
"

"

Cantigny

Qui
"

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

248

nombre

grand

au

bonne

une

pour

punition des

de
cause,

de

auteurs

cette

Severe, esperons-le.

"

Theme
"

What

whom

United
is
M

are

"

"Of

"

It is mine."

they ?

are

much

Which

on

it

one

both
not

It is very

lookingat

am

From
to

of American

what
see

in

other soldiers

of his officers."

Whose

(a) say.

"Who
"

son

were

lost the

It is difficult to

"

it ?

Cantigny,

army

?"

photograph."

country ?
Here

interesting.What

What

Bullard

See

they

is your

Death

he.

is it ?

of

nephew

My
?

"

"

My

"

with
The

men?"

soldiers?

our

it

place
M

?"

carried away

nephew

Frontispiece.

Why,

entered

number

greater

Of
the

what

there with them

commanded

Yes, it was

! In

"

From

Whose

men

where

"

"

it is."

soldiers in France

are

{des deux) sides."

General

"

want

you

"Which
?

"I

They
"

dash."

Australians."
M

Do

States.

"

"

soldiers."

photograph

doing ?

you

was

many
Was
one

youngest

INTERROGATIVES

sister's. It
were

her
the

war

"

"

She

that there

and

of the war."

and

son

other

"

you

What

did she think

their

We

What

speaking of

of the authors
would

slaughterlike

"

day."

were

punishment

again be

never

the

me

I met

that

hoped

would

with

was

of when

speaking

you

who

she

was

249

be

of

severe

that one."

Oral

Qu'est-cequi est

1.

le votre

3.

maintenant

vous

de

Lequel

? 5. De

grammaire

De

12.

Qu'est-ceque

grammaire

votre

le

plus grand
le fils?

etes-vous
vous

11.

la?

avez

15. De

quel villageparlons-nousdans

le

est

qui

qui

6. A

le

plus difficile,
l'anglaisou

cette

pensez-

Lequel

plus

vieux ?

la lecon?

la couleur

est

est

? 8.

vent

est

est

quoi

re'citez-vous

Quelle

14.

plussou

Lequel

Quel livre

2.

4.

9.

13.

livre?

Lequel

classe?
le

qui pensez-vous

vous

quoi parlons-nousen

est

10.

qui

est

? 7. A

parents

vos

la table devant

sur

de

votre

le francais?

la lecon?

Resume
Who

1.

girlwho

is making

teacher

asks

French

books

8. Whose

these

What

States ?
the

were

officers did you

know

what

he

Europe?
20.

Of

do

in France

15. What

the

were

was

16. What

said.

19. Which

what

Which

give the

one

Americans

pens

know

you

of whom
14.

the

do when

doing

in

you

17. Which

statues

do

that he

gave

tell

me

of the armies

think

of

? 13. Which

spoke

you

Which

answer

can

soldiers took

girlis?

the greatest battle in the war?

was

whose

niece this
do you

town

? 5. The

me

Frenchmen

two

is the
in

see

tell

you

9. What

these

are

Who

2.

bought

you

whose

woman

did you

6. Can

see.

generals'names

attack ? Which
18. What

What

1 o.

11.

meet

in Paris ?

see

3. Whom

to

7. Do

are?

vacation

the United

to

I want

sister is that attractive

have

1 2.

did you

whom

me

mother?

my

whom

4. To

yesterday?

you

with

entered

noise in the classroom

much

so

what

has

of

this

were

taken

hope

you

I don't

cent
magnifi-

the best ?

place

in

part in the battle of Cantigny?

they thinkingwhen

they entered

the

city?

"

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

250

REVIEW
Thirty-two

(Lessons

A.

the

Give

i.

list of

Drill

General

(a)

Thirty-five)

to

monstrat
(b) deadjectives,

demonstrative

pronouns.

demonstrative
Give

3.

how

and

When

2.

the

are

and

ci
particles

la

? (b) to demonstrative
adjectives
French
sentences
containing

added

(a)to
?

pronouns

"

cet

celle

ceux

ceci

celle-ci

cela

celle-la

ces

into French

Translate

4.

"

it is I

the former

it is mine

this is

it is

my

work

it is better

my

pen

it is the best

he who

it is

I told you

it

good

they

was

that

we

in
6.

my

mother

the

list of the

was

5. Give
each

yours

French

Give

the

mine

the latter

and

book

new

and

my

that is very

clear

brother's

and

the

which

had

arrived

one

she

wants

that

is smaller

than

Mary's

is the smallest

relative

pronouns,

and

illustrate

sentence.

French

for

"

who

(re/.)

which

(re/.)

what

who

(int.)

which

(int.
firon.)

what

(int.
adj.)

whose

(re/.)

whose

(int.)

whom

(re/.)

which

whom

(int.)

what

7. Give
in 6,

French

(re/.)

sentence

(int.
adj.)
pron.)
(int.

containingeach of

the words

LESSONS

REVIEW,
Give

8.

containing

sentences

"

auxquels

duquel

ou

cela

quels

ou

quoi

ce

Translate

the friend whom

I want

what

I want

the child I

him

the

man

with

the

man

whose

they who

into

was

here ?

with

what

was

it ?

of whom

pencilis it?

whose

daughter

what

is that

what

is here ?

whom

which

do you

what

do you

1 1
.

French
1
.

2.

3.
4.

hear ?
hear ?

Replace
words

(What)

the

seeking

am

whom

I live

son

is here

whose

are

whom

poor

horse
are

often

words

is he

happy

son
a

thinking?
friends

your
is it ?

big tree
of your

eyes ?

what

is the lesson ?

what

is he

in

doing ?

doing ?

parentheses by

the

correct

belles

rues

(Which) gants

sont

(yours)?

et (my sister's).
(This)plume, (hers,)
(It)est lui (who) a fait (that).

6.

(Which) de vos amies a (these)fleurs ?

(She) est la dame a (whom) j'aiparle.

7.

homme
livre est (theone) (that)
Je sais (that)
(that)
(that)

8.

(What)

9.

(There are)des

5.

bought

is he ?

were

which

pretty girl?
who

French

what

whose

whom

the merchant

is here

Translate

10.

was

I have
want

"

I hear

is here

what

she loves all that is beautiful

I love

in which

room

dont
.

into French

is here

who

man

the

251

dont

9.
the

French

XXXII-XXXV

peut lui donner

chaises

(what)il veut ?
dans (their)
chambre.
(there),

veut.

ELEMENTARY

252

B.
What

i.

there

was

house

4. Whose

windows

in which
in France
ask

which

was

brought

me?

French

they

love
do

which

came

these

18. He

had

here

who

dome

one?

15.

has

that that

praise the

wreath

she

works

the

she

Where

lost.

"

Avis

au

collar?

is there

vacations

Is it you,
a

red
20.

Public

DEFENSE

VENDRE

MEUBLE"S

LIVRES
ET
DE
ON

ET

NEUFS

COSTUMES
PRIERE

DE

VENTE

APPARTEMENTS

NE

N'ENTRE

VETEMENTS
DONNER

PAS
PAS

AVEC

DE

LOUER

D'OCCASION
SUR
DE

LES

MESURE
POURBOIRE
CHIENS

in

museum

is hers.

is yours

but
light,

SORTIE

D'AFFICHER
A

the

long

ENTREE

MAISON

this

see

red, will have

that

Affiches

DEFENSE

whose

have

and

handkerchief

which

boy's

know

who

that

that

Charles, do you

or

heard

was

whom

They

often, white

have

never

it of

artist
1

lost his necktie

wine

guidebook

This

They

traveling

cathedral

4.

16.

are?

statues

been

carriage

you

lived in Rheims.

that.

takes

Did

the

he

was

Of

1 1

its

whom

8. I shall

statue.

Which

10.

12.

13.

has

9. I should

much

so

speaking?

much

see

this

me

in

blue.
and

country

see

you

has

girl for

cousin, who

of it.

spoken

Which
so

did

thinking about.

not

17. Who

19. I know
her

is

little

What

playing

one

in the

2.

were

that

eyes,

oldest

friend's

My

7.

garden?

brother

is the

months, gave

he

not

happy.

her

6. Whom

she

who

aunt

shoes?

praisedthe

he

It is the

aunt's

your

black

new

what

myself, if

and

5. Which

for many

him

he

has

is this ?

very

we

in their

low.

are

those

there

man

French

into

field where

3. This

yesterday ?

made

the

in

Translate

growing

was

FRENCH

FUMER

SOLDES

are

sir?
nose.

Give

NUMERALS

LESSON

Cardinal

CARDINALS

The

Numbers.

followingexamples

sufficient to illustrate the formation

215.

Peculiarities

253

THIRTY-SIX

NUMERALS

214.

CARDINALS

"

in

of all cardinal

Observe

Numerals.

in

will be

numbers

the

going
fore-

list that
a.
one

one,

less than

Numbers

0;^

htmdred

formed

of

more

than

In twenty-one, thirtyalways have a connective.

forty-one,fifty-one,sixty-one,and seventy-one it is et ;

word

elsewhere

it is

hyphen.

Numbers

greater than

0;^

hundred

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

254
have

and

tens

the

than

the

requiredbetween

one

units.

b. Vingt and

cent

made

are

if
multiplied,

pluralwhen

no

follows.

number

and

Cent

c.

other

connective

no

numbers

d. The
Note.

are

used

are

invariable

mille

million, and

Un

without
for

milliard,

un

indefinite article.

the

gender, except
billion,take

un.

before

de

following noun.
216.
The

a.

dix

is sounded

final

being

vowel

word

counting

sounded

like

or

Before

s.

regularrules of
beginning with a consonant

sound

the

end

the

at

of

phrase,

beginning with
linking prevail.Before
word

final

these

letters

silent.

are

is

b. There

no

Note.

General
the

when

cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf, and

of

final consonant

that

Note

of Numerals.

Pronunciation

elision before

general vocabulary
idiomatic

French

this

From

and

forms

point

no

457-533

pages

on

huit

phrases

that

and

onze.

lesson vocabularies

be

will

parts of the exercises will be given from

in

met

time

given ;

consulted.

be

must

are

the

ever,
How-

English-

to time.

EXERCISE

."
Drill
_

from

1.

Count

2.

Express
82
121

3. Give

(a) The
fois deux

(b) The

to

Count

no.

in French

20

to

1.

"

780

1400

397

3677

71

59

483

5"5

in French

"

table
multiplication
font

from

backward

of five

(cinqfois

dix, etc.)
; the table of three

division table of six

of

(sixdivise* par

un

font

cinq, cinq

; of

eight.

six fait un,

etc.).

seven

256

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

Theme

France, whose
the war,

little more

Lorraine, which
French.

than

have

an

which

have

almost

are

than

more

of the

populous than

Of

14,518

their four
there

Strasburg

With

Strasburg.

of

Thus

others.

of

war

the

has

it was

always

not

divided

into

been

thirteen

are

again

are

into

cities in France

All the

are

of

departments

which

some

department

divided

187 1,

and

kilometers, and

square

are

more

(le)Pas-de-Calais

1,068,200 inhabitants,while that of (la)Vendee

France

Alsace

the largest
important cities,

size,but there

same

inhabitants.

inhabitants.

100,000

miles,has, since

square

after the

area

populationof 1,820,400.
is

forty million

German

were

They

204,20c1

is about

area

has

has

only 438,500.

departments. Formerly
largerthan

thirty-three
provinces,some

others.

Oral
1

Quelle

milles

2.

Et

4.

Quelle est

de

en

Paris

celle de

la

13.

Qui

le

10.

12.

Par

presidentactuel

Boston
to

est

France

France

Quelle
divise'e

ete

9. En

est
en

quoi

de'partement?

de
y a-t-il*
le

carres

population

6.

le

pouvoir

deputes
executif?

a-t-elledes colonies ?

de'jae'tudiees

avons-nous

La

departements ?

exerce'

? 14. La

en

ujours

Combien

11.

qui

Qui administre

? la commune?

de lecons

15. Combien

a-t-elle

divises?

eux-memes

est

France

y a-t-ilde

pays

celle de

8. Combien

se'nateurs?

de

7. La

du

que

grande

kilometres

en

y a-t-ild 'habitants

plus grande longueur

l'arrondissement
et

? 3. Combien

carres

York

departements ?

la France

superflciede

est-elle moins
New

sont-ils

la

est

Resume
1.

of

154,

281, 800, 555.

is 100?

1000

5. Every four years

there

are

4. A

2.

year

1521,
has

it has, however,

2999,
twelve

366.

states, the largestof

forty-eight
1

All numbers

in this lesson

should

21,371.
months

3. What
or

part

365 days.

6. In the United

States

which

7. We

be

is Texas.

written

out.

LA

FRANCE

l'Allemagne, Germany

Marseille, Marseilles

PAngleterre, England

la

la

Belgique, Belgium

Pocean

la

Bourgogne,

la

Bretagne, Brittany

la

le

la

Gascony

Lyon, Lyons

the

pas

le Rhin,

English

de

Calais,

Picardie, Picardy

Reims,

l'ltalie,Italy
la Manche,

Atlantique,

Dover

Flanders

Gascogne,

Normandy
the

Atlantic

Ocean

Burgundy

l'Espagne, Spain
la Flandre,

Normandie,

Channel

Rheims
the

Rhine

la

Savoie, Savoy

la

Suisse, Switzerland

the

Straits

of

have

grammar

will

have

not

I live has

there

about

are

of

area

less than

colonies

he

is

was

3,026,789

proud

so

20.

the Chamber

what

library

French

elect

United

States
colonies

of the French
18. What

19.

makes

Washington,

inhabitants

when

deputy speaking when

Numbers.

I
you

ORDINALS

Ordinals

are

by adding teme, omitting final

troisieme,third

from

formed

if there

is

one.

quatrieme,fourth

vingt et unieme, twenty-first

The

THIRTY-SEVEN
NUMERALS

Ordinal

which

my

thirteen

area

Europe.

331,069

the

was

new

LESSON

217.

16. The

of their country ?

States,had

Of

the

15. The

17. The
in

cityin

13. In

did
?

miles.

square

the

many.

senator

480 pages.
that the

hope

be?

littlevillagein which

Whom

14.

of France

the United

livingthere.

as

inhabitants.

that

times

21

times

books.

4,000,000

capitalof

entered

125

had

year

But

12.

will there

more

we

The

11.

300.

general or

But

10.

inhabitants.

almost

the citizens of France

the

than

more

2500

Was

president?
an

only 329.

scarcely2000

staying has

was

had

friend has

of my

9. That

has

lessons; how many

thirty-six
that you were
studying last

had

now

8. The

one

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

258

exceptionsto

this rule

are

first
premier,premiere (/.),

(f), second (ina series of two)

than two)
deuxieme, second (ina series of more
fifth
cinquieme (u inserted),
neuvieme
(/changed to v),ninth
eightieth
quatre-vingtieme(s omitted),
second, seconde

dinals
car-

NUMERALS

premier,
premiere,

four

i*ra

with

Parts

the

When

219.

; when

fourth, un
the

it follows

une

demi-heure,

une

heure

cloth

cost

five

half an

it is connected

noun,

by

hyphen

it is variable.

hour
and

hour

one

Observe

francs

huitiemes

quart

half

that

expressing the price of a thing,the

before the noun
denoting the unit of

In

drap

Ce

cofde

definite

article

measure.

cinq francs

le

metre.

sell eggs

at

francs

four

Je vends

les ceufsquatre francs la

douzaifie.

dozen.

observe
sell cloth

French

the

by

Les

Francais

le

vendent

drap

au

metre.

meter.

(or sometimes

b. Par
earns

than

tiers

third,un

meter.

He

eighths,trots

the noun,

demie,

et

of Measure.

Units

is used

The

greater

fractional parts
one

precedes

demi

is invariable

other

demi

half,un

Note.

But

iooe

denominators

three

cinquieme

one

ioe

etc.

followingare

This

are

centieme,

2"

fifth,un

one

a.

ordinals

expressed by ordinals.

one

and

of the

259

dixieme,

Fractional

are

The

ORDINALS

i"

deuxieme,

218.

forms

abbreviated

The

Note.

"

ten

francs

le)is used

day.

before

77 gagne

dix

unit

of time.

francs

par

(or le)

jour.
He

sings
week.

twice

(two times)a

II chante

deux

foispar

semaine.

260

ELEMENTARY

The

c.

size of

FRENCH

objectis expressedas

an

table

Cette
This table is

deux

de

metres

longueur (or long).

long.

meters

two

follows

Cette

table

longue de

est

deux

metres.
( Combien

How

[De
IDIOMATIC

le

FORMS

monetary
about

centime, the
hundredth

system

de

twenty

pour

plus

centime,
of

franc

and

plus,more

en

dix

francs,

one

more

francs'

ten

EXERCISE
.

1.

Give

2.

Fill the

le tiers de

the

ordinals
blanks

from

vingt-septest

huitieme

de

1st

noth.

to

cent

deux

quatre

cinquiemes

xiemes
le demi

est

les trois

cinquiemes

de

quinze

les deux

tiers de

trois quarts

d'un onzieme

the ninth class

a

half century

century and

fois dix

est

francs

font

"

the second

volume

the

twenty-first
year

half

the

eightieth

first pair of shoes

the

eighty-first

di-

septiemesfont

centimes

in French

sept

cinquante

font

sont

Express

et

font

six fois trois

deux

sont

my

cette table ?

worth

Drill

3.

cette table ?

PHRASES

franc,the franc,the unit of the

(par value
cents)

le

le

cette table ?

quelle longueur est

AND

marchg, cheaper

French

longueur a

J Quelle longueur

long is this table ?

meilleur

de

un

franc.

NUMERALS

francs

two

in

Express

4.

three francs
twice

French

to

Model

Au

Je suis allee
choses

des

franc,a
Et

de la guerre,

cause

mon

mari, qui

pauvre

C'est

la

quinzieme

d'abord

chez

vend

metre,

au

qu'ilavait.
et

Ce

j'enaurai

chez

le

morceau

cinq francs

pour

justece

livre

et

de sucre,

dont

de

le

beurre

de

Ce

entree

drap, qu'il
;

marche
de

metres

long

Je suis passee
trois

franc

plus en
et

jour !

par

le meilleur

trois

valeur.

sa

Je suis

Le

prix est joliaussi

drap

douzaine

; une

cher.
de

drap.

fromage, un

coute

sucre

filet plein

mon

j'aibesoin.

livres de

demie

le

paquet de sel,vingtcentimes
francs

du

j'aiapporte

l'epicier.
J'y ai pris deux
; une

Ik. Enfin

c'etait le

encore

voici

vingt-cinqfrancs

que

m'acheter

que

C'est

assez.

six francs
livre,

en

gagne

qu'iltravaille

1 Et

metre

year

conside'rablement

c'est vrai,mais
joli,

tres

est

week

the kilo

by

etait horriblement

perdu

ne

anne'e

Tout

le tailleur pour

quinze francs

emplettes,et

mes

j'aiachetees.

que

Marche

ville faire

en

francs

hundred

four times

day

earn

he sells cheese

dozen

261

"

meter

ORDINALS

"

demie

francs

la

cinquante;

plus cher

d'ceufs

deux

un

Cela fait,
cinquantela douzaine, trois francs soixante-quinze.

tout, seize francs quarante-cinq

que

etaient

bon

assez

demi-heure

marche, mais
mari

mon

bibliothequele
fini les deux

sera

troisieme

tiers du

je lui

de

des

legumes
Dans

une

Je lui ai rapporte*de

retour.

volume

besoin.

avais pas

je n'en

Les

ai payes.

Miserables

"

"

car

il

year

we

la

deja

precedent.

Theme
With
not

that
what

much
we

he

the

francs

7800

left

money
have
earns

been
to

at

that my
the end

husband
of

the

(are)in- this house,

the landlord.

Living

earns

year.
and

we

is dearer

have

It is the first year

give
and

quarter of

dearer.

The

262

ELEMENTARY

cloth which

same

meter, and

francs

makes

from

cost

used

me

brought

butter

me

back

wine

(de)less than
cheaper soon, or

will be
to

live

four

The

last shoes

what

we

what

would
Let

paid.
earn

us

year

will

franc

me

formerly
everything
be

never

things

gave

me

that

ago,

one

he

cost

hope

hour

other

change

have

last month

at

eggs

18

dress,that

an

and
liter,

all the

francs, and

half

came

francs

bought

fiftya pound,

two

what

about

costs

now

yards for

grocer, who

sixtyfor

third

one

or

at

twenty

three francs

was

three

francs

two

at

him

francs

pair. The

a
dozen,
seventy-five

still. I gave

10

francs.

72

5 francs

me

cost

I need

as

to

54

to

FRENCH

enough

(pour vivre).

on

Oral
Ou

1.

votre

les choses

trouve

4. Chez

qui

votre

combien

6.

drap ?
achete?

3. Combien

maitre

le

Quel

11.

de

drap

8.

Qu'y

marche
de

4.

13. La

Quelle longueur

15. Est-ce le troisieme

jour de

10.

lecon ?

votre

par semaine

avez-vous

pere

le

ensuite ?

le nume'ro

est

A-t-elle

5. Comment
morceau

meilleur

sucre

demi-heure

est-elle passee

trouve

une

entree

2.

votre

gagne

Quelle longueur a le

de francais

de lecons

votre

7. Ou

? 9. A-t-elle

legon finira-t-elledans
pupitrede

aujourd'huiet pourquoi ?

est-elle d'abord

etaient les ceufs ?

Combien

12.

marche

mere

son

mere

a-t-elleachete

bon

votre

tailleur vend-il
que

est-elle allee

mere

le

la semaine

aujourd'hui?
Resume
The

1.

first month

only 28.
month?

Who

2.

3. Do

pounds.
five francs

you

the

need

merchant

dozen.

francs
twenty-five
in

knows

The

4.

of this year

franc ? 7. Which

any

cheese

sold

me

much
Are

days, but

31

of the

name

5. How

pair. 6.

has

there

is the ninth month

twenty-first
day

today? Yes,

not

want

has

of this
two

dozen

two

did

second

the

these
more

(of) eggs at
shoes cost?
Only
than

100

centimes

of the year ? 8. Merchants

264

ELEMENTARY

221.

The

of the

Names

Note.

In

before

222.

The

Days

the

In

Months,

of months

names

of the

definite

is used

without

written

without

Thursday

article

in connection

jeudi

always preceding.

with

8th

:
capitals

except for the first,

used

are

le

vingt-cinqdecembre

the

first of March

le

premier

fourth

224.

of

Time

by

number
the

omitted

le quatre

July

of

hour, is used for

the

Day.
o

In

clock.

for the hour

number

before

for the

mars

juillet

expressingthe time
Time

past the hour

and

et ;

hour

and

time

moins.

The

day,heure,

expressedby
et

the
is

hour,

usually

minutes.

o'clock

une

two

o'clock

deux

half

past three

trois heures

five minutes

is

of

previousto

one

(a)quarter
(a)quarter

sition
prepo-

le huit novembre

twenty-fifthof December
the

No

them.

the

on

capitals

en.

written

Week,

the cardinals

Dates

masculine

November

is

lundi

Monday

223.

FRENCH

heure

heures

past five

cinq heures

of ten

dix heures

past eleven

onze

heures

et demie

(or un) quart

moins le (orun) quart
cinq (minutes)
et

IN

NUMERALS

of

six minutes

OF

EXPRESSIONS

eight

TIME

huit heures

moins

six

a.m.

neuf heures

du

matin

p.m.

neuf heures

du

soir

It is

// est six heures

quarter past six.

Twelve

o'clock

being midi, midnight

is

is used

and

not

you

thirtyyears
years).
thirty

(p.m.), midi

noon

et demi

expressinga person'sage,

In

(what

avoir

Quel dge avez-vous

age

old

(I

have

faitrenteans.

Elle

is six.
She

Note.
six

heures,

etre.

am

She

douze

you)?

have
I

of Persons.

are

quart.

minuit.

Age

old

How

expressed by

never

half past twelve

225.

et

Je partiraia quatre heures.

I shall start at four.

Note.

(minutes)

Quelleheure est-il?

is it?

time

What

265

ETC.

is six years

old

may

six

also be

ans.

expressed

elle est

agee

de

ans.

226.

In

Titles

for first,in which

of

Sovereigns the cardinals

the ordinals

case

used

are

used.

are

Louis

Louis

premier (Ler)

Louis

II

Louis

deux

that

Observe

Note.
countries

Louis

of France

XV

Louis

(LL)
quatre (LV)
quinze (XV)

Henri

IV

Henry

used

the

in connection

IDIOMATIC

definite article is omitted

with

FORMS

l'heure,to be

huit jours, a week

d'aujourd'hui

huit

jours,a week

ago

with

of

names

PHRASES

AND

etre

de France

sovereign.

il y a, ago

il y

except

from

today

en

on

huit,

time
a

week

266

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

EXERCISE

yj.j7
in French

Express

i.

March

the

dates

1872

2,

July 4, 1840
August

1,

December

180

January

13,

the date

of your

the date

of

in French

o'clock

3.47

A.M.

half past

eight

2.o8

P.M.

and

after five

minutes

of four

twenty minutes
3. Translate

go home

we

of

chum

Lincoln

born

was

William

II of

century and

we

remain

at

car

les

dine

at

noon

home

city

1898
XI

the second
he

Saturdays

Le

nous

midi

retournons

president

(on) Tuesday

came

d'Histoire

LEg0N

la semaine
pas.

De

April

the fifth day

sommes

en

classe,mais le samedi

lundi, par exemple,

et

demie, pour

huit

legons commencent

nous

we

in

February

on

heure, a sept heures

heure

seven

in the

half

allons

jusqu'a midi.
une

in 1905

England

Cinq jours de
bonne

at

in the book

tjne

n'y

dine

Louis

Model

nous

we

in December

May
born

a. m.

m.)

p.

the first of

June

1809

12,

was

(two ways,

Fridays

the second
my

into French

finishes in

school

our

today

half past twelve

seven

quarter of six
ten

birth

"

it is nine

quarter past

1771

George Washington's birthday

26, 1533

Express

2.

"

heures

une

heure

ou
l'ecole,

nous

nous

etre
et

dejeunons

nous
a

l'heure

demie.

sommes

restons

de

l'ecole,

Elles durent
chez

nous.

jusqu'aquatre

IN

EXPRESSIONS

Le

soir

NUMERALS

heures

demie.

et

demain, mercredi,
maitre
a

le

une

jours. Louis

XIV

premier septembre

roi,et

son

de siecle. Sous
dure
ne

le 15

trente

II fut
Ier. II

France

mais

elle l'a e^e

dure

moins

la France

de

Louis

la Revolution

devenu

le maitre

est

182

en

Sous

cinq ans.

la fete
juillet,

nationale.

J'auraiseize

ans.

Ce

de

l'agede cinquante et

un

du

15

sous

deuxieme

ans.

en

1792,

republique a

III dclata la guerre

juillet
1870
huit

ce

28

au

republique pour

entre

Janvier

la troisieme
le quatorze

sera

anniversaire

mon

premiere fois

la

La

aussi

sera

general Bonaparte,

nom

D'aujourd'hui en

encore.

le

devenue

est

Revolution, qui

1804,

en

Napoleon
dura

trois quarts

de

seulement.

nom

mourut

ildevint

quand

la France

de

republiquepour

la France

fois,et Test

le

et

XIV

Page

empereur,

mourut

de Louis

presque

eclata la

XVI

pour

Hier, lundi,le

cinq ans

ans,

267

Ainsi

septembre 1638,

Apres

l'Allemagne,qui

et

Enfin

187 1.

de

couronne

en

16

soixante-douze

devenue

est

d'histoire.

II n'avait que

17 15.

ans.

1769,

aout

Napoleon
La

six

ans.

naquit le

le regne

presque

ETC.

lecons.

nos

lecon

une

TIME

idee de l'histoire de France

dure

regne

etudions

nous

avons

donne

nous

nos

nous

OF

de naissance.

Theme

my

Today (it)is Thursday, the first of June.

I am
born May 26, 1904.
birthday. I was

old.
she

is

brother

My

only twelve.

stillliving.She

were

will be

brother's

my

quarter of
and

twelve

hour

an

half

died

we

under

his
on

We

1754,

reignthat
January
do

not

go

king

793.

to school

dine

afternoon

at

of

it

if

from

today

the

age

1789

month

have

we

of

broke

in

July or August.

the

on

twenty.
out.

shall be

In

we

in

generallybetween

born

was

was

seventeen

quarter of twelve, and

He

the Revolution
21,1

week

We

This

XVI.

became

ago.

ago

fifteen years

now

be

shall dine.

past twelve.

and

is

week

sister would

eightyears

birthday.It

lesson, the reign of Louis

August,

My

But

He

history
It

was

headed
be-

was

having a
what

of

23d

tion.
vaca-

time

is

268

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

it ?
I be

at school

of

only three quarters

I have

time ?

on

yet ready ! Shall

past twelve, and dinner is not

minutes

Twenty

hour.

an

Oral
i.

Quel jour de la semaine

Quelledate
Quel

8.

du

heure

printemps?
?

avez-vous

age

pere?

votre

demain
?
Quel jour de la semaine sera-ce
le douze hier ? 6. Quels
aujourd'hui? 5. fitait-ce

est-ce

les mois

sont

la

QUATRE

PERSONNAGES

1638, roi

en

fut

un

centre

Louis

de

XVI

av'ait succede

en

France.

phrase

succeda,

en

Louis

XIV.

autres,

1774,

sur

faible

sa

propre

mais

bien

intentionne

execution

le regne

le faux
et

Louis

de

Louis

sa

regne,

"

XIV

(ne
de

brillante

cour

du

et

moi."
lui-meme

qui

XV,

les institutions

XV,

Louis

de

temps

catastrophe etait
le regne

des

XIV,

reservee

termina

se

avec

la Revolution

de

exces

fut

lui-meme

c'est
L'fitat,

Louis

dont

milieu

au

leon
Napo-

republique?

Louis

La

XVI,

Quelle

12.

mourut

culture,

idealisme

surement.

l'echafaud

sur

de

grand-pere

son

Durant

fondees

long

lui attribute

age

figuresles plus grandes

son

eclata la Revolution

qui

FRANCE.

des

une

politique et

souvent

jour?

quel age

DE

Pendant

desintegrerent graduellement

au

15) est

un

Quel

10.

est-elle une

L'HISTOIRE

17

de

14. A

la France

litterature,de

la

politiqueset
se

rois de

de

rincarnation

DE

1643, mort

liste de

longue

le regne

anniversaire

votre

ne

y a-t-ildans

quelleannee?

en

est

etes-vous

Sous

13.

Depuis quand

15.

quel mois

En
.

d'heures

est-ilmaintenant?

Ier ?

Quand

9.

Combien

11.

francaise,et

en

Quel jour de

2.

etait-ce hier ? 3.

la semaine
4.

?
aujourd'hui

est-ce

francaise.

Marie-Antoinette,
de

Louis

devint

XVI,

irreflechie
influence

princesse autrichienne,

funeste

guillotineeneuf

et

de
de

bonne
son

heure

mois

impopulaire

du

americaine.

rales,n'etaient

pas

important qu'on
ete

mentionne

en

de

cause

le
.

son

femme
vagance
extra-

peuple.
.

car

Son

elle fut

apres.

Fayette, brillant et liberal Francais, de

effectivement
et servit
l'age de vingt ans

Revolution

gracieuse

sympathie envers
roi,qu'ellepartagea

La

et

de

manque

precipitala chute

la belle

Rentre

extremes,

attendait

de

parlant de

France,

en

et

lui.

il

ne

Dans

l'amitie

joua

sang

noble, vint

avec

Washington

la recente

pendant

sympathies, quoique

ses

pas

Amerique

en

dans

traditionnelle

le role

la Revolution

guerre,
des

son

deux

nom

la

libe-

souvent

republiques.

LOUIS

QUATORZE

LA

MARIE-ANTOINETTE

QUATRE

PERSONNAGES

FAYETTE

LOUIS

DE

L'HISTOIRE

SEIZE

DE

FRANCE

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

2/0
Resume
brother

My

i.

bookseller

born

was

used

first

William

6. There
make

minutes

time

it is

Of

what

were

4. Can

15. The

teacher

st.

16. Neither

year.
19. We
20.

in

half.

18.

is

He

who

us

nor

how

quarter of

now

in

at

what

me

in her

1899,
he

when

the age

died.

of his

He

son.

ten

was

boy

in school is

(Sec.328).

sister is the tallest in the

my

ninety

presidentis (Sec.328)?

old the

the oldest

is

children?

your

1066

family;

June is generallythe longestday of the

of

reading

to leave the

intend

It is now

21st

tellme

you

brother

17. The

of

from

tell

you

old

Of

reign of

hour, and

died

years

is

sister arrived

7. Your

69

3. What

France, Monday

half

aunt

was

youngest

asked

my

His

10.

This

2.

7.50.

last. 5. The

speaking to John?

you

is the

January

it is I.

the

at

kings of England, lasted

father

My

11.

old

How

13.

4. In

Sunday

and

hour

coming early.

eightiethyear.
12.

morning

every

thirtyminutes

are

an

is

five; he

and

August, 1858.

8. Will
yesterday,did she not?
(what is the time),please? 9. It

p.m.

12.15

store

of the greatest

I, one

1087.

to

week

of the

day

of

ioth

fourth, is it not?

part of 28 is 7 ? One
the

his

enter

to

the

on

1.30 ; do you

child

only

cityFriday at

12.15.

a. m.

know

time

French

to

what

at

dinner

six years

old.

if all goes

well.

will be

ready ?

REVIEW
Thirty-six

(Lessons

A.
1.

Count

up
with

connection

to

21.

ami(s);

to

General

Thirty-eight)
Drill

Pronounce

the

in connection

numbers
with

up

to

maison(s)
;

21

in

in

nection
con-

with hibou(x).
2.
a

are

When

numeral

are

is

numerals

connectives

used

composed ? What
?
pluralized

to

join the

connectives

are

words
used

of which
? When

(How old)a

9.

II

10.

dix

la

demande

"

(old)dame

quelle(time)est-il"

dix

(times)ou

peut-etre

(times)dix.
Translate

B.
1

How

shortest

and

one

summer,

June, July,and

beautiful

month

eighths of
He

born

was

We

10.

goes

out

hundred
than

and

four

dear.

His

October

day

at

three

I shall be

father

on

francs

18. A

at

in

George
17.

billion is
p.m.

20.

in the

old.

years

left for
old.

years

He

n,

in Paris
were

two
more

oranges

What

are

arrive there

not

king

of

Eighty-one divided

thousand

in

They

there

now

seven

ago,

4. These

is

most

years

born

19 16
1

is

September,

15. I shall

VII.

12.30

what

and

16.

9.

was

army.

dozen.

time.

of

13. In

ago.

months

only five

was

Moliere

12.

Edward

was

return

word

enemies.

many

in the French

men

cost

will

twentieth

a.m.

10

hundred

8. A

the twelfth

on

three

are

have

weeks
fifty-two

are

is twenty-seven

their little daughter

Domremy

million

cousin

by

butter

third of three fourths

1894.

29,

attacked

twenty-seven is three.
19. He

7.

ninety-nineyears

They

early,but

of

the

was

June, the shortest,is the

My

to

every

August

number

when

went

5. There

year.

6. One

was

in 1903,

4. There

less than

21st,

pounds

many

in the year.

on

France

4,

Paris

what

school ? I have

Friday,December

seventeen.

in

days

two

or

in your

you

3. How

than

more

French

into

Last

2.

in the year.

day
I have

mine.

in

hundred

you

pupilshave

many

two

18

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

272

times

letters

are

land.
Engby

million.
in

the

twenty-first?

Proverbes
A

chaque jour sa

Tel
Une
Ne

tache.

qui rit vendredi, dimanche

hirondelle
remettez

Pierre

Quand

pas

qui roule
le chat

fait pas

ne
au

le

lendemain

n'amasse

n'y est, les

pas

pleurera.
printemps.
ce

que

vous

mousse.

souris dansent.

pouvez

faire la veille.

REFLEXIVE

LESSON

VERBS

273

THIRTY-NINE
REFLEXIVE

VERBS

"

227.
has

Reflexive

Verb,

pronominal verb, is

or

for its

objecta personal pronoun

thing as the subject: he

or

person
228.

Reflexive

with reflexive verbs

referringto

called reflexive pronouns.

are

Person

Second

Person

used

They

are

Plural

myself

me,

same

himself.
object pronouns

Singular

First

the

cuts

The

Pronouns.

which

one

ourselves

nous,

te, thyself

yourselves(yourself)

vous,

Chimself
Third

herself
se-j

Person

se, themselves

{itself
229.

The

that

of

II

lave.

Position

of Reflexive

is the

Pronouns

same

conjunctiveobject pronouns
(Sees. 174, 175).
however, precedes all other object pronouns.
se

Vous
II

se

He
habillez pas.

vous

ne

Auxiliary

with

is the

pronoun

with

agrees

it. When

the

himself.
dress

not

the

pronoun

yourself.

auxiliaryused

The

When

is always etre.

object of

in

the reflexive

verb, the past participle

is the indirect object,

is invariable.
participle

Elle s'est

couple.

Elle s'est casse* le bras.

She
She

has
has

cut

herself.

broken

her

herselfhas broken
Nous

Se,

singingit to himself

Reflexives.

verbs

direct

do
is

He

conjugatingreflexive

the

You

le chante.

230.

washes

as

ne

nous

y etions pas perdus.

We

had

not

arm

the

lost ourselves

(to

arm).
there.

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

274
231

Synopsis

of

of
full,

the present indicative in

Simple
Infinitive

togetherwith
synopsis,

The

Reflexive.

se

trahir,to betray ones

Tenses

se

trahir,to betray one's self

trahissant,betrayingone's self

Pres.

Part.

se

Pres.

Ind.

je me
tu

te

il se
nous

trahis,I betray myself

thyself
betrayest

trahis,thou

trahit,he betrayshimself

betrayourselves

trahissons,we

nous

vous

trahissez,
yourselves{yourself)
jy^w betray

vous

trahissent,theybetraythemselves

ils se

betrayingmyself

je me

/
trahissais,

je me

trahis,I betrayedmyself

Future

je me

I shall betray myself

trahirai,

Conditional

je me

I should
trahirais,

Imperative

trahis-toi,
betray thyself

Pres.

je me

trahisse

je me

trahisse

Imperfect
Past

Imp.

Definite

Subj.
Subj.

Perfect
Perf.

Inf.

Perf.

Part.

Past

self,is

was

betraymyself

Tenses

betrayedone's self
s'etant trahi,having betrayedone's self
je me suis trahi,/ have betrayedmyself
s'etre

Indef.

tu

trahi,to have

t'es trahi

etc.

il s'est trahi
nous

nous

sommes

vous

vous

etes

ils se
Ind.

Pluperf.

sont

je m'etais trahi,I

had

trahi,I had

Ant.

je me

fus

Fut.

Perf.

je me

serai

trahi,I

betrayedmyself
betrayedmyself

shall

Perf.

je me

serais

Perf.

Subj.

je me

sois trahi

je me

fusse

trahi

betrayedmyself
have
betrayedmyself

have

trahi,I should

Cond.

Subj.

trahi(s)

trahis

Past

Pluperf.

trahis

REFLEXIVE

Note.

reflexive pronoun

takes the person

We

do

wish

not

232.

and

used

number

for

the

examples
Present

without

object of

The
and

negative

change

Indicative

pas

Forms.

to

dipicher.

nous

rules

given
interrogative

reflexives.

sufficient to illustrate

are

tive
dependent infini-

voulons

ne

Negative
of

275

subject of the governing verb.

Nous

formation

conjugationsapply

the

as

of the

hurry.

to

Interrogativeand

already

VERBS

The

lowing
fol-

Indicative

Pluperfect
Interrogative

est-ce

je

que

trahis ?

me

est-ce

te trahis-tu ?

que

je m'e'tais

trahi ?

t'etais-tu trahi ?

trahit-il?

se

"

trahi ?
s'e'tait-il

etc.

etc.

"

Negative

je ne
tu

ne

il ne

trahis pas

me

trahis pas

te
se

je ne

m'etais

tu

t'etais pas

ne

il ne

trahit pas

etc.

trahi

pas

s'etait pas

trahi
trahi

etc.

Negative-Interrogative

est-ce

je ne

que

trahis pas ?

me

est-ce

je

que

m'e'tais

ne

pas

trahi ?
ne

te trahis-tu pas ?

ne

se

trahit-ilpas ?

etc.

233.

ne

t'etais-tu pas

ne

s'e'tait-il
pas

trahi ?
trahi ?

etc.

Reflexives
The

and

latter

Intensives
were

be

must

introduced

in

tinguishe
carefullydis-

Sec.

179.

flexive
re-

always an object and refers to the subject; an

The
intensive emphasizes an
or
expressed noun
pronoun.
followingillustrations show the distinction :
is

ELEMENTARY

276

FRENCH

// s'aime.
(ref.)
II Pa fait lui-mime.
He did it himself
(inten.)
They burned Joan herself (inten.)lis bruVerent Jeanne
He

loves himself

234.
be

and

Reflexive

given

difference

the

to

verb

simple active

and

in

use

and

attention

must

between

meaning

its reflexive.

(a thing,a per-

arreter, to stop

Careful

Simple Verbs

elle-meme.

to stop (one's
s'arreter,
self)

son)

coucher, to put (a person)to bed

se

coucher, to put (one's

self)to
bed,go

approcher,

Reflexives.

Idiomatic

equivalentto an
these
phrase. Among

se

to have

good

(de),

depecher
hasten

time

hurry,

to

(to)

to dress (one's
s'habiller,
self)

Sec.

also

See

reflexive

French

one's

verb

is

verbal

or

are

to fix one's hair

coiffer,

se

English int/ansitiveverb

often

s'amuser,

bed

bring (a thing) s'approcher de, to bring

selfnear, approach

to

near

235.

to

se

lever,to arise,get up

se

peigner,to

se

promener,

se

to waken
re'veiller,

se

trouver, to be

one's hair

comb

to take

walk

234.
EXERCISE

Drill
i.

Give

the full

2.

Give

the

past definite of
conditional

past

conjugationof

se

coucher

of

se

trouver,

se

imperfectof

laver, neg. -int.

se

simple tenses.

present subjunctiveof

perdre

se

trahir,

neg.

imperativeof

se

past anterior of

int.

present of

in the

"

of s'arreter,neg.

indefinite

trahir

synopsisof

se

imperativeof

coucher
se

louer,neg.-int.

rendre
se

coiffer,
neg.

REFLEXIVE

in French

Express

3.
he had

found

he had

found

she has

"

did he

himself

found

herself

punishes himself

he

punished his

children

himself

let

shall I show

we

shall find it ourselves

we

found
she

ourselves

betrayedherself

in French

said it

"

he

stopped

the horse

he arises

he

stopped

near

he raises the

me

he put the child to bed

she is

he

went

she wakens

he

bringsthe

he

approaches

to

bed
child

the door

near

me

je lave
ne

II

se

pour
Nous
nous

leve

les fen"tres

prenons

je m'approche

(Sec.248)

brossons

nous

le

to

start

moi-meme

du

les dents
les cheveux

peigne, avec

sept heures, je

litde

bien vite
et

Journee

reveille le matin

brossons

nous

walk

suis-je
pas deja couche

me

laver les mains

nous

early

pas

La

Puis

time

de la foret

punis

Model

yeux.

good

"

je ne

me

bag

having

hasten

je m'approche

je

take

the door

5. Continue

Quand

himself

talkingto

he himself

myself ?

Express

4.

he said it to himself

hurry

us

love himself

not

shall find ourselves

he is

hurry

we

had

stopping

were

277

did he love himself

he

we

VERBS

et

la

frere

mon

figureavec
notre

avec
avec

lequelnous

de

la brosse
nous

la salle de bain

l'eau

brosse

a
a

frotte les

le reveille aussi.

et

allons dans

nous

me

et

dents.

cheveux

du

savon.

Ensuite
et

peignons. Lorsque

nous
nous

ELEMENTARY

278

nous
coiffes,

sommes

nous

demi-heure

une

qui

attendent.

nous

Pecole.

Le

lecons

le maitre

couchons.
dans

et

le souper,

nous

quand

donnees

nous
l'apres-midi

Nous

nous

sommes

arrete's

Nous

nous

sommes

bien

Nous

sommes

nous

lendemain,

nous

chez

alors

nous

avec

de

tard,

parents.

nos

amis

nous

leves

sommes

des

nous

e'tudie les

avons

promenes

heure

une

le

pour

c'etait dimanche.

Hier

allons

nous

en

parents

nos

fini,nous

avons

nous

demie

et

trouvons

nous

ou

manger,

Quand

soir apres

que

et
habiller,

nous

sept heures

prets. A

sommes

de

depechons

nous

la salle

dans

trouvons

nous

nous

FRENCH

mon

pere.

amuse's.

Theme
This
I

I went

got up.

face.

and

school."

at

the brush

I did

of

minutes
others

my

eight I

he

brother,and

not

time, but

minute

two

Qui

vous

I dressed

myself
M

me.

stop

will

the way
have

hands

my

shall

we

be

not

and

arrived

on

the comb

find my

toothbrush,

minutes, and

at

dining-room, where

not

and

alreadywashed.

to bed

go

and

(to)eat, you
late if

the

your

arrived

We

had

we

ten

late any

so

{pour) school."

to

when

seven

face,he took

in ten

Hurry

me.
on

wash
had

not

in the

You
M

to

my

1 could

As

surelyshould

we

or

washing

was

found

father

do

to

(Sec.328, a),"or

me

teeth.

more," said my

on

to

waiting for

were

the bathroom

to

fix his hair.

to

alreadyhalf past

was

(se trouver) there,and

was

While

clean

not

late. It

once

hurry," said

us

time

at

brother

My

"Let

I awoke

morning

played a

the way.

on

Oral
1.

heure

ou

dernier?

quoi

vous

brosser

reveille le matin?

tard ? 3. A
4.

allez-vous

Pourquoi

lavez-vous
les dents?
1

quelleheure

The

?
7.

6. De

Que

reply,je me

Vous

2.

la salle de

dans

avez-vous

faites-vous
leve, has

the

avec

accent

bonne

de

reveille dimanche

etes-vous

vous

quoi

levez-vous1

bain?

besoin
le

vous

pour

peigne?

(Sec. 248).

5. Avec

8.

Que

28o

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

LESSON

FORTY

PASSIVE

236.
French
6tre.

The

by combining
Thus,

the

of transitive

Voice

Passive

the

VOICE

with
past participle

synopsisof the passiveof

Agreement

must
past participle

in

Passive.

agree

(see Sec. 160).

auxiliary

is formed
the

sauver,

in

auxiliary
to

save,

is

Tenses

Simple

237.

verbs

with

In
the

passive voice
subject,Stre being
the

the
the

PASSIVE

Elle

VOICE

perdue,

est

She

e'te trouvgs.

lis ont

238.

The

in

the

[ II
"

He

would

be saved.

He

would

have

voice

The

Interrogative and

The

tenses.

according

ete

to

1 x ":)"
(Sec.
v
O0J

sauve
,

sauve.

// serait

sauve.

II aurait

ete

the

rules that

sauve.

of the

apply

Pluperfect

Passive

passive
perfect

to

sufficient to

are

Indicative

*"

Forms

Negative

followingexamples

Imperfect

tions
distinc-

same

saved.

been

made

are

the

-_

y II Jut

239.

found.

active.

saved.

was

been

have

Passive

TT

He

is lost.

They have

Tenses

in the

as

281

illustrate

Indicative
Passive

Interrogative
est-ce

etais-tu

sauve
j'etais

que

etait-ilsauvd

j'avaise'te sauve?

que

avais-tu

sauve

e'tions-nous

est-ce

ete

sauve

avait-il e'te sauve

?
sauves

avions-nous

?
sauve's ?

ete

etc.

etc.
Negative

je n'etais
tu

pas

n'etais pas

il n'e'taitpas
nous

n'etions

je n'avais

sauve

tu

sauve

ete

n'avais pas

ete

il n'avait pas

sauve

pas

pas

sauves

nous

n'avions

ete

pas

sauve
sauve
sauve

ete

sauves

etc.

etc.

Negative-Interrogative
est-ce

que

je n'etais

n'etais-tu pas
n'etait-ilpas

n'e'tions-nous pas
etc.

sauve

sauve
sauve

pas

est-ce
n

que

je

n'avais pas

'avais-tu pas

n'avait-il pas

?
sauves

n'avions
etc.

nous

ete
ete

pas

ete

sauve
sauve

ete

sauve

?
sauves

282

ELEMENTARY

240.
a

By

He

bitten

was

b.

By

action
He

is

the

verb

denotes

by the dog.

II

the verb

de when

agent

instrument

or

after

expressed

when

par

The

after Passives.

Agent

passiveverb
a.

FRENCH

ete mordu

denotes

action.
specific

par le chien.

emotion

an

or

habitual

an

state.

or

is loved

by his friends.

II est aime

IDIOMATIC

AND

FORMS

de

ses

amis.

PHRASES

car, for

d^pendre de, to depend upon

pour,

eMter

en

(conj.)
for {prep.)

regard de, with regard to

de, in

gtat

d"fendre

...

de,to forbid

re-

servir

to

de, to

serve

for

(as)

EXERCISE

Give

1.

the

full

passive conjugationof punir (a) in

simple tenses, (b) in

Give

2.

the

the

compound

tenses.
(perfect)

pluperfect subjunctivepassive

imperfectpassiveof donner, int.

passive of trouver,

future

the

"

present passiveof choisir,neg.

of aimer
conditional

neg.-

int.

perfectof

se

vendre,

neg.

past anterior active of

imperativepassiveof

trouver,

se

sauver

present subjunctive passive of

int.

passiveof

future

Express

punir, neg. -int.

entendre

in French

"

saves

she

saved

he is saved

she

was

he has saved

she had

he

avoid

sponsiblefor

...

Drill

3.

to
(+ inf.),

responsable de, to hold

rendre

of, under

state

de

he has been

saved

they will

will be found

saved

they

saved

they will

she has been

saved

find

have

theywill have

found
been

found

VOICE

PASSIVE

Translate

4.

the desk
the

broken

was

general

French

into

the

by

loved

was

"

the suit

boys
his

by

the

Je (was) chez

French

moi

for the

hier.

made

by

to

enter

held

I shall be

Supply

was

it is forbidden

soldiers

283

^ords

in

the tailor

responsible

parentheses:

Je (was hungry),et apres

la lecon

que

(was finished),
je (was reading)en attendant le diner. Ma
(was) huit ans (old)quand elle (was) mordue (by) un chien.
avons

chercher

envoye

Model

tjne

Pendant

la

Proclamation

dans

les villes

4, le commandant

Mager

celle dont

la

vie

sa

(was saved).

Allemande

avaient prises.Le
qu'ils
donna

photographie est

de modele.

sert

nous

et

Nous

grande guerre des proclamationsfurent africhees

les Allemands
19

medecin,

un

soeur

l'ordre d'afficher

la page

la

Traduisons

Cette

285.

par

septembre
Soissons

photographie

proclamation.

Theme
The
Each

time

that

walls of the
is found

evening
about

it

in the

streets

Mager,

of

he

the

to
{devaient)

enemy's troops.

Soissons.

parents'. If

The
the

the

to

that

children
latter did

any

is what
were

not

after

threat
was

eight o'clock
of

signed by

be

immediately

to

be

lettingthem

without

the
city,

hostile act with

recalled

move

military
authority.

entered
or

in the

to

after that hour

to
(devaient)

avoid

Soissons

would

streets

the

proclamationwhich

German

person

19 14.

posted on

proclamation was

the enemy

avoid
This

any

in the

When

the

inhabitants

city. This

found

specialauthorization.

place in August,

city.In

representedthe

who

was

the

said that

was

of the

proclamation added

had
to

it

forbidden

was

took

taken, proclamationswere

citywas

in this lesson

imprisoned if
a

of France

publicbuildingsof

Commander
The

invasion

German

itants
inhab-

regard

the inhabitants

kept
wander

at

their

about,

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

284
they would

be

responsiblefor

made

(have beenjcommitted
their children
under

The

which

been

have

about

wandering

met

might

parents did

about, for the latter would

they had

if

their children.

by

wander

arrest

the misdeeds

let

not

held

been

in the

be

streets.

Oral
ordre

Par

i.

qui la proclamationa-t-elleete

de

qui la proclamation a-t-elle ete

4.

Apres quelle heure

5.

Que devaient

huit heures
ce

incarcere

parents ?

i2.*N'etes-vous

si

puni

vous

1 1

De

responsablede
n'arriviez pas

vous

de

rues

apres

huit heures

apres

9. Oil les enfants

puni

doivent

Que

1 o.

responsables?
si

n'etudiez

vous

classe?

parleranglaisen

actes

vos

les rues?

les

sont-ils rendus
serez

affichee?

eviter les habitants

invasion

Est-il de'fendu

13.

rue

se'curite ?

vous

que

la

devaient

une

quoi

prevenu

rendu

Etes-vous

14.

pas

lecon?

votre

pas

dans

Que

7.

garde'spendant

etre

les

eviter

circuler dans

Pour

2.

a-t-elleete

circuler dans

pour

quoi dependait la

? 8. De

doivent-ils

de

trouve

etes

vous

soir, serez-vous

de Soissons

etait-il defendu

avoir les habitants

6. Si

affichee ? 3. Ou

affichee ?

Fecole ? 15. Seriez-

l'heure ?

Resume
littlesister is lost ; have

My

1.

finished

when

morning

when
he

dog,

was

me.

6. These

was

taken

by

forbidden
streets

by

the

the

to move

in the

not

have

Germans
12.

about

been

in 19 14.

eighto'clock during the

arrest.

He

14.

6.

The
was

leave the

German
1

to

Nobody

this

but

you

by

city. 13.

Many peoplewere

their
your

Soissons

stopped

invasion.

to

arrived,

not

cityof

the

by

children

was

was

found

attacked

? 9. If I had

11.

in the streets.

been

table

bought by

were

10.

to

The

2.

given

given the

saved.

It is forbidden

cityis kept under

was

not

were

be finished

been

not

man

jewels which

the

will the lesson

men.

after

books

5. These

these

had

boys

left. 4. The

big red apples had

would

house

door

not

? 8. When

aunt

my

the teacher

7. Were

parents.

3. The

arrived.

her ?

seen

you

seen

15.

at

It

the
was

in the

body
Every-

punished

VILLI
DE SOISSON
S Septerabre 1944.

I'Aulorile
circuler

dans

les

aulorisation

speciale

immediatement

eviler

Les
laisser
les

d'uoe

seront

viennent

facon

Aulorites

auteurs

de

parents

doivenl

vagabonder

mefaits,

ceux-ci

Ville

est

huil

apres
apres

rues

Commandant

defend

expressement

huil

heures

da

heures

du

des

troupes

que

(a

de

ordre

par

que,

de

soir. Toute

soir,

saos

allemandes,

sera

incarceree.

legard des

vie des

prevenue

il

la

Jes

du

rappele dune

II esl

de

rues

dans

trouvee

est

allemande,

mililaire

personoe

doit

Soissons

population de

La

sont

delils

ces

Les
el

facoo

absolue
el

en

des

acles

loute

en

parents

errant

hostile

ouacle

La

securile

el

la

depend.
leurs

rendus

seront

ou

chez

enfanls

commis

contraventions

elat

violence

menace,

la Ville

population de

troupes allemandes.

garder

rencontres

maintcnus

expresse

leurs

par

jusqu'a

dans
ce

que

les reclamer.

Le Comite de Secours.

eviter

responsables

vagaboodaot

d'arrestation

eux,

a
Oberleutentml.

de
de

enfanls.
les

rues,

les
tous

Si

ils

les parents

286
in

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

Soissons

the

by

17. The

Germans.

responsiblefor

their children.

when

walking ?

were

you

May

30,

She

20.

1.

43

19.

18. Were

241.

freelyin

French

when
(habitually)
completed action
I

arrived,
of these

second

passiveform
The

boy

The

lesson

This

or

in

it

begins

rain ;

to

windows

the

lish,
Eng-

alone

REFLEXIVE

be

may

the windows

as

windows

second,

closed

are

to

denote

closed

were

{kept)closed

are

by

in winter.

represented in

French

the

The

by

the

verb.
Le

finished.

test

THE

state, as the windows

for the

(state).

lecon itaitfinie.

Ce chateau

of the

second

est trouvi.

garcon

La

castle is well known

Note.

AND

approached, or

is found.
was

by

all her soldiers.

by

that is in progress,
I

of the

the officer

The

when

or

held

passivevoice is used less

English. In English it has two uses :

action

an

being closed

time

PASSIVE

Passive.

than

to denote
first,
were

THE

English

The

burned

was

loved

by

be

FORTY-ONE

OF

USES

much

was

seized

you

Joan of Arc

LESSON
SPECIAL

parents would

est bien connu.

types above

is that when

such

denoting action,are transposed into the active form, they

expressions,
call for a perfect(or pluperfect)tense.
The
first two
above
sentences
have
the
thus become, respectively,
found
they
boy, they had finished
On the other hand, when
the lesson.
being can be prefixedto the English
verb,

it marks

242.
of

French

"

either at
a.

the

241
a

first type, where

when

action

an

definite time

By the reflexive.
denoting that the

passive is impossible.

for the Passive.

Substitutes
"

the French

or

The

firstconstruction

is

actually
being performed,
habitually is expressed

This
action

"

is found

spoken

in
especially

sions
expres-

of is permanent.

288

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

IDIOMATIC

accrocher
assister

hang

a, to

FORMS

AND

PHRASES

m., the furniture

les meubles

on

a, to be present at,attend

se

de, to do without

passer

EXERCISE

Tj..?
Give

the present indicative

indicative

active

Give

2.

of

the

se

passiveof punir

; the

present

couper.

synopsis of

se

the

in

rendre

active ; in

the

passive.
in French

Express

3.

he found
he had

flower

found

the flowers
flowers

flower

found

were

'found

are

in

Translate

4.

is

somebody
birds

the theater

chair

often

playingin

no

by

the

windows

room

are

closed

they closed

when

our

we

love

John

house

stayed
horses

at

six

you

came

in?

vases

by

him

room

one

(two ways)

friends

friends

sold

was

while

he

there
sold there

are

she is loved

by

no

passing here

he

will not

all

stay if they smoke

there

Model
Les

in

people flatter their

your

o'clock
were

live

cannot

love

furniture ?
this

in

found

were

we

the

like my

flowers

always

brother
do you

(they)put

"

here

broken

was

you

you

the rich attend

flowers

my

(two ways)

singing
in forests

the

found

gardens

into French

English is spoken

you

these flowers

found

are

"

Les
chateaux

Quelques-uns
Leur

de

furent

France

Chateaux
sont

construits

architecture

est

connus

de

par des rois

et

beaucoup

de

d'autres

par

beaucoup admiree,

et

monde.
des

gneurs.
sei-

les decorations

SPECIAL

de

USES

l'inte'rieur furent

Les

environs

tres

jolis.On

uns

sont

du

tableaux

qui

scenes

vie de

fleuve,et Ton
Francois

ne

se

celui de

Medicis.

conside're

comme

roi
chateau

quellesassista

Louis

chateau
Un

achete

de

C'est

Ier. En

entrant

dans

des

une

lequel,autrefois,etait

royalistes.C'est

donna

Moliere

la Renaissance

foret de la France.

Chambord,
les

aussi

recemment

de

trouve

du
sous

II fut occupe

Francois

la
est

construit

chateau

autre

de

milieu

au

ete

ete

qu'aux rois,on

legitimepar
que

II

que

parce

chateaux

ces

construit

Poitiers.

bati aussi par

comte

de

les

trouve

ne

incident

un

beaux

plus belle

s'ouvrait

ne

reliquesdu

salles du

de la

qui fut

Chambord,

salles des

des

Le

de

francos.

milieu

au

porte qui

une

par

trouve

Diane

On

les musees,

il Test.

car

pas,

industriel

plus

ainsi que

murs.

souvent

l'air d'etre

trompe

se

de

riche

un

par

II

Ier,qui le donna

Catherine

des

quelques-

ainsi voir les

peuvent

dans

sont

Chenonceaux.

generalement

sont

aux

merite.

grand

qui s'y trouvent,

repre'sente'es

sont

visiteurs

tableaux

ces

de

289

chateaux, mais

ces

accroches

sont

seigneurs. L'un

ces

celui de

par

sujetde

chateaux

tous

anciens

tapisseries
qui

REFLEXIVE

artistes

ces

public. Les

meubles

le

des

par

s'elevent

011

au

les

et

AND

peut pas visiter

ne

facilement

pas

PASSIVE

concues

pays

ouverts

reliqueset

les

OF

des

dans

une

representationsaux-

XIV.

Theme
In1

the

of

(in)the

of France

center

the

Renaissance.

entire world.

Their

They

kings enjoyed

themselves

gardens which

were

these

castles

which

Francis

Napoleon

the Third

by

as

It is in the

the
center

of

part

the

count

year

of

Chambord,

...

the

castles.

the

whom

It is in

is

pretty
One

of

that

of

occupied

of the

one

that

was

under

royalists
of this

rooms

one

the

There

ago.

admired

built. It

In2

throughout

among

these

ings
build-

superb
of

spoken

is much

legitimateking.
of France

the

all around

First

the

is

built centuries

architecture

Chambord,

considered

of the

some

beauty

were

be found

to

whose

found

are

that
.

ELEMENTARY

290
castle Louis

the

which

were

in the

villageof

by

the

Chenonceaux.

the

lords,and

The

life of the visitors of

who

persons

hung

where

are

is

stillfound

today

is

represented in

are

de

enjoying himself

relics and

quite different

the

Poitiers

rich French

opened formerly only

were

and

He

Diane

to

built. A

been

now.

performances

castles also is erected

given

was

it had

of it

owner

of these

It

First,for whom

parlorswhich

same

One

several

at

present

was

Moliere.

is the

manufacturer
the

Fourteenth

given by

Francis

FRENCH

picturesor

the

to

in

kings

old furniture.

from

that of the

the

on

tapestries

the walls.

on

Oral
le francais

Ou

i.

3. Chez

qui

libraire?

vend-on

se

est-il obei ?
L'encrier

verbe
au

livres ?

9. Ne
se

de

11.

qui

se

fut

bati

le chateau

public le

au

le verbe

conjugue

a//erl

classe ?

en

l'ecole

de

dimanche?

le maitre

qui

Quand

votre

l'eglise?

souvent

vous

francaischez
8. De

manger?

casserait-il s'il tombait?

Par

francaischez

6. Fume-t-on

pas

12.

auxiliaire

4. Parle-t-on

trompez-vous

vous

est-il ouvert

musee

Parle-t-on

le dimanche?

longtemps

passer

t-elle fermee?
13. Le

des

5. Travaille-t-on

7. Peut-on

10.

? 2.
parle-t-il

se

sera-

Chambord

14.

Avec

15. Parle-t-on

quel

francais

Canada?

Resume
1.
were

The

littlegirlwas

burned

in this

4.

conjugated

always
museums

be

her mother.

found
closed

to

the

than

will be

everywhere

seen

with

garden.
public?

10.
11.

All these

9.

At

what

French

smoke
when

time

ary
given Januin

Europe.

8. More

Fresh

etre.

castles

to

their friends

in the cities of France

avoir

in this

of

ball which

palaces are

smoking
with

the

2.

3. It is forbidden

speaking

were

attend

6. Beautiful

7. Is there much
are

They

5. Shall you

6th?

by

in the fifteenth century.

room.

entered.

found

verbs

water
are

can

these

is still spoken

in

ESCALIER
Nous

parle des

avons

fameux

est
en

celui

C'est
de

telle

autres

chateaux

de

un

facon

descendre

choses,

en

meme

le

un
en

personnes

temps

CHAMBORD

la page

plus

distingue

se

il y

escalier
deux

que

France

C'est

exterieur

double

DE

CHATEAU

Chambord.

Son

France.

l'interieur, entre

croisant

de

AU

288.

beau
par

son

peuvent

ces

de

systeme

unique
les

spirale,

se

de

monument

escalier

sans

Un

deux
l'une

rencontrer

de

quant

chateaux
la Renaissance
tours.
a

sa

parties
monter

et

A
struction.
con-

s'entre-

l'autre

ELEMENTARY

292
several
visited

cities of the

is

United

States.

Saturday evenings?

is well known

by

in

are

gettingup?

you

1768,

but

table, but

do

II

was

Henry
Francis

he

he

when

me.

He

19.

died.

This

20.

Louis

by

one

Bring

18.

fate of

Joan of

country. 15. There

16. If you

p.m.

palaces be

ture
the old furni-

see

sad

in this

said that

17. He

approach

not

I ; that

8.30

at

mistaken.

was

4. The

everybody

singinghere Wednesdays

why

all these

like to

you

stores

almost

Can

12.

Do

13.

in these

is found

which
Arc

FRENCH

cannot

walk,

born

Napoleon
the

was

chairs

asked

how

me

castle

this

near

old

built

was

by

XIV.

REVIEW
Thirty-nine

Lessons

A.

in

Give
.

respect
Give

2.

to

the

the verb

French

and

to other

their

position

pronouns.

containing the

sentences

herself (a) as

translation

reflexive pronoun

French

for the

and

4. Name

in

passivesentences

may

passivein

substitutes

State

(b) as

of
an

pronoun.

3. When

by

Drill

General

the list of reflexive pronouns.

himself and
intensive

Forty-one

to

Illustrate

English

be

translated
the French

by sentences

passivevoice.

illustrate three

different

uses

of

etre

as

an

auxiliary.
5
in

in

Give
.

French

sentences,

English, containingse,

equivalentsof

the

passivevoice

(by),par, a 6te\
6. Give the synopsisof se couper in simple tenses
; se couper
perfecttenses ; perdre in simple tenses of the passivevoice ;

perdre in perfecttenses

on,

of the

sont, de

passivevoice.

LESSONS

REVIEW,
7. Give

XXXIX-XLI

affirmatively,
negativenegatively,
interrogatively,

the cond.
interrogatively,
the past def

pass, of

8. Translate
does

he

look

at

into

of

se

; the

trouver

French

forgethimself

her

I hurt

were

arm

want

wait for
are

you

she

was

to go

bed

the

future

freres

les portes

5.

Many

have

old

to

me

it

enter

present (there)
the

definite;

past

finie
dans

trouvent

se

B. Translate

into

been

II of

he

in this

England

what

away

are

made

he

fell he

was

cour

French

street

hurt

invaded

many

years.

killed in

was

gives me,

built of wood.

France

la

ferme'es

sont

ferment

4. When

pictures.7.

without

la maison

se

; William

houses

knocking

levent

se

les fenetres

it.

forgotten

their friends

do

cannot

devant

est

les eleves

with

room

leur de'fend de sortir

la lecon

3. I shall carry

her

to

on

mistaken

carriage?

early

arose

I shall be

it

the

are

is

following,using (a)

ses

Books

lessons

he forbade

elle s'arrete

1.

she

well ?

by

carried

was

people love

me

9. Rewrite

hurt

you

somebody

satisfied with

pass, of faire.

crossinghere

no

to

his head

many

they love themselves

we
stopped
we
stopped the cow
I don't

s'arreter

past indef

she

broken

pluperf of

"

yourself,John

she had

; the

mordre

she is mistaken

(b) the

293

his

and
arm

an

and

many

You

are

English forest.

I shall be

6. In this castle

by

2.

satisfied

lost

his

watch.

one

sees

many

enemies.

8. I found

ELEMENTARY

294
that he

wounded.

was

river.

the

he

while

1 2

army.

posted?

Would

People

13.

finished

were

by

proclamationhad

castles; they have

dress

to

IN

and

their
been

not

yet

walk.

to

go

FIRST

THE

CONJUGATION

verb

Certain

Changes.

of

stems

the

when

first conjugationundergo modification

to

crossing

was

FORTY-TWO

Orthographic

added, in order

he

committed

were

if the

all hasten

CHANGES

ORTHOGRAPHIC

crimes

visit those

us

while

written; they

be warned

LESSON

244.

well

Many

cannot

14. Let

wounded

was
are

1 1.

they not

opened.

been

letters

school.

at

was

9. He

The

10.

FRENCH

endings

prevent violation of fundamental

the
are

laws

of

spelling.
Note.

The

245.

Verbs

wherever

full

Nous

in

ending

or

of the

sound

conjugationof

take

cer

This

follows.
of the

these verbs is given

is in order

or

the

ending

follows.

This

of the

Nous

Verbs

We

in

ger

take

is in order

infinitive

an

mute

this

e.

ending

Verbs

change.

the

keep

the

soft

forms.

after the
the

wherever

soft sound

of

in

in eyer

ayer

do

share.

We

in oyer and

ending

Verbs

under

throughout all forms.

Je mangeais (inf.
manger).
Verbs

438-439.

placing.

was

keep

to

pages

commence.

partager).
partageons (inf.

247.

to

throughout all

infinitive

mencer).
(inf.placer).
Je plafais
246.

cedilla

{inf. com-

commencons

on

uyer

may
not

eating.

was

change
or

may

change.

to

not

i before

undergo

ELEMENTARY

296
6 to

before

containingmute
syllable

Je cede (inf.ceder).

(inf.regner).

II regne

in which

retain the

II cr6e

the

e*is not

He

VERBS

bring,take (a per-

s'appeler, to be named
apporter,

AND

for

chercher, to send

to

partager,

bring (a thing)
put forward

to

revoir,good-by

au

avoir

ennuyer,

to

share

to

pr"ferer,to prefer

enlever, to take off (away)

tire

ici,this way
mal

have

la tete, to

the

headache

s'ennuyer, to be lonesome

tater

je m'appelle, etc.,my

le

pouls, to feel the pulse

is

name

EXERCISE

""*

Give

1.

active
2.

and

creates.

envoyer

par

the

by

ending

PHRASES

to be frightened
s'effrayer,

*x

the

esp"rer,to hope

son)

avancer,

separated from

(inf.creer).

to

er

yield.

throughout.

SPECIAL

amener,

in

reigns.

I shall

Verbs

consonant

er

yield.

He

Je oSderai.
Note.

except before

conditional.

and

the future

FRENCH

full

the

conjugation of

marcher

in

the

simple

tenses.

Select the

forms

of the

orthographicchanges which
tell what

the

placer
3. Give
avancer

change

(a) present
manger

mentioned

are

is in each

ennuyer

the

followingverbs
case

that

in this

indicative

lesson,

preferer

amener

undergo

first

appeler

partager

pluralof

"

placer

ORTHOGRAPHIC

indicative

(b) Present

Give

4.

IN

CHANGES

the

first

CONJUGATION

singularof

297

"

"

synopsisof partager

present indicative of employer

synopsis of aboyer

present subjunctiveof

synopsis of

conditional

c"ler

se

lever

of appeler

past definite of placer

imperfectof

present subjunctiveof acheter

present subjunctiveof payer

5. Write
what

is his

will you

would

they are
he
was

will

the

(a) in

late

king yield?

bring her

wood

with

the

on

for the fruit

paid him

for them

the

by

for him
the castle

correct

future
il

headache

verb

form,

tense, wherever

tard. Je (etre)
malade.
Je (employer)un medecin.
(lever)
le Dr Lebon.
(s'appeler)
Je le (payer)bien. Si je (s'ennuyer),

Je

II

the books

paid him

below, using the

;

money

near

{b) in
possible; (c)replacingje by nous,
tense

our

for the book

I sent

the sentences

present

paid for

I have

him

John

boy's name

share

us

send

bringing some

6. Write

for the medicine

the

not

let

early?

to eat

paying

"

name

get up

they used
he is

in French

manger

me

(amener) mes

amis, et

nous

(manger) ensemble.

Model

sont

tres

malade,

est

on

Les

enleve

il arrive,le medecin

lit du

s'approche du

demande

de

demande

ensuite
s'ila des

gorge,
et

ils ont

quand

appuie
a

lui

chercher
espere
ralement

il

prescritde

manteau.

son

pouls et

jetteun
mal

la tete,

il

qui

d'ceil. II

coup

du

docteur

Quand

le

plagons la

me'decine

sur

la

II

le

lui

il

et

revues

la prescription,

nous

avancons

des

amenons

qu'il

paie ge'ne-

envoye

table que

une

envoie
dit

et

On

pharmacien

si celui-ci
Ton

leve

se

bientot.

s'ennuie,nous
des

malade

medecine, que

la

Le

lui achetons

le

le dos

sur

an.

prefere,nous

et

et ce
appe'tit,
qu'ilmange.

portera mieux

lit. Si le malade

du

s'ille

poitrineet

se

fois par

une

la

pharmacien.

le malade

nous

pres

sur

des

d'estomac, des eblouissements,

maux

s'ila bon

sont

appeles pour

s'il a

qu'ila,

ce

douleurs,des

le

qui regnent

gants

II y

langue.

malade

au

Alors

chez
que

la

medecins

cependant. Quand

il tate

malade, de qui

commence

rhume.

un

chapeau, ses

son

montrer

oreille

son

les maladies

quand

s'effraient trop facilement

gens

Les

gene'ralements'ils sont

lis cedent

graves.

medecin.

appelle un

on

surtout

occupes,

nombreuses.

II

Malades

Les

Quand

cas

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

298

amis,

emploie

ainsi

ou,
son

agreablement.

temps
Theme
"

is with
who
I

now.

"

me."

call

am

me

going
I will

"

medicine
I

You

for
to

have

nothing.

feel your

have

Well, you
for you.

well

have
it

buy everythingat

only
at

headaches

Mr.

cold

Gerard's.

his store.

Go

to

the

me

your

"

"I

I used

to

going

am

He
bed

is

matter

nearer.

tongue

have
eat

to

days.
people

many

Approach

Show

appetite. Formerly

no

few

what

are

coat.

well.

have

you

all for

at

there

off your

pulse. Very

do, sir ? What

you

ask you

prefer to

Take

it. Do

Buy

been

not

do

How

right; however,

are

glance at

dizzy spells.I
more."

"I

but
easilyfrightened,

not

am

?"

here

brings you
I

"

morning, (M. le)doctor."

Good

had
much

prescribe

good druggist.

early and

get up

ORTHOGRAPHIC

late. Walk

I shall

but if
little,

hope

you

be

to

use

time

had

is lonesome

at

friend.

my

as

ask

you
his

broken

much,

too

"

thank

and

Good-by,

"

I shall pay

He

you.

walk.

to

when

you

and

is your

the furniture

on

If

so,

How

is better, thank

He

today, doctor.

you

home.

I shall do

(me it)."

to

me

299
at

stay

advice."

"

leg ?

CONJUGATION

home, but he stillleans

paying

not

am

it freezes

better,yield to my

my

friend who

IN

CHANGES

bring

you."

Oral
fait-on

Que

1.

le docteur
cin
tete?

6.

Quand

malade?

quellesaison
chez

medecin?

qui les
Les

10.

toujours

de

en

classe ?

13.

agreablement

dimanche

quelquefois?

15. A

3.

8.

Quand

quelleheure

4. Ne

Cedez-vous

Gardez-vous

vous

votre

votre

temps

ennuyez-vous

levez-vous

vous

le docteur

paie-t-onle

11.

Esperez-vous employer

prochain ?

7. Dans

Que present

12.

la

malades?

le soir?

ou

? 9.

parents?

vos

mal

souvent

effraient-ils?

vous

fait le mede-

Que

sommes

matin

chercher

medicaments

conseils

qui appellent

gens

nous

rhume

un

envoyez-vous

aux

manteau

quand

appetit,le

facilement

a-t-on

Les

4. Avez-vous

bien

meilleur

avez-vous

2.

toujoursmalades

Mangeons-nous

5.

et

du

pres

malade?

est

on

sont-ils

souvent

arrivant

en

quand

pas

Resume
1
2.

what

At

their work

at

Henry

nine

o'clock in

into the

are

you

will he pay

of sugar

pounds

10.

sick.

at

if

street

world.

Don't

employ

me

franc

they

9. We

1 1.

morning

name

for the money,

table.

of the

hour

father's

your

the

likes this cloth ; let

Everybody

are

lean

If your
? I

am

hungry;
head

your

6. I

8. God

let
on

used

throw

created

eat

the

table; go

asks
a

to

the papers

is

can

earn

twenty francs

is in
the

on

bed

throat is sore, I shall call the doctor.

sure

him

hundred

all there

all there

us

begin

to

5. If he

buying

am

7. I should

pound.
mine.

were

4. Teachers

today ?

3. Is

generally?

get up

(of)the morning.

him
a

he

does

John?

or

in the window.

place some

us

if you
12.

day.

Will

13. As

ELEMENTARY

300
soon

the

as

the

which

15. Louis

XIV

died.

John, have

is

been

stillto

washed

which

nuts

found

LESSON

are

three

inflected

not

this

be

soon

are

There

exactlylike

the model

called

are

of Verb

singular of
singularof the past
person

in e, s,

or

first person
x.

The

singularforms

Note.

Formation,

If c,

of

d,

no
present indicative,

Let

My

many
divide

us

the

verbs

many

of any

of the

one

The

irregularverbs.
be made

rules
which

ing
by know-

by which regular
simple tenses

further observations.

a.

The

present

indicative,first

person

definite.

singularof

the present indicative ends

correspondingsets of endings for the

this tense are, readingvertically,

or

17. I

it. 18.

19. Are

20.

he

principalparts
first
participle,
past participle,

infinitive,present

b. The

morning?

in French

are

principal
parts and applyingthe
verbs are
conjugated. The rules by
formed
are
repeatedhere with some
the

when

ER

IN

their

Rules

druggist's?

years

I need

is

father.

your

VERBS

conjugations. These

251.

the

back.

great majorityof their forms, however, may

are

Where

14.

FORTY-THREE

Irregular Verbs.

which

face

in this old forest ?

IRREGULAR

250.

you.

today ;

coat

will

given us by

were

to

yourselfat

your

dress
but

now,

be

for

him

reigningfor seventy-two

you

walk

taking a

largetrees
the

had

bring

bought

you

the tailor will clean my

hope
aunt

will

boy arrives,I

medicine

16.

FRENCH

precedes

t is added

to

in

the

the third

first person
person

three

singular of the

singular.

IRREGULAR

plural of

The

c.

the

dropping the ending

IN

VERBS

301

indicative

present

of the present

ant

ER

is

formed

by

and adding
participle

ez, ent.

ons,

imperfectis formed by dropping the ending ant of

and adding ais, ais, ait,ions, iez, aient.
present participle

d.

The

e.

The

the

ai, is,

singular of

first person

or

The

us.

the
of

five forms

other

past definite ends

the

tense

in

made

are

by changing
(first
conjugation)
is,it,imes, ites,irent (secondand third conjugations)
utes, urent
(many irregularverbs)
us, ut, umes,

ai to as, a, ames,
is to
us

to

future

/. The
ons,
mute

g.

e, this

ions, iez, aient

mute

e, this

future

before

infinitive. When

be

must

dropped

dropped
is

by adding ai, as,

infinitive ends

the
the

formed
is regularly

the

to

If the

Note.

be

must

formed
regularly

infinitive. When

conditional

The

is

tense

the

to

ont

ez,

erent

ates,

endings are

in

added.

by adding ais,ais,ait,
the

before

a,

the

infinitive ends

endings

the conditional
irregular,

is

are

in

added.

always similarly

irregular.
h.

and

The

imperativeis
first and

the

the

second

same

as

persons

the first person

singular

plural of the. present

indicative.
i. The

ending

present

subjunctiveis

of the present

ant

formed

the

by dropping

and adding
participle

e, es, e,

ions,

iez, ent.
Note.

the third

/.

The

pluralof

the

present indicative

adding

the

sse,

first person

sses,

as

by dropping

imperfect subjunctiveis

final letter of
and

irregularpresent subjunctivesare

Certain

formed

singular of

At, ssions, ssiez,ssent.

the

if formed

from

nt.

by dropping
the

the

past definite

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

302
Certain

so

uniform

that

them

is useful.

are

occasion

changes

a.

before

to

that of the

mute

double

often

singular,the

/. Stems
before

mute

253.
on

made

not

given are

are

Note
an

but

The

only

through the
3.

the

mute

ending.

the

succeeding lessons

that involve any form

rules of Sec. 251.

Tenses

all respects.
that

tenses

ever

offer any

tenses, that

are

present

the

imperative. The

after
irregularity

the

is,the present indicative

past definite of venir

if the

of the

first form

prevailsnot
irregularity

conditional

and

only through

future has
the

future

also.
of

regular verbs

Verbs

formed

full inflection

The

Verbs.

Compound

prepositionor

other

prefixto

of
conjugationthe peculiarities

become, from

from

the

pluraland

will be

found

on

432-433-

254.

to

the

tenses

that
particularly

Observe

irregularstem,

pages

singular.

exceptions.

apparent
2.

Note

In this and

with

regularin

subjunctive,and

tenir

third

before

given the

are

is known

first person

the

to

person

modify the stem vowel also.

apt to develop a liquidsound

are

in accordance

not

i.

third

of d

Forms.

Irregular

Note

the

the present

e.

verbs
irregular

and

in 1

ending

similar

consonant

the stems

Sometimes

e.

pluralof

irregular
present subjunctives.
single consonant
preceded by a

the

that

in

found
in

situations

e.

pluralgenerallyreverts to a form
similar correspondence of
A
c.
singularis apt to be
d. Stems
ending

verbs
irregular

the

of the first person

differs from

indicative

mute

of

Stem

with
familiarity

the stem

b. When

of the

Modifications

252.

envoyer.

venir; renvoyer

verb
the

stem

main

by combining a
usuallyfollow in
verb

thus

to
(re-envoyer),

send

devenir,

back,

ELEMENTARY

304

IDIOMATIC

; be

to go
aller,

be
cela

FORMS

(ofhealth); suit,

AND

les

fit well

becoming,

va

FRENCH

la

implied)

outre, besides
du

pas

at all

tout, not

EXERCISE

Form

all the

parts

Give

the
aller

synopsisof

s'en

present subjunctiveof s'en aller,

aller

neg.

past definite of aller,int.

imperfect subjunctive of

present subjunctiveof envoyer

past anterior of s'en aller
in French

3. Write
he is

going

to

send

he is

going

to

the

he is

going

away

he is

going

to

send

me

away

do

not

and

imperativeof

city

go

speak

without

him

he will send

go

away

for

me

he

they are
a

good

is

good

good

not

would

alone

will go

not

saying

he is well

it is

to

for the children

night

it goes

away
away

aller

yesterday
last

bed

s'en

"

his health

somebody
did she

aller,neg.-int.

I shall go

something

went

principal

"

synopsis of

go

whose

vaincre, vainquant, vaincu, vaincs, vainquis.

are

2.

of the verb

simple tenses

go

is

content

or

aller,to go away

business

the day (when duration

journe*e,

en

Drill

she

affaires/,the

out
dire,that goes with-

sans

saying
s'en

PHRASES

at

all

go ?

not

sending
watch

how

are

how

is she ?

you

s'en

IRREGULAR

4.

present, (b)past, (c)future

the

(a) in

Quand

Model

Le
ami

Tiens, bonjour,mon

tragediene
J'y

;
va

me

alle

serais

quelconque.

avec

si

vous

Allons

"

fauteuils d'orchestre.

leve-t-il?

va

huit heures.

Si

billets nous-memes.
et

les

places vont

Apres

la

bonne

idee.

etre

du

bientot

prises.

il m'a

joue

une

des

le rideau
?

se

Cela

"

chercher

nos

Allons, depechons-nous.

"

cafe

au

si

Jean,

Allons-nous-en.

bien, il est deja dix heures,

va

irons

vous

que

bons

Allons

"

message

chercher

sont

acteurs

pays.

montre

ma

representationnous

lettre dont

les

Et

"

dire; les meilleurs

sans

On

quelleheure

"

Une

"

#un

pensais pas

ne

ou

avant-hier.

une

Je vais envoyer

"

theatre

au

envoye

la Comedie-Francaise.

deux
billets,
"

je

elles iront

theatres.

voir

en

m'aviez

vous

Allons-y.

"

des

annonces

Je suis alle

tout.

derniere,

Jean, apporte-moi le

"

du

pas

irait-ild'aller

bien.

tres

va

mal, mais

vont

vous

voir les

vous

la semaine

que

grand plaisir.

je veux

Moliere.

de

Cela

"

Avec

"

Elles

"

neuf

chapeau

mais
le faire,
J'allais

"

e'tiez libre.

piece

forms,

Je vais mieux

affaires ?

soir ?
matin

journaldu

verb

correct

TheAtre

; votre

"

beaucoup mieux.

l'operace

"

sante

les

Et

"

bientot
a

la

va

merci.

305

me

II

Comment

ER

(envoyer)chercher, j'y (aller).Je (s'enaller)

tard.
partirde bonne heure. lis (arriver)
(aller)

on

vent.

sou

IN

paragraph below, using

the

Write

VERBS

mon

dis-lui que je la
parle',

de

la Paix.

chercher

envoie

pere

lui enverrai

en

Tres

"

la

rentrant.

Theme

Day
me

at

We

before

if it

yesterday my

would
(cela)

beautiful

and
dress

me

we

enjoyed
which

suited

ourselves

became

(/.)sent
and

(de)go

to

Franchise. That

the Comedie
went

suit

cousin

her

me

very
very

me
see

letter,asking

play

be
perfectly,

much.
well.

My
The

with

sure

cousin

orchestra

her
of it.

had
seats

306

ELEMENTARY

that

had

they

the tickets
do

given

her.

With

still giving that

play

very

order

been

not

all.

at
a

take my

to

for several

few

of the

days

Come'die

Rostand, but

to

go

b)is not

see

him

likes the

well.
if I

If

they are

tickets in

some

is

He

free.
an

going
I found

going

not

much

was

were

they were

his house

arrivingat

performance

theater,but he has

in the paper

seen

the

for

get

her the seats

to

his business

7,

I had

ago.

I shall send

because
3

them

to

gone

it is natural.

it. He

to

Francaise, and
on

for the

away

weeks

I should

ago.

home

John

had

saying that

actors

week,

next

Besides,he Qui,sec.

year

good

She

send

they

without

It goes

friend

situated.

when

such

good.

was

well

were

us

herself,because

always suit

not

FRENCH

to

well

healthier

I went

his

to

advertisement

give a play of

that he

had

gone

day.

Oral
1.

allez-vous le dimanche

Ou

bien ?

3. Allez-vous

d'aller

au

6.

manteau

sans

chez

vous

Ne

10.
vous

va-t-il pas

envoye
tableau

pour

chercher

envoyez-vous

L'OPERA:

truire

du

LE

est

Le

renomme.

ment

chercher

rendent

on

Grand

si

vous

en

maitre

vous

n'aviez

et lui

etait finie ?

ce

matin

bien?

rhume

Escalier, represente

le travail
accorde

14.

ici,et

de
une

l'Opera

comme

subvention

le

Foyer

pas

etant

annuelle.

une

Qui

L'Opera, qui fut treize ans

theatres
les plus fameux
du
monde.
mais
l'interieur
est
plus imposant,
encore

peut

Avez-

11.

15. L'en-

des

un

allez-

en

ESCALIER.

est

envoie-t-il les eleves

n'allez pas

qu'un

alliez

vous

difficile?

a-t-ilenvoye

pendant les longs entr'actes, n'ont

considere

peuple

ne

13. Y

quand

GRAND

(1861-1874),

exterieur

se

reciter ?

Le

est

derniere

vous

si la lecon

lecon

cette
12.

si

irait-il

vous

alle la semaine

iriez-vous

dire que

sans

4. Cela

an

n'alliez pas

vous

quelle heure

8. A

en

lettre hier?

une

verriez-vous

9. Vous

vous

un

si

7. Geleriez-vous

hiver?

en

etes-vous

soir?

ce

Iriez-vous

2.

qu'ily

soir ? 5. Y

ce

Qu'allez-vous faire

l'ecole

au

theatre

mieux

ou

d'egaux.

cons-

Son

plus

les spectateurs
Le

partie de

gouverne-

Peducation

L'OP^RA:

LE

GRAND

ESCALIER

ELEMENTARY

308

FRENCH

Resume
brother

Is your

i.

hopes
is he

to

going

morning.
entered
and

suit him.

evening?

9. If

noise; go away

price of

hats

town.

is

Where,

16. If I had

call you

seen

Of

up

had

if he is

they start
What

there ;

one

store

is

not

of them

is

259.

servir,to

I shall send

to

going

to the

to

send

the

ball

to

the seashore.

let

us

go

home.

have

country.

it to

go

too

the

should

we

going

Of

thinking?
sister

much

too

away,

him.

17. We
will

18. He

sleepy. 19.

Are

there?

Tragedies

20.

being played there

you

going
are

now.

FORTY-FOUR
VERBS

IN

IR

Partir, to start, partant, parti,pars,

Similarlydormir,
;

are

am

being played

IRREGULAR

smell

gone

We

I should

in this

need

we

not

does

speak Monday

to

taking his

ago

has

making

you

she

week
he

soon,

are

are

is

quickly!

enough,

LESSON

258.

what

He

12.

mother

4. Get

money

theater?

the

often

when

11.

John's grammar?

find what

never

to

Children, you

shoes.
our

home

come

when

one

going

10.

once.

13. If

evening.

stayed in
15.

and

is

tomorrow

the restaurant

away
the

He

2.

3. When

her

to

go

went

senators
not

for

us

gold watch;

does

francs.
at

friends

of the

son

my

? Let

well.

o'clock

ten

send

to

hungry

you

buying

8. Which

hundred

two

this

is

7. He

going

letter.

if all goes

leave before

to

6. Our

something.

sending him

am

evening

was

5. Are

room.

Thursday.

him

hopes

brother

My

4.

the

eat

not

? He

away

this

the theater

to

go

home

at

sleep;

to

serve

Courir, to run,

mentir, to

sortir,to go

out

courant, couru,
Fut.

je courrai

partis.

lie ; sentir, to
se

cours,

feel,

repentir,to repent.
courus.

VERBS

IRREGULAR

260.

to

Ouvrir,

cover

Venir, to come,

Sec.

See

Note.

IR

309
ouvris.

open, ouvrant, ouvert, ouvre,

Similarlycouvrir, to
261.

IN

venant,

b, c, d,

252,

to suffer.
to offer; souffrir,
offrir,

viens, vins.

venu,

e.

Similarlytenir, to hold.
262.

Je

de with

Venir
viens

an

infinitive
/

partir.

de

to
signifies

have

just.

just started (am coming

have

from starting).
Je

venais

de

partir.

just started (was coming

had

from starting).
Note.

acheter

Venez
II est

263.
Pres.

is also followed

Venir

des

livres.

Mourir,

die, mourant,

to

Ind.

infinitive

Come

to
came

mort,

directiy.

buy (and buy)

to

meurs,

mourns.

je meurs

nous

mourons

tu

vous

mourez

meurs

Subj.

ils meurent

je meure

nous

mourions

tu

vous

mouriez

meures

ils meurent

il meure
See

Sec.

252,

b, c.

some

books.

buy (and bought)

je mourrai

Fut.

Note.

the

He

l'acheter.

venu

il meurt

Pres.

by

it.

ELEMENTARY

3io

COMPOUND

FRENCH

VERBS

"

peine, scarcely

appartenir,
apres

to

belong

after

que,

se

jl

FORMS

se

sentir

bien, to feel

se

servir

de, to

self

(conj.)

devenir, to become

s'endormir, to

IDIOMATIC

go

sleep

(serveone's

use

with)
insist upon,

tenir a, to
to

well

be

eager

to

repentir de, to repent of

compris, including

EXERCISE

*"f

Give

i.

the

"

synopsisof

tenir

present indicative of servir

synopsisof

mourir

conditional

of mourir

present indicative of mentir

imperfectsubjunctiveof

past definite of tenir

present indicative of

present subjunctiveof offrir

past indefinite of s'ouvrir

into French

Translate

2.

he

sleeps

she

would

we
run

you

they come
Give

3.

pres. ind.
pres.

you

the

have

suffered

thou

came

she has gone

sentir

pres.

subj.2d plu.of

courir

pres. ind.

Translate

justdied

he used

they are
does

he

die

his

two

my

mourir

and

come

old

carriage?

do you
go

to

hands

repent of it

to

they insist

to us

becoming
use

3d plu.of

venir

into French

he had

belonged

out

past def. 2d plu.of venir

I used

to

dost lie

subj.3d sing,of

justdied

going

covering

am

will die

he has

it

"

of offrir
past participle

he is

repentir

se

"

3d sing,of

4.

mourir

on

running

eat

repent of your

sleep

vices ?

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

312

dining-room, where
found

letter from

brother,which
arrived.
at

from

will

Paris, where

had

gone

to

sickness

"

one

Les

ponts

l'attention

Paris

de

qui

d\me
II est

en

jet^s sur

arche

orne

de

d'environ
groupes

les quatre

l'Expositionde

pour

souvenir

fit avec
durait

de

ce
qu'utile,

en

trente

la

Seine,

et

traite

1914.

Beau

aux

reunit

et
est

un

fait

vingt metres.
allegoriques qui en

coins.

1900

eager

In this

used

they

brother

to

has

ground

ered
cov-

since

in France.

been

chases

II fut construit
est

de

les

Invalides

ainsi

from
(courir)

en

meme

of the country

the

other, and

qui
lequel

one

feels in his letters that

he

does

not

regret his
he

travels. When
he will have

things. I

nomme

Russie

d'alliance

end

dre
Alexan-

cent

un

pont

pont

des

l'empereur

la France
encore

pas

Le

nouveau

ete

seule

embellissent

manquent

voyageurs.

ont

been

My

d'attirer
to

des

III, le plus
ponts

ne

who

III

ALEXANDRE

PONT

and

Underwood

He
LE

ous
seri-

always together.

out

he has
Underwood

was

very much.

much

one

him, for he liked

see

country

My

he

recently.
had

just

who

sufferingfrom

go

in

see

of his friends

him

come

has

He

brother

it

opened

left

to

just

France

month.

died

my

had

He

once.

back

see

The

all

seen

am

dies,
many

eager

that

to

myself.

opportunity

will

temps

Champs-filysees

come
some

for

me

perhaps

(un) day.

IRREGULAR

VERBS

IN

IR

313

Oral

Quand partez-vous

1.

je

de

pars

l'ecole

avant

3. Courez-vous

si

si

e'tiez en

vous

vous

les yeux
la lecon

8. Vous

9. Viendriez-vous
enverriez-vous
mander?
ce

vous

Veniez-vous

de

chez

ici

rester

servez-vous

voir si

me

les

pendant

viens

je

de-

vous

Tenez-

14.

De

15.

Qui

arrive ici

malade?
j'e'tais

vacances?

soir ?

10.

de
etes

vous

j'allais

ce

bien ?

pas

quand

vous

si

the'atre pour

Qu'est-ceque

11.

livre pour

chaise

une

sentiez

vous

ouvert

votre

place au

une

ne

13. Viendriez-vous

offert

4. Courriez-

avez-vous

ouvrez-vous

que

partis?

sont

l'ecole ?

quelleheure

5. A

Est-ce

2.

eleves

pour

7. M'offririez-vous

a-t-on

ici si

les

que

quellepage

chercher?

12.

matin

vous

6. A

l'ecole?

pour

retard

en

retard ?

vous

apres

etes

?
d'aujourd'hui

voir ?

vous

ou

vous

matin

ce

de chez

quoi

vous

ecrire?

pour

Resume
1

Does

he

not

for France

start

at 9.

5 this

sleeplate mornings, especially

Sundays.
arrived

from

they need
running
my

hats,they will
school

to

book, and

the

grippe ;

we

have

people

was

you

you

just bought

never

eager

and

buy

to

broke

his.

ever
were

get up

suffered
built
every

used

the book

friend whom

August.
I

saw

I met

not

of which

in Canada

Europe.

it ?

hundred
in

is

justtaken

evening

I will

17. The

clock

sufferingfrom
houses

come

had

Many

10.

Children

11.

13. Have

1799.

14,

if he is
to

which

George Washington

4. Don't

prudent.

15. The

speaking to

coming

of the

name

ago.

years

Dec.

4. When

has

large cities.

died
was

is

just

5. While

9. The

12.

always

store.

the

father

My

his cold

die from

16. Tomorrow
in

my

know

you

I
.

years.

leg. 6. John

from

year

and

at

soldiers have

two

them

earlymornings.

presidentfor eight years,

ever

8.

3. The

been

his

7. Do

last year ?

accidents

be afraid ; he will

what

have

come

using

am

have

die from

they

he fell and

his class used

grammar

are

France, where

morning ?

visit
and

me

you

on

the

describe

just struck

three

9th of
to

you

when

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

314
started.

she

going

bed.

to

19.

If he

just closed

is

not

the

window;

he
sieepy,

too

will

now

to

run

we

are

the fire.

lies,he always repents of it.

he

When

20.

have

18. We

REVIEW
Forty-two

Lessons

A.

1.

all forms

Name

Forty-four

to

General

Drill

in which

verbs

in

cer

and

ger

undergo

orthographicchange.
endings found in the first conjugation.
in conjugatingverbs ending in yer?
change occurs
does it depend on the preceding
it occur
? How
the mute

Name

2.

3. What
does

Where

vowel
4
but

one

havingi in the last syllable

having e in that position?
and
ter are
exceptionalin

does the inflection of verbs

How
.

that of verbs

differ from
verbs

5. What

ending

in ler

conjugation?
verbs

6. Name

Note;

252,

b\

#;

illustrate

that
c;

d\

Sec.
respectively

the

principalparts

8. Give

the

synopsisof

of partir, sortir,tenir, ouvrir.

aller,envoyer,

s'appeler,courir,venir,

mourir.

pres.
imv.

the

subj.of

"

aller

imp. of

pres.

subj.of

mener

pres. ind. of tenir

of aller

pret. of venir

manger

cond.

of

pres. ind. of s'en aller,int.

pres.

subj.of

pres. ind. of payer

pres. ind. of mourir

pres. ind. of mentir

imv.

pres.

subj.of

renvoyer

g,

e.

7. Give

9. Give

251,

espe*rer
mourir

of s'appeler

1 1

he

Translate

going
like

do you

had

she had

bring me

early?

bring him

it

go

for these books

us

pay

he get up

he is

coming

send

for

me

early?
visit

to

early

me

chum

me

them

pardon

never

she asked

for the flowers

me

they insist on

the boat

to

you

for my

I shall

away

away

used

with

does

I went

belong

to

the book

it back

John

gone

I have

bed

to

go

used

the boat

justeaten

and

us

"

it

send

to

just offered

he has

let

to

is

name

come

send

to

going

they were

you

French

into

like partir ? ouvrir

inflected

are

315

was

his

verbs

What

10.

XLII-XLIV-

LESSONS

REVIEW,

stopping

(a) Insert the correct verb forms in the paragraph

and rewrite ; (c)change ma
below ; (b)change hier to demain
12.

to

sceur

and

nous

Hier

ma

rewrite

la ville. Elle

(partir)
pour

sceur

six heures.

(selever)a

vite,et (manger)
(dormir).Elle (s'habiller)
elle (tenir)
elle est (tomber),mais
a
En
(partir).
(sortir)
peu.
modiste, qu'elle(payer)
(Arriver)a la ville,elle (employer)une
Mme
de suite. Celle-ci (s'appeler)
tout
Lapaille. Elle (venir)de
bien

Elle n'avait

pas

de
(arriver)

Paris.

Alors

B. Translate
1

2.

4. What

is your

5. These

son.

which

6. You
7. As

has

poor, but

are

away
name,

have

men

today at
God

We

friend went

My

meat.

to

French

into

he

used

his children

send

to

years ago.
3.

school

's the

There

(s'enaller).

sceur

ma

my

no

will not

soon

as

at

we

half past

get up

we

call,send him

all that

we

have.

soon

What

you

as

them
go

to

me.

8. I

am

well.

9. Let

us

to

1 o.

she had

some

Many

bed

arisen.

dogs

have

bread
so

and

late,my

going
not

have.

we

pretty hat you

justgave

early if

quarter of five,if all goes

given us

four,as

littlegirl?

money

satisfied with what

are

to start

forgetthat

that bark

bite

316
also,but

all.

not

(de)eleven

than

bring

it to

home, and
for

sent

father

had

has

given

has

He

n.

he

years;
this

me

or

formerly the

he

Devoir,
Ind.

to

black
the

VERBS

Subj.

Pres.

devant, du

owe,

My
come
be-

somebody

(/. due), dois, dus.

devons

dois

vous

devez

ils doivent

je doive
doives

See

265.

Devoir

To

devions

vous

deviez

"",c.

Sec. 252,

Note.

nous

ils doivent

il doive

is used

standpoint of duty.

the

obligationfrom

express

general principleis involved,

particularinstance, the
; if a

the

present

is

conditional

is

always
more

found.

commonly

People ought
bed

has

OIR

nous

tu

used

at

je devrai

Fut.

14.

it has

giftswhich

IN

il doit

If

and
?

one

hair, but

je dois
tu

a.

himself

the young

or

use

hurt

shall be

FORTY-FIVE

IRREGULAR

Pres.

has

If you

12.

more

LESSON

264.

one

not

them.

morning,

tomorrow

beautiful

most

15. Will

now.

without

for it. 13. He

you

of his clerks for

two

do

cannot

Which, the old

doctor.

him

employed

evening

I will pay

white

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

"

to

(should)go

to

doit

On

se

coucher de bonne

heure.

early.

He

ought

to

He

ought

not

b. To

go

to bed

to have

express

circumstances.

now.

remained.

II devrait
II

which
probability

'await

se

coucher

pas du

is inferred

maintenant.

rester.

from

known

late ; you

It is very

be

must

heard

wept when

what

express

am

was

to

start

to

be

entendu

done

in

Je devais

Ind.

cela.

accordance

with

je recois

nous

recevons

recois

vous

recevez

ils recoivent

je recevrai

Fut.
Pres.

je recoive

Subj.

recoives

tu

il recoive
Note

verbs

Before

2.

Pres.

and

in cevoir
like

Verbs

distinct

267.

ending

Note

are

Pouvoir,

to

be

(puis)

peux

je pourrai

Imv.

(wanting)
je puisse
tu puisses
il puisse

See

cedilla. Also

see

Sec. 252,

sometimes

Sec.

252,

pouvant,

pu,

peux

b,c.

fied
classi-

nous

pouvons

vous

pouvez

(puis),pus.

ils peuvent

Fut.

Subj.

receviez

conjugated.
similarly

able, can,

il peut

Pres.

takes

vous

recevoir,including devoir, are

je peux

Ind.

recevions

ils recoivent

the

nous

conjugation.

tu

Note.

vous

partir hier.

il recoit

pleurerquand

Je dots partir demain.

yesterday.

tu

as

avoir

Recevoir, to receive \ recevant, recu, recois,recus.

Pres.

All

devez

vous

plan.

tomorrow.

start

266.

is to

du

avez

avez

destiny or

some

Vous

you

that

To

c.

317

sommeil.
have

must

OIR

7/ est tres tard;

sleepy.
You

IN

VERBS

IRREGULAR

b.

nous

puissions

vous

puissiez

ils puissent

ELEMENTARY

318
268.

Savoir, to know,

FRENCH

sachant, su, sais, sus.

nous

savons

vous

savez

ils savent

sachons
sachez
Note

When

i.

in

can

of know

how

infinitive

directly.

mental
English signifies

to, it is rendered

in

Je sais parlerfra^ais.
Je suis malade

je

et

ne

I can

puis

With

2.

is often omitted.

269.

am

Voir,

Pres.

pouvoir and savoir

See

by savoir, followed
(know how
sick and

Ind.

the

pas

I cannot

of the

voyant, vu,

by

an

French.

(am

able

not

je vois

nous

voyons

vois

vous

voyez

Subj.

voies

pas

See

Sec. 252,

COMPOUND

la-bas,over
revenir,to

VERBS

"

la boite

there,yonder

mettre

back

faire

jour de Pan, New

vous

voyiez

Year's

FORMS

IDIOMATIC

le bureau

time

come

voyions

a.

apercevoir, to perceive
on

nous

ils voient

il voie

temps,

ils voient

je voie
tu

Note.

je verrai

Fut.
Pres.

negativene

vois, vis.

il voit

le

to) speak

sense

Sec. 330.

to see,

tu

the

to) speak.

parler.
Note

French

in
ability

lettres,the letter box

aux

de poste, the
a

post office

la poste, to

recommander,

registered

post
to

have

ELEMENTARY

320

FRENCH

Model

La

Poste

Je viens d'ecrire des lettres

demeurent

qui

devraient

(ought)meme

recevront

pas

attendre

plus

lettres que
achete

hier et
la

dans

Parce

deux.

que

de

Eh

"

poste parce

qu'ily

courrier part

! les voici. Viens

heures.

Nous

une

Non, je ne

"

moi.

avec

quatre heures

est

peux

sous

il y

ou

en

la.

est

cinq sous

"

les lettres

sur

et

Je n'en ai

"

lettres

mes

les trouver.

la

Le

Vois-tu

temps.

"

faire recommander.

pas

mes

Non

"

boite

timbres
lettres ?

aux

Le

(que) le bureau de
pourrionsy arriver avant

ne

J'ai mes

et demie.

pas

Heureusement
nous

y voici.

de

mettre

je vais

que

Je n'en ai

etrangers.

J'iraimoi-meme

y a-t-ilune

guichet. Ou

cinq

les pays

pour

poste n'est pas loin,autrement

cinq

de

suite

enveloppes les

savais

Pourquoi

"

de

tout

si Marie

Voyons

cinq heures, jepourraiarriver

le salon ?

gants dans
Ah

en

ici ?

timbre

un

bien !

les

aujourd'hui.Si je

sous

les cartes

sur

dans

mettre

du

j'en recevrais

et

repondre

les

ne

Je n'aurais pas

beaucoup,
a

servirais.

cinq

doit mettre

sous

Je vais

repens

maison, je m'en

qu'on

deux

je m'en

recois

Fan.

Elles

amis

mes

Je n'ai pas de timbres.

la.

voyez

timbres

a-t-ildes

de

vous

lues.

ete

de

jour

amis

mes

partir bientot.

partiesou

m'habituer

je pouvais

qu'ellesont

apres

si

postalesa

cartes

doivent

etre

le

pour

longtemps. J 'en

si

encore

deja

temps

Elles

France.

en

des

et

courrier

j'aiachetes

que

Ah

en

n'est pas

voici

au

II

une..

"
parti.

encore

Theme
Here

is the

letter box.

We

"Ah!
in
an

our

envelope

It is from
two

weeks

know
He
he

my

with

five-cent

Let

us

come

enjoying himself.

back
I

am

to

come

in time

going

times

must

whom
he

just put

three
It

stamp.

what

see

has

the mail

Charles, from

he will be able

will,however,
is

receive

friend

ago.

whether

who

postman,

come

I received
has

back

to

in

say.

write

Here

from

France.

another
He

Year's.
him

is

day.

does

(avant)two

for New
to

letters

some

letter
not

months.
see

that

long letter,

IRREGULAR

I shall afterward

which

postalcards

some

which

have

to

am

it with

receive
time.

Let

If

only

we

knew

please. Could
it

where
he

I have

the

been

clerk

where

you

door, sir }"

"I

ask

and
"

letter
but

him.

will

He

for

is the stamp

is ?

long

window.
for what

him

two-cent

"Do

one,
not

you

it,thank

you."

sauriez-vous

si

see

buy

to

-it sooner,

owe

could

the box

able

it to him

owing

is,we

be

sent

is. Six five-cent stamps

that

near

have

to

It is money

time.

321

also another

I have

more.

post office. There

the

I ask

there

over

it on

OIR

I shall thus

registered.I ought

to

go

There

want.

we

n't any

pleasure,for

us

IN

mail.

to

go

; I have

father will receive

my

VERBS

see

Oral
Savez-vous

1.

Paviez

etudie'e?

pas

venais

je

8. Combien
du

vous

de

12.

Pouvez-vous

sept heures

bientot?

on

14.

chanter

matin?

ce

9. Recevez-

ici dimanche

poste

partirde

du

lettre

le facteur ?

de

Payeriez-

recevriez-vous

verrez-vous

bureau

au

ne

l'etudier

5.

lettre importante

une

demie?

Savez-vous

Me

1 o.

6. Me
une

recu

voyez-vous

auriez-vous
et

deviez?

en

quand

aller d'ici

quelleheure

jour

le dimanche

doit-on faire

Que

a quelqu'un ?
l'argent

lui

vous

devez-vous

temps

7. Avez-vous

fois par

courrier

1 1.

13. A

voir?

vous

de

de

vous

La

2.

Combien

3.

tailleur si

votre

vous

ici

lecon?

cette

la savoir ? 4. Devez-vous

pour

si

bien

cinq

en

chez

vous

Devons-nous

envoyer

minutes?
arriver

pour

quitter la

classe

Resume

to take

was

to

brother

My

1.

should
tomorrow

4.

ought

not

to

this

have

at

be

11.

we

15

able

to

Europe

to

the

have

for

our

to

go

is sick and

?
know
to

next

3. Children

room.

gone

a. m.

ought

for

start

mother

My

all that

use

dressing. 9.
will

to

place in

be well.

5. You

is

8. I

the

ought

ought

not

friends.

to

come

speak

theater

7. Are
down
French

if his dress

2.

The

ball

to

get up early

to

stay longer.

post office before

cannot

how

Friday.

7.30.

you

to

now;
soon.

6. We
him

see

I
10.

suit does

am

He
not

ELEMENTARY

322
come.

ii.

People ought

12.

send

you

the

me.

work, but he
I

have

You

more

go

to

in

two

not

build

you

how

what

Ind.

hopes

can

of whom

times

many

when

owe

; I

day

you

go

ceive
re-

ought

that I shall

VERBS

IN

see

vaux,

the postman
to town.

valus.

nous

valons

tu

vous

valez

vaux

ils valent

je vaudrai
Subj.

je vaille
vailles

il vaille
See

Sec.

nous

valions

vous

valiez

ils vaillent

252,/i

Vouloir, to wish, want,

voulant, voulu, veux,

to

him

OIR

je vaux

tu

271.

4. He

man

stamps

no

Valoir, to be worth, valant, valu,

Fut.

Note.

is the

FORTY-SIX

il vaut

Pres.

you

13. Will

but I should
letters,

some

17. I have

know

pay

IRREGULAR

Pres.

15. There

hungry.

do.

they

they come

as

18. He

some.

Please

20.

soon

them.

buy

19. Do

as

be

must

you

of what

16. I receive

LESSON

270.

ashamed

house.

if I answered

the office and

comes

be

to

photographs

cannot

weeks.

nothing today;

eaten

just speaking.

was

FRENCH

voulus.

IRREGULAR

Note

i.

See

Note

2.

The

rarelyused.
enough to.
Veuillez

by

forms

of

the

forms

imperative inclosed

have

Will

Please

have

you

have

you

272.

in the

give

bread

some

Voulez-vons

Asseoir, to seat, asseyant,

Note.

273.

parentheses

are

me.

wish

is translated

does

change

not

be

Falloir, to

du

pain

assis, assieds, assis.

j'assierai
(asseyerai)
to

i before

mute

e.

(pres. part, wanting),fallu,

necessary,

faut, il faUut.
Imp.

il fallait

Fut.

il faudra

Pres.

Note

i.

See

Note

2.

Falloir

the

third

274.

Sec.

252,/

is

an

by

emphasis on
is
a

verb

impersonal

Falloir is followed

this person

il faille

Subj.

the

expressed by

pronoun.

me

and

noun

often

in

qu'ilspartent {subj.).
a

temps.

faut partir

fallu le payer.

it is

when

pressed
ex-

by the infinitive in general

with unemphatic pronouns.

It

six heures.

They

must

/ must

for

to

start

on

time.

at six o'clock.

have

{itwas

it.

start

start.

start

had

John

start).

must

It is necessary

We

that

is necessary

We shall
Ilfaudraquenouspartions(.fz^'.).
a

only

It is followed

Jean parte {subj.).

II faut partir

is found

the

{John
II faut

is,it

subjunctive(Sec.303) when
person concerned, as alwayswhen

by

statements, and also sometimes

II faut que

; that

singular.

person

there is any

II

it to

of do you

sense

Fut.

II

in

vouloir.

Will

il

323

the meaning please, be good

ordinarily

le donner.

3.

OIR

252, b, c,f.

Its other

me

Note

Sec.

IN

VERBS

to start.
to pay
necessary)

ELEMENTARY

324
Note

denotes

Falloir

be

must

obligationfrom

FRENCH

carefully
distinguishedfrom

the

devoir.

Falloir

standpoint of necessity; devoir, from

the

standpoint of duty.
You

obey
law must
be obeyed.
must
start early.

The
You

Note
He

to (must)

ought

needs

I need

another

is translated

IDIOMATIC

borgne, blind in

one

FORMS

eye

again

de nouveau,

faut partir de

vous

when

faut

encore

II

me

faut

tin

AND

pere.

mon

vouloir

dire,to

rire,to joke

a, to

steal from

en

vouloir

mean

a, to

have

grudge

against

be better

etre

en

vente,

to

be

on

sale

EXERCISE

Drill
1.

bien, to be willing

voler

to

crayon.
cheval.

autre

vouloir

vouloir

mieux,

heure.

PHRASES

obey

valoir

ten

habit

un

bonne

follows.
directly

noun

lui

a, to

s'asseoir,to

la loi.

ob"r

sit down

Dieu.

obeir

Ilfaut

coat.

obeir

Ilfaut

need

(a different)horse.

needs

devez

Vous

(one more) pencil.

another

father

My

Falloir

2.

God.

Give

the

"

synopsisof

vouloir

present indicative of asseoir

synopsisof

s'asseoir

present subjunctiveof s'asseoir

present indicative of valoir

present subjunctiveof valoir

of vouloir
present subjunctive

conditional

2.

Locate

voudrait

vaille

valions

vaudras

je m'assis

asseyons

valut

2d

the

sing,of

conditional
pres.

"

faudra

3. Give
imv.

of falloir

"

vouloir

3d plu.of

asseoir

subj.3d sing,of

imp. subj.3d plu.of

plu.of

valoir

imp.

1st

pres.

subj.1st plu.of

vouloir

falloir

pres. ind.

3d plu.of

vouloir

s'asseoir

pres. ind.

3d plu.of

valoir

IRREGULAR

4. Translate
it is worth

VERBS

French

into

it is better to work
he wants
he is
I

work

to

work

willingto

mean

brother

your

I have

grudge againstyour

brother
he has

"

325

you

ought

you

had

you

will have

to

to

run

now

run

to

he needs

another

shall you

buy

run

cup
cup ?

will you

bring a

will you

have

cup ?

he

was

seated

it belongs to her

he

was

down
sitting

he

obeys

must

run

he stole the horse

you

have

run

he stole it from

friend

must

run

Cheval

Le

him

joking

are

you

Model

tea

the teacher

you

your

of

cup

please stay

grudge againstthem

OIR

"

francs

ten

IN

Vole

avait vole' a

On
Comme

il

enfin

son

cheval

est

moi

"

autre, il lui fallut

un

Pendant
vole

dit-ila

parmi

On

"

l'homme
Fa vole

me

qui etaient

ceux

etait assis pres

qui
il y

trois

reponditFautre," je Fai depuis trois

le paysan
cheval.

"

mencait

sa

Voyons,

de

attirer

une

repondre
ota

main

et
"
,

Foeil droit.

"

n'est

le paysan,

cet

"

Foeil

gauche

Vous

II vaudrait

Fautre

de

Foeil droit ni de

main.

"I1

cheval

le

pour

voulez

est

et

La

?"
et

rire",

Foeil

"

Oh

je voulais

mieux

devait

le voleur

"

gauche

paysan
!

je me

dire de

taire.

vous

que

du

dispute com-

brillant.

evident

yeux

dit-il. Le

"

suite ;

tout

ni de

cheval

Ce

les deux

sur

borgne

oeil gauche e'taitclair

mentez.

"

Vous

grande,

assez

De

foire,il vit

oeil est-il

foule

foire

une

Impossible" repondit

"

Fautre
re'pondit

borgne

otant

ans.

de

du

"

les mains

coup

quel

hesitation.

sans

suis trompe

cheval

placant tout

en

jours.

vente.

en

francs.

cents

rendre

se

qu'ilparcouraitle champ

garden

cheval,qui valait deux

un

paysan

voulait

en

l'acheter.

pour

un

"

vous

Le

dit alors
,

6tes

un

326

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

II faut que

voleur.

rendiez

me

cheval,et

mon

alliez

vous

que

devant

vous

moi

avec

magistrate

un

Theme
Several

years

stole

man

horse

ago

from

"

another

wanted
he

who
latter,

The

peasant.

needed

it

for it a

found

Tres

pittoresques

principalement
se

rendent,

places
teurs

les

du

province.

en

date

une

villageou

qualites

maquignons
leurvient

des

bestiaux

fermiers,

et

generalement

se

facon

continue

oil,sous
chaleur

d'une

ou

souvent

de
l'esprit
du

avec

La

autre.

worth

much

The

peasant

went

camaraderie

ecouter,

se

decider

discussion

espere

client

cree

que

"

eyes

"

Let

of the

us

horse.

"

The

two

animal.

the

peasant, "and
who

is seated
The

the

man

there is the

other

immediately,when

replied
he

saw

la

recalcitrant

horse

the

horse," said the

It is my

thief."

conclure

see," continued

and got

magistrate,and

the

magistrate,

horse

is

mine, and

belonged
years."

money.

un

plus proche cabaret,

au

son

bleue, qui

peut

ne

it said

had

itwas

approached

Ces

ont

The

des

vendre.

genoux,

they had
sale, and

who

man

amusant

vin, le fermier

le marche

une

had

fair,he

on

was

comparaison,

blouse

en
aux

langage quelquefois bien

surtout
lorsque l'acheteur
d'une

paysans

sur

the

la ville,oil les ache-

apprecier, par

peuvent

Les

donnee,

de

bestiaux,

one

him.

from

horse

foires

ces

at

the horse

stolen
BESTIAUX

in

(que) he

just arrived

FOIRE

work

long time, and

when

day

LA

for

(aux) fields,looked

the

to

one,

the peasant, and

is blind

in

one

to

me

"

This
it has

for three

he covered
eye ; which

both
is

it,

328

ELEMENTARY

the tablecloth
become

rich.

did

not

wish

for

myself;

that you

to

do

had

it.

will you

have

their officers.

18. I will not

20.

Please

what

sit

has
I

VERBS

what

you

always obey
before

town

for the doctor.

speaking.

was

RE

nais

nous

naissons

vous

naissez

ils naissent

je naitrai

Fut.

276.

go

bought

naissant, n6, nais, naquis.

il halt

Note.

be in

to

IN

je nais
tu

know

not

to

they

FORTY-SEVEN

Naitre, to be bom,
Ind.

which

to

us

but

money,

stamps

I have

of which

papers

some

17. Soldiers must

down;

IRREGULAR

Pres.

for

necessary

16. I do

says that he

LESSON

275.

for

the

are

have

we

boy

the

give me

him

some?

want

19. The

ask

to

15. Here

need; do you

eighto'clock.

13. It is not

bought?

They

14.

FRENCH

The

Connaitre, to know,
Ind.

Pres.

ai before

has
syllable

stem

t.

connaissant, connu,

connais,

je connais

nous

connaissons

connais

vous

connaissez

tu

ils connaissent

il connait
has
syllable

Note

i.

The

Note

2.

Connaitre,to

stem

know

connus.

ai before

person

t.

savoir, to know

fact.

Similarly
paraitre,to appear.
277.

Mettre,

278.

Craindre,

all
Similarly

to

put, mettant, mis, mets, mis.

to

verbs

fear, craignant, craint, crains, craignis.

ending

in aindre,eindre,oindre.

279.

Prendre,

je prends

nous

prenons

prends

vous

prenez

tu

Subj.

Pres.

il prend

ils prennent

je prenne

nous

tu

vous

prennes

See

280.

Dire,

tell,disant, dit, dis, dis.

say,

je dis

Ind.

Pres.

tu

dis

Compounds

of the

nous

disons

vous

dites

ils disent

il dit
Note.

of dire

regular in the

are

present indicative,except

"crire,to write,

282.

Lire, to read, lisant, lu, lis, lus.

COMPOUND

VERBS

"

IDIOMATIC

de vue,

FORMS

by sight

atteindre,to reach

pendant que, while

peindre, to paint

se

mettre

se

moquer

comprendre,
apprendre,

to

to

plural

person

Scrivant, 6crit,6cris,"crivis.

admit

to

second

again.

redire,to say

281.

admettre,

preniez

252, d.

Sec.

to

prenions

ils prennent

il prenne
Note.

329

take, prenant, pris, prends, pris.

to

Ind.

Pres.

RE

IN

VERBS

IRREGULAR

understand

entendre

learn

enseigner, to teach

aux

a, to

begin

de, to make

sport of

parler, to hear tell

d^pens de, at the expense

of

EXERCISE

Drin
i.

Give

the

"

synopsisof prendre

present subjunctiveof ecrire

synopsisof

imperfectsubjunctiveof

atteindre

lire

present indicative of paraitre

present indicative of

past definite of craindre

present indicative of naitre

present indicative of dire

present subjunctiveof prendre

mettre

ELEMENTARY

330

he knows
she

into French

Translate

2.

me

not

they are
you

taking

3. Give

the

subj.3d plu.of

pres.

subj. 1st plu.of prendre

craindre

past def. 2d plu.of dire

the

subj.2d sing,of
Translate

king

I know

we

begin

we

began

to
to

you

reading?

does

he know

imp.

2d

what

plu.of

you

say ?

naitre

imp. subj.3d sing,of

admettre

subj. 3d sing,

pres.

of

com-

prendre

he is

learningthe

he will teach

from

the barn

fear

tell him
you

read

5. Write,

(b)in

written

verbs

them

say that to her

understand

do you

tense

there

you

the horse

take

he had

"crire

here

born

was

writing

into French

born

was

was

"

pres.

4.

say

are

say

pres.

"

we

puts

fear

FRENCH

that

appear

sick

during the day

this ?

insertingcorrect

while

verb

the

day

lasts

forms, (a) in

the

present

of infinitives and participles,

also,except in the case
the past indefinite,
and (c)in the conditional :

exercices.
Nous
le
nos
(falloir)
(ecrire)
(savoir)(lire)
fran'cais. Nous
histoire. En (lire)
une
on
(lire)
(apprendre)(lire).
histoire aujourd'hui.II (valoir)
Nous
cette
mieux
(vouloir)
(finir)
le maitre, que nous
bien (travailler).
Nous
(craindre)
(connaitre)
bien. II (paraitre)
Nous
lui (obe'ir)
nous
en
(vouloir).
toujours.
Ne le (dire)
vous
pas ?
II

nous

IRREGULAR

VERBS

Model
omnibus

les tramways

et

fixe de voyageurs.

la

Ce

qui

dire

done

de

quoi ?
voir

cher.

cela,mon

chaque

omnibus

! C'est

s'amuser

il lui fallut quitterParis,et iln'a

Que

"

un

veut

depens

aux

visite ?

Visite

"

; il vous

faut

quelques jours

le conducteur

mot, mais

les omnibus

suivre

jour

charmant

mit

se

voyageur

un

sur

encore

pas

endroit

un

L'Americain

"

qui portaitce

jamais. Enfin

Pavez

ne

Un

Paris

si souvent

je vois

que

vous

Mais, Complet

"

sejourh

son

met

Complet.

mot

dit

coutume

Pautre, qui vit l'occasion de

ami, comment,

son

ecrit le

personne.

cette

pas

de

Complet

dit

Comment,

n'admettra

commencement

mot

ce

Ton

que

qu'un nombre

atteinte,le conducteur

est

laquelleest

sur

connaissait

ne

amis, au

ses

pancarte

dire

veut

americain

"

331

Paris n'admettent

la limite

Quand

portiereune

mot

de

RE

Complet

Les

IN

l'admettait

ne

pointvu

Complet*.

"

Theme

tell of

Complet

"

Where

day
is

'

he

said

Complet

'

to

wanted
admit

to

there

go

me,"

Paris," continued
Take

an

omnibus

Complet,' and
had

omnibus

place. At
and

said
and

you

last he

he left the

have

the
or

tell

will

tramcar

easilyfind
to

which

saw

that the

city;

but he had

the

at

It

once.

yet ?

"

he

"I

to

have

would

not
are

you

in

visit it.
the

that the

began

"

What!

Americans
is written

be

must

there."

place." All

him, and

of the

by sight:

conductor

the

which

on

word

the

Visit it while

"All

know

not

knew

there

the
"

did

what

he

go

been

times, but

true

tramcar

whom

(itto)me

not

you

who

the omnibuses

tramcars

many

gentleman.
a

and

on

American, sadly.

appeared
each

so

saw

gentleman

Please

many

the

said

Boston, has heard

understand

not

often

he

charming place because

repliedthe gentleman,

could

which

meant,

in

me

visitingParis

was

He

like

born

was

who

well.

very

city. One
w

mine, who

American

an

French
M

of

friend

word

man
gentle-

follow

each

led,as he thought,to that famous

gentleman
not

"

seen

had

made

Complet."

fun

of him

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

332
Oral

Quand

i.

etes-vous

ne

le

3. Connaissez-vous

ans?

il s'appelle
? 5. Cette

peindre?

vous

hiver ? 8. A
les

vous

quelleheure

punitions?

Qu'est-ceque

11.

verbes

d'apprendre?

venez-vous

donne

quelque

personne

que

appreniez la

vous

chose?

connait?

Ton

15.

etions

nous

ce

je

quand

"crivez-vous

une

le francais

tout

me

on

rencontre

on

dis?

Quels

12.

Que- dis-jequand

13.

en

Craignez-

que

derniere

semaine

dit-on

Que

14.

tout

ment
com-

6. Savez-

etudier ? 9.

Comprenez-vous

10.

si

mettriez-vous

mettez-vous

vous

trois

4. Savez-vous

vue?

facile ?
parait-elle

vous

habits

Quels

7.

presidentde
lecon

il y

connaissiez-vous

Me

2.

que

lisez?

vous

Risume
When

1.

teacher
the

he

taught him

has

given

him.

doors.

7. Put

on

me.

there.

some

LES

OMNIBUS

dans

chevaux,

personnes,
des

12.

you

ces

If I knew

Le

dernieres
des

Le

de

ne

de

admettait

prises. L'autobus

vehicules.

transportationde

ne

monter

celles

qui
que

well

s'arretant

qu'un
dans

maintenant

what

Yes, I

enough,

Paris

etait

d'omnibus

qu'aux

certain

desiraient

died

all the

you

the table?

principalement

compose

laissait

show

French

on

close the

not

gives him
to

on

speak

to

systeme

annees

lorsque le nombre
places vides, il ne les
et

partie les anciens

how

trajets r^gulierset

conducteur

billets qu'ellesavaient

; I want

put any oranges

PARISIENS.

suivant

designees.

Did

11.

sit down

was

fruit

1755, and

2,

who

man

all that

all the

eat

us

November

he fear the

Please

10.

born

was

take

to

cold; do

are

Which

2.

your father ;

? 4. I know

; let

if you

of him.

the littlegirllearned

wished

away

coat

your

9. Does

5. He

gone

Antoinette

he needs

he wrote

have

They

16, 1793.

money

celui

6.

8. Marie

October

jusque

the house.

fun

? 3. Has

grammar

kings of England yet

justentered

the table.

put

French

of all the

names

he

begins to read, the boys make

monter

stations

nombre

de

excedait

numerique des
remplace en grande

l'ordre

ELEMENTARY

334
I would
read

take

more

time

in order

money

wrote

to

go

to

apples he

in order
him

who

18.

me

gave

4. I will call you

get up.

My

15.

16. As

entered.

17. Did

19. What

The

does

American

they take
to

start

this word
to

FORTY-EIGHT
VERBS

IRREGULAR

IN

RE

283.

Suivre,

284.

Vivre, to live,vivant, v6cu, vis, v"us.

Note.

Vivre,

285.

Plaire, to

Pres.

follow, suivant, suivi, suis, suivis.

to

live,exist

to

Ind.

demeurer,

to live

in, dwell.

please,plaisant, plu, plais, plus.

je plais

nous

plaisons

plais

vous

plaisez

tu

il plait

ils plaisent

286.

Taire,

to

be silent

287.

Boire,

to

drink, buvant, bu, bois, bus.

Pres.

Ind.

je bois

nous

buvons

bois

vous

buvez

tu

Pres.

Subj.

il boit

ils boivent

je boive

nous

buvions

vous

buviez

tu

boives

il boive
Note.

See

about, taisant, tu, tais, tus.

Sec.

252,

b, c.

ils boivent

had

all the
before
mean?

follow

omnibuses.

LESSON

if you

they

as

began

you

friend needs

soon

says that he shall have

He

(it).20.

knows

to

13. Have

summer.

Europe.

arrive in time.

to

next

you

wish

you

themselves,*the teacher

seated

Ask

what

at

Paris

to

all the letters that she

will tell me

noon

friends

some

FRENCH

the

336

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

present indicative of suivre

of
imperfectsubjunctive

past definite of vivre

past definite of

present indicative of boire

principalparts

Translate

2.

she would

think

she

they believe
I had

led

he lives

I had

been

pres. ind.

the

of nuire

pleases

follow

3. Give

taire

se

"

following

are

you

into French

conduire

led

"

1st

sing,of

suivre

past def. 3d sing,of voir

pres. ind. 1st

sing,of

etre

pres.

pres. ind.

3d sing,of

imp. subj.3d sing,of

4. Translate

vivre

subj.2d sing,of plaire

feminine
past participle

conduire

pres.

into French

subj.3d plu.of

the

he lives here

they were

she

pleaseyour

I think

he is sick

I think

5. Write,
tense

lis

father ?

the

verb

"

donner

Je m'appelle Leroux.

le

leur

Visite

Pardon, mademoiselle,
vous

along

forms, (a)in

the

present

(demeurer) la, mais ils se (taire).

le surprendre. Ils le
jours. Ils (esperer)

(boire)du vin quand cela

le croire.
Oui, il (falloir)

Veuillez

come

le voleur

depuis deux
(suivre)
(conduire)devant le juge,qui

LA

the trouble to

imperfect; (c)replacingils by je :

Ils le

"

friend

I shall get

(croire)
que

model

silent

he will take

insertingcorrect

{b)in

followingweek

it suits my

sick

am

luire

"

he stilllives

does

of croire

Ne
(plaire).

ici que

le

viens

voir

Les

voleurs

vous
(croire)

M.

Marechal

Qui dois-jeannoncer
M.

pas ?

demeure

peine d'entrer.
Je

prison.

Professeur

au

est-ce

la

(mettre)en

Mare'chal

pour

?
?

des

IRREGULAR

le9ons.
s'il vous

plait.Je

qui

vaut

demander

je

le

si

Je voudrais
et

IN

RE

337

Je crois qu'ilest chez lui. Asseyez-vous dans

"

me

VERBS

vais le

"

surtout

donner

J'esperealler

Je suis

"

sais

bien

assez

France

en

qu'est-ce

venue

quelques lecons

je

car

converser,

lis facilement.

visite ?

votre

pourriezme

vous

Bonjour, madame,

prevenir.

plaisirde

le salon,

vous

de francais.

la

grammaire

trois

dans

mois,

et
,

je crois

comme

la

de

aussitot que

langue

methode

des

par

donner
saurez

Avez-vous

couramment.

m'y

conduite

pendant

six

mois, mais

jours

car

vecu

par lecon.

heure
Tres

"

de

que
heure

une

parlez deja

tres

peu,

je

l'apres-midi.Le
A

pere
l'ecole

taisais

je me

parle pas

ne

prix

lundi

vous

heures, et les

dix

prochain a

bien, monsieur.

assez

bien, si cela

Eh

"

vous

Mon

"

fallu aller

m'a

la

conseils,vous

consequent

lundi

une

libre

France?

le faire.

je devrais

que

methode

mes

vous

en

par

mais

cours,

La

suivez

je comprenais

commencerons

suivants

francs

jamais

servir

me

Je crois pouvoir

"

vous

peu,

repondre, et

couramment

convient, nous

si

sous

comme

des

etre

croyez

quand j'etaispetite. II

quand j'auraisdu
aussi

vous

jour, et

tirer d'affaire

vous

si

plairaitbeaucoup.
par

pouvoir

plaisaitpas.

me

plaira,et

lecon

une

tiens

J'ai suivi
j'arriverai.

professeurs ne

employez me
jour, cela me

vous

quelque temps, je

rester

de

est

dix

prochain.

Theme
This

morning

Marechal
but

and

past

two

in the

pleasedme
soon.

to

the

afternoon.

pleasesme

me

gave

followingdays

much, and if I

What

He

to believe

is the

method

my

lesson

I shall go

asks

He

am

teacher's.

French

new

my

he is French.
and

tomorrow

I went

ten

him,

I shall

that he

live for

(during)an

little. I also
into

wrote

English.

hour

page
Believe

as

from
me

if
a

we

were

at ten

see

francs

advice,and through {par)the conversation,which

we

to

His

o'clock,

him

half

at

He

lesson.

speak fluently

uses.

I follow

he leads

in France.

book, which

is

name

skillfully,
I read

I translated

I did
please(ifyou will),

his

not

wards
afteruse

ELEMENTARY

338
of

word
the

English. As

language

should

much

as

am

much.

I want

France

to

go

possible.If

warned
that

friend

like my

that I should

me

use

better,I

grammar

trouble,be

have
of

sure

language, which

in that

converse

year, I shall

next

I knew

I shall take

hard.

speak

to

to

quickly.He

to

eager

hope
as

learn stillmore

to study it
(falloir)

for

FRENCH

it,

like

so

George.

Oral
i..

Ou

demeurez-vous

s'asseoir ? 6. Suiviez-vous

7. Combien
d'affaire

lecons

de

classe ?

si

Boiriez-vous

12.

savent

journaux ?

repondre ?

pas

soif ?

13.

15. Combien

font

de

vous

soir?

ce

voix

haute

en

matin?

ce

Croyez-vous

Que

14.

derniere

9. Cela

dejeuner

votre

personne

theatre

au

temps

tireriez-vous

langue ?
il lit

quand

bu

aviez

vous

les

lisez dans

vous

maitre

votre

la

aller

une

8. Vous

jour?

invitait

de

l'annee

de francais

cours

parliezpas

Qu'avez-vous

11.

invitez-vous

par

ne

vous

bien

Suivez-vous

des

vous

4. Combien

des villes ?

avez-vous

si Ton

conviendrait-il
10.

si

France

en

depuis longtemps?

demeurez-vous

? 5. Comment

George Washington

vecut

2.

vivaient-ils dans

Gaulois

3. Les

tout

ce

les eleves

que

qui

ne

traduites

phrases avez-vous

aujourd'hui?
Resume
1.
2.

Finally he

I do

able
will

to

not

want

get along in Paris.

long.

8. He

must

drink

language

city;who

6.

thinks
9. I

he
am

so

will follow

to

his

die.

down,

drinking wine
I do

difficult.
12.

He

11.

not

The
has

now

shall be
the

been

new

be

to

teacher

is

that he
back

to

shall

before

cityearlyyesterday

; the

understand
army

hoping

to talk French

he believes

startingfrom

not

is

him.

follows

that his

how

please; I

her

it?

3. He

to know

saw

10.

friend

thinks

John is in Paris and

only water.

appears

and

4. He

soon.

7. Sit

year.

morning.

has

5. It is necessary

please him.

house

live if he

to

in French

converse

stay there

the

enters

doctor

says

why the French

approaching the

studying German

for

AND

FAIRE

time

some

arrive

to

the office

at

languages in
to

me

choose

on

time.

17. The

road

Be

AND

Ind.

Pres.

make,

to

know

are

we

silent

Pres.

villagein

Faire

them

having

Note.

Have

not
him

292.
involves

I do

all ;

know;

not

hear

what

he is saying.

he

used

to

live.

to

make

which

CONSTRUCTION

ITS

do, faisant, fait,fais, fis.

faisons

fais

vous

faites

ils font

do

thing or

infinitive follows

house
and

him

thing done,

the faire

governs

directly.

Je fais bdtir

built.
the

the

infinitive

dependent

affirmative

are

imperative by

read.

Je

ne

maison.

tine

an

le ferai pas

separated by the
object pronoun.
lire.

Faites-le venir.

Objects

thing upon

of

sense

Je les fais etudier.

come.

two

the

have

to

study.

Faire

make

Faire, in

Causative.

negative pas, and in

I shall

at

employing pleases

nous

infinitive. This

am

ask

je fasse

Subj.

(have)a person

to

to

je ferai

Fut.

I make

is

? Not

now

use?

to

; I want

il fait

an

he

foreign

justcome

je fais
tu

291.

bed

to

which
I

has

5. He

go

to

eager

order

FORTY-NINE

FAIRE

Faire,

We

ought

leads to the

LESSON

290.

early in

Europe.

method

book

yourself. 19.

This

14.

339

it. 13. I get up

speak

16. Shall

Which

18.

for
20.

can

travel in

to

sleepy.

much.

me

order

he

for the doctor.

go
not

am

thinks

and

CONSTRUCTION

ITS

with

Causative

the
objects,

which

person

the action

is

faire.
who

construction

This

is made

performed.

to

act

and

the

ELEMENTARY

340
If

a.

only

precedes the
I

him
I

having

I had

becomes

friend

Je le

is

having him

am

having

Jefais krire

object is available

the book.

read

Je

it.

to

avoid

might

be understood

having

am

voir
one

that with

saw

am

write

Construction

with

I heard

him
him

Je

in this

having
a

krire

les exercices

lesfaiskrire

with

two

je fais Scrire

letter written

Hence,
lettre

une
am

une

to my

to express

par

the

mes

eleves.

mes

having

fils

mon

well

as

son,

as

the latter without

order

letter written

by

my

gests
sugson.

Laisser,

to

let, entendre,

object infinitives

in

tion
connec-

objects.The

construction

is similar

faire.

speak.

especially

a,

lettre

fils,which

mon

laisser,etc.

likewise govern
or

do it.

special

noun,

construction,instead of

letter.

say je fais Scrire

and

act

Faites-les-lui krire.

English passiveform, I

293.

to

son

my

question,we
the

thenl.

possible ambiguity. Thus,

the

if

to

eleves.

is often used

Par

made

luifaislire.

fefais

write them.

Note.

habit.

luifaislire le livre.

Je le

pupils write

my

having my pupils write

him

lettre.

une

expressed,the person
object. If it is a pronoun,

the exercises.

Have

vendre.
(ld)ferai

employed.
read

him

having

ami.

mon

J'ai faitfaire un

indirect

the

am

I am

lefaiskrire.

objectsare

am

Jefais krire

(causesome

indirect

prepositiona

write.

made.

an

for

form

Je

letter written.

If both

b.

(causing

it).

coat

write

it sold

sell

to

am

faire.

my

I shall have
one

it

write).

to

having

am

tion
objectsis expressed,its construcobject,and thus, when a pronoun,

direct

him

having

am

of these

one

is that of

FRENCH

Je Vai entendu
Je le lui ai

vu

parler.
faire.

AND

FAIRE

Note

With

i.

either direct

Note

read

An

2.

verbs

indirect

or

I shall let him

these

when

the

CONSTRUCTION

ITS

the

object of

pronoun
other

book.

341

object is

Je

lui

infinitive after entendre

the

be

may

noun.

(le)laisserai
and

person

lire le livre.

often

voir

represents

an

English present participle.

I

running.

him

see

I heard

him

294.
with

in.

coming

of

Expressions

faire.

Among

the

these

Je

le vois courir.

Je

Vai

entendu

entrer.

contain

Weather

many

are

It is fine weather.

77 fait beau

It is hot.

II fait chaud.

It is cold.

Ilfaitfroid.

It is

II fait du

windy.

{temps).

vent.

It is mild.

II fait doux.

It is

lightning.

II fait des kclairs.

It is

thundering.

II fait du

It is cool.

tonnerre.

II faitfrais.

IDIOMATIC

FORMS

AND

aller,to fit (ofclothes)

se

faire,to take place

se

se

idioms

la

pluie tombe

PHRASES

souvenir
mettre

de, to remember
au

beau, to bfecome

fine

verse, it pours

EXERCISE

n^n
1.

(a) Give

(b)Give

the

the

synopsisof faire,of voir, of

entendre.

"

present indicative of faire

conditional

present subjunctiveof faire

present subjunctiveof

Express

2.

(a) I

shall have

I shall make

in French
him

her

of faire
voir

"

study

I shall have

the

pupilread

study

I shall have

her

read

it

the lesson

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

342
I shall have

the

I shall have

the lesson

I shall

I shall have

read

him

(b) I

saw

him

saw

him

read

saw

him

read

read

the

it written

have

not

it

the teacher

read
read the

II

cold

it

cold
is cold

room

(willhave

the

pupilsread

the

the

book

read

to

the

the

book

read

by

the

teacher
I heard

have

her read

it

fine weather

was

it thundered
it was

it lightens

the

in

for the words

vendre

me)

talking

you

it will be hot

French

Supply the

3.

heard

I heard

book

the

to

lesson

the book

I heard

am

read

teacher

the book

lesson

pupils

I shall have

"

I heard

(c) it is

the

I shall have

boy study

la maison

que

cool

day

is cool

parentheses:

je (havejusthad built).

(had made him sell)

l'habit qu'il(had had
(to sell it).Je (made him
made). J'allais
buy) le chateau. II (willlet me) entrer. (Let'senter).(Let'slet
him) dire ce qu'il(made them make). Une paix (isbeing made).
Je (had him

la
sell)

Model
mois

au

qui dormait

nature
met

beau.

au

les entend

chaude.
rayons

du

fait

cette

en

Les

On

oiseaux

ne

craint

est

Peu

soleil font

murir
Les

peu
leve

se

plus beau.

le

plus le

froid.

que

des

reviennent

nous

de

nous

tres

les bles

paysans

se

et

nid.

approchons
bonne

heure.

les fruits.

rendent

aux

nos

Nous

La

La

ne

parents

chauds.

pays

les voit batir leur

partout. On

le soleil

saison.

printemps

l'hiver les lourds vetements

seme.

Alors

le

gaie. Les jourss'allongent.Le temps

II fait doux.

chanter
Ton

011

que

redevient

fait oter.

ont

saison

mai

plus avant

remettrons
nous

de

lis

Saisons

Les

C'est

se

qu'il(had).

maison

C'est

On
la

de la saison
Les

chauds

moisson

foires

avec

se

les

ELEMENTARY

344

produitsde

souffert

avons

car
e'te,

en

leurs

ciel

se

de

mettent
a

beau.

au

bientot

du

Le

gele
bon

Les

tres

les
On

la

et

Je le lui ai fait voir. Le

il me
qu'ilPa arrange'

coup

pluie se
mettent

remet

se

soir,et quelquefoisil
voila l'hiver.

Mais

courts.

bien

n'est pas

II

couvert.

suis fait faire

bien

tres

l'a fait essayer,

me

Le

a, verse.

le temps

prochainje me

tailleur

se

pluietombe
et

et

froid si Ton

Tout

parapluieou

nouveau,

font

l'hiver

Nous

beaucoup

gouttes de

tailleur. II n'allait pas

mon

par

de

jours se
a

Pour

souvent.

manteau

leur

il fait frais matin

et

chaud.

boivent

gens

et des
e'clairs,

montre

automne

tres

C'est la saison des orages.

ouvrent

gens

se

piquant.

est

Les

plus de tonnerre;

encore

brouillard

vent

11 fait des

le soleil

En

ila fait

les voit s'amonceler.

On

nuages.

tomber.

l'abri. II fait

Mais

est accablante.

gronde.

dernier

de la chaleur.

beaucoup

couvre

le tonnerre

L'ete

terres.

la chaleur

FRENCH

un

d'abord.

et maintenant

plait.

Theme
It is

spring. The

now

weather

Today it has been very mild.

stillbiting. But the cold that
frightenus

not

take off the

is

which
from
The

had

gone

I hear

wheat, which

the farmer

of it. I suffer

it will

too

so

took

to

littlefrom

year.

as

the

let them

children
go

its

the

to

It

that is

will
will

why
a

saw

away

two
to

come.

ripen the

flour made
I

hope

hours.

been

seen

Yesterday

school, I did

the rain

that

thunderstorm

has, I believe,never

poured for

birds

back, and

have

to

I remember

going

(depart)when

mill

rays

me

The

come

summer

burning

heat, and

There

were

have

does

Nature

again.

gay

was

made

has

in November.

made

warmer

this year.

warm

place last

the

weather

singing. Soon

will carry

lightningor (nor)rain.

morning,
want

be

not

much

them

rapidly.

last month

much

so

become

will rise still earlier,

and

sun

which

had

it is

fine very

week, however, the wind

beautiful

It has

where

away

window

my

longer.

become

feared

we

that I had

big overcoat

sleepingany

not

Last

The

more.

any

has

falling.

not

AND

FAIRE

CONSTRUCTION

ITS

345

Oral

beau

au

les

Quand

1.

entendez-vous

il fait froid?

5. Les

quellesaison

seme-t-on?

mai?

les bles ?

Dans

12.

fait faire

vous

4. Vous

les

quellesaison
fait faire

etes-vous

manteau

him

read

6. Dans

fait-elle en

se

Decrivez

n.

manteau

votre

quand

maintenant?

font-ils courts

joursse

un

moisson

moulin?

au

savoir si

tailleur pour

votre

9. La

ble

hiver?

en

leve-t-iltard

se

remet-il

se

les oiseaux

vont

chanter

soleil

Pourquoi porte-t-on le

10.

orage.

7. Le

Qu'est-ce qui fait murir

8.

froid ? 4. Ou

Craignez-vousle

? 3.

le temps

? 2. Quand
jourss'allongent-ils

un

Que

13.
vous

va

l'hiver dernier ?

Resume
teacher

The

1.

class.

They

2.

last year.

you

have

has

is

It is

11.

them

her

generallycold

the house.
13. When

in
I

in

to

see

him

hear

book

on

the

hurt your

speak

18. The

already falling.19.
making

never

leaves

sky

The

sun

eyes.

was

I will inform

15.
1

write

trying to

it well.

to

John

9.

it.

1 o.

at

come

you.

My

once.

stay in

to

town

you know

shop.

to

14.

If you

justcome

Senator

begins to ripen in June

with

early now,

to

had

never

father has

My

6. Do

is covered

going

has

is

going

17. Wheat

rises

hat, and

people want

am

him

if I could.

new

doctor

and

little by little.

grow

the table when

soon.

the

them

saw

Paris; I shall

do

to

the

make

lets his sister read

winter

house,

in

friend

how

exercise

mother

My

My

know

today,and
the

enter

8.

before

cannot

6. I need
7.

take his umbrella.

him

country.

our

everywhere

not

in the

It is fine

he will let you

hope

seen

cold; have

12.

study too late,it will

his French

shoes.

book, but he

sufferingfrom

his parents

week.

aloud

built when

write

dress.

the lesson

house

new

next

pair of

make

French

new

father

be

to

letter,but he does

French

William

another

daughter

your

of

study,but

to

things are

many

have

I must

having

ought

do it. 4. I would

show

having

were

3. He

5. Beautiful

is

20.

We

school.

clouds
and
used

and

rain is

its rays
to

use

are

the

346

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

REVIEW
Lessons

Forty-five

A.

Give

i.

the

Forty-nine

to

General

principalparts

Drill

of

voir

plaire

valoir

conduire

asseoir

nuire

naitre

boire

devoir

croire

savoir

etre

3.

Give

the present

indicative

of

"

apercevoir

valoir

naitre

dire

savoir

asseoir

connaitre

plaire

4.

Give

the

present subjunctiveof

"

devoir

valoir

s'asseoir

faire

pouvbir

vouloir

prendre

croire

5. Give

the

imperativeof

savoir

6.

Give

vouloir

the

pret. of plaire

of asseoir

imp. of

savoir

pret. of suivre
7. What

prendre

"

fut. of revoir
cond.

"

imp. subj.of

naitre

imp. subj.of

valoir

pres.

verbs

recevoir

are

subj.of

conjugated like
craindre

boire

"

conduire

8.

Locate

XLV-XLIX

LESSONS

REVIEW,

347

"

sait

vais

croit

soit

vaut

suis

vit

veut

fit

devinait

craint

fut

devait

(two places)

vois

9.

Give

the

past definite of

past participleand

fut

(two places)

the

devenait

first person

singular

"

devoir

mettre

faire

lire

savoir

craindre

dire

conduire

voir

prendre

ecrire

luire

10.

form

Write
of

"

French

sentences

some
containing respectively

ELEMENTARY

343

FRENCH

B. Translate
I shall send

i.

away.

We

2.

ought

wishes

one

be

to

justarrived

do

to

it

I do

and

store

be

must

you

knives.

these

of mine.
I think

do

they sell

here?

him

15. I shall tell him

several

hours

by

The
found
a.

by observing
The

aimer

mieux,

aller,to go
compter,

verb

French

following verbs,

the

govern

to

infinitive
to

to intend

to desire
de*sirer,

to

to

devoir,to be to, ought to

hat;

writing a long
what

know

you

or

not

may

texts

among

or

be

by
be

must

infinitive

ent
dependwith

connected

learned.

It

may

by consultinga
many

faire,to make,

cause

falloir,to be necessary

pouvoir,

be

lexicon.

others, generally

espSrer,to hope to

oser, to dare

it

governing verb.

the

:
directly

preferto

(and)

need

dog?

it to-day.

An

Infinitives.

is determined

with .each

usage

brother

FIFTY

may

preposition.This

use

INFINITIVES

Prepositions with
verb

her do

Do

to

lose your

both

the

once;

wishes

been

14.

at

is

man

to

run

know

to

the

table

he

We

yet.

have

to

DEPENDENT

another

used

priesthas

LESSON

upon

that

12.

before

come

must

the

had

4. We

6. I know

to

say

you

13. The

295.

to

lives. 7. You

yesterday evening.

he will write

laws.

part of the forest did you

time, and
mean

he

they go

in this life. 3. If

were

yet arrived.

not

lawyer whom

what

them

They

5.

9. I heard

The

him

saw

snow.

when

can

God's

obey

silk. 8. Sit down

hungry.
In

for others

can

where

some

10.

11.

me

we

must

to

have

know

not

buy

he

began

eight o'clock,but they

well, but

all

happy,

when

all the money

brothers

my

French

into

to

to be able to

to
to

DEPENDENT

savoir, to know
valoir

aller chez

b. The

de, to

cesser

commander

to

cease

craindre

de, to fear

d"fendre

de, to forbid to

dire

crains

Je

Je lui

to
to

de, to permit

promettre

de, to promise

venir

d'aller

Finir

de, to forgetto

permettre

de, to prevent from

lui.

avec

when

par,

to

de, to have just

fear

it is followed

to

de, to refuseto

with

to go

I shall tell him

Paris.

to

de, to finish

refuser

dirai d'aller

Note.

de, to try

oublier

de, to tell to

empecher

to
de, to neglect
ne*gliger

d"pecher de, to hasten

se

infinitive

finir

to

to

de, to ask

to

others, generally

many

essayer

de, to command

demander

among

dependent

(and)

/ desire to go home.

moi.

before

to

come

vouloir, to wish

following verbs,

require de

349

venir, to

to

to be better to

mieux,

desire

Je

how

INFINITIVES

by

him.
to go

to

Paris.

is translated
infinitive,

an

finally,at last.
finirons

Nous

The

c.

a,

before

to

dependent

s'attendre

consentir
a

consenti

II

renonce*

296.
denotes
must

a
a

to

of Purpose.
it must

live.

be

a, to

to

teach to

beginto

give up

a, to succeed

consented

He

gave

to

in

come.

up coming.
a

preceded by
Ilfaut

to

a, to

He

When

persuade

a, to i?iviteto

mettre

r^ussir

to

venir.

purpose,

a, to

renoncer

venir.

Infinitives

eat

se

beginto

a, to consent

II

inviter

to

expect to

a, to

commencer

infinitive

enseigner a,

to learn

a, to

others, generally

many

d"ider

help to

apprendre a,

shall finally believe it.

among

a, to like to

aimer

One

We

following verbs,

require a
aider

le croire.

par

dependent
pour,

manger

infinitive

in order

to, to.

pour vivre.

350
297.

FRENCH

Infinitive for

Finite

subordinate

clause

English
the

ELEMENTARY

"

hope

that

hope

that

he

298.

French,

travel

I love to

He

the

as

verb

subject of

clause.
alter mieux.

mieux.

fespere qu'ilva
When

an

generallyreplaces the

fespere

Nouns.

subjectof

is used

as

noun

in

the infinitive is the form

employed except after the

is used.
In this
present participle
English present participle.

the

when

represents

an

is pleasant. Voyager (/)est

agreable.
(traveling)
read (reading).
faime a lire.

entered

He

the

same

subordinate

is better.

Verbal

it often

To

in the

better.

am

prepositionen,
use

is the
infinitive

principalclause, an

finite construction

When

Verbs.

without
after

departed

77 est entre

speaking.

II est

speaking

parler.

sans

parti apres

avoir

parle.

(having spoken).
But
He

after

en

entered

299.

while

77 est entri en

speaking.
Infinitives.

Negative

negative,both negative words

He

prefersnot

I fear I shall

to

come.

never

see

faire

precede the
generally

her.

FORMS

question,

faire de

son

tenir

promesse,

sa

d"fendre

mieux

Je crains de

AND

ni., the fee

une

infinitive

an

77 aime

IDIOMATIC

les honoraires

When

mieux,

to
to

ask
do

ne

ne

infinitive.

pas venir.

jamais la voir.

chercher, to go for

question

one's best

keep

is made

PHRASES

aller
to

parlant.

one's

quelqu'un de, to forbid

promise
some

one

to

ELEMENTARY

352

lettre,
je lui ai

lu la

apres
defendu

Nl
homme

medecins
croire

de

son

qu'ilvalait

de bien examiner
et

examiner

la crainte
"

ne

si

vous

les recevoir

guerissez,et
de

meme.

mourir.

vous

femme

mieux.

L'avez-vous

d'admettre
payer.

Tue

"

"

ce

que

Apres

faire deux
Comment

guerie?

tue

ma

je voulais

"

reussir

fini de

avez

permetteztue*

Avez-vous
non.

venez

renonce

ma

Tant

"

bien,vous

sortit

finit par

Mais

dire,et je

cela le medecin

avoir entendu

attendre

vous

Vous

Eh

"

soins.

ses

les donner

vous

Assurement

faire

vous

pressentir

la femme

promesse.

Non, helas

"

interroger

esperaitbien

questions:
!

de

pouvez

honoraires.

ses

Je de'sire tenir

femme.

vous

mieux, mais

son

mit

remunere

de

il alia

lui demanda

il laisse

causant

medecin

Le

"

fink par

destination

se

je promets

la tuez

vous

Les

perdre sa femme,

medecin

en

la moindre

mari

son

indiquer. II

convenablement

II fit de

moi, d'abord, de
?

tout

tard il demanda

Plus

soignerma

si

lui

Le

francs,dit le mari

la malade.

sauver

etre

pas

J'aicinq cents
la

malade, mais

arrivant

de

femme.

la pauvre
la

de

venait

guerir sa

depuis longtemps.

il craignait
de

elle. En

qu'on

voir

fitats-Unis.II e'taitoblige'

aux

comme

partiravec

le medecin

chercher

de sortir

la conduire

mieux

de

depecha

desirait

pouvaient la guerir,et

mais
affaires,

quitterses

lire

pouvaitplus faire

ne

cesse

ne

pays

Canada

Elle

meme

lue

TUE

NI

au

malade.

tres

lire

je devrais

GUERI

demeurait

qui

elle avait

besogne, et

il se

la lettre

lire le livre

femme, qui etait

de

je l'ai entendu

la lire

M0del

il le lira

j'espere

la lire

j'aireussi
je commencerai

Un

FRENCH

vous

repondre.

sans

Theme
You
worth
cannot

ask
the
cure

me

to

trouble
you,

tell you
of
you

being
try

an

anecdote.

heard.
to

find

When
another

Here
you

is

have

one.

which

one

doctor
woman

is
who
had

INFINITIVES

DEPENDENT

neglected to
had
did

doctor

succeed

not

hastened
doctor

in

to

to

talk with

with

her.

began

matter

was

fear

which

he

He

promising
her

and
the

save

if he

even

from

dying.

wished

You

killed her.

and

The

the husband

his

doctor

Then, you
owe

be

not

for

the

sick

one

if he

expected
her

see

by
cured

indeed

to

(debout)

up

prevent the

woman

fee, the husband, who

hastened
have

must

would

enough

not

for his

talking,

was

had

to

did

the

he

promise, permitted himself

patient. The

what

fiftyfrancs

hoped

ask

to

came

arriving,the

he
he

should

that

doctor

he

well that I

see

hundred

care

he

know

to

band
hus-

doctor, who

On

say

to

When

assuredlynot."
"

doctor

his best the doctor

killed his

had

the

another

that

to

Her

her, but he

cure

while

seen

sick.

feared

order

even

be

to

to

woman.

patientin

doing

keep

to

sick

husband

two

patient,and

After

soon.

the

the

the

him

give

to

promised

hesitatingto get

allowed

persuaded

finallyfell

husband, who

However,

properly paid, caused

money.

latter

examine

to

she

it. The

doing
without

come

and

The

come.

wife, went

lose his

the

for herself

care

353

him
"

to

cured

ask

to

Why,

say,
M

her."

if he

Alas

no

! no."

nothing."

you

Oral

un

parlerfrancais

Saurez-vous

1.

cette

voyage

annee

propositionsqui suivent
a

ecrire le

ou

manger

lecon?
a

pour

que

un

Qui

4.

Que vaut-il mieux

vivre ? 6.

Que

appelait pas
questions sans

de demander
12.

1 1.

Oublieriez-vous

le matin?
avoir

13.

etudie

de

lever

lire et

lecon ?

?
10.

fini de

reveiller si

14.

votre

arriver

pour

classe?

avez-vous

vous

savoir

malade

est

on

Reussiriez-vous
votre

enseigne a

les

faire,vivre pour manger

vous

Quand

faire

d'oublier

faut-il faire pour

vous

devez-vous

Allez-vous

2.

vous

permet-ilde parleranglaisen

je viens

an

craignez-vouspas

Qui fait-on venir quand

8.

vous

matin

? 5.

Ne

les verbes

quelle heure

7. A

l'heure ?

maitre

ce

francos

3.

dans

on

9. Votre

Qu'est-ce

dejeuner
ne

repondre h.

Etes-vous

ici

entre

vous
mes

ici

ELEMENTARY

354
oter

sans

faire si

de

chapeau

votre
vous

ne

FRENCH

Que demanderiez-vous

15.

compreniez

pas

that

can

la lecon

maitre

votre

Resume
friend

My

1.

It is better

2.

France.

friend

give

to

it ?

go

to

of the

out

do

it often

to

live,but

I think
I

because

thought

store

prefer not

to

go

going

you

asked

me

to

do

like

it. 17. Our

next

grammar

longer
that

because

the

20.

We

had

our

mother's

the

tonight.

read

told

had

when

The
not

come,

4. He

been

he

did

not

to

to

did

He

go

succeed

life.

Proverbes
II faut
Si
Pas

battre

le fer

quand

jeunesse savait,si
de

il est

vieillesse

nouvelles, bonnes

chaud.

pouvait.

nouvelles.

He
.

do

to

it.

will let them

just refused
19.

to

never

bell rang.

expecting to

paid.

French

ished
scarcelyfin-

had

if teachers

the 'soldiers
but

me

I consented

was

have

forbidden

doctor

rain ;

in town,

was

promise

eat

to

write

To

(gue)the

he

to

me

must

beginning

12.

you

in school

men

it. 9. We

When

French, and

that

us

tell

church.

francs

the bill we

8. If you

1 1

to

me

dren
By reading, chil-

paying

It is

10.

13. Will

apples

have

they

generals

to

18.

year.

out

eat.

thousand

eat

teacher

to

exercises

him
to

it. 7. After

live

into the

persuaded
6.

me.

will

invite my

to

expect

automobile.

our

travelingin

letter ; who

doctor

hurting

easy.

French

teach

16. Children

not

give you

writinghis

week.

next

me

before

French

5. The

was

find

to

do it again if I

write

knowing

not

saw

French

visit

expect I shall finallydo

studying it is

without

it

to

ought

we

speak

me.

without

enough,

and

trying to

with

town

read

to

to

come

If it is fair tomorrow,

4.

smoking

up

he

how

is

son

do

learn
went

know

to

My

3.

him

help

hopes

to

use

your

work
not

any
know

England.
in

saving

THE

the

between

is used

former

the

MOOD

SUBJUNCTIVE

THE

Subjunctive

355

FIFTY-ONE

LESSON

300.

MOOD

SUBJUNCTIVE

and

indicative
to

The

Indicative.

and

the

tinction
dis-

subjunctiveis that

certainty,the

express

fundamental

latter

an

uncertaintyor an idea that lies in the mind as possible or

impossible,desirable or undesirable,etc.
With
one
apparent exception the subjunctiveis used only
clauses.

in subordinate
301.

(rarelythe
by

and

que,

or

is

other

Among
forms

used

imperfect)is

wish

that the

Let

qui peut {that is,qu'ilse

qui peut).

Note.
a

verb

of

This

construction

wishing

is in
See

understood.

in

Sequence

subordinate

him

to

press
ex-

of

Tenses.

clause

come.

(Long) live the king !

Every one for himself (lethim
save
himselfwho can).
a
reality

Sec.

The

clause

subordinate

304,

(/ wish)

(Je veux) qu'ilvienne.

302.

principalclauses

expressions.

le roi I

sauve

subjunctive

It is then

command.

Qu'il vienne.
Sauve

in

present

usuallyintroduced
called the optative or
hortatorysubjunctive.
it supplements the
uses
imperative in the
It is today met
latter lacks.
most
frequently
a

in conventional

Vive

The

Subjunctive.

Optative

b.
that

tense

is determined

following

he

of

by

may

the
the

come.

subjunctive
verb

in

the

principalclause. If the principalverb is present or future,

a
followingsubjunctiveis put in the present tense ; if the
a following
principalverb is a past tense or the conditional,
subjunctiveis put in the imperfecttense.

356

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

Note

This

i.

rule

applies to

compound

in

tenses

subordinate

the verb, the full resulting

alone be considered
auxiliary
the perfect and pluperfectsubjunctive.
forms being respectively
In ordinary discourse
the present (or perfect)subjunctive
Note
2.
the rule above
is often used where
requiresthe imperfect (or pluperfect)

clause

if the

subjunctive.
303.

after

Subjunctive

in

not

subjunctiveis

impersonal verbs

subjectclauses after most

denote
certainty. The most

used

The

Impersonate.

that do

impersonals that

common

requirethe subjunctiveare
il

il faut, it is necessary

convient, it is suitable,
fitting

il

semble, it seems

il vaut

il

importe, it is important

il est

that the

It is necessary
come

It

(thedoctor
not

come

(thatJohn

semble
It seems

the

should

with

used

to

vienne.

vint.

indirect

an

possible que Jean

II rfetait pas

to

objectin positiveassertion,il

the indicative.

me

that you

are

77

wrong.

me

semble

avez

vcus

que

tort.

followingfalloir is a pronoun,
is made
infinitive often replacesthe subjunctiveclause. The pronoun
When

2.

indirect

the

subjectof

the verb

Sec.

object of falloir. Compare

274.
s'en alter.

f 77 luifaut

{/tfautqu'ils'enaille

Hemust*"His

le medecin

77 faut que

come).

takes

Note
an

When

possible,it is possible

come).

must

possible for John

was

Note

doctor

mieux, it is better

friend

must

II

go.

IDIOMATIC

FORMS

faut

AND

faire

des

fermer

m.,

trouble

(m.)de fer, railroad

indicateur
(m.)de chemin de fer,

chemin

railroad time-table
avoir 1'intention

de, to intend

munir
se

to

s'en aille.

PHRASES

d'avance, in advance
ennuis

ami

son

que

malle, to pack

une
a

trunk

with
clef,to lock (close

key)
de, to furnish with

procurer,

one's

to

self)

procure,

get (for

THE

1.

Inflect falloir in full.

2.

Express

(a) il faut
il est

l'homme

que
sur

the

in French

(b) il faut

ilvaut

(will

il est

il fallait que

ila

in French

Express

3.

live

we

that he is here

it

seems

to

France

long live

4.

the

Insert

Then

the trunk

pack

must

change

II faut que
II faut que

pere

faut

Model

a
(aller)

sur
(etre)

d'abord

l'intention de

avez

que

consultiez

les

vous

avoid

be useless

praised

along without

get

verbs

in

II

me

faut y

billet. II faut

money

parentheses.

insert the proper

Paris.

colds

verb forms.
aussi.
(aller)

ses
qu'il(faire)

(munir)de passeports.
assez
d'argent. II faut
qu'il(avoir)
se

amis.

Preparatifs
vous

it

les voyageurs

que

qu'un voyageur

a ses
qu'on (ecrire)

Si

do

(prendre)un

pere

preparatifs.II
II faut

let them
be

the trunk

to
to

of the

forms

and
faut to fallait,

mon

pack

must

not

to

correct

mon

(should

me)

I intend

God

talk

let him

ami

mon

que

it is necessary

that he is wrong

me

convenu

John

seems

fur-

"

long

it

qu'il(would come)

consult

Jean (read)

que

possiblequ'il(may come)

nished)

read)
il faudra

qu'il(should come)

il fallait qu'il(shouldhave

(should

Jean

mieux

je voudrais

Jean (read)

que

parentheses:

je savais qu'il(would come)

(come)

l'homme

que

in

words

come)
je sais qu'il(willcome)

you

357

EXERCISE

2)n*//

may

MOOD

SUBJUNCTIVE

fassiez

guides

et

vos

de

voyager

Voyage
en

pays

etrangers, il faut

preparatifs.II importe

les indicateurs

de

chemins

de

que

vous

fer, et si

ELEMENTARY

358
n'etes

vous

il vaut
amis

vos

il est

qui les

etes

connaissent.

aussi que
le

sur

vous

vous

point

de

prudent

est

minute,
choses
could

only)nous

de

sur

y mettre.

Que

de

bagages

II est

vous

que

aller chez

un

depart,il faudra

votre

n'oublierez

lingeet

dans

ferme

clef.

la derniere

qu'a

malle

sa

pas

articles de

vos

malle

valise

votre

mettre

du

il faut

votre

que

passeport,

pays

lesquellesvous

toujours de

de choses

de moins

besoin

cela

Pour

fassiez

ne

passer

d'un

de

ceux

d'ennuis.

beaucoup

la date

soyez

vous

aurait

qu'on

munissez

necessaires,votre

oublie

on

car

evitiez

saurez

vous

que

renseignements a

vous

malles, dans

vos

toilette. II faut que

II

vous

parcourir.

les vetements

mettre

des

visiter,

comptez

vous

que

procuriezde l'argentdes

vous

vous

fassiez

vous

Si

vous

de

changeur. Quand
que

demandiez

vous

que

possibleque

propos

le pays

renseigne sur

pas

mieux

FRENCH

certaines

puissions-nous(if we

ne

! II faudrait

eussions

nous

que

cela.

pour

Theme
I must

to

go

preparations.I
first time

as

who

is

what

soldats
dont
Sur
on

americains,

nous

le

voyons

bureaux.

voir

secondaire

mfis

par

de
des

les locomotives

you

en

I had

le

peu

for

route

remontant

la

de

cote

se

qui

d'importance.

Sur

les

si
lesquelles,
sont

la

vu

un

au

de

dessert

grandes

elles

cependant

ne

du

sont
meme

passport,"

nombre
de

Pauillac,
de

paille,
des

au-dessus
est

lignes, les
aussi

type.

de

marchandises.

chapeau

Pauillac

pas

get along.

to

petiteville

la gare

be

information

grand

generalement

II demeure

The

friend of

much

as

l'homme

de

fer

americaines,

ont

trouve

de

locomotives,

see

do in order

to

Gironde,

cote

gare.

chemin

and

go

Bordeaux,

pour

here.

told that it would

been

one

my

wishes

one

money

provide yourselfwith

should

En

chef
de

French

departure,to

my

les voyageurs,

ligne

La

France

ici la gare.

quai, parmi

peut

procure

it is necessary

GARE.

LA

"

to

country well, to obtain

the

fittingthat

PAUILLAC

to

changer's. If

the money

to

before

me,

knew

possibleon

"It

been

that I went

preferablefor
mine

have

that I make

it is time

week, and

trouble,it is better

avoid

to

in

France

une

ligne

trains

sont

grandes

que

360
he said

to

in advance

the

on

countries

the

train for New

York

I shall

pack

my

trunk

or

for

to

me

to

be

must

shall

perhaps

would

be

not

better for

be

is

visit."

to

it will be better
most

necessary

it is more

why

prudent,

the last minute.

month

of

back

come

be

five o'clock.

at

except the

the

to

me

Friday

only at

before

back

(comme

preferablethat

days, and

That

valise.

lock one's trunk

to

me,

that

go in my

going

are

seems

next

four

I did

day, as

that you

put in it all that I shall need

things,which
seems

in three

you may

buy guidebooks,to

got myself a time-table this morning. It

take

possiblethat

some

should

you

should

it

it is

visit Europe

to

important that

be

mot),it will
posted

"otherwise

(Sec.328, a);

me

trouble. If you intend

have

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

It may

March, but it

sooner.

Oral

vous

consultiez ?

pays

que

5.

3.

placons

vaut-il pas mieux

Ne

Convient-il

Francais

disaient

arrivees ?

vous

vous

yive le roi

4. Est-il

15. Serait-il possibleque

!"

mieux

munissez

6. Chez

7.

tout

le

pas
munir

se

qui

dit-on pour

vous

indiquer

faut

qu'ilnous

pour

le

de bagages ?
passions1

nous

de

tant

Que

ce

nous

fois la

""tudiiez les verbes

ou

en

chose?

meme
un

peu

retard ?

plus ?
12.

Ne

l'annee ? 13. Les

toute

Que dites-vous quand les vacances

possibleque
vous

connaissez

quoi vaut-il

qu'ilfit chaud

vous

Que faut-il que

2.

ne

arriviez ici a l'heure

pour
"

je rdpete
que

vous

que

vaudrait-il pas mieux

sont

en

la malle

dans

inutile que

9. Semble-t-il

11.

vous

? 8. Serait-ilpreferable
que

voyage

10.

vous

l'argentfrancais

de

procurez-vous
nous

4. De

allez visiter ?

vous

voyage

si

faites-vous

Que

Qu'eviterez-voussi

que

de
preparatifs

fait-on des

Quand

1.

vous

eussiez

ayez

des visites

soir ?

s'ilfaisait froid ?

rhume

un

ce

Resume
1.

better if you
to

for

It is necessary

fall; we

expect

to

shall have

you

to

learn

tomorrow's

get along in France.

to
1

give up going
See

Sec.

302, Note

to

2.

2.

Rain

French
is

lesson

beginning

the ball. 3. The

army

AND

OBJECT
finish

must

when

the

live the

eatingquicklyif it expects
died

king
"

king !

"

fear of them

and

it

for

important
market.

much

if he

from

the

have

to

13. You

much.

too

cannot

take

less

must

be

on

to

ball ?

with

be

him

out

go

if

that he will be

not

come

before

! We

do

him

to go

wish

not

to

Object

one

be necessary

leavingthe
to

trunks.

before

he
wear

ginning
be-

it is certain

us

be very

starting

was
a

for

United

would

People

beginning to

to

dress
to

coat

provide

States.

19. It

Europe with his family. 20.

try

to

make

him

so

suffering

without

because

not

buy

to

is

here, and

that it is

that it would

possiblefor

not

do

me

to

to

go

it is better

12.

to

8. It is

lesson is well understood

seems

guidebooks

once.

away,

you

mother

My

desired

17. Is it always suitable for

said

gone

school.

for him

at

come

that he could

Let

remain.

FIFTY-TWO
IN

SUBJUNCTIVE
304.

1 1

they

LESSON
THE

better

owes.

one

says

15. It

18. He

will not

4. He

seems

journey.

ourselves

come.

16. It

that

sure

to

go

had

little money,

must

baggage

another.

warm.

he

the doctor

grippe ;

that he will

only

what

pay

to

! I have

come

mother

7. His

It will be

10.

them

Long

Americans

good vegetables when

have

you

often heard

6. Let

Formerly

4.

is dead.

king

we

"

William

choose

to

you

9. When

spend

to

possible for

not

was

war

of their friends.

or

The

the great

361

arrive in time.

to

say

live France

Long

CLAUSES

"

would

they
During

5.

using the words,

no

ADJECTIVE

AND

OBJECT
The

Clauses.

ADJECTIVE

subjunctiveis

used

CLAUSES

in

object

clauses
a.

After

verbs

2"joy, sorrow,
I

am

I did
I

am

expressionsdenoting emotion,

fear, surprise,and

glad that you

not

and

have

surprised that he

is

expectation.

Jesiiisbienaiseqiievoiissoyezvenu.

come.

fear that he would

such

lie.

coming.

Je

ne

craignaispas qu'ilmentit

Je m'etonne

quHl vienne.

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

362
b. After

verbs

and
him

I wish

their

to

might come).
The
king ordered

(thathe

him

should

I shall not

opposites.

(thathe come).
come
(thathe

to come

him

I wished

expressions of wishing, ordering,permitting,

and

Je

Je voulais quHl vint.

roi ordonna

come

Le

come

Je

thinking

and

to

qu 'it vienne.

veux

vint.

quHl

come).

permit him

to

permettrai pas quHl vienne.

ne

(thathe come).
After

c.

used

verbs

of

believingwhen

they

interrogatively.

negativelyor

raison.

(that)he is right. Je ne crois pas qiiilait

he is coming ?
Croyez-vous quHl vienne
(that)

I do not believe
Do

think

you

When

verbs

these

are

affirmative,the indicative is used in the

are

objectclause.
he is

I think
Note

If the

i.

that the matter

does

She

is dead

used
Did

in
you

her

he

3.

had

Elle

vient.

certain

mind

own

is used.

croit pas

ne

in his

que

son

pere

est

mort.

and

saying the indicative may

Verbs

of

doubting

denying,

require the subjunctive in

(that)he

deny

is faithful.

Pleonastic

subjunctivein
be

and

dit

quHl

since

in

itait
their

venn

be

an

will

of believing,

following dependent clause.

Je doute qiSil vienne.

come.

Je nie qu'ilsoitfidele.

In

ne.

the

objectclause

translated

affirmative

respectivelyto interrogativeand negative verbs

whether

to

Avez-vous

come

that he

not

father

as

indicative

fact,the

knowing

of

I doubt

is

is).

verbs

that he

say

they amount

305.

is

himself

quHl

nearlyall cases.

likewise

expresses

to

that

I know

After

2.

Note
sense

referred

(but

Note

speaker

believe

not

Je crois

coming.

following constructions
is

accompanied by

the

ne, which

AND

OBJECT

of

affirmativeverbs

After

a.

CLAUSES

ADJECTIVE

363

and

fearing

equivalent

expressions.
I fear that he
I do

will

that he will

fear

not

I fear

that he will

not

going

lest

am

Je crains quHl

come.

away

Je

come.

come.

(for fear

I do not

qu'ilne

vienne pas.

Je m'en

vais

crainte

empecher,

to

prevent
with

77

in

clause

of similar restrictive

word

It is the
He

antecedent

the

When

a.

is the

only

man

than

que

plus

which

house

is

beautiful.

by
as

le seul

the

vint.

ne

used

in adjective

pronoun)

superlativeor

seul, premier, etc.

livre

homme

quej'aielu.
je

que

con-

desired

Achetez-moi

u?ie

or

hoped for.

maiso?i

qui

soit

belle.

fruit that is better

Je

veux

des

meilleurs
the

When
me

by

id.

something

(may

Jean

vienne.

qu'eltene (te)pense.

relative

such

Cest

is

belle

Cest le meitteur

his.

bought

and

affirmative comparative.

an

est

meaning,

know

the antecedent

some

Note.
He

empeche

by

be) beautiful.
I want

b).

naisse

b. When
me

304,

subjunctiveis

here.

Buy

is followed

is modified

read.

I have

book

best

The

(thoseintroduced

clauses

(which

Elle

Clauses.

Adjective

pas qu'ilne

after

Sheismorebeautifulthanshethinks.

306.

qu'ilne

doubting

doute

ne

Sec.

coming.

is also used

Ne

Je

come.

accordance

prevented John from

Note.

of

interrogativeverbs

or

that he will

subjunctivein
He

de

equivalentexpressions.

doubt

After

c.

qu'ilvie?me.

vienne.

negative

de7tying and

crains pas

ne

Je crains

come.
that)he (will)

b. After

vienne.

ne

antecedent

house

which

is
is

Jruits qui
que

soient

les siens.

the indicative is used.

definite,

Ilm'aacheteunemaisonquiestbelle.

3^4

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

FORMS

IDIOMATIC

en

ahead

avance,

AND

6tre Men

of time

beaucoup de monde, many

people

douter

glad

voiture, to get into

en

carriage
doubt

to

que,

be

aise,to

monter

fach6,be sorry

etre

PHRASES

that

prendre

to get
billet,

un

ticket

(whether)
billet de

premiere classe,first-class ticket

EXERCISE

Drill
Translate

into

French

am

he is here

sure

I fear he

I fear I

is dead

do

sick

am

I shall ask

for

I shall ask

him

to

to

stay

I want

him

I wanted
I think

to

ticket

leave

it is cold

I shall prevent

into

Mary

French

from

she writes better than

writing

in the theater

it is the best

seat

I could

all the tickets I could

he has

a
a

seat

3. Insert
Then

Je
ne

that is not

the

crois pas

wrong

I know

you

I doubt

whether

deny

am

are

wrong
he has

that he said

arrived

so

he

permitted the

he

permitted himself

child

to

to

get up

get up

I want

seat

that is

more

fortable
com-

is

get

has

the

forms

qu'il(venir).J'ai peur
recu
qu'il(avoir)

that

seat

prevented him

from

she is older than

new

occupied

correct

he

is

most

comfortable

rewrite, putting the main

veux

I think

find

I took

me

it is cold ?

you

thought

seat

find

it is cold

it is the best

carriagethat

think

not

think

stay

Translate

2.

I do

ma

thought

she is younger

than

of the

in

verbs

qu'ilne
lettre.

verbs
in

II lui faut

parentheses.

past

("tre)pas

falling

tense.

k temps.

Je

(se depecher).

AND

OBJECT
C'est le seul medecin

365

CLAUSES

ADJECTIVE

II empeche
(plaire).

qui me

malades

ses

que

me
(se coucher) ? Je doute
(faire)
(mourir).Croirez-vous .qu'il
qu'il(pouvoir)me (guerir).Au moins, qu'ilne me (tuer)pas !
ne

Model
Le

jour

de

depart

mon

clef.

Je suis

malle

finis.

J'auraisbien

mais

il

comme

Jean, dites

voiture.
heures

ami

demie.

et

Je

Aidez-le

la

ne

crois pas

ainsi.

descendrai

ait

l'heure

du

de

voiture

beaucoup

de monde

veux

en

place qui

une

faudra

et

que

fasse

dommage

si

son

billet de

je pourrai trouver

un

affaires

Ses

restions

ne

je

doute

Apres

me

je

ne

La,

qu'ily
mieux,
que

je

l'etre procure

il

premiere classe,parce
si

je

suis

m'assierai

soit pas

siegequi ne

Je

billet.

mon

II vaudra

tenant.

d'attente,ou

mon

aller a la gare.

bagages, et

enregistrermes

tout

que

voiture.

en

tour, mais

main

voyage

heure-

la malle

guichet chercher

au
j'irai

la

affaires le retien-

ses

pour

ne

trois

cette

nous

monterai

enfin

venir

suis fache

Je

que

demi-heure

la salle

occupe

m'accompagner.

soit confortable.

dans
j'irai

avance,

minutes

je

un

fasse

chercher

me

craignaitque

attende

qui

je crois,que je demande

voiture.
a

ma

j'aie,
je

que

je

que

qu'ilsoit

depart je

quelquefoisqu'on

II faut

II

qu'ilfaille plus d'une

crois pas

je

decider

C'est

partistrop longtemps.
nent

sa

fermer

plus grande,

peu

qu'ilpuisse porter

dans

vienne.

qu'ilne

empechent

doute

se

un

qu'ilvienne

cocher

(Sec.330)

n'ait pu

II faut

employee.

mettre

fut

c'est la meilleure

que

je

de

preparatifssoient

malle

ma

au

il viendra,

Quand

seul.

l'avoir

Je viens

mes

que

que

semble

arrive.

est

content

voulu

me

de

regrette pas

la.

Depart

Le

encore

quelques

occupe'.

Theme
I told
a

John

to

go

quarter past four.

believe

will be

that

the

necessary

and

get

If I have

sent

is

coachman
for

John

the

me

to

carriage. It

for it
not

help

at

here

at

that hour, it is because

busy.
him

will be

When

carry

my

he

comes,

trunk

to

it
the

366

ELEMENTARY

feared

carriage. I
and

am

of mine

take

hour

the

station.

at
"

it

of

(shouldhave

the
Did
not

departure

say

you

large enough,

(enter)it.

I had

he would

asked

be

his business

able

business

me)

comfortable

I doubt

than

in the

buy

When
one

having procured

bought

people.
Would

Yes, if you
class,for those

good."

are

of

For

much

are

seat

the station

at

"

"

second

find

can

to

go

station ?

is ahead

one

from

When

not

many

the first-class ones

waiting-room if
one's

too

the

which

only ones

whether

arrive

will be

in the

him

the ticket-window

at

to

pany
accom-

I have.

has

one

not

me

to

permitted him

first-class ticket ?

seats

the

after

must

there

the second.

occupied, but only

had

One

enough
not

are

people

accompany

to

me

often

fears

one

would

be

(the)first class

part (asfor

their turn.

you

will not

are

early if

friend

carriageto

leave

I have

prevented

gets into

one

to

there

if

be better for

having

in

go

wished) his

comes,

It is necessary

last minute

down

be

not

alone.

hoped

regrettedthat

waiting for

are

fear there
of

he

leave

to

He

me.

ticket,because

one's

would

vacation,for Henry is the best friend that

the

who

with

I wish

coming.

going

am

come

and

me,

to

it. I

to

trunk

my

glad that everythingcould

very

just locked

that

FRENCH

more

sits

time, one
which

is not

ticket and

one's

my

after

checked.

baggage

Oral
i.
2.

3.

endroit

quel

Faut-il

va-t-on

qu'on

maitre

vous

cet

lecon ?
classe ?

la gare

cela

apres-midi?
1 o.

1 1.

Vos
De

allez-vous

l'arrivee du

jamais lu

s'il y
train?

9.

du

bien

francais

faut-il

8.

en

est

4.

Oil

le meilleur

aise de
deux

billet?

trouver

semaines

Croyez-vous qu'ilfasse

qu'on

quoi prenez-vous

votre

monde?

6. Seriez-vous

permettent-ils
que

crainte de

chercher

Quel

possible?

Que

jusqu'a la gare?

5.

enseignerle
soit

maitres

marcher

pas

tour

son

qui puissevous
que

veut

ne

attende

ayez

7. Semble-t-il
beau

de

attendre

pour

livre que
un

fait-on si Ton

Que

fasse

vous
un

pour

savoir

sa

parliezanglaisen
parapluie?

12.

La

ELEMENTARY

368

FRENCH

LESSON
THE

307.

Adverbial

clauses

of

ADVERBIAL

The

Clauses.

clauses

In

IN

SUBJUNCTIVE

followingadverbial
a.

FIFTY-THREE
CLAUSES

subjunctiveis

used

in the

concession

proviso.

or

These

are

duced
intro-

by
bien

although

que,

sans

I did

not

him

see

will

will

In

clause

vu

of

clauses

In

not

work

moins

quoiqu'ilfiitici.

until

ce

In

give
that

d.

clauses

afin que,

or

you
you

the
may

In clauses

in order
book
read

in

fls

come.

subjunctive is

moins

qu'il ne fassefroid.

introduced

are

by

qu'ilfassefroid.

queje

vienne.

introduced

are

jusqu'a

by

pour

that.
order

Je

vous
vous

introduced

by

qui que,

whatever.
(adj.),

the

travailleront pas

ne

These

it.

as

que

Jepartiraiavant

of purpose.

such
adjective,

quel que

qu'il ne fasse

tintil,etc.

que,

ce

c.

pourvu

These

doubtful time.

before it is cold.

will

by

//viendra

I will start

They

// viendra

it is cold.

before, jusqu'a

or

pas

Sec. 305.

Compare

ne.

unless

come

introduced

que,

avant

unless

pasfroid.

accompanied by

b.

it is

provided that

come

Note.

que

que,

Je neVai

although he

cold.

not

He

moins

here.

was

He

provided that

que,

that

suppose*que, supposingthat

quoique, although
pourvu

without

que,

an

donne

le livre afin que

le lisiez.

indefiniterelative

whoever,

quoi que

pronoun

(pron.) or

THE

I will

speak

I will

speak
speak

his native

308.

the

whoever

he

Je lui parleraiqui qu'il soit.

to

him

whatever

he

Je lui parleraiquoi qu'ilfasse.

to

him

whatever

be

Je

Unreal

either

clause

In

in

or

both

conditions

This

conditions
had

should

come,

S'/7

not

be

used

is rather

use

fact

to

contrary

pluperfect)
may

clauses.

soit

que

patrie.

sa

Conditions.

parlerai quelle

ordinarystyle. Its most common

expressed by an inversion and

in

he

lui

land.

subjunctive(imperfector

quent
infreis in

occurrence

by

not

in

si.

fittvenu,Jenefusse pas

reste.

stayed.

have

here, I

he

Were

369

CLAUSES

do.

may
I will

him

to

ADVERBIAL

be.

may

If

IN

SUBJUNCTIVE

should

be

glad

Fut-it

serais bien aise.

id,J'en

(of it).
309.

where

Infinitives

the

require
instead

the

the

b.

the
the

main
In

of the
the

dependent

infinitive

followingcases

of the
is

in

contrast

eat

before

manger
to

of Sees.

clause

of

constructions

preceding

generallyused

is the

304

same

as

and
the

307

if

subject

veux

the

de

Sec.

303
to

person

if the

subject of

whose

standpoint

expression refers.
constructions

is

shown

I must

before

he

in

the

I start, it

avant

read,je

is

these

below

parallelcolumns

faut

those

constructions

dependent clause
impersonal verb or

I must

and

the

In

clause.

the

The

I want

this lesson

subjunctive,the

most

subjectof

of the

of

Subjunctives.

In

a.

rules

and

me

partir.
lire.

faut
I want

Use.

eat

manger
him

to

avant

starts, il me

quyilparte.

read,je

veux

qu'il

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

370
order

in

eat, je suis

came

It

{pour)manger.
is important to him to be here,
d'etre id.
il ltd est importa7it

to

that

came

It is

important to

him

for

il lui

est

impoiiant

here,

be

infinitive in these

The

preposition and

conjunctionsand
but

not

the

by

is introduced

cases

conjunction.

(ifby anything)by
the

Observe

(used
before

with

avant

in order

that

(to)

pour

que,

without

sans

feuille de papier,

ce

of

s'appreter a,

to

get ready

with

infinitive)
de

avant

ajiu que

pour,

fin

de

jusqifh

que

AND

PHRASES

to fix the hair

coiffer,

etre

paper

press",to be busy

to

EXERCISE

."

Translate

i.

il viendra

because

the

followingexpressionsinto

it is cold

in order

cold

it is cold

that he

provided that

it is cold

in

before

it is cold

until it is cold

as

spiteof

it is cold

where

cold

whatever

if it is

not

to

if it is cold

may

cold

unless

soon

French

after

although it is

see

similar

que

FORMS

sheet

(used

que

jusqu'a

IDIOMATIC

as

of

Preposition

subjunctive)

until

when

following list

their forms being

corresponding prepositions,

Conjunction

to

identical.

not

une

me

je sois id.

que
Note.

qu'il mangeat.

pour

venu

venu

might eat,je suis

he

whoever

it is cold

the cold

it is cold
he has
is with

him

not

catch

French

into

Translate

2.

whatever

will return,

it is

buy it,whatever

CLAUSES

in order

ran

he would

be

the

he

3. Translate

if he

French

into

until

before

the house

until he

comes

before

he

comes

without

before

starting

without

spending

without

his

war

work

to

in order

that he may

the

Insert

verbs

main
II ira

quoiqu'ilne

II dinera

ici pourvu
II

(arriver)tard.
visitera

avant

forms.

verb

friend

seeing me

comes

Then

rewrite,putting

tense.

past

he

le (vouloir).
si nous
(vouloir)
pas. II restera
bien. II aura
le (recevoir)
peur de
que nous
II nous
tard.
nous
aura
(arriver)
peur
que
le

II viendra
je(s'enaller).

que

(voir).II restera

pour

que

amis

ses

le

nous
qu'il(vouloir)

parce

(voir).II parlerajusqu'ace

(avoir)sommeil.

nous

que

in

noon

unless

work

correct

Model

Hugo

et

le

Coiffeur

le coiffeur

Brassier.

l'ouvrage va-t-il?
moins

meme.

comment

d'hui.

mes

Voici

"

que

garcons

Parfaitement,

et

moi

nous

Quoi qu'ilarrive, elles devront

aient
vos

sonne.

trente

"

de

l'autre

coiffees avant

je
"

revins
II

ne

chez
m'a

sais pas

ne

aujour-

coiffions.

nous

que

bien !

trop bien

va

d'affaire

que

Hugo

Eh

"

Qa

qu'ilfaut

etre

jour ?

Brassier

tirerons

nous

Quelques jours apres

dames

de'pechions,je

dames

trente

dis

monsieur.

nous

ne

nous

liste de

une

jour je

Un

Victor

M.

je rencontrais
Quelquefois,e'critle journaliste,
chez

fallen

have

"

the

in order

I sang

afraid

were

before

the

escape

sing unless

not

as

ran

to

had he fallen,I should

road

4.

371

"

he be

I will tell him, whoever

I will

ADVERBIAL

IN

SUBJUNCTIVE

THE

six heures

Brassier.

pas

ete

"

Et

possible

ELEMENTARY

372
coiffer

d'en

plus de

instants

Quelques

fauteuil pour

lorsque lui,d'un
habit

son

de

II

bien

attendu

lui,l'esprit
occupe',se

adresses
que

mes

emportee.
sons

hasardai

ce

donner.

vous

collaborates

fort beaux

de

perdu

de M.

Victor

avant

celles de
feuille

une

ecrire.

Moi,

Apres

avoir
mais

sieurs,
Mes-

raser.

aux

la liste

liste que
"

dit

me

rendiez

vous

cherchames
ma

raser,

j'etais
presse,
faire

ce

avait

Hugo

Calmez-vous.

Suppo-

la pour

trouve

sans

le

que

la poesiefrancaise
inspiration,

son

Vous

vers.

Hugo.

fini.

vous

f(it pas

se

et

il vit

mit

se

se

Brassier.

papier ne

poete put y inscrire le resultat de

y aurait

Enfin

que

Nous

brave

et

fouilla dans

et

sans

C'etait

trouver.

de

morceau

alia

il faut

Hugo.

posta dans

bras

lui dire que

moi,

se

mon

saisit et

s'en

et

Allons, mon

"

que

leva

put la

personne

s'en

garcons,

je vais

que

il

j'attendais
qu'ileut

presse,

longtemps je me

poche

sa

Victor

Je m'appretais a le

qu'ilcherchait.

ce

commode,

fusse

dis-jea

de

M.

chez

entra

retourner,

me

crayon

trouver

cette

je

que

depart, il

de

de

cause

geste brusque, m'abaissa

papier sur

lui fasse la barbe.

pritun

sans

Et cela

votre

apres

je

que

d'attendre.

la moitie.

le temps

j'eusseeu

que

FRENCH

6te

avez

ce

jour-lale

"

Theme
Mr.

Victor

Brassier, (a) hairdresser,was

without

Hugo

piece of

prevented the poet

from

however,
inspiration,
This

customers.

Mr.
him.

bureau, he
is

Let

in

comes

us

in

to
(there)

and

is able

to

the

gets ready
set

to

to

the

have

and

shave

work, Hugo

loss of
we

are

the
takes

have

about
at

fifteen

the hairdresser's.

the hairdresser
in front

waits

latter is very

This
inspiration.

sit down

to

of
of

there,would

that

suppose

armchair

an

that because

result of his

anybody's invitinghim
sits down

found

been

(to) Brassier

cost

ready. Although

the armchair

not

writingthe

is how

Hugo

Without

the collaborator

the latter's suspectingit,and

which, if it had

paper

day

one

shave
of the

until the

dresser
hair-

busy, he approaches

poet. Before
out

the

pencilfrom

dresser
hairhis

VICTOR

Victor
1802

Hugo,
mourut

et

poete

tristesses

humain.
ceuvre,

Paris

et

il fut
connu

1885,

en

en

parmi

joies.

ses

Quoique

II est

de

les

un

Americans

fit remarquer

aussi
le

des

pour

trouvent

satiriste
pour

l'avoir
le

dire,

grands

ecrivains

surtout

par

son

compris
champion

de
du

roman

Besancon

politique.

ainsi

beaucoup

d^fauts

II devint
et

chante

du
dans

dix-neuvieme
Les

en

turge,
drama-

romancier,

comme

comme

peuple,

devint,

critiques

Europe
des

II

ordre, qui naquit

premier
se

lyrique, critique, et
populaire

extremement
ses

litteraire

genie

HUGO

Misirables

genre
son

siecle.

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

374
Then

pocket.

searches

he

there what

he needs.

Hugo,

findingwhat

not

which

he

of his

hairdresser

waits

he

finishes soon," says the barber

customers."

of all my
is in

being

After

shaved.

listof addresses
had

taken

to

begins
"

until he

"

write.

to

to

occupied,goes

of his customers,

but without

of paper
he

fix the hair

that he

Hugo

before

then

out

poet'sdeparture,Brassier

the

finished.

Unless

never

to

say

find

to

has

sheet

I shall

himself,

latter,his mind

The

hurry.

and

last he ventures

At

in order

coat

looking for,takes

is

bureau

the

on

sees

The

in those

looks

findingit.

for the

Mr.

Hugo

him.

it with

Oral
Pouvez-vous

i.

longue ?
d'etudier
que

? 3. A

eussiez
vous

que

aient donne

vous

ici?

9. Allez-vous

ici

1 1

sans

l'ecole

froid

si

de chez

avant

ait

expliquela

avant

de

venir

lecon ?

ici?

14.

les exercices
Aviez-vous

15. Etes-vous

bien

moins

que

vos

resterez-

Ne

10.

etre

sans
vous

vous

Jusqu'aquand

sortez

vous

ete,

que

quelque temps qu'ilfasse?

13. Commencons-nous

maitre

derniere

8.

(Pourvu
cet

assez

afin d'arriver

fitudierez-vousle francais jusqu'ace que

12.

parliezbien?

dehors

dejeuner ?

moins

France

en

peu

ici demain

pas

7. Venez-vous

quelleheure partez-vous

A
.

l'heure ?

lecon

voyager

viendriez-vous

votre

d'avoir

craignez-vouspas
couvert

6. Ne

fussiez malade

ne

parents
vous

billet ?

votre

aller

laisserait-on

5. Vous

?
accepteriez-vous

invite

vous

leur

un

la sauront-ils ?

quellecondition

Suppose qu'on

4.

qu'elle soit

bien

peuvent-ilssavoir

eleves

beaucoup

.)

Les

2.

l'anecdote

repeter

vous

avant

que

le
le

deja etudie

le francais

d'avoir

fini cette

aise

lecon ?

Resume
The

1.

2.

What

3. I

pupils will
poet is

ought

Hugo

not

to

go

taken

not
to

the

work

until

they

finish the

forgottenalthough he
town, but shall
the barber
list,

not

go

would

died

unless
have

many

whole

lesson.

years

ago

it is fine. 4. Had
been

able

to

keep

376

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

'

Give

4.
pour

5. When

subjunctiveused

is the

preceded by

; d' ; pas ; par ; fais ; vais ; vois ; vous

; de ; apres

sans

infinitive

containing an

sentences

in

en.

principalclause?

Illustrate.
the first person

6. Give
of

tive
present subjunc-

determined

8. What
follows

dire, devoir, vendre.

tenir, savoir, sauver,

is the tense

7. How

of the

subjunctivein

subordinate

is

impersonal

an

verb ?

What

construction

9. Give

four

When

is

10.

the

aller, etre, finir,craindre, croire, avoir, faire, prendre,

vouloir, mener,

clause

singularof

impersonal verbs or phrases.

the subjunctiveused
in relative clauses?

Illustrate.
1 1

What

is the

construction

after

although

to ?

becatise ?

until ?

in

order

12.

Give

the

13.

Give

French

that ?

in

order

unless

Illustrate

each.

tout

pour
que

bien

aise que

je suis

bien

aise de

ne

doutais

and

containing
"

jusqu'a

pendant

que

moins

que

quand

avant

que

lorsque

mette

pendant

fit

sentences

il avait peur

vous

c'est un

pas

que

les

je sais que

je
que

c'est le plusgrand pays que

bien que

s'ilfait beau

qu'il
mon

que

plusgrand pays

il m'aime

il fallait que

translated.

not

de

fruits

je veux

is used

avant

these

Complete

je suis
je

sentences

devant

car

14.

ne

avant

en

pour

where

cases

ami

la maison

"

"

je le

veux,

quoi que

je jouaistandis

que

vous

LESSONS

REVIEW,
into

15. Translate
I forbid

him

to

prevent him

I think

he will do

thought he

do

I started

I fear

before

it

do

before

until it

she almost
than

this

8. Would

you

used.

9.

They

for

I asked

books, and
for them.

remain

and

may

if you

can.

that you
never

14.

where
God

must

is

France

he
be

17.
wanted

1 1.

Let

she

me

to.

have

him.

some

one

20.

umbrella

more

beautiful

I shall not

that is

coat

new

He

to

prefersto

before

thought.

he would

must

has

given
I

out, but

go

away,

may

all believe
19.

Did

you

go

from

it. 18. I

live the French

my

to

sister
asked

permitted him

let him

prevent him

we

her

if she had

too

some

go

nothing

introduce

not

father

My

write

it will be fine when

hope

to

Long

are

her, but she had

see

Try

come.

we

made.

than

more

? It is the best that I have

him

16.

to

2.

running to school,

was

an

given her

make

fear you

They

write.

have

us

15. If he

with

finish the book

read and

10.

13.

was.

finish the book

in order

him

I did not

finish this lesson ?

we

stay in the country, where

that

I should

fall

us

I feared

12.

to

French

to

for the seashore.

Europe.

although

many

to

to

fall

warm

should

English grammar

came

to

Buy

7. France

like this

her

4.

brother

he is in the country.

start

me

My

comes.

already started

me,

5. Let

not

shall

3. While

rain.

her

try

try

it be

into

street.

one.

6.

his best friend

while

he knows

learn

never

to

ceases

fell in the

summer.

ever

I think

we

Translate

I fear that he will

go down

this

I know

when

B.

remain

not

I think

may

remain

remain

to

me

you

I shall

to

remaining

I shall not

it snows

remain

to

useful

up

can

it snowed

in order

1.

I gave

remain

to

came

remain
finally

he told

I like to remain
I

I shall

he will do it?

I shall start

I wish

coming

it

would

think

you

from

377

"

come

I shall

French

L-LIII

fear

away,

coming,
was
we

language !

told
would

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

378

FIFTY-FOUR

LESSON
SUPPLEMENTARY
310.

fall within
have

which
are

311.

been

not

Irregular

Certain

which

matters

erly
prop-

province of elementary French, but

included
in the preceding sections,

in

three

supplementary lessons.
Supplementary

Plurals.

to

Sees.

76,

93,

96.
The

a.

following nouns

by adding

b.

chacal,jackal

feast
regal,

The

followingnouns
s

ending

in

form

ail

their

plural

detail,detail

eventa.il,
fan

portail,
portal

e'pouvantail,
bugbear

gouvernail,rudder

serail,
seraglio

pluralsof

Note.

312.

marized
ending in au, eu, and ou may be sumfollows : nouns
and adjectives
in au, nouns
in eu,
nouns
(Sec.93) in ou form the pluralby adding x.

few

the

Sec.

103,

words

unusual

Irregular

For

".

plural

cal,callosity

seven

c.

their

form

narval, narwhal

as

and

in al

carnaval,carnival

The

c.

ending

bal, ball

by adding

see

the

presented

now

and

Lessons.

Supplementary

INFLECTION

Feminines.

feminine
a,

irregularpluralsare

b,

of

eur

better, and

adding e.

; but

to euse

all

Supplementary to
adjectivesending in

in

page

428.

Sec.

103.

e,

f, and

x,

Examples:

eur

in

the

masculine

usually

majeur, major, mineur, minor, meilleur,

adjectivesin

f. extSrieure, outer.

on

c.

Adjectives ending

change

grouped

erieur

form

their

feminine

flatteur,/*.
flattering;
fl"tteusQ,

by

exterieur.

SUPPLEMENTARY

the

in

Adjectivesending

c.

in

feminine

ere

INFLECTION

"

in the

er

in

few

379

masculine

terminate

in

(namely,complet, complete;

et

concret, concrete, discret, discreet,inquiet, anxious, replet,fat,

secret, secret)terminate
of the
French

is in order

accent

grave

euphony by

in

in the feminine

which

comply

to

word

ete.

not

may

The

addition

with

the

end

in two

rule

of

mute

syllables.Examples : cher,f. chere ; complet, f. complete.

d. Many adjectives
ending in a singleconsonant
preceded

by

mute

vowel
e.

double

The

fall under

the final

and
following,
this rule

consonant

the addition

others of similar

some

of the

termination,

ancien,aficient

thick
e*pais,

net, clear

bas, low

gentil,
pretty

nul, no

bon, good

gras,fat

similar
pareil,

cadet,younger

gros,

chretien,Christian

Italian
italien,

cruel,cruel

moyen,

The

big

following unclassified
:
specialirregularities
e.

on

middle

list of

sot, foolish

sujet,subject
vermeil, vermilion

adjectivespresents

38o

ELEMENTARY

313.

Additional

Lessons
a,

FRENCH

Irregular

Verbs.

Forty-Threeto Forty-Nine.

AcquSrir, to acquire, acqu^rant, acquis, acquiers, acquis.

Pres.

j'acquiers

Ind.

tu

acquiers

Fut.
Pres.

nous

acquerons

vous

acquerez

ils acquierent

il acquiert

j'acquerrai
Subj. j'acquiere
tu acquieres
il acquiere
'

compounds
Similarly,
b. Assaillir, to

nous

acquerions

vous

acqueriez

ils acquierent

of querir.

assail,assaillant,assailli,assaille,assaillis.

to
tressaillir,
Similarly,
C.

Supplementary

be startled.

Bouillir, to boil,bouillant,bouilli,bous, bouillis.

d. Cueillir,to
Fut.

gather, cueillant,cueilli,cueille,cueillis.
not je cueillirai.
je cueillerai,

to

SUPPLEMENTARY

INFLECTION

"

38

Faillir,to fail, faillant,failli,faux, faillis.

e.

Note.

/. Fuir,

to

Hair,

to

g.

Note.

forms

Many

of this verb

not

are

in

use.

flee,fuyant, fui, fuis, fuis.

hate, haissant, hai, hais,

There

is

diaeresis in the

no

hais.

singularof the present indicative

imperative.

or

'

h, Vetir,

clothe, vetant, vetu, vets,

to

Mouvoir,

1.

to

mu

(/. mue),

Subj.

je meuve

nous

mouvions

tu

vous

mouviez

meuves

ils meuvent

il meuve
Note.

mus.

meus,

je mouvrai

Fut.
Pres.

mouvant,

move,

vetis.

There

is

accent

no

in the

of compounds
past participle

of

mouvoir.

/. Pleuvoir, to rain, pleuvant, plu,

k.

is

Pleuvoir

an

beat, battant,battu, bats,

to

pourvois, pourvus.

battis.

Conclure, to conclude, concluant, conclu, conclus, conclus.

n,

Coudre, to sew,

0.

Croitre, to grow,

p. Maudire,

to

Moudre,

r.

Resoudre,

5.

Rire,

t, Sumre,

curse,

croissant, cru
maudissant,

couds, cousis.

(/. crue),crois,crus.
maudit, maudis,

to

maudis.

moulus.

resolve,solve,resolvant, r6solu,r6sous, r^solus.

laugh, riant, ri, ris, ris.

to

to

Vaincre,

vainquis.

cousant, cousu,

grind, moulant, moulu, mouds,

to

q.

1/.

impersonal verb.

Pourvoir, to provide,pourvoyant, pourvu,

/. Battre,
m.

pleut, il plut.

il pleuvra

Fut.
Note.

il

be

to

suffisant,sum, sufBs, suffis.

sufficient,
defeat, vainquant, vaincu, vaincs,
conquer,

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

382

FORMS

IDIOMATIC

combattre,

AND

fight

to

r^soudre

se

de, to be stirred by

s'Smouvoir

PHRASES

be resolved

to

a,

to

(se)rire de, to laugh at

to start)
j'aifailli partir,I nearlystarted (failed

je faillis tomber,

fell (came

I almost

falling)

near

EXERCISE

i.
2.

My

favorite

dog

barked

for half

flowers
better than

is discreet
is

water

the Turkish

whole

the

trees

make

not

become

man.

the Italians ?

19.

the

heard

24.

He

wheat

made
what

flee. 7.

this

by

the Greek.

They

11.

Those

10.

who

glad

am

the

me

vessels

battle.

When

12.

17. The

15. The

we

13. The

me

now.

almost
in order

23.

peaches

Turkish
and

away

fell
to

flee into my

at

the

make

not

outer

fresh

quiet room.

I said ; that is sufficient.

on

does

army

be

resolved

will

lost their rudders.

Are

The

sewing secretly

was

fighttomorrow;

had

it is

complete victory. 14.

18. Go
to

are

She

9. The

money.

good things?

16. She

day.

every

They

this

carnivals

door.

25. He

bread.
27. Your

were

That

22.

two

to

they defeat

They will conclude peace this evening,and

longer be subjectto the king. 21. The sailors

girlis laughing at

voices

stirred

clothed

are

20.

citywill no
cursing because
?

with

ing
gather-

been

seraglios.8.

tea.

some

provide us

details of the

the

than

startled.

not

acquiremuch

present for her husband.

fightbetter

many

will

growing

are

much

everything is extremely dry.

because

will learn

soldiers.

today

in the

women

their friends.

hate

always

country has been

English

of

armies

will drink

we

hungry again,who

are

very

some

sisters have

twin

will

well and

boiling;now

rainingnow,

by

(ones).6. I, at least,will

works

and

treacherous

are

to

to

was

5. The

hour.

an

the ancient

give feasts

woman

balls. 4. The

to

assailed

suddenly

was

the Italian

and

fans

3. Girls carry

often

sister

year

was

sly
too

ing
grind-

26. Their

sharp

younger

sister

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

384
Quelque,

c.

limited

more

some
(or a) little,

some

quantitythan

argent,

some

money

317.

direct

in Sec.

mentioned

With

a.

Further

Disjunctive Pronouns.
not

to

He

will introduce

me

He

will introduce

you

than

other

objectpronoun

178,

of the

uses

tives,
disjunc-

are

indirect

an

express

(ora)few apples
apples

some

some

pommes,

(ora) little money

some

quelques pommes,
des

expresses

de.

quelque argent,
de V

(ora) few,

object accompanying

le, la, les.

to him.

//

me

to us.

//

vous

presentera

lui.

presentera

nous.

But,
will introduce

He

b.

Together
emphasis.

for
I

her

to

with

// la leur

them.

conjunctivesubjector objectpronoun

here.

am

"

insulted

Henry

318.
its

that the

disjunctivesubjectlui
conjunctiveform.

En

with

Vosvilles
les

is the
sont

Force.

Possessive

(or their)when

objector

the

word

subjector

J'aime Paris;

predicateof

belles;j'enaime
les

rues

Your

sont

stand

may

alone

regularlyused for
by its is a direct

etre.

cities are

their
en

is

En

modified

jolisjardins.

belles.

insulte,moi.

m'a

est ici.

Lui

Observe
without

Moi, je suis ici.

Henri

me.

is here.

He

presentera.

beautiful;I

like

pretty gardens

love
streets

Paris;

its

of it)are

streets

(the

beautiful

SUPPLEMENTARY

expressedin
A

John

is

His

320.

his and

lui

her

garden, sonjardin

elle

if

objectof

the

b, As

the modified
whose

man

to

322.

Ou

instead

and

refer to persons.

they

you,

d'ou

la ville par

ou

mes

amis, parmi lesquelsje

venez-vous

to

whose

express

objectof

preposition,

aufils duquel je parte

where, whence,

through which,

used

often

are

lequel, etc.
venus,

sommes

Compound

simple forms

ou,

par

ils sont

dont,

Prepositions. D'ou, from

and

nous

de, instead of

speak, Vhomme

son

of duquel, par

la maison

323.

be used

must

is itself the

noun

after

which,

from

is

is had

recourse

prepositionsentre, between,

the

I count

whom

dit.

Va

ambiguity, it

her,

garden, son jardin

even

thought.

ami.

mon

avoid

to

me

are

compte

vous

when

est

etc.

the

on

amis

mes

his

friends,among

D'ou

Whenever,

Her,

object of

the

As

parmi, among,

the

Jean

of mine.

and

de

Lequel is the relative that

321.

my

Un

so.

between
distinguish
disjunctive.

the

a.

me

385

of mine, of yours,

depending

ways,

to

necessary
to

told

friend

in two

French

of mine

friend

like

Phrases

Of mine, etc.

319.

PRONOUNS

ARTICLES,

"

Where

the house

venus,

do you

the
come

Interrogative

qui, que, quoi,

whence

they came

citythrough

which

we

have

come

from ?
Pronouns.

Instead

phrases of
interrogative

of
the

the

type

These
used.
frequently
phrasesconsist of est-ce preceded by an interrogative
pronoun
and followed
by a relative. In determiningthe proper form
of these, the regular rules of Lessons
Thirty-Three and
Thirty-Fiveapply.
of qu'est-ce qui in Sec.

211

are

very

386

ELEMENTARY

The

phrase qu'est-ce qui

there

being

predicatenominatives
developed,as shown

further
the

real

Who

is

that it

doing

that
?

man

(Who
?)
(Who

is,namely, this

did

find ?

you

found

it that you
whom

are

full what
in the

is growing

is it that.

What,

predicatenominative,

and

what

are

below, an

extra

que

who

is it

Qui

is it

Qui

qui.

usuallystill
introducing

is

Qui

qui fait cela ?

est-ce

est-ce

homme

?)

man

(Who

c'est

que

cet

que

est-ce

que

vous

trouve

avez

?)
speaking?

you

is it that

whom

(Of

that?

doing

is this

Whom

for what

subject.

that is
Who

French

becomes
(qu'); that, being a subjectrelative,

que

The

in the

in
(Sec. 211) means
interrogativepronoun

an

becomes

Of

FRENCH

qui est-ce que

De

parlez?

vous

are

you

speaking ?)
is this

What

thing? (What is it
it is,namely, this thing?)

that

is that ?

(What is
it is,namely, that ?)

What

isyour father

What

is it that your
Of what
what

are

it that

doing ? (What

Qu'est-ceque c'est

que

cette chose f

Qu'est-ce que c'est

que

cela ?

Qu'est-ce que

fait?

voire

ere

father is doing ?)

speaking ? (Of

you

is it that you

are

quoi

De

est-ce

que

parlez?

vous

ing
speak-

?)
324.

Soi,

ones

of the third
in
On

is
self,itself,

sort

of

reflexive
disjunctive
after

rarelyused except

person,

prepositions

general statements.
doit pas

ne

But

Jean

ne

meme.

in

penser

soi.

the

specificcase

doit pas

penser

lui-

One

ought not

intensive

fohn

form

ought

self.

to think

of himself.

is used.

?iot to

thi?ik

of

him-

SUPPLEMENTARY

325.

used

often

are

the reflexive use,

this from
the

of two

case

others, in the
love each

We

action.
reciprocal

denote

to

of

les

or

persons,

case

flatterone another.
They (several)
They (two) are giving presents
each

to

ne
un

no
aucun(e),

autre, another, a different

encore

un,

Us

se

I'autre.

AND

PHRASES

another, one

il
a

n'y

de

plume, my
soldats,we

's to be done

l'un

own

pen

soldiers

something to

quoi manger,

eat

?
worth

quoi, it 's not

de

pas

autres

nous

more

what

faire ?

que

propre

les autres.

uns

des cadeaux

donnent

ma

no

one,

the

ones

l'un I'autre.

les
seflattent

WORDS

other, in

added.

J7s

other.

IDIOMATIC

the

aimons.

nous

77s s'aiment

other.

distinguish

one

two, is often

Nous

each

To

pronouns

autres, the

les

uns

than

more

other.

They (two) love

Pautre, the

l'un

387

pluralreflexive

The

Pronouns.

Reciprocal

PRONOUNS

ARTICLES,

"

mentioning

qu'il est, at the present time

l'heure

EXERCISE

1.
on

His

insulted him

6. Of

other, but let

own

us

you.

13. I have

these

long ?

children
Do

you

to

watches

some

be

brother

done

are

here.
and

not

praiseourselves.
London,

1 1.

12.

If you

only a
love

Uncle

one

like its

teach

can

is the
us,

15. Have

16. What

you

is that ?

another.
been

his

largest
duced
intro-

was

him, he will introduce

piecesof it; give me

another.
stores

to

near

brother

praise each

us

teacher

lives

are

painter,of

7. The

8. Let

9. No

William, who

cities

jewels. 4. John

capitalof England,

the

speak

few

few

speaking ?

you

talking,has just died.

10.

Most

2.

littlechild is

5. This

am

the world.
to

's

whose

children.

cityin

me.

what

picture I

whose

has

3. He

large rivers.

of his.

English soldier,is

brother, an

you
14.

in the

Didn't you

to

All

city
hear

ELEMENTARY

388
it?

17. She

is another

said
a

so

story.

you

here?

Yes,

he

are

too

that you

very

My

20.

is here.
24. Were

saw

in the Greek
others.

which

learn

32.

neighbor

everything. 3

of his

provided

potatoes, bread, milk, and

paid her

which

Where

did

sugar.

city is

this

they

all

from

come

in

^^.

Position

of

garden ?

26. Who

came.

not

to

; it 's not

one

works

what

he

Another

man

34. What

35. Who

are
are

its

love

worth

is it
self
himtioning.
men-

30. We

for himself.

needed, meat,
would
the two
these

have
rivers

children?

FIFTY-SIX

SUPPLEMENTARY

for

with

built?

LESSON

326.

him

she in his

of the money.

most

Every

franc for her flowers.

another

between

us

Is there

22.

is pretty, but

ought

thank

29. At the present time he has

pupils cannot

he

One

city? 27.

28. Don't

and

did

cousin,

younger

house

he

what

all the time ?

sew

her?

to

me

not

justleft the cityfrom

than

she

23. The

had

more

18. Of

friend,your

own

introduce

not

small.

Greeks.

19. Does

country?

Will

windows
25. I

what

(it).21.

friend

the

travelingamong

was

the poet write ? Of

That

FRENCH

WORD

ORDER,

ETC.

tions
Adjectives. Specificpreliminarydirec-

positionof descriptiveadjectiveswere
given
Some
Sees. 99, 100.
insightinto the underlyingprinciples
is

the

now

desirable.

Adjectivesthat distinguishan objectfrom others of its

(or a subgroup from a largergroup) follow the noun.
group
the judgment
or
Adjectives that add a qualitywhich
a.

emotion

of the
cheval

speaker leads

him

to

mention

tend to precede.

(notblack)
la blanche
neige,the white snow
(which I admire)
its nationality)
la ville anglaise, an
English city(tells
Pillustre Hugo, the famous Hugo (as men
esteem
him)
un

blanc,a

white

horse

SUPPLEMENTARY

b.

"

WORD

ORDER,

ETC.

389

Adjectiveswhose

meaning regularly
brings them after
the noun
include
denoting color, shape, and
(1) those
other
physicalconditions ; (2) those denoting nationality
party.

or

robe

une

noire, a black dress

la table ronde, the round

le
c.

e.

and

Liberal

party

derivation,especially
Adjectivesof participial
ciples,
past partiare

d.

the
partiliberal,

table

have

to

apt

force

that

causes

them

une

fenetre

des

e'toilesfilantes,shooting stars

ouverte,

an

to

follow.

open window

Certain

to preadjectivesof everyday use have come

cede
when
A list is given in Sec. 100.
even
they distinguish.
Adjectivesused figuratively
imply a judgment or opinion

therefore

precede.
regularly
un

f. Certain

noir

caractere,

black

character

adjectivesdiffer considerablyin meaning

they precede or

follow.

Among

these

are

as

cause

modified

enfant

un

fils digne de

327.

Position

The

of

the

and
auxiliary

hier.

to

precede it.

Je

n'ose

trop

For

c.

He

rhetorical

d. The

as

the

first in their

Personne

n'est

328.

soldats.

infinitive

of

personne,

subjectof
clause,the

ne

In

after Verb.

the

verb

sentence.

In

were

soldiers.

this

they
position.

case

its normal

having

Nobody

apt

being originally
nouns,

sentence.

are

much.

modifies

that

Everywhere there

and

partout

participle.

speak too

not

beginning

ici.

Subject

no.

yesterday.

modify an

adverb

an

the

negativesrien

be used

stand

effect

the past

came

I dare

placed at

y avait des

Partout.il

that

parler.

is sometimes

Sec.

Exceptions to

Short, simple adverbs

b.

may

positionof adjectivesis very

French
is the surest
guide.
usage

the

hier, aujourd'hui,demain, ici,la, and

between

venu

worthy of his father

son

of Adverbs.

adverbs

come

pere,

of

matter

extremely pretty child

joli,an

son

those

phrases follow.

or

extremement

Observation

idiomatic.

est

adverbs

un

whole

never

particular,long adjectives and

In

by long

The

a.

at

usages

above.

ences
euphony, emphasis, and other influwith
the principlesmenvariance
tioned

of

Considerations

g.

II

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

390

is here.

addition

to

the

interrogative

the

quotationor

construction, the subjectfollows the verb

Regularlywith verbs
part of it precedes.
a.

"I
M

see

you," said

Come
down."

the

of

aje

mother.

here," said he,

"

and

saying

sit

when

te vois ", dit la mere.

aVenez
vous.%

net
ici", dit-il,

asseyez-

ELEMENTARY

392

Quand
lui
Si

arriverez

vous

et que

FRENCH

When

vous

parlerez.

vous

j'enaie.

et que

If you

want

have

Si meaning

332.

You

didn't

isn't

333.
in

as

I did

Yes,

coming

Yes, indeed.

Historical

II faisait froid.

Vous

Le

77

ft

met

plus vite.

En.

A, Dans,
in the

forms

with

Jean tient
Jean

est

dans

II les vend

en

Si,jeVai

his coat

objectan

livre
sa

of

in
a

French,
tense.

past

he

he goes out

as

on

quickly

can.

idiomatic

numerous

between

a,

tinctions
dis-

to, at,

difficulty.
en
; dans, positioninside of ; while
expressionequivalentto an adverb.

in, present

en,

instead

si.

cold. The peasant puts

was

the

Mais

narration

those
prepositions,

positionat
its

un

Among
of

use

in, dans, into, and

denotes

pas difi

vient pas ?

is often used

paysan
au

ne

as

nePavez

In animated

Present.

habit; il sort

334.

implied

or

dit.

English,the present

son

if I

any.

expressed

an

(sayso).
He

and

some

for yes.

so?

say

After

yes.

is used

negation si

him.

speak to

voulez

en

(when you)

and

come

you

some

fohn holds

la main.

John

chambre.

He

gros.

book

is in his

sells them

in his hand.

room.

wholesale

(ingreat

quantities).
335.

by

the
a.

use

of de and

De is used

when

place of origin,or
une

le

Nouns

Nouns.

Compound

a.

the second

fourchette

fromage
ver

un

verre

de

d'argent,a

expresses

silver fork

Suisse, Swiss cheese

de terre, an
de

noun

of the first.

contents

un

frequentlycombined

are

earthworm

vin, a glass of wine

the

material,

SUPPLEMENTARY

is

Material

often, perhaps more

montre

une

is used

b. A
or

use,

WORD

"

when

en

the

verre

un

couteau

un

bateau

or,

rin,

393

gold watch

denotes

noun

of the
a

un

ETC.

commonly, expressedby en.

second

of motion

means

ORDER,

the

purpose,

first.

wineglass

papier, a paper-knife

a
a

vapeur,

steamboat

EXERCISE

The

1.

only

poor

ought

not

to

who

dares

not

laugh

man

were

alone

who

had

just returned

politeboy,
famous

pleased him

best.

The

teacup.

his

had

asked,

was

hand
and

When
a

poor

shining gold
Let

11.

Joan could

on

when
twin

two

my

father
sort

or

us

the

not

his

host

cousins
was

in

of workman.

20.

nose

crown

capital

the

silver cup

last

night?

14.

Do

The

6. Most

poets

have

often

visited

The

stolen

had

18.

he

gold

Cursing

could

man

each

not

introduce

the

wineglass
21.

cup.

in the

business, the last

want," he

you

fell.

were

for

France.

They

head,

beloved

Hardly

some.

her

15.

He

too

9. If you

his

on

knife ? "

19.

mine

23.

Turkish

the

Among

save

17.

brought
of

is

long

soldiers

steamboat.

crowd.

5. He

emperor

use

clean

poor

many

friend,

Christian

shooting star

my

6.

my

wholesale, I shall buy

large city.

in all that

me

his

John
22.

to

live in

found

was

to

you
in

fork

own

your

battlefield where

cloth

at

the last

saw

has

extremely pretty daughter.

an

prefer not
the

faithful

is it that

13. Who

cook

right hand.

me.

traveled, the

who

little girls

forgotwhat

praise the

sad

two

is the

He

2.

father.

honest

he

man

had

meats.

3. The

us.

his

cannot

tall

king

The

12.

of

will sell them

wicked
in

spear

is the

and

many,

10.

7. I

at

dearest

Switzerland, told

which

through

8. Who

much.

from

the

4. I almost

sky.

worthy

son

cities

have

the blue

under

buy

Uncle

dining-room.
that he

other

hired

furiously,

ELEMENTARY

394
the

sailors

wounded

nobody
the

Italian

girlof

was

He
all

French

in

can't

whose

house

the

the

him.

black

white

read

pale ;

dying.

are

receive

to

tell her

24.

soldiers
here

was

priest lived
28.

fled.

quickly

FRENCH

he

loved

cher

Cher

monsieur

de

bien

defin
a

de lettres
de

repondre

heureux

de lettres

can.

snow.

29.

She

yet write

cannot

de
de

de

faire

cordialement

madame,

de

faire

par

suivre.

retour

du

ma

que

bien

sincere

consideration

Fexpression

restante.

Repondre

nouvelles.

vos

savoir

5 courant.

la main.

de
.

de

Madame

lettre du

votre

recevoir

vous

amie

devoues.

soins

chere

Votre

agreer,

plus

Poste

You

Chere

serre

Veuillez

Priere

he

white

good

Yes, indeed, I can," I replied.

Recevez, monsieur, l'assurance

Aux

vous.

vous

Instructions

Yes,

Ma

Je prends la liberte

Je

the

see

to

you

The

27.

but

CORRESPONDANCE

DE

commencement

J'ai ete

Bien

me.

to

30.

ami

Je m'empresse

Phrases

'will I introduce

language?

girls all pitied her.

yesterday,

came

wrote

you

further; everywhere

go

Mon

Phrases

He

25.

eyes

Greek

MODELES

to

26. Never

well," said the teacher.

Salutations

not

courrier.

de

mes

distinguee.

sentiments

les

SENTENCES
The

FOR

pupil will

until he

has

completed

I must

i.

I didn't

than

they want

mother

I didn't know

brother

tell all
of the
and

city?

spoke

to

pleaseshim

be beaten

to

me.

how

(it).17.
hand

days, but

clear.

We

wish
21.

some

stays

to

see

can
now

cannot

that

only

will have

littleblue

ought

to

for the poor

can

often

back

now

get along without

in

came

you

used

my

I have

dog

of mine

has

it will

eatingand

bitten

for several

snowed

hope

was

forgotten

friend

when

pen

When

16.

come.

and

to

old horse

19. It has

sky

not

done

me

but

will

have

pictures,but

scarcelywrite.

9. When

you

often.

very

few

he wait

what

4. The

speak French,

to

all you

15. Give

mine

and

soon

be

drinking if we

live.
have

We

money
at

need

have

so.

work.

you

his letter when

think

you

full. 18. You

and

20.

how

has his house

my

Do

him

for

done

not

aunt's?

We

10.

to

gone

your

early.

that wheat?

you

I had

are

at

stay

too

longer

these

and

as

8. Did

come

replying to

was

make

to

I knew

young,

to

believe

not

will stay

soon

did you

right.

are

does

much,

so

home.

want

Have

13.

sentences

You

that you

6. As

come

No, I don't think

find yours,

you

these

2.

3. She

flowers

long

grind

to

n.

12.

had

fear

seen.

7. How

noon.

rain.

loves

ever

not

begin

know.

we

I have

I did

required for

at

4.

5. She

that she

long ?

your

material

tomorrow

come.

rain.

to

REVIEW

lessons.

Boston

you.

bed, it began

me

the

has

beautiful

most

all the

for fear that it would

come

her

for

in

be

that

the

have

not

GENERAL

my

at

resolved
once

house.

23.

not

to

start

it will be
I

am

better

going
395

until it is fine.

to

to

come

tell you

to

22.

him

He

needs

while

he

something which,

396
I

ELEMENTARY

hope,

have

will make

you

watch

cleaned.

my

silver,but it is
father

from

saying
seated

were

you

28. When

the

last

began

evening.

the

the

on

of

war

the

was

33.

hand.

34.

her

approach

but

my

whom

he

door.

who

44.

They

go

to

has

the

bought

at

for

This

ought

eat

cityearly.

45.

you

entered

many

Paris.

50. When

you

your

not

saw

keys,
We

38.

who

injureus.

in your

many

let your

thinking of?
those

never

my

say that you

garden

I love it more

to

48.

all that
need

He

God

willingto

reads
that
has

if

and
do

what

46.
I

than

only Sundays,
are

given

me

have

that

and

cannot

to

you

but

can,

49.

you

what

see

to

ing
think-

you

in order

owes.

was

heard

him.

for it.

he

don't
I

to

came

more

given him,

anything, ask

they

had.

one

what

pay

tell him

to

that

than

money

room.

Don't

how

know

will know

you,

try

not

tomorrow

things with
47.

do.

be

to

poor

my

part of the books

use

me

window,

was

this

me

give

long time, and

more

Nobody

the

to

; it

They

I did

house

you

ought

sent

the

at

It

32.

house, but

my

you

During

men.

and

eyes

give to

lost

man

well what
tenth

31.

was

Have

him, but

our

brought

me.

you

and

us,

room

at

of when

were

of

to

mistaken

What

friend

speak

who

we

to

500,000

ago.

road

saw

at

the

both

know

which

which

you

or

years

many

30.

than

lost. 37.

hate

money

to

are

not

gold

before

table

closed

to

prevent my

can

finish the work

more

was

than

went

think.

42.

who

father

years

red flower

I wanted.

He

I had

alone.

just seen

43.

36.

lived in this
would

my

has

35. While

was.

beautiful

several

stayed

those

The

afraid,close your

I have

41.

had

doctor

the

love

one

what

the

remain

I have

than

lost

are

son

Nobody

mountains.

army

useful

27.

to

snow

the

to

which
father's,

39. What
40.

of

He

whose

to

The

29.

to

will try

each

If you

knew

ought

belong

to

that

1861

sick father

thinks.

early and

arose

more

26.

steamboat, but she did

wife

book.

he

rises,we

sun

is

much.

so

24.

Wood

25.

what

used

(of)the city and

yours

happy.

very

worth

not

FRENCH

do

read

Everybody
be

51. I will

useful.

hurry

as

FOR

SENTENCES

much

king is dead
winter

long live

all the

comes,

find

56.
die.

us

58. It
glad

be

61. I shall

not

go

that is

wood
here

came

and

learn what

willingto

he

unless

away

it be

this

start

can

night had

fallen,if all the generals had

to

Although

pity him,

72.

Try

I finish

Where

prevent

can

refused

to

winters

77. Let him

shall

obey

let her

my

Do

you

he

wish

make

the

bed

am

She

is

to

cold
wants

Peaches
and

the

; there

while

69.

The

diers
sol-

for I have
them

belong
do

to

to

to

me?

him

to

it,and

body
no-

him, although he
country where
hot

too

enough
to

never
can

good

Eat

persuade

to

summers

I expect

morning

that

see

will be

66. Did

I will send

in every

grow

the table if he

coffee every

to

before

Whatever

67.

money,

resolved
go

you

earlythis evening.

any

able

with

ours

cold.

sheep

be

never

father,although
him

to

for me,

76.

too

go

be

give him

and

oxen

tired.

too

be

68.

reading these books,

75.

enter.

take what

79. I will have

80.

me.

not

are

I cannot

not

is

me

63. We

killed.

his work

will

us

been

Frenchman.

you

73. I shall
74. As

smoking.

cease

the

are

find them.

to

are

boat.

been

not

finished

he

their fires and

cover

71. When

you.

before

and
starting,

before

ought

none.

afraid

Bring

will

have

victorywould

that you

do, remember

breakfast

the

freeze

almost

not

of

he

evening,

morning. 65. The

70.

never

was

62.

you

each

presents, but

some

tomorrow

you

to

59. I

it would

necessary.

I will make

and
easily,

cut

buy

to

64. Provided

he

it.

spring

is.

name

all,for he

at

come

until

many

I feared

pencil;

my

read

for him

better

his

55. If

again.

early to

be

keep

longer

no

be cold.

it would

some

father

my

The

53. When

will

trees

will get up

autumn

found
not

was

see

"

52.

exclaim.

to

life that it would

possibleto

have

60. He

might

397

late.

too

the

and

like,we

we
a

not

was

that you

seen.

will die

that I

that

there

king,"they began

gather apples in

57. We

comes.
am

book

I shall arrive

leaves

leading such

is

He

the

54. I wish

be beautiful.
you

I fear

but

I can,

as

REVIEW

GENERAL

do
you

for

and
me.

him

see

it better
live

at

my

dry.
78. 1

again.
than

I.

house?

MOLlfeRE
Le

tricentenaire

15

Janvier 1922.

surtout

les

ete

vers,

buste

fut

Le

peintre
de

place
a

de

Rien

honore

sa

etant

les

de

la

pays.

types imperissables.
et

dans
ne

de

locutions

la salle
manque

de
a

dans

sa

le

gloire ;

les

ses

et

La
Nul

de

de

Moliere),

et

pieces

mieux

en

de

connues

Malade

itnaginaire. Moliere

plupart

de

n'a

enrichi

proverbes.
francaise
il

les

France,
aussi

comique

auteur

le

tombe

est

theatres

plus grand
Le

devenues

l'Academie

dramaturge,

Maison

Parmi

humaine.

nature

et

memoire

(appelee

comme

tous

directeur

Bourgeois gentilhomme

des
mots

acteur,

francaise

reconnu

et

temps

devenus

sont

de

le

On

II est

VAvare,

sont

Moliere,

la Comedie

Amerique.
tous

de

manquait

avec
a

ses

la

personnages

langue d'autant

Apres
cette

la notre

sa

mort,

son

inscription :
"

ELEMENTARY

400
I

22.

going

am

Have

23.

you

some?

me

lend

It is

26.

28.

deal

had

bought
of

has

he

has

books

last winter, didn't

snow

friends whom

had

we

1.

Have

The

2.

gone

books

the

at

has
home
has
you

market

written

which

here

come

yesterday.
Didn't

8. Give

too.

9. All

They
you

letters I have

two

finger. 14. Mary

what
17.

Why

did she

reminding
19.

That's

believe that

me

the

nor

not

I have

didn't

the

French

window

they have

money.

3. He

stay here

much

he

he

found

you

that

some

She

last

them

saw

they will

aunt's

yesterday

lessons

had

evening ?

has

she

that

ago?
he

has

this afternoon.

20.

ished.
per-

Here

are

her

cut

remember

the theater last

minutes

I gave

departed.

12.

She

15. Did

at

be at

planted had

friends

13.

has

letter that she

your

had

we

their

few

great

yesterday?

4. She

away

at

saw

them

broke

we

the

read

arrived.

had

to

her.

morning.

see

We

interesting.3.

gone

saw

this

downstairs

go

never

good pencils.

the four letters which

that

John have

evening.
He

18.

given
I

do

is
me.

not

arrived.

Negation
1.

flowers

the books

6. We

of

back

me

(a) fire.

easilybuy

can

some

I wrote

given to

5. Has

pens.

Participle

very

lady you

received

had

sorry

and

I told her ?

the

were

bring

are

no

time.

Past

sisters have

7. The

and

give

not

without

There

30.

long

read

morning.

Thursday.

on

smoke

money

the

you

6. Our

brought

no

the letter which

I have

this

him

10.
1 1.

which

the address

to

of

received

you

have

yesterday.29.
we

for

known

Agreement

will you

either,but he had

pens

any books.

not

enough,
we

is

French

some

have

25. There
but

I have

money.

pencils,but

none,

no

some

If you

one?

he

27. He

some.

for

have

We
me

true

him

paper

any

24.

Will you

ask

to

FRENCH

traveled
has

so

and

Interrogation

in

Europe.

many

friends

longer.

4. There

2.

He

has neither

there that I think

is

never

anybody

friends
he will
at

your

APPENDIX
house.
her.

5. Are
7. She

told it

has

only to

father.

my

shall

speak

of me?

15.

Nobody

have

18. Who

have

never

no

said

Nobody.

I have

done

Take

see

him
is

pen
have

it to
this

not

you

nothing at

all.

many

of them

letters ?

Have

seen

are

the

her

all that you

have

brought

them

Do

some.

I have

14.

yourself
book.

them.

us

to

to

me.

at

not

you

of which

She

13.

book.
to

seen

to

hat; my

new

this
me

them

have
did

1 o.

Give

12.

introduced

give her

not

not

and

not

has

you

more

give

it
want

he

were

promised

I will return

to

promised it
and

28. You

to

he.

than

it if you

about

are

and

give him

Do

has

she

him;

of it to her

mother

the grammar

given

put herself there.

24.

apple ?

yesterday;

stronger

her

5. I

me.

you.

to

him.

speak

to

them

am

This

4.

7. Where

18. He

brother, but do
at

to

him.

spoken

me.

it

to

has

They

I, but

look

you

when

8. I have

15. You

you.

her

sent

I have

give me

to

send

Introduce

29. Give

spoke

not

19.

25. I will

not

does

give it

me;

her ?

don't

20.

26. I shall have

there,were

her

to your

them.

27. Will you

to

taller than

23. Look

to.

and

of them

give it to

me.

me

there.

is

He

one

one.

me

herself

21.

Give

to

to

any.

myself

give it to

them

him

you

him, give it

will

he

Has

1 1.

you.

I have

give it to

give it to

to

6. He

9. He

16. I gave
it

will he

given

give them

not

them

see

introduced

than

her.

to

to

to

introduced

17. Give

going

22.

them

friend.

my

says is true;

today ?

I will

2.

give it

there.

me.

gave

please.
not

you

you

Pronouns

3. When

do

longer

seen

to

speak English;

not

that he

did

difficult?

speak

not

I do

9. I

Where

11.

he

found

done.

language

no

Nothing

have

him, if you

good

Italian

is

been

now.

14. Did

19.

Whom

evening.

very

the

17. He

Personal
1.

that

do

has

Nobody

has

forgotten. 16.

nothing.

20.

6.

Nothing

more.

has been

said it

and

one

no

8.

Is

12.

to you

is there?

animals

Don't

10.

boys?

13. We

useful

nobody.

seen

all those

see

you

horses

not

401

it

to

me

you.

ELEMENTARY

402
30. If you
will

do not

give it to

I shall oblige
(do it),
you

if I do

you

given
Do

34.

lend

not

there

That

it

39. While
he

can.

them

them, but don't

at

45. She
47. It

is

John

was

who

he is not

today ;

This

and

I do

to

10.
11.

one

to

48. Do

50. Do

Paul's

small

sister's.

and

This

wine
than

letters

one.

who

look
him.

to

her himself.

speak

not

to

it to him

4.

to

Your

2.

is

There

books

are

ones

some

are

7.

hers

lives there?

one.

13.

those

they are
17. His

is

and

is prettier

are

12.

largerthan
William's

books.

good,

or

is finer than

teacher, they

French

exercises

house

cool.

not

is

house

of the

good

Give

Yes, she is pretty and

but yours

water

William's; Paul
and

orders.

9. Is this table yours

yours,

My

on

5. This

yours.

serious

are

me.

cool,but this

that
and

largerthan

cityis large
pictureis

6. These

give them

is

this book

than
interesting

some

pretty. 3. This

his,the blue

hands.

not

house

her

her

send

not

one

Yes,

apples;

it

you

him.

it to her ?

give them

to

DEMONSTRATIVES

AND

are

my

My

better

Will

Give

gave

you.

his,but his is largerthan mine.

15. Give

aunt

46. He

it

spiteof

some

never

you.

of that

in

indeed, she is the best of the family.8. My

than

mine.

shall

follows

not

42.

are

33. You

me.

he send

Here

me

to

me

any.

hurt her hand.

ones

her, but do

mine?

Can

43.

it

to

given

I will show

books,
it

him

We

44.

like that

not

I washed

to

happy

14.

given

villageis

table; the red

morning

this

in. 40.

is mine, but that is my

beautiful; our

them

38. Give

he

31.

home.

at

book

handsome
the

of these

I either.

POSSESSIVES
i.

and

to

them.

to

35. I love you

me.

any.

has

you

and

introduced

49. She

Have

32.

me,

speak

came

going, nor

not

of him.

me

to

eat

him.

myself.

as

No, don't give her any.

money.

give it to

instructive ; lend

haven't

They

41.

37.

out, she

was

us.

is very

her?

gave

well

as

to

book

to

John

them

it

to

Yes, I have given them

him

to

send

not

36.

you.

them

need

not

the toys to the children ?

have

FRENCH

I like

yours.
letters.

are

more

16. Is it your

but

hers

are

APPENDIX

18. These

always better.
which

some

his.

There

is mine

blue

eyes.

21.

your

brother's ? 23. To
brother.

my

has

28. His

house

29. We

have

not

good

book

and

lost

horse, but

are

it. 31.

use

These

32.

34. I

which

bought

in Paris

that

me

last

38.

one.

the other
40. A

the table

on

are

day.

red.

are

summer.

house

Uncle's

is my

He

39.

friend of mine

told

2.

What

is that
of these

night?

which

5. To

his fortune
7. Whom
seen

who
12.

6. I

nothing.
told
Which

you

one

book

who

1 1.

Here

you

15. What
do

you

have

book; give
one

saw

we

think

so?

five o'clock.

at

me

were

what

are

prefer,this

one

we

sister ?

Whom
or

10.
were

thinking?
of

yesterday.
? I have
It

have

that one?

was

he

speaking.

13. Who
see

last

house

seen

you

do you

done?

you

before

give you

of whom

man

your

principalpart

day
have

8. What

14. What

you

at

with you

girlsis your
?

was

leave the

shall I

two

other side of the street

4. Of

was

is the

spoke

the

to see

did he

Nobody.

of the

mother's

my

largeas

who

one

you.

of these young

of whom

anything.

16. Which

seen

9. Which

that.

me

amuses

him

saw

her

white, but those

are

this

(de)the

is the

of his children

one

have

gentleman
see

what

3. I know

My

33.

her and

see

give me

come

mine;

Interrogatives

and

gentlemen

so

It is

30.

near

friend; don't you

best

largebuildingon

Which

not

he would

me

Relatives
1

is

roses

Don't

37.

is theirs.

those.

to

dress and

36. My

is

taller than

sister; I shall give her this. 35. These

small,

yet begun hers.

house

going

man

is

brother's.

my

am

belongs to

there

not

His

buildingsare

the table.

on

have

we

or

yours

house

book;

they have

hair and

25. That

26. Your

is my

Here

It

belong ?

is it hers?

or

that of his wife.

I cannot

book,

black

have

Is that book

22.

this hat

does

still. 27.

our

pen;

hers

whom

hand.

those, but I have

yours? No, sir,it is

They

20.

already finished

is

is yours

where

her

cut

and

is smaller

ours

table.

Is this your

24.

has spent his fortune

but

the

on

She

better than

apples are

of all. 19. Is this pen

best

are

403

We
you

is the

do

not

seen?

17. Where

ELEMENTARY

404
did you

find the

projectof
what

Did

21.

which

have

we

book

what

23.

What

is that?

25.

What

is the

27. Do
we

29.

What

30.

Who

have
has

? Tell
who

what

me

do

You

whose

man

is your

son

all she

said

prefer?

43.

speaking

are

he

whose

know.

son

50. What

spoke

to

just entered

speaking.
famous?

is not

what

54. What

likes

he
?

room

you
amuses

57. Who

(the)first ? 58. What

I don't

was

say

them

does

on

the

the table ?

51. Who

whom

me.

56. What

your

is the

he

lady

son

near

fell.

which

Whom

streets

whose

painter of

door?

cake

the

spoken

amuse

persons

saw

man

52. Who

face is always clean.

opened

The

47. I

you?

not

you

What

of the

what

pictureby

for the house

know

It is the
the

seen

to

do

give the

(in)which

have

are

come

one

44.

the

you

name?

spoken.

you

of what

has

spoke

did he

She

33.

know

Which

school ?

now,

ing
happen-

in which
I

48. There's

of which

reading

45. I looked

to

go

night.

37. I know

is your

forgottenon

did

child whose

French.

arrived.

whom

last

is

is?

pleaseeverybody.

book

book.

have

lady of

to

not

of whom
a

that

What

31.

her?

pleasesyou?

are

I want

Is the

What

money.

church

53. Have

told

is it ? It is I.

does

Take

did you

the

you

you

talkingabout.

you

not

I had

gave

of the children

fell then?

and

you

34.

name?

of which

whom

the

well.

person

which

of have

you
Is

49.

home?

who

To

lived,but

46. With

it was.

Who

38.

40.

they

seen

32.

are

you

friend.

is her

42.

speaking ?

what

for

is the

you

are

know

what

pleasesme

39. The

is the house

in which

to

name

This

you

What

41.

dance

reasonable.

was

yet received

What

24.

here

you

happened.

what

?
reading interesting

pretty

have

What

know

not

not

have

you

came

Whom

always

not

who

one

I know

has

What

Do

26.

read?

thinking. 35.

are

36.

table

yours?

or

What

have

which

22.

18.

she is speaking ? 28. The

is the

come

playsdoes

you

Is it mine

they

Of

had?

of whom

speaking

are

he

boy doing?

know

you

19. We

talking?
20.

reading?

are

you

promised.

see

you

which
were

you

been

FRENCH

became
55.

man
was

so

body
Every-

is not

clear

did you

see

APPENDIX

405

Numbers
How

1.

young

many

XII, king of Sweden,

lost his mother

his father

1877, on

the third of

inhabitants.

betta

born

was

1882.
What

11.

time

born

was

Rouen

at

littlechild ?

987.

fifteenth of

15. The

It is
sold

feet wide.

ten

by

the

o'clock.

1840

died

Paris ?

At

August

21,

invaded
"

Great

25. If I

26. Daudet

; he

by
War

ten

He

23.

in

of

hundred

many

enemies.

"

Are

your

parlor. 2.

brothers

How

call this child ?

long
He

in the
have

of

wide

is this

dozen.

This
to

the train

is

room

bed

the thirteenth
does

is

Sugar

22.

24.

room

at

of

May,

start

livingthere

ago, in 18 14,

France

which

ended

six

for

since
was

the

19 18.

Idioms

garden

you

two

(have we) today?

armistice
11,

saw

the thirteenth

has been

He

The

signed November

was

time

street

I shall go

on

years

30.

Verb
1.

what

eight. 28.

29. A

old is that

quarter past

week.

Nimes

at

27. At

189 1.

franc

31,

Corneille

12.

How

in the

is

illtomorrow,

am

1897.

9. Gam-

half-pasttwelve.

13.

How

hour

an

December

in Paris

20.

253,796

out

o'clock.

month

twice

came

born

was

minutes

cost

here

At

16. It is

August.

Eggs

21.

pound.
long.

meters

of

been

on

see

you

the

had

go

died

did you

of

XIV

mother

June, 1606.

17. Were

day

is the seventh

Today

6. In

arrive?

July,1876.

three.

.18. What

last month?
19.

to

of
men

many

thirtyfeet high.

already eleven

6th

the

years

Louis

and

she

did

It is

How

14.

it is a quarter

no,

ten

is it?

did your

4. He

barely fifteen

shall have

1838,

3,

time

cityof

we

o'clock

April
what

At

10.

hour

an

is

3. Charles

June, 1682.

was

tree

old

of

27th

and

year

July,this

what

8. At

the

on

5. That

died.

half

7. In

half.

born

was

Eighty-one,I

June fourth, 1898.

was

in his eleventh

old when

and

It

ninety-one. 2.

believe,or

here?

there

are

persons

lived in France

is called Paul.

reading in

No, they are

4. Come

3. What

! Let

us

do

hurry.

the
you
Do

406
give it to

not

him.

If it were

newspapers

I wouldn't

you,

should

like
for

go

is

the land

I used

loved

each

written

each

matter.

I have

2 1

in Paris

been

since

stay in Paris ? 25. Are

to

came

been
you

have

long

church, my

it is fine
than

saw

make

torn
must

shall go

them

do

by
go

him

If

their work.
do what

the children.
out

40.

whether

we

42.

Why

lesson.

We
him

I wish

didn't you

it rains

or

on

your

wished

not.

26. An

old

to

While

you

could.

to

have

done

do.

44.

The

whole

46. The

from

children

was

better
entered

justarrived;

it,we

take it away

35. WThen

ought
to

When

for you.

them

have

had

32.

likes French

They

soon

We

31.

letter when

do

As

brother

the mountain.

39.

woman

29.

my

34.

sisters

it closed.

Have

see

They

23.

your

correct

America

this

ately.
read it immedi-

arrived.

36. She

France.

to

study your

running.

walk

just read

had

them

shall make

taking a

was

and

livingin

not

French.

long did

and

friends

our

exercises,I will

been

you

37. We

38. Go

when

have

speak

deceived.

were

cousins

they

enough.

go

16. I

two

midnight.

rich

were

friends

our

to

is open.

time, will you

your

brother

German.

if I

months

weather, we

the house.
I

have

going

4. How

It is

14.

wrong.

us

It

just decided

Let

20.

citybefore
2

am

have

am

that the window

told that

completed

but I

French.

7. The

prefer

eat.

city,but

They

gentleman

tomorrow

several

week.

?
enjoyingyourself

you

have

rightand

were

brother

; we

read

to

the

read

everywhere

let him

hungry;

18.

drive

grows

It is easy

Wednesday.

see

and

been

in Paris

How

33.
at

have

We

30.

out

set

there

are

you

27. I

me.

I should

28.
as

see

going for

every

left the

will have

You

22.

not

are

the paper,

yet read

not

you

6. Here

home, tell your

lived in this

that

7. Did

go

is

for years.

out.

you

12.

man

they

know

you

have

when
other

Do

the

go

country ? 8. If I

in the

it rains,the grass

15. You

to see

go

other

to

are

it. 13. He

love.

to

; I

going out

am

We

get umbrellas.

speak

to

easy

9. When

WThen

them.

were

you

10.

1 1.

and

run

not

him.

see

walk.

must

we

to

when

that.

do

hot, I should

so

from

just received
day

every

not

is the letter I have

to

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

41.
so.

went

43.

book

them

We

?
to

was

45. 1
bed

is

him.

to

true

Those

28.
to

he

time.

33.

in half

in time.

friends.

need.

you

38.

the

thing one

could

hardly cross
than

can

it has

him.

your

friend

in front

have

When

47. Whoever

he

him

is,have

want

servant

me

Do

you

42.

He

who

ate

in.

come

will

the

and

all

you

old,he

let

be

us

It is the

39.

great that they

so

it will be

looking for

colder
one

some

dining-room,you

will

I do

tell you

not

little

the

on

48. He

want

to

although

he

see

was

24th of February.

wants

me

to

I have

ever

finest

thing

be

polite.

always

letter

your

years

yours.

think

very

happened

That's

49.

the

exercise

lend

hand

is

rain,but

your

cannot

was

he will

forgiven this

only twenty

nor

44.

be

wish

you

it may

received

your

came.

whether

written

not

mine

she

Do

29.

not

be, they

enter

He

45.
what

50. I

have

of the window.

Tell them

yard.

41.

you

hungry. 46.
in the

have

crowd

today ?

just done.

grass

not

he is

The

street.

been

43.

may

Give

40.

saw.

we

they may

37.

see.

the

knows

could

that it is neither

who

what

fear

36. Although

army.

I fear

finest

tomorrow

rich

ever

possiblethat

regret that you

34.

captain in

It is

31.

left before

go ? 30. I doubt

to

us

you.

However

35.

the money

wish

that you

sure

am

had

you

the finest I

are

do you

hour.

an

sorry

it will. 32. We

think

not

was

brought us

willingto give it to

I do

is

She

27.

yourselfor

go

be

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

408

the

cut

seen.

General
1.

Do

you

These

apples

better ? 3.

Henry

of France.

4. This

5. We

going

2.

have
six
two
10.

are

bought

roses

d'Albret

to

have

trees

bought

this

Tell him

is the richest

to
so
man

your
if you
in

and

wish
our

priest's
; you

I have

sister.
to ;

at

She

he will

city. 1

do

2.

was

not

What

this

out.

are

like

you

the Fourth

7. Where

when

believe it.
is the matter

me.

6. I

evening.

11.

; I
we

gave

came.

Mr.

with

the

are

four of them

sewing

day.

every

visit it with

must

dinner

them

set

? 8. Here
9.

Which

yours.

friends

morning

I do

grandfatherof Henry

is the

some

morning

are

the

was

old house

some

of them

; those

mine

are

in the

lessons

study your

White

that

boy

APPENDIX

this

13. Are

morning?

others

not.

are

the soldiers who

could

If he

16.

17. There
a

18. The

the last century,

thinking when
That

is

United

States.

last

them

the orchard
cannot

and

citythis

week

for any.

which

ships. 41.

If you

me

and

been
horses

speak

to

obliged to
your

to

one

sees

have

go

bring me

of
to

books

does

it,but do

hat.

not

pleasehim.

not

yesterday?

if you

water,
have

speak
43.

Do

44. The

to

no

may

go into
that
to

we

the

ing,
morn-

asked

him
?

go away

it to you, but
It is

40.

and

some

good

pretty

friends,come

them.

you
man

you
lend

do you

I show

to

which

this

roses

my

time

been

you

if they had

38.

sky, green

and

some

them

found

told them
have

I.

as

Since

30.

books

Sunday, or

on

my

her brother's.

father sold

to

of it

that you

you

brought us

books

lessons,we

times

many

home

blue

the

our

Have

^^.

brother

39. That

me

finish

the

much

in order

you

we

How

read

eyes.

are

travel.

to

blue

he arrived.

when

so

lost?

is it ? It is your

that I have-not

brought some

the kindness

picture,in

to

When

alwaysat

you

it to them.

them

34.

like

I have

as

ripeapples.
?

seen

had

that of the

large as

so

you

populationof

27. These

not

busy

so

soon

32.

have

36. Are

37. Have
he shows

Americans

35. Your

he would

and

and

As

another

one

see

eat

has

He

been

friends.

them.

28.

I will return

week,
other

to

I have

calls. 31.

any

sent

picturefor

American,

is an

arrival in Paris
make

that

not

poet of
were

you

23. The

leave the house

to

many

in the street

beautiful

the table ; whose

on

going

were

buy

Italy,but

book

given me.

were

He

see

were

what

that

has

garden

Of

20.

books

the

into the

me

the horse

in 1802.

of

find his friends.

the greatest French

Hugo,

you

stories ?

any

but there

now,

It is

street

know

not

lookingat

was

that of

24. 1

25. We

26. I shall

29.

with

largerthan

brother's.

house

our

in France
to

would

are, but

Some

in the

not

you

she
girlis intelligent;

come

France

which

spoke

5. Do

19. Victor

born

was

young

Will you

22.

in

who

man

the noise

days, he

three

old books

the window.

near

21.

justarrived.

friends?

good

hear

not

you

search

few

are

year ago.

was

have

all

they not

4. Do

409

42.

know
of whom

to

They

which
you

have

of the

speak

ELEMENTARY

410
is my

friend.

weather
more

is

and

it,and

do it. 49.

I must

They

French.

in

were

always spend
the

that

say

52. His

53. If I

home.

at

46. The
have

They

47.

48.

I liked that book

several

here ?

am

hot.

so

promised

long

57.

How

old

the blue

on

for

are

old.

60. What

are

to

my

55. Good

day,sir. Good

you?

but
pencils,

I have

looking at

I should

where

left them,

you

go

and

three weeks.

are

59. The

these

flowers.
62. If I

bread.

63. We

searched

have

answered

been

done.

gentleman
70. The
whence

her letter.
68. Do

water

it has

which

you

speak

him

or

has

do you

just gone
wish

him

born

out.
to

go

do

This

has

74. Do
himself

you
?

bought

the earth

is indeed

in France.

I should

king ? 69. The

the

much

so

the best.

that,for it has already

risen from

justfallen again.71.
was

to

written me,

he is richer than

had

see

you

is easy

I offered

house

72. His mother

I know.

67. It

think

you

for whose

? 66. If she had

at once

go away

you

cannot

for them.

64. Mary is the youngest of all the children,but she is not

65. Must

Your

the former

new,

me

have

58.

pens.

Europe.

although we

I should

evening,madam.

looking at

to

as

for London

out

here

paper

am

and

brother.

my

; the latter
I

set

been

than

some

the dresses

not

you

I have

older

am

great deal of money,

find them

here ?

shall

well

than mine.

Europe

to

5 4. We

been

are

often go

her for the salt,but her friend gave

61. I asked

75. The

the

sky,

the best grammar

73. The
wish

to

another.

us

man

to go

two

men

of whom
there
are

for

older

their sister.

76.
is the

him

waters

as

better known

are

in Paris.

you

sale,but

coats

should

good health,I

have

speaks English

his father's

and

name

has your

brother

than

no

well that I had

so

steamboats

this little child

of June.
twenty-first

How

not

were

stay

are

few months

56.

had

that I

sea.

51.

on

it

they must

so

pupilsread it. 50. There

of the

told them

you

I wish

fine,but

money,

do

Have

45.

FRENCH

Do

not

only man

you read ?

deceive
who

78. The

yourselfby thinking that

knows

reignof

it. 77. Which

Louis

your

of these

the Fourteenth

rich brother

comedies

is the

have

longestreign

APPENDIX

in the

historyof

80. The

France.

of whom

man

have

Why

79.

spoke

you

411

brother.

is my

the best there is ; that is the least you

been

not
to

told

until you

me

brother

must

this

that

when

if you

90. I

any.

bread, some

some

gone

with

the books

I gave

them

to

justspoken
book

am

and

water,

which

you

him.

94.

which

have

everywhere.
is my

eleventh

uncle's
of

is interesting.
9 7 Who

would
who

but do

like

have

to

What

were

held

She

leaves.

04.

in her

Who

He

you

lookingfor

105.

republicis
me,

French

too, but do

some

please give me

Have

What

son

you

books, and

friends

your

92. One

has

do

cannot

have

done

you

for them

me

of whom

some

do it.

can

and
have

you

when

is

but he

money,
The

100.

the first door

at

do

hand

told you

small

that

white

in

came

novel ?

lookingfor

am

never

loved
not

and

come

Lend

been

flower

headache.

man

to

idle,he would

not

help me
be poor

praised by everybody.
too

late.

it to them

no.

Have

when

and

going away

were

we

got up this morning with

107. If he had

see

here

whom

to

soldiers

they saw.

an

hour

ago

prefer to eat now

hungry, but everybody would
it is half-past
six and one
ought to eat and drink something.

because
103.

doing

you

knocked

town

pupils.

this pretty flower ? Give

98. He

I think

99.

best

September, 1698. 96. This

wants

them.

of my

is

Nobody

102.

more.

enteringthe

were
1 01.

give it to

not

finish

will you

93.

was

must

John asked

read ?

First

of those

Monday.

speak

84. Your

the

one

91.

had

You

The

apples?

it to me,

one

like

you

not

German.

give them

return

Here

83. Do

some

hungry ;

some

have

95. The

to me.

was

niece ?

and

very

; it is useful

money

sister

some

it.

reign. 86.

to

If you

Yes, but they will

away

without

89.

plenty,give him

give her

not

began

Perhaps

Francis

other ?

should

82.

or

85.

girlsis her

of those young

have

I return.

87. Your

one.

glad of

I'm

in French

me

he

speaking justnow.

were

to

before

go

of age

not
letter,

88. Which

speak

can

not

twenty years

Well, it's true and

so.

We

81.

do.

can

liked each

not

you

you

109.

some

next

Monday

106.

What

are

in my

business.

now.

If you

they alreadyread
have

largered

08. The
to

come

the

new

finished it. Let him

ELEMENTARY

412
it also.

see

he
for

the tailor's.

at

was

hour

an

and

found

you

brother

My

1 1 1.

littleiron there.

You

Do

113.

metals

any

If

115.

they

have

that he

do all that he

Should

119.

read.

to

hope
him

to

all he needs.

always

we

exercise

at

read

when

we

they
the

be
most

to

arrive

until

I wish

it

gave

of them.

132.

Who

133.

has

to

room.

He

120.

might

we

I will lend
us,

finish that

to

you

are

many

people in

ago.

139. What

she ?

140.

Give
found

products of

going
town
a
me

by

to

last

do ?

those who

the earth.

and

man

my

pen

the

are

Does

he

do
1

I will
not

think

that

43. When

I knew
this

give it

her.
you

went

you.
1

42.
to

it

to

and

of whom

we

always

we

There
ten

man

morning

to

give

of them

137.
that

there is

see

I not

think

away

boys play

you

gentlemen

saw

know

Few

whom

is mistaken.

He

enjoy ourselves

131.

Did

cipal
prin-

o'clock.

sister have gone

your

the

on

seven

to

We

134.

woman

this book.

often hear from

next.

night. 138.

beautiful

months, and

two

used

The

them.

Those

135.

in

you

we

Wednesday

speaking yesterday. 136.

are

whom

this,give it

money,

easilybefore

brother

were

hardlybe

come

his brother, started

much

My

130.

girlsplay it.

friends.

we

no

I fear

117.

spends the evening with

125.

home

speak
what

If he has

help

into the

came

if I had

soon

127. Do

with

often

him

he

very

not

for the others

and

England

days.

John,

back

No, sir,you

you?

and

128.

children.

not

of my

found

letter.

long

us

friend

my

forgottenhow

not

were

piano ;

one

so

123.

France

to

order

in

had

will

for

have

We

here

Have

114.

alone, I could

come

of his stories.

children ?

We

bed

When

in Paris twelve

road
129.

should

them.

to

walking

once.

shall remain
cousin's

mountains

autumn.

124.

I shall go

126.

give them

been

at which

yesterdayasking myself whether

was

one

precisehour

If that letter is longer than

121.

before

him

see

1 2 2.

John have

wishes

to

gone

it to her.

says he gave
to me

have

and

the

took off his hat when

118. He
you

me

justwritten

116. We

he has known.

told

not

in those

seeing them.
cannot

has

112.

half.

FRENCH

Gold
the

were

years

! Who

141.

was

She
and

tell

can

silver

house,

we

APPENDIX

here.

remained

They

145.
saw

to

go

of them

many

in France.

difference between

when

151. Whom
whom

you

know

I desire

him.

give

me

friends

; tomorrow

will go

to

to

please.

Let

162.

not

us

163. Try

soon.

study

must

167. Are
have

there

any

seeks

truth, one

is hot.
are

neither
see

good

171.1 have bought

going
hope
me

to

nor

have

176. Did
177. 1 doubt

your

o'clock

This

apple

which

they love

that

flowers

73. If you

Neither

he

to

to

not

and

so

seems

cold, it
?

not

shall dine

we

is bad;

don't

write?

to

No, sir,I

169. WThen

the country if it

the table because

decorate
this

evening.

show

it to

we

shall

I could

give

five o'clock.

it at

can

to go

dinner

love me,

nor

No, but I

159. It

another.

one

70. I intend

friends

send

can

coming. 164. My friend,you

174. If it rains tomorrow,

often.

they sent

with

you

they

months, has he

home, he will receive

some

some

fear.

from

whence

early.

If it were

paper;

visitingtheir

are

hungry

too

it is two

pens

good

very

you

come

It is
is my

speaking

letter and

160.

165.

finds it.

stops raining. 175.

which

at

is

perhaps you already

in Paris several

verbs.

People say

168.

home.

been

If he is

none.

is much

brother

my

and

pens

157. Are

walk;

but

will write him

prevent him

all these

166.

him.

it to

has

take
to

going

150. I have

left for France, from

have

at

or

Today they

155.

fear he will

never

He

161.

rain.

would

Frenchman

ours.

who

man

brother

Boston.

arrivingat

are

146.

There

149.

and

Is it I

excellent

have

You

they will

that you

me

pleases?

see

youngest

quitethirsty.1 58. I

am

he

152. The

England. 156. I
on

to

see.

if you

some,

it to him

to

is my

154.

is

gentleman

of the French

desire

you

153. This

friend.

books.

and

school.

at

do

easy.

prevents him, then, from

48. What

the customs

books

left all our

to

This

147.

; it is very

me

flowers

him

carry

Europe if he pleasesand

to

we

to

the south of France.

from

one

him

see

this for

read

Kindly

44.

413

read

by coming

me

not

the

172.

go

until it

newspapers

us.

friend

come

to

he has the courage.

tellyou the

178. My

news

I had

brother

has

justtold

him ?

justarrived.

ELEMENTARY

414
179. I

ashamed

am

for I said

nothing of

1 will

181.

which

made

it.

house.

minutes

has

after six.

have

written

eaten

them.

those

novels.

the old
also.

they

192.

Are

not

to

is

not

had

you

one

ago.

200.

I went

to

I have

they

; I shall

if he

is,do

don't you

Why

her

this

English novels

of the

Alps

completes,en

en

go and

francais

aux

combien

on

197.

to

it

Have

questions suivantes

d'annees

en

toutes

3.

Que

4.

Quels livres

5.

Quel

6.

et pourquoi?
Quelle e'tude pre'ferez-vous

8.

le francais

faut-il faire pour

apprendre

une

Quelle est

lus cette

frangaisavez-vous

la date

de

I shall not
to

him

now

199.

glad
in

give
if he

I wish

some

time

thought of

quelledate
cet

examen

annee

par
:

langue?
?

etudie ?

etes-vous

des

le francais?

etudiez-vous

etudiez-vous

et

very

lettres

Pourquoi

quel pays

am

is

it?

Personnelles

2.

7. Dans

to

you

Depuis

livre de

have

France

gone

writingtable

your

Where

193.

one.

any

1.

avez-vous

father

highest mountains

you.

him

see

les nombres

ecrivant

the

tell it

saw

Questions

Repondez

and

are,

are

to

twenty

than
interesting

has

boy. 198. Tell

not

less

She

They

The

195.

whose

to

yesterday.

with you

at

arose

cherries,I should

me

loud,

o'clock.

eleven

at

children

York

very

wish

books
interesting

They

longerand

are

French?

give it to

but

the

New

seen

not

188.

If you

182.

her,T shall speak

see

bed

to

brought

introduced

I have

asleep;

had

letter,

yesterday.

spoke

has very

London.

histories

English.

Europe. 196.
it

If she

190.

lady whom

are

183. He

went

these

Are

189.

191. These

194.

from

justarrived

186.

him

hungry.

old uncle

another

I sent

one

books.

some

you

185. My good

in his little brown

187. She

the

smile,didn't it ? 184. When

us

her about

to

I will send

180.

them, for they are

to

shall lend

conduct.

departure in

our

give them

study, I

to

of your

FRENCH

ne' ?

phrases

ELEMENTARY

41 6

by phonetic characters, or

Indicate

12.

of

FRENCH

otherwise, the pronunciation

"

a.

travail,
Jits,bien,ne,
veille,
ville,

b.

fille,
chaise,cuisine,
premiere,
quarante, chez.

patrie,vous

c.

13.

gagnaient,dava?itage,
mort,

avez,

in respect

Compare
of the

followinggroups

Us partent.

pronunciation (using the

to

the
phonetic notation, if possible)
each

loin,sceur, leur.

nez,

letters in

tional
interna-

heavy type

in

ceder,cede-, bon, bonne; corde, cote; cher, chercher; chaise,

a.

chasse.
b.

appeler,
age

c.

mz,fer,

hommes,

venir.

; il

elles viennent

amer,

cerf,estomac,

est,Us etaient

venus

sec

les

fils,les

bout, heure,escalier ;

coup.

the

Indicate

15.
encore

",

silent letters in the

phrase

disaient-elles,
supposing the phrase

me

77

"

be

to

est

en

read

temps
aloud

spoken.
16.

the silent letters in Nous

Indicate

mil
le quatre juillet
17.

of the open

presque
huit

the nasal

vowels,

C'est bien peu,

rien, surtout

quand,

the Model

Copy
Indicate

(open e),and
b. Indicate
c.

chez

eux

meme

and

cross

and-

indicate

en

province;

moi,

comme

on

the

out

by
a
une

silent

sonants,
con-

h the sounds

Paris, ce

n'est

fillede

dix-

ans.

18.
a.

e :

partisde

sommes

neuf cent quinze.

followingsentence,

the

Copy

underline

notre, le nbtre.

phrases : aimer,

and

words

or

etait,etre

Indicate,,
by underscoring,the silent letters in the following

14.

tout

Mark

by
e

e,

e,

on

page

97

as

far

respectivelyall

as

ttrangers(line6).

sounds

of 6

(closede),

mute.

all nasal

sounds, statingwhich

all silent letters.

nasal each

is.

APPENDIX

les six

Copiez

19.

(commencant
indiquez

modele

premieres phrases du

Ma

par

417

mere

finissant

descend

et

qu'on

ferait

la page

du

par

105

sel)et

"

les

Tous

a.

haute

de

cas

liaison

les

consonnes

Dans

les

phrases suivantes

20.

prononce

haut pour

en

prononceraitpas.

ne

effacez

les lettres

toutes

phrases, et

qu'on
les

soulignez toutes

la

trouver

petitsen/antsdonnaient

huit

b. Les

nasal

son

un

II est alle

a.

qu'on

lisant les

en

pas

voyellesqui ont

les

phrases a

ces

voix.

b. Toutes

ne

lisant

en

clef.

animaux

aux

manger

dans

champs.
Void

c.

mesjils,Us

Indicate

21.

from

to

the

What

has

it on

gentils.

three

cardinal

the French

and

six

in which

ways

numbers
dix

are

give a phrase containingeach.

is the

Where

cedilla?

in which

and
is

initial h

it

does

three

Give

pronunciation?

words

tres

pronunciationof

Explain the aspirateh

23.
two

tous

Explain the

20.

pronounced, and
22.

sont

and

occur

what

effect

examples.

its effect

aspirate;

pronunciation.Give

on

in which

words

two

it is

aspirate.

not

24.
two

term

three words

liaison.
each, illustrating

or

the

following:

et ami

the liaisons that should

Indicate

25.

mats

State

26.

de temps

oui ;
the

syllables.Copy
dividingall
How

27.

help
not?

to

(or linking).Give

liaison

Explain the

on

est

into

when

by

en

un

rien de

syllablesby

the rule for

determine

Illustrate

Paris

an

dividinga
initial vowel

inutile and

the

phrases of

reading aloud

et demie

heures

first five lines of

the words
does

; onze

in

cher cousin

temps.

principlesof dividing French

main
the

temps

en

made

be

five

Model

words
on

page

into
112,

vertical lines.
French

word

is nasal

indiscutable.

into
and

syllables

when

it is

41 8

ELEMENTARY

28.

the

Copy

followingwords

ennemi, americaifi,
emmener,
Divide

29.

page

into

and

divide

them

Write

in

the
syllables

first

of the

stanza

phonetic notation

Transcription

These

hyphens.

groups

Lessons

Models,

of

made

are

I-XII

groups

of

double

space

units

as

are

normally

are

connected

nounced
pro-

by

where

singlespace

longer

pauses

to

is left between
as

occur,

at

the

sentences.

I.

yn-fa-mi:j

s5-ta-vek-6e-nDm
oe-gar-s5 e-yn-fi:j

fi:jb-gar-s5a-yn-soe:r

e-yn-fam b-gar-s5el-fre:r dla-

a-6Mre:r
la-fhj

fi:jel-gar-s5
5-d0-pa-rd bm-e-la-fam
le-zd-fd-dbm

e-dla-fam

la-me:r

me:r

the words

gradually longer, to be adapted

in reading.
pupil'sincreasingrapidity

breath

Model

Models.

division
between
followingtranscriptions,
entirelydisregarded. Groups of syllablesthat
together without
(breath groups)
pause

end

Marseillaise,on

the first five lines of the

In the

the

syllables:

ho?iteux.
combien, i?ioui,

also of other

127;

page

2.

is

into

425.

30.
on

FRENCH

b-gar-s5el-fre:rdla-soe:r

la-

s5-le-pa-rdle-pa-ra5-d0-zd-fd

le-zd-fd 5-tce-pe:re-yns5-b-gar-s5e-la-fi:j

e-la-fam-dbm

bm

e-to-si ld-fd
dla-fi:j
b-fre:r-dla-fi:j

la fam-dbm

a-yn-fam
dla-me:r

e-la-me:r

b-ma-ri-dla-me:r

el-pe:r

u-s5b-pe:r-e-la-me:r
s5-le-d0-pa-rd
u-el-pe:rb-pe:r-e-ta-vek-la-me:r

le-zd-fd

le-zd-fd

s5-le-zd-fd

ki-s5-le-zd-fd
so-ta-vek-le-pa-rd

b-gar-s5e-la-flij

ki-s5-le-pa-rd
II. ma-fa-mi

:j

b-fis e-la-fi:j
s5-le-zd-fd dy-pe:r e-dla-me:r
b-fis
dd-zyn-fa-mi:j
e-je:ro-pe:r e-a-la-me:r o-si b-fis e-Je:ro-d0-pa-rd le-pa-rds5-bpe:r

e-la-me:r

de-zd-fd
sa-fam

la-me:r

e-la-fam-dy-pe:r
b-pe:r e-la-me:r s5-le-pa-rd

e-ce-fis m5-pe:r a-yn-fam

dd-ma-fa-mi:j
me-pa-rd 5-d0-fi:j
e-ma-me:r

so-me-pa-rd

m5-pe:r el-ma-ri do-ma-meir

me-sce:r

ma-ri-e-bert

m5-pe:r

e-ma-me:r

s5-le-fi:j
d9-me-pa-rd

m5-pe:r

APPENDIX

419

e-la-soe:r da-mo-peir ma-td:t

a-yn-sce:r

ma-td:t

e-m5-n5:kl

le-zd-fd d9-m5-n5:kl

s5-me-ku-ze

a-ce-ma-ri

s5-ma-ri

m5-ku-ze-3de-Je:r-o-fre:r

d9-m5-n5:kl
III.

ma-sal-d9-kla:s

a-vek-m5-fre:r
33-sqi-za-le-kol
kla:s

e-kat-fa-ne:tr
el-a-d0-port

nu-som-zi-si

dd-la-sal-do-

nu-som

do-vd-la-ta-blo
la-fo-toe:j
el-by-ro

le-bd e-le-py-pitr
dla-kla:s
pur-la-meitr-de-kol
pur-le-ze-le:v

so

le-li:vr

e-le-kre-j5
se-plym s5-to-si syr-s5-by-ro
dy-me:trs5-syrl-by-ro
le-ka-je
de-ze-le:v
le:v

ta-me:tr
s5-syr-le-py-pitr

e-to-ta-blo

de-rje:r-s5-by-ro
yn-e-

ed-vdl-by-ro
dy-me:tr d0-de-ze-le:v s5-tof-ne:tr

d^-m5-fre:r
syrl-py-pitr

u-s5-vo-plym el-s5 syr-m5-py-pitr

IV.

yn-sal-d9-kla:s

ta-me:tr e-ta-vek-se-ze-le:v dd-la-kla:s

sul-bra
il-a-yn-re:gl

se-ze-le:v

a-le-le:v
yn-kart-d9-frd:s
ld:kr
port-plyme-de-ka-je
a-oe-ne-le:v

u-s5-vo-li:vr il-s5

il-ed-bu
il-ne-pa-za-si

ce-ne-le:v e-to-ta-blo

b-me:tr

d0-ze-le:v s5-ta-si da-vdl-ta-blo

e-dd-ld-kri-e

nu-som-za-si

da-vdm5:tr-

il-z5-tde-

39-don-yn-plym

vwa-siil-a-ce-port-plym
39-ne-pa-m5-ka-jeil-ne-pa-zi-si

ce-ka-je a-ve-vu-zde-kre-j5
39-ne-pa-tru-ve m5-kre-j5me^e-a-por-te
ma-plym
la-ku:r

el-e-dd-m5-py-pitr
a-pre-lal-s5
la-kbj-son le-ze-le:v v5-dd-

u-e-la-ku:r

el-e-de-rje:r-le-kDl
nun-som-pa-dd-la-kuir

V.
eit-vu-za-le-kol
me-z5

a-la-me-z5
la-fa-mi:j

o-3ur-dqi

n5

nun-som-pa-za-le-kolnu-som-za-la-

vo-pa-rd s5-til-a-vek-vu wi il-s5-to-sia-la-me-z5

u-s5-til il-s5"

wi el-a-yn-tabl
dd-ma-Jd:br vwa-si-ma-Jd:br a-tel-yn-tabl
d0-je:z

e-oe-fo-toe:j
3e-o-si-6e-by-ro
dd-ma-Jd:br
n5

e:t-vud-bu

da-vd-votr-by-ro

dd-m5-fo-toe:jvotr-grd-pe:re-til-dd-la-me-zo
39-sqi-za-si

ta-si ddl-3ar-de
a-vek-m5-ku-ze-3dvotr-ku-ze
e-il-e-to-si
tan-v0

d0-soe:r
la-me-z5

d3-m5-pe:r

n5

il-e-

e-til-ld-fdd-vo-tr5:kl wi

votr-ku-ze

il-ana-til-pa-zyn-u-d0-sce:r
dd-la-ku:r ki-e-de-rjeir
ki-s5-le-nje:s-d9-m5-pe:r
no-s5-tel-pa
ma-ri-e-dd-la-ku:r

me-sa-soe:r

e-ti-sia-vek-sa-grd-me:r

ELEMENTARY

420

FRENCH

VI.
na-ve-vu-pa
me:tr

Ial-s5

votr-li:vr-cta-fra-se wi

bm9-sj0 il-e-syr-m5-py-pitr

o-ze-le:v
don-yn-b-s5d-gra-me:r

a-vek-ce-mor-sod-kre
zdpl-o-ta-blo

e-il-e-kri le-zegil-li-le-re:gl

il-m5:tr

o-ze-le:v
le-zeg-zdpl

3e-

kri-dd-mo-ka-je
a-vek-ma-plym nu-ze-kri-v5-le-fra:z ki-s5-syr-b-ta-bl
m5-fre:r ne-kri-pa-le-zeg-zdpl
il-a-sa-gra-me:r
me-zil-na-pa-za-porlal-s5 e-tel-di-fi-siln5 el-e-fa-sil a-pres5-ka-je m5:tre-mwa-lal-s5
nu-za-v5
lal-s5d-gra-me:r
me:tr

lid-va-le-ze-le:v

le-ze-le:v ne-kriv-pa
lal-s5-dlek-ty:r

b-

e-nu-ze-kri-v5 le-zeg-zer-sis
nu-li-z5-za-prel-me:tr

a-la-me-z5
VII.

la-park

33-sqi-dal-park
a-vek-len-v0d-m5-pe:r
b-park
le-zwa-zo

ddl-bwa
fd:t-dd-le-zarbr

vwa-la-de-nDm
dbm

e-td-fas"b-ma-me-z5

b-i-bu
il-ja-d0-i-bu

ki-li-se-3ur-no
syrl-bd a-ko-te-dbm

de-de-fis e-syr-le3-nu
dy-m3-sj0

e-tde-nwa-zo

e-le-fisil-ja-yn-bon

le-zj0-dld-fd
s5-gri s5-ja-po

e-le-md-to-de-zd-fd
e-de-rje:r-b-bd
syr-le-ka-ju-dla-le
le-311-311

s5-dd-

le-bra-dla-bon

dd-la-

ekbn-o-zd-fd

ki-s5-dd-s5-sak
le-nwa-ze-le-ga-to

le-pur-le-Jvo
il-ja
de-nom-e-sS-Jval
VIII.
a-la-me-zo
3d-e-dr3-tu:r

Ia-me-z5

s5-n5:kl

a-yn-grd:d-me-z5pars-kil-a-yn-

b-sa-15 e-tre-30-li
le-15-ri-dogrd:d-fa-mi:j
il-a-d0-grd:d-e-ot-fa-ne:tr
def-ne:tr s5-tre-bo

el-e-r5:d
vwa-si-yn-pa-tit-tabl

de-ta-blo ra-pre-

ddl-ta-blo
e-tre-bl0 il-ja-d0-jar-md-zd-fd
sd:t-de-3ar-de
b-sjel-dy-ta-blo
lerbl3-gar-s5-ed-bu
lap-tit-fi:j
e-ta-si:z-syr-lerb
e-311-a-vek-de-gro-jje

s5-ve:r-o-si b-3ar-dee-pled-30-li-floe:r
ble-zar-bre-le-foe:j
sa-b ne-pa-la-soel-pjes-dla-me-z5
e-yn-kiji-zin
il-ja-o-si
yn-sal-a-md-ge
le-Jd:br-a-ku-Je
s5p-tit
la-ku-zin-d9-3d
a-a-pDr-tede-va :z-d9-floe:r
me-ge
e-tre-ve:rt

IX.

a-la-kd-paji

o-3ur-dqi3d-e-ta-la-kd-pari
tul-pe-i-e-td-floe:r
s5-na-mi-a-yn-grd:dferm

il-ja-d0-z3m-Je-s5-na-mi
dd-zde-3D-lip-ti-vi-la:3
ce-vj0-e-("-3oen

APPENDIX

l9-3oene-frd-se

ta-frd-se

il-e-met-nd-dd-le-bwa
ne-pa-zi-si

nu-zad-mi-r5-su-vd
pa:r-la-ferm-dla-fD-re
dce-ve:r-tre-td:dr

421

le-bo-zarbr

ls-Jmese-

ki-5-tce-foe-ja

tul-m5:d-ad-mir-yn-tel-fD-re
le-zarbr-frqi-tje
na-pus-

pa-dd-le-bwa il-pus-ddl-ver-je
ddl-ver-3e
il-ja-ce-sri-zje
de-gro-nwa-je
kdply-zjoe:r-pD-mje
e-ce-pwa-rjetut-le-sri:zs5-ru:3 el-z5-tce-b5-gu
kd-tel-s5-ve:rt le-nwa-dd-ma-poj"
s5-letel-s5-my:rel-z5-toe-mD-ve-gu

nwa-dy-nwa-je ki-ed-vd-vu

le-gro-zarbr-dy-ver-3e
s5-tre-vj0
X.

a-la-ferm

el-eIa-ferm-d3m-sj0-l9-bld
l9-b5-na-mid-3de-tyn-bel-me-z5-bld:j"
noe:v

dd-la-ku:r

ki-e-l5:g-e-lar3
s3-le-grd:d-ze-tabl
pur-le-gro:s-vaJ

e-le-ze-ky-ri
pur-le-bo-Jvo-dla-ferm
a-ko-te-dy-ver-3e
l3-gro-Jval-nwa:re-suld3m-sj0-l9-bld
e-ddl-pre
u-lerb-e-te-pe:s
Iap-tit-fi:j-d3m-sj0-ta-bld
el-li-ta-ot-vwa ta-nu-vo-li:vr-da-nafoe-ja:3-e-pe
dy-vje:j-ar:br-dla-ku:r
tol-frd:s e-el-e-toe-r0:z
e-e-la-mid-tul-m5:d

lap-tit
a-siz-syr-yn-Je:z-bas
a-yn-vwa-tre-dus

me-zil-e-tre-zak-tif
s5-pe:r-e-vj0-e-gro

sa-me:r-ne-

e-el-e-tak-ti:v-osi il-s5-toe-r0
pa-tre-vje:j

XI.

le-d0-ka-ma-rad-de-kDl

3e-d0-ka-ma-rad3d-e-Jarl3dd-moe:r-a-pa-ri
la-ply-bel-vil-dy-m5
me-mwe-bel
Jarld-moe:r-dd-zyn-vil-ply-grd:d
sa-me-z5
grd:d-me-z5 Jarl-ne-pa-si-riJ-k9-3d

dd-to-si-bel

3d-e-riJse-pa-rd-5-tyne-mwe-grd:d el-es-pd-

el-ne-pa-si-vje:j
3d-e-ply-za-3ek-j'arl
il-e-grd
e-n"byst

me-mwe-fD:r
Jarl-e-to-si-grd
o-k5-tre:r e-mal-el-ve

il-e-bje-nel-ve
po-lie-tu-3u:r-ze-mabl
3d

e-e-mweil-ne-pa-si-a-gre-abl-ka-so-ka-ma-rad

po-li d-kla:s il-"-pa-re-s0

Jarl-e-ply-sty-dj0
3d-e-na-ty-rel-md-mweza-vd-se

:s
pars-kil-ne-pa-si-a-td-tif-d-kla
il-es-pd-dd-tosi-e-te-li-3dk-

Jarl-el-me-joe:r-de-d0
e-m5-ply-je:r-a-mi
ta-pir-de-gar3d-ne-pas-pd-dd
s5d-s5-na:3
XII.
"

le-rij
e-le-po:vr

dd-tu-le-pe-i
il-ja-3e-ne-ral-md
bo-kud-po:vr-e-p0-driJ"
le-po:vr-5-p0-

dar-3d le-rij-5-bo-ku-dar-3d
le-riJ-5-ply-dar-3d-kle-po:vr
le-po:vr-5
kelk-fwa-klemwe-dar-3d-kle-rijle-po:vr-n5-pa-za-se-dar-3d
il-pd:s

ELEMENTARY

422

FRENCH

ed-bo-veit-md

da-me-zo
rij-o-tro-dar-gd

il-s5-3a-lu-de-rij
le-po:vr

me-zil-n5-pa-tdd-ple-zi:r
5-si"va-to-ta-da-mi-kle-riJ
le-po:vrs5-su-vd5-bo-kud-bole-fam-de-rij
to-si-oe-r0-kle-rij
il-n9-s5-pa-spd-dd-si-fje:r

bi-3u-ed-bel-rob
le-zd-fd-de-po:vr
S-mwed-gu^u-kle-zd-fd-de-riJ
le-rij

don-bo-kud-ju^u-e-dotr-Joiz
op-ti-zd-fd
de-po:vr pd-dd-la-grd:d-ge:r

o-sol-da e-o-si-a-la-krwa-ru:
le-rij-e-le-po:vr
5-dD-ne-tre-3e-ne-roez-md

le-rij-o-do-ne-ply-kle-poivr
na-ty-rel-md
lep-ti-z5-do-ne-mwe-kloe:r-p
d-frd:s

rd

vwa-si syr-la-pa:3-d9-drwat
le-rij-5-bo-kud-Ja-to
ce-de-grd-

Ja-to k5-bjed-tu:r-a-til
e-til-ply-bo-kle-me-zod-votr-pe-i

3. Classroom
Bon

le monde

jour,tout

Conversational

and

[b5-3u:r

Good

Phrases

morning, everybody.

tul-m5:d]
II est temps

de

[il-e-tci//

commencer.

is time

begin.

to

d9-ko-ma-se]
Est-ce

le monde

tout

que

ici?

est

Is

everybody present ?

[es-ka-tul-m5:d
e-ti-si]
II

ne

manque

je

personne,

crois.

missing, I think.

Nobody

is

That

right, the

39-krwa]
[il-n9-ma:k-per-sDn
C'est

juste;

la classe

toute

est

\?

whole

class

is

this morning.
tut-latune
on
[se-3yst
kla:s-e-ta-loe:rs9-ma-te]
Ouvrez
books, if you
livres, s'il Open {close)
(fermez) vos
your
vous
plait.[u-vre(fer-me)-vo-li:vrplease.

l'heure

matin.

ce

sil-vu-ple]
Quelle

la

est

lecon

aujour-

pour

What

is

Quelle page? [kel-e-lal-so What

d'hui?

the

page

lesson

for

today

kel pa:3]
pu:r-o-3ur-dqi
Nous

page

reste's

sommes

douze.

hier

la

We

stopped yesterday

at

page

12.

[nu-SDm-res-te-i-e:r

a-la-pa:3-duz]
Combien

de

lignes lisons-nous?

How

many

lines

do

we

read?

li-z5-nu]
[k5-bjed-lip
Jusqu'au bas de la page

de

droite,

To

the

? [3ys-ko-bad-la-pa:3-page,
n'est-ce-pas
d9-drwat

nes-pa]

foot of the
don't

we

right-hand

ELEMENTARY

424
Enfin

lisez votre

voix.

exercice

FRENCH

haute

Finally, read

aloud.

exercise

your

a[a-feli-ze-votr-eg-zer-sis

ot-vwa]
faites des

Vous

sensibles.

progres

You

noticeable

making

are

ress.
Prog-

[vu-fetde-pro-gre-sa-sibl]
Prenez

la

lecon

demain.

prochaine

[pra-ne

lal-s5

the

Take

pour

lesson

next

for

morrow.
to-

pro-jen

purrd-me]
fitudiez -bien la grammaire.

the gra?nmar

[e-ty- Study

well.

dje-bjela-gra-me:r]
ficrivezles verbes.
Nous

the verbs.

Write
[e-kri-ve-le-verb]
d'un

servons-nous

crayon?

Shall

we

use

pencil ?

[nu-ser-v5-nu
doe-kr"-j5]
Comme

voulez.

vous

Qa.m'est e*gal.

As

[kom-vu-vu-lesa-me-te-gal]
La

classe est

finie.

parte bien, merci

mer-si
[33m-port-bje

Permettez-moi
de

de

vous

; et

Good

evening,

sir

Miss

(madam,

Amiel).
How

do you

well, thank

am

do ?

you

and

you

e-vu]
debarrasser

Allow

to take

me

overcoat.

your

pardessus. [per-me-te-

votre

da-vu-de-ba-ra-se

mwa

vous

to

same

is dismissed.

The class
[la-kla:s-e-fl-ni]

moiselle
(madame, MadeAmiel). [b5-swa:r
ma-sjo
(ma-dam, mad-mwa-zel-a-mjel)]
Comment
vous
portez-vous? [koma-vu-por-te-vu]
me

the

me.

Bonsoir, monsieur

Je

it V

wish;

you

ds-votr-

pard-sy]
Vous

etes

de

bien

aimable, mais

j'ai

You

ddranger. [vu-ze:tda-vu-debj"-ne-ma:blme-je-poe:r
peur

are

it will

afraid

vous

kind,

very

but

trouble

am

you.

ra-3e]
Pas

du

tout;

ne

vous

genez

pas.

[pa-dy-tu n3-vu-3e-ne-pa]
Permettez-moi

vous

presenter

[per-me-te-mwadavu-pre-za-te a-mo-na-mi]

mon

ami.

de

Not

all;

at

make

yourself

at

ho7ne.
Allow

?ne

friend.

to introduce

you

to my

APPENDIX

de faire votre
plaisir
; charme
connaissance.
jar[a-vek-ple-zi:r
med-fe:r-VDtr-ko-ne-sa:s]
Plait-il? Je n'ai pas compris. [pietil 33-ne-pa-k5-pri]
f rancais ?
Parlez-vous
[par-le-vufra-se]

Avec

Un

peu

seulement

[oe-posoel-ma
Je

With

pleasure; delightedto

Pardon.

Do

I didn't

understand.

speak French

you

?nake

acquaintance.

your

Only

39-sqi-za-c(le]
pardon. [33-vud-

demande

vous

je suis anglais.

425

little ;

beg your

am

English.

pardon.

ma:d-par-d5]
n'est rien ; il

Ce

n'y a

pas

de

That

quoi.

'.$"
nothing; don't

mention

it.

[sne-rje
il-nja-pad-kwa]
II est

tard ; il

ta:r

Mes

me

faut

partir.[il-e-

It is late ;

I must

go.

il-m3-fo-par-ti:r]

compliments

madame

Give

votre

regards

my

to your

mother.

[me-k5-pli-maa-ma-dam-

mere.

votr-me:r]
Bien

des

votre

pa:r
Au

choses

part

ma

best wishes

My

to your

brother.

da-ma[bje-de-jo:z
a-votr-fre:r]

frere.

revoir;
vwa:r

de

demain

matin,

Good-by ;

[or-

see

tomorrow

you

ad-mg-ma-te]
LA

4.

MARSEILLAISE

Allons, enfants
Le

jour de gloireest

Contre

de la

nous

L'etendard

Mugir

ces

figorger
nos
Marchons

leve.

les campagnes

soldats ?

jusque dans
nos
flls,

citoyens!

Qu'un sang

arrive !

tyrannie

dans

feroces

lis viennent

armes,

patrie,

sanglantest

Entendez-vous

Aux

de la

compagnes

formez

abreuve

bataillons !

vos

Marchons

impur

bras

nos

!
nos

sillons !

ing.
morn-

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

426

Amour

de la

sacre

Conduis, soutiens
Liberte

def

avec

Sous

drapeaux, que

nos

tes

males

Accoure

Que

ennemis

tes

nos

enseurs

la victoire

accents

expirants

triomphe,et

ton

vengeurs

cherie !

Combats

Voient
Aux

bras

nos

Liberte

patrie,

notre

gloire!

from firststanza)
{etc.,
repeated

armes

Rouget

de

Lisle

la-mar-se-je:z
a-15-za-fa

da-la-pa-tri-a

e-ta-ri-ve
l3-3u:r-d3-glwa:r
k5-tr3-nu

d3-la-ti-ra-ni-3

le-td-da:r-sa-gla-te-ta-ve
a-ta-de-vu

da-le-ka-pa-ns

my-giirse-fe-ro-sa-sol-da
3ys-k3-da-no-bra
il-vje-na
no-k5-pa-p9
e-gor-3e-no-fis
si-twa-jefor-me vo-ba-ta-j5

o-zar-m9

mar-j5 mar-jo
a-brce:-vo-no-si-j5
kce-sa-ke-py:r
a-mu

:r-sa-kre

do-la-pa-tri-9

k5-dqisu-tjeno-brali-ber-te

va-3ce:r

li-ber-te-Je-ri-9

k5-ba-za-vek-te-de-fa-sce:r

su-no-dra-poko-la-vik-twa-ra
a-ku:r a-no-ma-b-zak-sa

ko-te-ze-no-mi-zek-spi-ra
vwa-t5-tri-5:f
o-zar-ma

(etc.)

e-no-tro-glwai-ra

ROUGET

L'hymne
en

1792,

et

les

de

Parmee

par

entrainantes

du

Rhin,

et, chante

en

Paris

leurs
devenu

les

mais

Francais

penchants
bien

pour

familier

de

par

fut

un

nom

cri

genie

de

regiment
de

d'autres

ecrit, paroles

peuples

appele

ralliement

des

de

Marseille

ont

y
la

et

Strasbourg.

d'abord

Marseillaise.

Pendant

Americains
inconnu

du

hymne,

le

la liberte.
aux

LISLE

Marseillaise

cet

firent

le

Tuileries, prit desormais

ment

de

nom

Lisle, officier

de

Rouget

paroles

francais

le

sous

connu

DE

les

Chant

musique
de guerre

revolutionnaires
a

l'attaque sur

Depuis

lors, non

trouve

l'expression

derniere

jusqu'alors

musique,

et

La

guerre,

enthousiasmes

seule-

l'hymne
a

un

les

de
est

point

428

ELEMENTARY

III.

rules

No

While

nouns.

each

be

can

GENDER

given
be

it must

FRENCH

OF

determine

to

understood

them, the followingrules

of

NOUNS

determined

by

B.

Gender

determined

by meaning.

are

derivation.

majorityof

the

are

parts of speech when

other

used

2.

of

names

(a) Males (human and animal).

(b) Trees, shrubs, and metals.
(c) Seasons, months, days,and the pointsof
Infinitives and

cases

Sec. 71, Note

See

that

usuallymasculine

exceptionsto

are

the great

cover

Gender

Nouns

gender of all French

that there

A.

1.

the

the compass.
as

nouns

are

masculine.
Nouns

2.

are

that

usuallyfeminine

the

are

{a) Females (human and animal).

(p) Fruits and flowers.
and rivers,ending
(c)Countries, cities,
C.

Gender

When

determined

the

gender

rules and
1.

Nouns

in eur,

2.

Nouns

double

Exceptions.
are

feminine

are

preceded by

ending

by

Note

the

they do

the

meaning,

not

in mute

end

lowing
fol-

e.

tie\ and

ion, son, te\ and

in

e.

generally:

very

when

Sec. 7

in mute

abstract

feminine.

are

Nouns

determined

not

masculine

Exceptions.
nouns

is

exceptionshold

are

See

by ending.

of

names

Nouns

when

consonant

they
or

end

in mute

if
(especially

vowel).

ending in acle, age,

asme,

isme, ege,

erne,

tere,

masculine.

D.
The
1.

Gender

of compound

gender
If

they

first part.

of

compound

consist of two

nouns.

nouns

nouns,

is determined

they

have

Ex., le chou-fleur,the cauliflower.

as

follows

the

gender

of the

APPENDIX

If

2.

verb, which
le

part of speech,they
of

except compounds

noun,

and

noun

Ex., le sous-sol, the basement;

masculine.

always

are

another

and

noun

gender of the

the

have

of

they consist

429

porte-manteau, the portmanteau.

If

3.

of

consist

they

pluralof
The

A.

has

nouns

present

noun,

76

and

93.

:
specialirregularities

grandfathers

|aieuls
\ a'ieux

Detail

in Sees.

treated

been

followingnouns
aieul

is

neither

NOUNS

OF

PLURAL

IV.

The

which

Ex., le passe-partout, the master-key.

masculine.

they are

of

words

two

ancestors

cattle

bestiaux
.

skies,climates
artificial

/ C*e*S

ciel

Lcieux

..

skies,heavens

ceils

lyeux

If

1.

they

If

they consist

sol,the basement

the

verb

with

in the

of

noun

or

nouns,

Ex.,

and

noun

an

adjective,

chou-fleur,the cauliflower\

le

separated by

nouns

follows

as

the
preposition,

bow
the rainEx., l'arc-en-ciel,

pluralform.

and

some

takes

the

noun

alone

other

part of speech,not

pluralform.

Ex., le

sous-

pi.sous-sols.

following

plural without

pi. coupe-tete or

compound

Most

Note.

used

two

is formed

nouns

pi.arcs-en-ciel.

the
adjective,

two

of

takes

alone

first noun

of

of

consist

pi.choux-fleurs.
If they consist
2.

an

works

parts take the pluralform.

both

3.

"#"'*/ rePorts

pluralof compound

The

B.

eyes

I travails
\ travaux

travail

words)

(incompound

formed

nouns
noun

that

change.

coupe-tetes.

by joining a

is the

Ex.,

le

object of

shortened

the

verb

coupe-tete, the

may

headsman

form
be
;

ELEMENTARY

430

If

4.

the

they

is like the

plural

key

consist

V.

The

formation
When

A.

The

uniforme.

is

passe-partout,

the

more

in Sec.
ends

noun,
master-

109.

in

ment

adjective

an

vowel,

the

to

the

masculine.

to

of
am

Ex., m"hant,

adding

by

be

to

two

ment

an

adjective

e*

the

on

addition

aveugle,

are

ends

in

ant

m"hamment,

in the

the

of
mode,
com-

blindly.
ent, these

or

respectively before

em

wicked;

to

nine.
femi-

obscur, precis, profond,

aveugl"ment,

forms

the

to

these

and

consonant,

ment

noted

of

common

blind

in

sweetly.

mute

ends

by adding

confus, 6norme,

masculine

Adjectives having

The

adjective

doucement,

The

changed

are

follement,

treated

is formed

conforme,

the

When

adverb

been

by adding

of

adverb

Ex., aveugle,

of ment.

4.

is formed

sweet

ment.

commun,

the

which

ADVERBS

an

adjectives change

ending

3.

le

of

OF

must
following irregularities

Some

endings

of

masculine

Ex., doux,

2.

neither

joliment, prettily.

corresponding

C.

has

masculine

the

When

B.

FORMATION

adverb

Ex., joli,pretty

the

singular. Ex.,

of adverbs

the

corresponding

1.

words,

two

pi. passe-partout.

the

of

FRENCH

the

wickedly.

masculine

singular

feminine.

form

Ex., fou, mad;

madly.
deserve
following special irregularities

tion
addi-

notice

Adjective

Adverb

bref

brievement

gentil

gentiment

impuni

impune'ment

traitre

traitreusement

ELEMENTARY

432

VII.

REGULAR

FRENCH

CONJUGATIONS

APPENDIX

REGULAR

CONJUGATIONS

433

ELEMENTARY

434

FRENCH

TENSES

COMPOUND

I. Perfect

its past

by prefixingto
avoir,
when

"

auxiliaries.

given
both
on

in

the

on

participlethe

Their

The

auxiliaries,together with

simple

compound
which

etre,

tenses,

are

irregular,is

is

with

perfect conjugation
is

the tense-names,

of

tenses

and

Avoir

").

formed

are

given

in full

436.

page
Note.

the

denoting

instead

Eire,

"

forming

perfect

motion

Passive

perfect,of
is

in the

in

number

e
plural,-

in

and
the

like

verbs.

is formed

verb

various

simple

tenses,

The

by
and

passive conjugation

iary,
auxil-

is the

etre

passive conjugation, the

in the

adjective to

an

gender.

feminine

of

be."

"to

naitre,

rester, tomber,

Participle. When

perfect or

past participlevaries

verbs

437.

page

of Past

Agreement

whether

passive voice

participlethe

on

auxiliary in

aller, fiartir,sortir,

of reflexive

also

others);

auxiliaryetre,

in full

condition:

of

the

as

following intransitive

the

arriver, entrer,

The

Voice.

the

given

III.

few

its past

prefixing to

of

change

or

(rarely of

mourir

avoir, is used

of

tenses

venir, devenir, revenir,

II.

of

conjugation,
page.

verb

various

etre, " to be

formation

the

opposite

of

perfect tenses

(sometimes

used

thus

called

"

have

to

The

Tenses.

agree

adds

It then

singular,and

es

with

in the
in

the

ject
sub-

the

masculine
feminine

plural.
Note

singular and
Note

subject

participles ending

Past

i.

In

ordinary conjugation
are

pronouns

agreement

alike

are

in

masculine

plural.

2.

must

in

always
of

the

masculine.

(when
past

etre

In
is

the

participle.

it may
the

be

assumed

that

plural, however,

auxiliary) be

paid

the

tion
attento

the

APPENDIX

CONJl

ION

OF

435

AUXILIARIES

436

ELEMENTARY

PERFECT

FRENCH

TENSES

APPExNDIX

PASSIVE

437

VOICE

438

ORTHOGRAPHIC

ELEMENTARY

IRREGULARITIES

CONJUGATION

FRENCH

OF

THE

FIRST

440

ELEMENTARY

VIII.

IRREGULAR

FRENCH

VERBS

APPENDIX

IRREGULAR

441

VERBS

442

ELEMENTARY

IRREGULAR

FRENCH

VERBS

APPENDIX

IRREGULAR

443

VERBS

444

ELEMENTARY

IRREGULAR

FRENCH

VERBS

APPENDIX

IRREGULAR

445

VERBS

446

ELEMENTARY

IRREGULAR

FRENCH

VERBS

448

ELEMENTARY

IRREGULAR

FRENCH

VERBS

APPENDIX

IRREGULAR

449

VERBS

45Q

ELEMENTARY

IRREGULAR

FRENCH

VERBS

APPENDIX

IRREGULAR

451

VERBS

452

ELEMENTARY

IRREGULAR

FRENCH

VERBS

APPENDIX

IRREGULAR

453

VERBS

454

ELEMENTARY

IRREGULAR

FRENCH

VERBS

COLONNE
Elle

se

prise par

JUILLET

Pemplacement de la Bastille,ancienne
prison d'litat,
celle de la
(1789). Cette date est devenue
peuple le 14 juillet

dresse
le

DE

sur

fete nationale

FRENCH-ENGLISH

This
words

inflection

of

is

vocabulary
actuallyused

designed

in

of the

VOCABULARY

the

words

plural form

to

words

the

only

cover

and

of

forms

Peculiarities
portions of this book.
in general added.
are
and
nouns
plural is
adjectives whose
formed
The
feminine
by adding s.

French
included

given of all
different
from
the singular and
not
form
is given of all adjectiveswhose
feminine
is different
from
the masculine
formed
and
not
by adding e. The principalparts of the irregularverbs
there
inserted
Moreover
in the proper
are
are
given.
alphabeticalplaces
those
of
verbs
and
forms
other
words
whose
initial letters
irregular
The

them

separate
lessons

in

from

the

a,

the

advance

pronunciations
The

is

mark

paragraph

of

Isolated

full inflection

under

; e^e

droit

included

are

the

in

also.

earlier

Irregular

; il y

~,

there

at

of

the head

is

accent

accent

w.,

word, strain

accentuation/, accentuation

in, into,on, with

by ;

measures,

la

"*"

with

accepter, accept

(mode de),

styleof

in the

used

droite.

means

(are),ago
a, to, at,

forms

by phonetic spelling.
in black
repetitionof the word
type

means

fires,avoir,has

their

word.

indicated

are

"*"

basal

m.,

accident

accompagner,

accompany

down

accorder, grant

first

aboyer, bark

subj.accourir,hasten
accoure,j"ra-.
accrocher (a),hang (on)

abreuver, water, soak

accuser,

abaisser,
abord

draw

accident

d'~,

at

abreuvoir

m.,

abri

shelter;

m.,

shelter;

watering trough
mettre

se

achetS,bought

!'"*,under

acheter, buy

l'~, take

acheteur

shelter

m.,

buyer

finish

acque*rir(acquerant, acquis,

absolute

absolutisme

m.,

achever,

absent, absent
absolu,

accuse

quiers,acquis),acquire
absolutism

acte

acad^mie^, academy
accablant, oppressive

act

m.,

acteur

m.

actor
(f.actrice),

actif (/ -ve),active
457

ac-

ELEMENTARY

458

FRENCH

addition/, bill
admettre

ainsi, thus;
ad-

(admettant, admis,

mets, admis),

administrer,

admit

pour

dire,

air m.,

administer

air;

the

avoir

well

as

Pcv"

(de),seem,
plein ~, in

; en

air

open

adorer, worship

aise, glad ;

adresse/i, address

ait,pres. subj. avoir (to have)

adversaire

a town
Al"sia_/^,

m.,

adversary

aeroplane m., aeroplane

affaire /., trouble,matter;

tirer

se

d'cv",
get along ; parlerd'^s,

talk

Allemagne/,
allemand

affaire\busy

allemand
on,

affiche/, poster,

bill

aller

age

in order

old

are

"o

que,

in

avez-vous

03

you ?

age\ aged, old ; etre

cv)

03

allie"m.,

s'en

e*, go

de, be

old
.

longer

Alsace

why
;

!
~

come

que,

!
when

f., a province

in northeast

France

/I, aid,assistance
the

s'c*",grow

Alpes///., Alps

ai,pres. avoir, have

to

alors, then

ah!

; venir

assistance

en

of,

assist

alsacien

(f. -nne), Alsatian

amabilitS/i, kindness
ambigu

(f.ambigue), ambiguous

aider,help

ambitieux

(f.-se),ambitious

aie,aient,pres.subj.avoir (tohave)

amenager,

arrange

aigu {f.aigue),sharp

amener,

aile/, wing

amer

aille,
pres. subj. aller (togo)
aimable, kind

americain,

aimer

amertume/,

(a),love,like (to);

prefer

away

ally

allonger, lengthen ;

ah!

come

suit

chercher, go for

agrSable,pleasant
agreablement, agreeably
agrSer,accept

a,

guage)
(the lan-

(of health); fit (of clothes),

allons

aide

German

alliance/!,alliance

"*., age ; quel

how

to ;

that

order

Gaul

(allant,alle\vais, allai),
go;

become,

de,

in ancient

assume

affronter,face
~

glad

Germany

m*t

afficher,post (bills)
:

~,

adj.,German

be

afin

bien

allS,past part, aller,gone

allee/, path

business

affecter,take

as;

speak

to

so

(to),look

appear

admirer, admire

que,

e"

mieux,

bring (a person)

{/.-ere),bitter
[a-me:r]
American

AmSrique/,
ami

m.

America

bitterness

{/.amie), friend

FRENCH-ENGLISH

VOCABULARY

amiti^/, friendship
amonceler, heap
amoncellement

up

appartenir
s'~, gather

love

m.,

ample,

generous,

full

funny, amusing

amusement

nt., amusement
amuse

m.,

Year's
ten

Day

years

ancetre

what

good

de

l'~,
dix

avoir

with

New
be

~s,

old

f,

angelus (a

bell

de,

at

m.,

appreter,

(intr.)

syllable),lean, bear

""

droit

anniversaire

apres-midi
arbre

versary
birthday, anni-

arched,

archeveche"

(apercevant,

in.,

afternoon,

m.,

architect
tural
(pi. -aux), architec-

architecture/!,architecture
apercu,

ardemment,

fervently

apercois,apercus),perceive; s'~

ardent, ardent,burning

de, perceive,notice

arenesy^ pi.,arena,
"

apparent, apparent
appartement

m.,

apartment

p.m.

dence
archbishop's resi-

m.,

architectural

apercevoir

~"

arch

annoncer,

annual
(f -lie),
[u] m., August

on

tree

architecte

announce

mute

in., arch

arc

year

".,

annoncej^, advertisement

aout

de,

after

que,

passed, last

*".,

"""

after ; d'~",according to ;

apres,

rightangles to

; l'~

nearer;

(appui- beforea

appuyer

Englishman

angle, corner

annee/!, year

(tr); s'~, prepare

prepare

approach

English (thelanguage)

m.,

ap-

appris),learn

approcher, bring

Angleterre/i,England
animal
m.
(pi.-aux),animal
animg (de),
inspired(with)

annuel

~,

correctly,appreciate

apprendre (apprenant, appris,

anglais adj.,English

m.,

bon

apporter, bring (a thing)

ing
announc-

the service

angle

de

good appetite

prends,

religiousservice)
;

Anglais

appetite;

m.,

apporte\brought

anecdote

Angelus [a-3e-lys]
m.,

anglais

name?

apprecier, value

(f-nne),ancient,old,former

anecdote

is your

app"tit

time

appelez-vous

vous

ancestor

m.,

ancien

jour

year;

long
tenu, appartiens, appartins),be-

comment

enjoy,be
s'"*"(de),

have
(at),

amused
an

appar-

utute
appeler (appell- before a
syllable),
call; s'"~, be named;

amusant,

amuser,

(appartenant,

pile,heap

m.,

amour

459

stadium,"

argent

"

in., money

amphitheater,

bowl

"

; silver

/,

Argonne

where

France
in

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

460

region in
Americans
fought
forest

assur^ment, certainly
Atlantique, Atiantic
attaque/, attack

1918

aristocratic/!,aristocracy

attaquer, attack

arme/i,

atteindre

weapon

arm,

armee/,

army

armistice

".,

armoire/i,

reach
teins, atteignis),

armistice

attendre, wait (for),

expect, await;

closet

s'~

fix,arrange

arranger,

(atteignant,atteint, at-

arrestation/,

a, expect

attendrir,

arreter, stop (tr.)

stop
; s'cv",

(intr.)

attentif

arrivee/i, arrival

attention/,

arriver, arrive, happen

attirer, attract
arrondisse-

m.\

(divisionof

ment

French

art

m.,

artere/^,thoroughfare, artery
article,
thing

article m.,

fires,avoir, have,

as,

aspect

assaillir

hast

(asseyant, assis, assieds,

assis, be

sit down
s'e*",

seated;

; etre

asseyez-vous,

sit down
assez

(de),enough

assierai,fut. asseoir

quite,rather
(toseat)

assiette/, plate
assis, fiast fiart. asseoir, seated,
sitting
assister

no

~,

week

auquel,

(a),be present at, attend

assurance/, assurance

one;

no

one,

from

d'~

huit,

en

today

contraction

fut., cond.

aussi,also,too
as

no

one,

hearer

m,%

ofk lequel
avoir

(to have)

; as, so

soon

as

~
.

que,

as

...

aussitot

que,

as

the

[os-ter-litz]
".,

Austerlitz

placewhere
;

ofhle

{/. -e), any

aur-,

/.,assembly, society

assis),seat

contraction

au,

assail
saille,assaillis),

asseoir

interest

aujourd'hui,today;

(assaillant,assailli,as-

assemble

charm,

m.,

auditeur

appearance

m.,

attention

attraper, catch

ne

andf., artist

m.

attrait

aucun

artillerie/,artillery
artiste

{/.-ve),attentive

attrayant, attractive
attribue\attributed

department)
art

d'~,

waiting-room

arriere-plan7n., background

arrondissement

salle

waiting;

/,

attente

arrest

(infeelings)

move

Napoleon conquered

Austria

(/ -nne),Australian

australien
autant

(de),as much,

auteur

author

autobus
automne
"x", in

m.,

m.,
[o-to-bys]

[o-ton]m.,
(the)autumn

as

many

autobus
autumn

en

FRENCH-ENGLISH

automobile

VOCABULARY

andf., automobile

m.

authorization

autorisation/,
autour

(de),around

autre,

other, different;nous
(apart from

we

"*"s,

{f -nne), Austrian

contraction

aux,

of

auxquels, contraction
advance

/,
; en

"*",

ahead

avant, before

before

que,

day before
[a-va-tje:r],

avant-hier

yesterday
m.,

avec,

with

m.,

avocat

vous

ago

what

since,for
's the

is

; il

(was,

qu'avez-

matter

with

pres. avoir,have
avril [a-vril]
m., April

avons,

ayant, pres.part, avoir, having

ayez, pres. subj. avoir (to have)
m.,

"*", fight

{beforea

vowel

pi. beaux),
~

bel ;

belle,

some;
beautiful, hand-

(temps),it is fine

; se mettre

au

"~,

become

(weather)

beau

belle,/ of

beau

benefice **., advantage, benefit

Berthe, Bertha
Besancon

m.,

city

in

eastern

France

you?

azur

beau

bel, see

lawyer

(avait,etc.),there

etc.);

(battant,battu, bats, battis),

beaucoup (de),much, many

beaute* /, beauty

(ayant, eu, ai, eus),have

avoir

battre

fine

notice

m.,

building

il fait

pres. avoir, have

avis

"*.,

batir, build

m.

avenue

steamboat

weather

avenue/,
avez,

{pi. -x), boat;

m.

miser

avare

battalion

m.,

beat, strike; se

advantage

m.,

bataille/, battle

batiment

fore
de, be-

shave

base/, base

bateau

"~"

; faire la ^,

downstairs

vapeur,

{with inf.);
avantage

cv",

of time

(in time);

settee

stocking; bottom, foot;

m.,

bataillon

advance, put forward

avancer,

room
bath-

~,

banana

beard

vance
d'"~",in ad-

advanced

avanc^

de

(dance)

[ba] m., bench,

en

of a. lesquels

salle

adj. (f -sse),low

bas

les

imp. avoir, had

etc.),
(-ait,

avance

ball

bal m.,

bas

auxiliaire, auxiliary
avais

bath;

m.,

barbe/,

otherwise

autrichien

baigner,

bathe

banc

autrefois, formerly
autrement,

m.

banane/,

others)

pi.,baggage, luggage

bagages
bain

autorit"/, authority

461

blue, azure

besogne/,

work,

besoin

need

m.,

task

{noun);

avoir

(de),be in need, need

Detail
stock

m.

{pi. bestiaux), cattle,

462

ELEMENTARY

beurre

FRENCH

butter

m.,

boucher
bouillir

bibliotheque/, library
bien, well ;

much,

des, many

; eh

bientot,

again

good

! well !

"*"

good

ev", will

soon;

see

you

soon

biere/, beer

(pi.-x),jewel

bijou m.

billet m., ticket

a

bl6

un

"~",get

ticket

boulevard

w.,

bourgeois,
homely
Bourguignon
bout

the

bras

blue

purse

jw., end

button

m.,

**., arm

brave, brave

good, worthy(326,/)

bravoure/i, bravery

blouse/, blouse

bref

bceuf

m.,

boire

(buvant, bu, bois, bus),drink

beef;
wood

Bois

Boulogne,

famous

park

in Paris

boite/i,box

(f.-nne),Breton, of Brittany

Brienne/i, the

cv"

lettres,letter

aux

boivent, pres. boire, drink

(f.-nne),good

good-natured,

pleasant
bonde*

surname

?n.,

of

Napoleon

(with)

f., maid
m.,

(servant)

edge, shore

de la mer,

seashore
border

French

brush
dents, tooth-

cheveux, hairbrush

brosser, brush
m.,

mist, fog

bru/i, daughter-in-law
bruit

"., noise

bruler, burn

happiness

jour m., good morning

bonne

brouillard

(de),crowded

bonheur

briller,glitter

brosse/, brush

Bonaparte,

of

seat

brillant,brilliant

box

bord

France

militaryschool

boisson/, drink

bon

Brittany,a province

in northwest

breton

cv", wooden

; de

(/ breve),short

Bretagne/,

[.pi.
bo]

ox

bois m.,

bon

class,

Burgundian

in.,

blond, light,blond

de

rampart

middle

braise\braised,panned

blesser,hurt
bleu,

baker

of

bouton

wheat

m.,

boulanger m.,

bouteille/, bottle

[bla](f. blanche),white

blanc

boil
bouillis),

bourse/,

prendre

butcher

(bouillant,bouilli,bous,

boulevard

although

que,

"v"

many

m.,

(de),border (with)
borgne, blind in one eye
bouche/i, mouth

brusque, quick
Brussels,the
[bry-sel]/!,

Bruxelles

capitalof Belgium
bu, past part, boire, drunk
buffet
bureau

lunch

m.,
m.,

office ;

03

counter

desk
de

(of

teacher);

poste, post office

464

ELEMENTARY

(de),cease

cesser

cet,

chaud,

(to)

(adj.)

ce

see

they

chacal

chemin

chaleur/!, heat
chambre

f,

room

"*"

coucher,

chief ;

de

road,

m.,

chemise/],
cher

field ;

m.,

f. pi.,shoes, footwear
station

gare,

way

ground
foire,fair-

de

shirt

(f.-ere),dear, beloved

province in

east
north-

France

(326,/)

mushroom

m.,

cheval

champion

m.,

avenue

in Paris

changement

m.,

changeur

m;%

chant

song

m.,

luck

change

m.

ride

~,

pi., hair

changer

money

chapelier m.,

(to, in) the

at

store) of;

for

horseback
; brosse

~,

moi

"v

(home,

at
(etc.),

my

house
(etc.)

chien

m.,

dog

choisir, choose, select

hatter

modern

/., thing; quelque

chose

French

thing
"*", some-

sculptor

chaque, each

chou

Charles, Charles

chou-fleur

attractive

charmant,

house

endive
chicor"e frise'e/i,

(pi.-x),hat

m.

cheveux

Chez,

chanter, sing

Chapu,

send

hairbrush

f, good

chapeau

~,

(pi. -aux), horse;

m.

monter

se'es 7r1.pL,
an

Champs-Ely
chance

for ; envoyer

go

~,

; aller

ch"ri,beloved, dear

champignon
champion

costly

chercher, look for,seek,get

Champagne f,

fer,

de

"v.

railroad

bedroom

champ

warm

agent

chair

f,

it is

chauss"e_/l,roadway, street

chef m.%

one

chaired, desk
chaise

be

~,

(hot)

chaussures

(f -e),each

chacun

avoir

(hot); il fait ~,

chaussette/i, sock

jackal

m.,

hot;

warm,

warm

cette,/^ofce (adj.)
ceu.x,pl.of celui,these, those, the
ones

FRENCH

(pi.-x),cabbage

m.

m.

(pi. choux-fleurs),

cauliflower

charm6, delighted

-nne),Christian
chre'tien[kre-tje](/:

chasser, expel,drive (out); hunt

chute/,

chat

ci,abbreviation

m,t

chateau

cat
m.

(pi.-x),castle

Chateau-Thierry
town

in

where

1918

m.,

Americans

French

fought

ciel

fall

for

par-la, here
m.

and

ici

(1 94) ;

there

(pi. cieux),sky

cigare m., cigar

cinq [sek; 216, a], five

par-

comique,

cinquante, fifty

Cit6/!,the old central part

citoyen (f. -nne), citizen
civil
civil [si-vil],

of Paris

; classroom

salle

[kle]/,key ; fermer
clerc [kle:r]
*"., clerk
clef

{/.

m.

code
cceur

coi

; client

-e),customer

adv., how, what

comment

intj.,what

the head

business

m.,

man,

merchant
business

m.,

part,

past

commettre,

f., bureau,

chest

de,

fix one's

~,

commun,

wear

hair

common

f.,

commune

of

coiffeur ""., hairdresser,barber

French

(division

commune

canton)

coiffure/, headdress

compagne/i, wife, consort

coin m.t

comparaison/!, comparison

corner

colere/,

make

compenser,

anger

collaborateur

m,t

Compiegne/,

collaborator

up

for

cityin France

college m., college

complet (f. -ete),complete, full

colonie/i,colony

compliment

column

colonne/,

"*.,

compliment

compost, compound

f., colonnade

colonnade

cf

drawers

hair ;
se

committed

{/. coite),quiet

on

comment

commode

the

beginning

m.,

(a),begin (to)

commis,

laws

heart

dress
coiffer,

commencement

commerce

code,

m.,

commemorate

commercant

coachman

m.,

m.,

lock

~,

bell

cloche/,
cocher

order

command,

commencer

classique,classic

client

"*., command

like,as

comme,

classroom

de ~,

major

commandement

commemorer,

f.t class

commandant,

**.,

commander,

clair,clear
classe

committee

commander,

(f. -e),cityperson

m.

comic

comedy,

commandant

circuler,circulate,
go about
citadin

of

comite" ".,

fifth

cinquieme,

465

VOCABULARY

FRENCH-ENGLISH

composer,

compose,

make

up

colossal, colossal

compote f., sauce

combat

comprendre (comprenant, compris,

combats,

zmv.

at

temps, how
Comgdie
French

comprends, compris),understand;

combattre, fight

(de), how

combien
many

contest

m,,

what

how

much,

price;

de

long

Francaise
theater

f.,

famous

include

compris, past part, comprendre,

understood
; y "*", including
compte
~,

m.,
[ko:t]

have

an

account;

se

idea, realize

rendre

466

ELEMENTARY
intend
[ko-te],

; count

comptoir [ko-twa:r]
m.,

counter

compter

comte
concert

consid^rer,consider
consoler, comfort
consomme

concert

m.,

concevoir

esteem
consideration/!,

(a title)

count

m.,

FRENCH

(concevant, concu,

con-

cois, concus), conceive

famous

place de
square

la Concorde,

in Paris

{/.-ete),concrete

concret

past part, concevoir,

concu,

consonant

construction/;, construction
construire

conclus),conclude
;

consonne/;,

constance_/\, constancy

conclu,conclus,
conclure(concluant,

Concorde/!,peace

broth

m.,

ceived
con-

construit,
(construisant,

construct
construis, construisis),

consulter, consult

contemporain, contemporary
content, glad; satisfied;

de,

satisfied with

contient, pres. contenir, contains

condition/], condition
conducteur
conduire

m.,

continuation/.,continuation

conductor

(conduisant,conduit, con-

duis, conduisis),lead; take

(a

person)
confier,intrust

m.,

(tr.),
go on ; se
be prolonged
(intr.),
"~", continue
m.,

contrary

; au

~,

national

assembly,

contravention/;, violation (oflaw)

contre,

conjugaison/;,conjugation
conjuguer,conjugate
(connaissant,connu,

against
suitably

convenablement,
convenir

(a) (convenant, convenu,

conviens, convins), be

connais-sance/;,acquaintance
con-

suitable

(to),suit

nais,connus),be acquaintedwith,

converser,

know

cooperation/;,cooperation

connu,

past part, connaitre,known

conquSrir

(conqufrant,

conquis,

conquiers, conquis),conquer

conseil

consecrate,

devote

consens,

consequent
conserver,

copier,copy
coque/;, shell
coquille/;,shell

; en

~,

on

the half

corbeille/;,basket
cordialement, heartily

?/?., advice

consentir

converse

shell

conquete/, conquest
consacrer,

on

the contrary

congress

connaitre

{/.-lie),continual

continuer, continue

contraire

confortable, comfortable
congres

continuel

///., body

(consentant, consenti,

corps

consentis),consent

correspondance/;, correspondence

par

preserve

""*, consequently

corridor

m.,

corridor, hall

corriger,correct

FRENCH-ENGLISH

Corse

Corsica

/,

costume

craindre

; a

de, beside

ses

coucher, put

bed;

to

bed ; chambre

se

go

~,

to

bedroom

~,

(cousant,

couds,

cousu,

coup

glance ;

tout

~,

d'ceil,

suddenly

(off)

cut

couper,

create
cream

crever,

burst, break

cri m.%

cry
shout

couple/, couple, two

crise/, crisis

cour/, yard,court

critique m.t critic

courage

critiquer,criticize

courant,

croire

fluently

couramment,

; le ~,

current

the present

month
courir

cours,

believe,

cou-

rus),run
couronne/,

crown

courrier

m.t

courriez,

mail

cond.

run

grow

croix/,

cross

crouton

m.,

cruel

couteau

couter,
couteux

(f.-e),cousin
m.

(pi.-x),knife

(f. -se),costly

couturiere

belief

cueilli,cueille,
(cueillant,

cuiller

/, spoon
[kqi-je:r]

cuisine/,
cuisinier

m.

kitchen

(/ -ere),cook

cultivable, arable, cleared

cost

coutume/,

crumbs

collect
cueillis),

past part, courir,run

m.

bread

(/ -He),cruel

cueillir

court, short

cousin

fried

tures, cruellement, cruelly

schedule;pi.,lec-

lessons

couru,

(croissant,
cru, crois,crus),

croyez, pres. croire,believe

courir,would

;/z.,course,

crois, crus),

think

croyance/,

crown

couronner,

cours

(croyant, cru,

croitre

(courant,couru,

cultiver, cultivate

culture/,

custom

culture

f. dressmaker
,

couvert

(de),covered

couvrir

(couvrant,couvert, couvre,

cover
couvris),

for fear

cr"lule,credulous

crier,cry,

m.t courage

que,

pencil

m.,

creme/,

stroke, blow;

m.,

cravate/, necktie

creer,

color

de

that,lest

crayon

cousis),sew
couleur/,

crainte/, fear;

side; d'a~, adjoining

at one's

coudre

(craignant,craint, crains,

fear
craignis),

coast

cote"m.,side
~s,

467

chalk

craie/,

suit

m.,

cote/,

VOCABULARY

(with)

d\

elided

dame/,

danger

form

of"e

lady
m.,

danger

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

468

demain,

dangereux (f -se),dangerous
dance

demander, ask,ask

date/, date
de, of, from,

; with

by

with

partitive,some,

numeral,

~", not

tives,
after superla-

inf.,to, by

(in)the;

~,

good-by

for ;

a, ask

ask
(aperson); ~de {with inf.),
demeure
verb, live,lives

davantage, more
in ;

; a

tilltomorrow

dans, in, into, among

danser,

tomorrow

than

some,

not

followed

(P),of

la

ne

any;

any, no,

any,

pas

d"barrasser,relieve

to

demeure^, home, dwelling

demeurer, dwell,live
demi, half (218)
de*mocratie f

dent

demolish

down,
forth

set

tooth

f,

democracy

d^molir, tear
d"montrer,

of

; brosse

~s,

brush
tooth-

debout, standing
d"embre

December

m.,

dentelle/, lace

decider (a),persuade (to);

decide

se

(a),

depart m., departure ; point

startingpoint

(to)

decoration/!,decoration

departement

d^corer,decorate

of

decrire

France)

(d"crivant,d"rit, decris,

describe
d"crivis),

defendre

(somebody to)
~

defense

dgfenseur

no

depens

prohibition;

;
no

bills ;

de

smoking

~,

hurry,

depuis, since,for;

degre*m., degree

dernier

dehors, outdoors

derriere,behind

this
d"ja,already; meme
~, before
dejeuner,lunch, breakfast
dej'eunerm., breakfast,luncheon

des,

dela, beyond

descendre, go

quand,

de, beyond

recent
last,
(f -ere),

contraction

the ; some,
des que,

del^gue*m., delegate

descend

delicieux (/ -se),delicious

delit m.,

town

misdemeanor

de,

d"penser,spend

d^fier,defy

"~

; aux

how

long

defender

; au

se

of

of

expense

depute*m., deputy
d"ranger,disturb

m.,

divisions

pi.,expense

m.

the

at

d'afficher,
post

fumer,

main

(intr.)
d^pendre (de),depend (upon)

(a quelqu'un de), forbid

defense f,

87

hasten

defect

m.,

the

department (one

m.,

depecher, hasten (tr.)

;

decrivez, describe
defaut

de ~,

as

of

les, of (in)

any
soon

de

(326,f)

"~

carriage;

as

down,

come

de

voiture,get

en

down,
out

of

ville,go down

FRENCH-ENGLISH

VOCABULARY

469

descriptionf. description

"evr-,fut.,cond.

deserter,desert

dictionnaire

d"signe\appointed, fixed

dieu

d"sint"grer,break
break

(tr.)
;

up

se

"*",

edness
"*., disinterest-

d"sint"ressement

**.,

dictionary

(pi. -x), god

m.

heavens!

Dieu

; mon

goodness!

different,different

(intr.)

up

devoir

difficult
difficile,

digne, worthy
dimanche

d"sirer,desire
henceforth

d^sormais,

desquels,contraction
dessert

verb,

dessert

"r., dessert

dessin

m.,

one's

detacher,
detail m.,

off

clears

(a table)

/.,

destination

dimension

diner, dine,eat

dinner

dine

dire
;

"~,

destination
detach

dimension/;,

out

detail

en

ville,

(disant,dit,dis, dis),say,
a, tell ; entendre

vouloir

sans

~,

directeur

~5

~,

tell ;

hear

(by
saying;

without

mean

director

m.,

stroyed dis,pres. ind., imv.

d6truire, de-

detruit, past part,

#z., dinner

report);
t", stand

se

out

diner

drawing

destination
at

of"e lesquels

ft*:,Sunday

dire, say

discipline,disciplined
deux,

; tous

two

les

~,

discret

both

second
[do-zjeim],

deuxieme

devait, devaient, imp.

before

devant,

discretion

~,

front

of

as

one

discussion/I, discussion
disent,pres. dire,say

devanture/i,

show

window

disposer, arrange

deVelopper, develop

dispute/., dispute

devenir

disputer, dispute;

(devenant,devenu, deviens,

devins),become
devenu, past part, devenir, become
devez, pres.

devoir

deviez, imp.
deviner,

devoir

e*",

dispute

distinguer,distinguish
dit,pres. dire,says

past def.dire,

said

dites,pres. dire, say

divers, different

became

devoir

(devant,du, dois,dus), owe,

must, ought ; be to ; see 265
/"., exercise

devourment

se

distance/;, distance

dit,past part, dire,said,told

guess

nir,
devint, devinrent, past def. deve-

devoir

much

as

wishes

devoir

(in place),in

(f. -ete),discreet

//z., devotion

divise*

(en),divided (into)
dix [dis; 216, a\ ten
docteur

doigt

m.,

in.,

physician,doctor

finger

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

470

droit, right;

doit,pres. devoir
devoir

doivent, pres.
dome

dome

".,

domestique

andf.,

m.

domination/,
dommage
it is

harm, loss

".,

; c'est ~,

Domremy

to ;

birthplaceof Joan

m.,

de

du

the
of He le,of (in)

dur, hard

donne\ given

durable, durable

donner, give;

se

take the trouble

which,

whose

"chafaud

(dormant, dormi, dors, dor-

dormir

m.t

double,

m.,

back

scaffold

clear
Sclaircir,

douce,/, oj

"clater,break

doucement,

sweetly,softly

school
6cole_/!,

doue\ endowed,

gifted

6colier

douleur/, pain
douter,

"*"s, it

doubt

up

m.

out

; a

l'~, at school

boy
(f.-ere),student,school-

(-girl)
; sans

doubt;

~"

~,

doubtless

que,

doubt

"conome, economical, thrifty

Economies///.,

whether
doux

; il fait des

Sclairer (a),light(by)

(with)

doux

m.,

(from)

Schapper (a),escape
lightens

double

lined
double" (de),

doute

dizzyspell

m.,

Eclair *"., flash

mis), sleep
dos

(pi. -x),water

6blouissement

me

of

whom,

eau/

(to)

donnez-moi, give
of

peine (de),

la

of"e lequel

in force

durer, last,be

me

devoir

duel

m.,

duquel, contraction

donne-moi, give

any

(f.due),past part,

duel

then

right-hand

~e,

(a Gallic priest)

druid

donne, give(s)

dont,

(at,on) the
de, at right

right

m.,

some,

of Arc

done,

angles

du, contraction

pity

druide

control

angle

right;
droit ?n.,

servant

~"e, to

6conomique,

{/. douce), sweet, gentle;

il

fait "*",it is mild

"conomiser,

savings

economic
save

Scouter, listen (to)

douzaine/, dozen

Verier

douze, twelve

"crire (Scrivant,
6crit,6cris,
Scrivis),

dramaturge

m.,

dramatist, play

write

"crit,pres.

?/z., cloth

drapeau

s'~, exclaim

"cris,pres. ind.,imv.

writer

drap

m.

(pi.-x),flag

dresser,raise

; se

"~", stand

emre,

write
Scrire,

writes

6crit,past part. 6crire,written

6criv-,pres.,imv.

ecrire,write

ELEMENTARY

472
enregistrer,check

FRENCH

epiceriesf. pi.,groceries

(baggage)

enrichir, enrich

Spicierm.,

enseigne/, sign

epoque/i, epoch, period

enseignement

teaching

m.,

"pouvantail

teach,inform

enseigner,

errer,

ensuite, afterward,then

escalier

report);
entendu,

dire, hear

parler,hear

of

(by

tell ; bien

scarecrow

roam

espace

staircase
stairs,

m.,
m.,

space

hope

esperer,

esprit m., mind, spirit

course

fill with

enthousiasmer,

m.,

Sriger,erect

ensemble, together

entendre, hear;

grocer

siasm
enthu-

try,try

essayer,

on

est, pres. etre, is

entier

(165); n'~-ce
(167)

entourer, surround
"?., intermission

mal

entre, between, in, among

Stable/,

entree/!, entrance
enter

{tr.)
envahir,

6tais

; entree

(intr.); dans, enter

~

(forcattle)
story (ofa house)

(-ait,
imp. etre,was,
etc.),

invade

etat

invader

m.

m.,

state

Etats-Unis

; en

de, in

etc., et cetera, and

envelopper, wrap

"te\past part, etre,been

up

enverrai, enverriez,yW., cond.

envers

en-

(to send)

prep., toward

etendard

side ;

m., wrong

envoyer

summer

en

States

forth

~,

in

(the)

P~,

side
up-

m.,

banner

etes, pres. etre, are

etions, imp. etre,were

environ, about; d'~,

m.

m.,

so

of

summer

down

environs

et"

state

pi., United

m.

enveloppe/.',envelope

envers

were

etaler, display

voyer

ache

etant, pres. part, etre,being

envahisseur

stomach

stable

"tage m.,

entre-croiser, cross

entrer,

d'~,

is it not

pas,

stomach

is it

[e],and

et

intersect

que,

[es-to-ma]
M.,

estomac

entrainant, inspiring

entrecouper,

~-ce

that

{/.-ere),entire

entr'acte

about

suburbs
pi.,vicinity,

(envoyant, envoy6, envoie,

envoyai),send

for

6pais (f.-sse),thick
Spaule/, shoulder

chercher,send

^toffe^, piece of goods; pi.,goods

(ingeneral)
6toile /., star ;

filante,shooting

star

"tonner, astonish; s'~,

Stouffer,choke, stifle

be

prised
sur-

FRENCH-ENGLISH

VOCABULARY

473

Strange,queer

expliquer, explain

Stranger adj. (f -ere),foreign

exposition/, exposition

Stranger m.

expres

(/ -ere),foreigner

(6tant,6t6, suis,

etre

fus),be ;

auxiliary,have

active

as

long
a, be-

(f. -esse),positive

expression f. expression
,

exprimer,

to

Stroit,narrow

expressly

expressement,

express

extSrieur m., exterior

Stude/, study

extravagance/., extravagance

Studiant

extreme,

student

m.,

Studier,study
eu,

extreme

extremely

extremement,

past part, avoir, had

end

extrSmitS/,

eurent, past def.avoir, had

Europe/,

face/, face,front

Europe

[ys-],past subj.
have)

euss-

avoir

(to

front

def. avoir, had

[y],past
[y],past subj. avoir (to have)

eut
eut

eux,

eVSnement
eventail

such
facteur

(de),avoid

exact,

exact

; d'une

~,

telle
in

~,

in

fashion

postman

m.,

faillir (faillant,failli,
faux,

examine

faim/,
faire

do ;

exces

make

excess

; s'~, make

excuser,

excuse

executif

(/ -ve),executive

excuses

; par

~,

illustrative

for instance

exercer,

exercise

exercice

drill (military)
"r., exercise,

expirer,die,expire

with
;

se

que

done?
~

inf., have,

de

take

~,
~

la

class ;

execution/!, execution
example,

inf.,almost, nearly
hunger ; avoir "*",be hungry

fait,fais,fis),
make,
(faisant,

excellent, excellent

m.,

faillis),

fail ; with

examination

excSder, exceed

sentence

de

faille,pres. subj. falloir (to be

exactly

m.,

exemple

way

necessary)

exactement,

m.,

fashion

faible, feeble

eViter

examiner,

(de),opposite,in

facile,easy

event

Evident, evident

examen

facing,in

fache\ sorry

facon /,

fan

m.,

a,

(of)

themselves
m.,

en

"*"

facilement, easily

them, they

eux-memes,

front of ;

son

place,

what

cause,

classe,
mieux,

's

to

hold
do

come
bebe
the

one's

best

faisait

imp. faire,made,
[fa-ze],

did

fait,pres. faire,makes,
part, faire,made,

does

done

past

ELEMENTARY

474
fait

fact,point,deed

in.,

fact ;

en

warlike

de,

for ;

faire,make

f allu,il faut,ilf allut),

be necessary,

be

to, need

fameux

d'armes,

exploit

have

"~",in

feutre

obligedto, must,

February

m.,

in., neckerchief

true
fidele,faithful,

fier

proud
(-ere),
[fi-e:r]

figure/!,face, figure
filet m.,

(274)

felt

m.,

feVrier
fichu

faites,pres. ind.,imv.
falloir

; en

FRENCH

bag

net

fille/i,
daughter, girl;

(f -se),famous

famille/, family

fils

farci,stuffed

end
fin_/i,

farine/i,flour

finir,finish,end;

fasse,fassiez,pres. subj. faire (to

faudra, faudrait,fut.,cond.

falloir

(to be necessary)
fausse,/.'ofiaMx
pres. falloir (tobe necessary)
fauteuil in., chair,armchair ; seat

(ina theater)
-sse),false

favori

feliciter,
congratulate

[fam]/,

fenetre/,

wife

m,

de

railroad

~,

m.,

de

inf.,

inf.,finally
did

; en

in bloom

~,

fleurir,bloom
river

fleuve

m.,

Foch,

commander
at

the

(large)
of
end

Allied

the

of the

World

faith

f,

fair ;

foisj^,time;
twice ;

fol,see
clef,lock

(f -ere),farmer

f"roce,savage
festin

fleur/, flower

foire

woman

farm, farmhouse

fermer, close,shut
fermier

fit,
past def.faire,made, did
fit,past subj. faire (to make, do)
fixe,fixed,limited

foif,

adj.,hard

ferme/,

last

de

champ

~,

ground
fair-

window

fer 7n., iron ; chemin

ferme

par

at

War

favorite
(/.-ite),

femme

la ~,

; a

finish ;

armies

collar

m.,

son

flatter
flatter,

faut,

faux-col

[fis]
m.,

firent,
past def faire,made,

make)
fatiguS,tired

(f

maga-

sin, clerk, salesgirl

familier (/ -ere),familiar

faux

de

feast,banquet

une

encore

~,

once

une

~,

once

deux~,
more

fou

folle,/ of

fou

fonder, found
font,pres. faire,make, do
fontaine f, fountain
force/, might

feast,holiday
fete/".,
feu in. (pi.-x),fire
feuillagein., foliage

for"t

feuille/, leaf,sheet

forger,forge

toutes

/,

ses

~s,

forest

(troops); de
with all his might

; force

VOCABULARY

FRENCH-ENGLISH

forgeron m., blacksmith

forme f.tform, shape

fromage

former, form

frotter,rub

fors,except

fruit

adj.,strong, loud

fort

adv., very (much)

line

front

fruit

(of one
sort);pi.,
(collectively)

m.,

fruitier adj.

ing)
(f. -ere),fruits-bear-

fortress

fortifier,fortify

fruitier m.,

fortune/, fortune

fuir

fou

cheese

m.,

m.,

fruit

fort

forteresse/,

front

475

fol ; f. f olle,

vowel

{beforea

(fuyant,fui,fuis,fuis),flee

fouetter,whip

smoke

fumtef,
fumer,

tn.pl. fous),crazy

fruit dealer

smoke

la

pipe,

pipe

fouiller,search

funeste, fatal

foule /, crowd

furent, past def etre, were

fusse,past subj. etre (to be)

fut,past def. etre, was

/, fork

fourchette

foyer m., lobby

for franc (noun)

fr.,abbreviation

(f. fraiche),fresh, cool;

frais

"~", it is

fait

smoke

il

cool

fut,past subj. etre (to be)

futur

adj.,future

futur

m.,

future

(tense)

fraise/i,strawberry
franc

adj. (f franche),frank

franc

m.,

value

franc (a French
about

20

adj., French

francais

"r.,French

Francaism.,
France/!,

glove
boy, waiter;

m.,

Frenchman

clerk

magasin,

gare/i, railway station

station

frankly
I, king

(15 1 5-1 547)

of

to

~,

Gaul

Gaule/,

frere m.,

gaulois adj., Gallic

froid

Gaulois

adj.,cold

froid m.,

cold ; avoir

froidement, coldly

~,

be

cold

~,

gaz

(at, on) the

left-hand

~,

frequenter, frequent,visit often

brother

de

garnir (de),trim (with)

gateau m. {pi.-x),cake
left ; de

Fr"teric, Frederick

; chef

agent

gauche, left; a

frapper, knock, strike

de

garde f, guard (body of troops)

garder,keep, guard

textbook

French

Frangois,Francis;

m.,

garcon

(thelanguage);

gain, make

earn,

gai [ge],cheerful,merry
gant

France

franchement,

France

coin, par

cents)

francais

livre de ~,

gagner,

m.,

Gaul

[ga:z]m.,

geler,freeze

gas

(person)

476

ELEMENTARY

impede

gener,

se

FRENCH

stand

~,

j-parents

on

pi., grandparents

m.

ceremony

general m. (pi.-aux),general
g6ne"alement, generally
g"n"reux (f.-se),generous
g"lie "., genius ; engineers
genou

m.

genre

m.,

gens

gras

race

humain,

grec (f. grecque), Greek

grippe/!, influenza

(pi. gentils-

m.

hommes), gentleman,

nobleman

gronder,

rumble

(f. -sse),big, stout;

groupe
broad

roar,

en

~,

wholesale

vest

Gironde/!,

gris, gray
gros

geste #*., gesture

gilet m.,

carve

gravure/!, picture,engraving
mankind

well-behaved
gentil [3a-ti]
(f.-lie),

gentilhomme

serious

graver,

and/, pi.,people

m.

(f. -sse),fat

grave,

(pi.-x),knee
~

barn

grange/,

river

in southwest

France

group

m.,

guere, but little ;

glace/!, ice

guerir,cure
guerre/!,war

gladiateur m., gladiator

guichet

m.,

Be

"",

scarcely

(stamp) window;

tion
sta-

gloire/!,glory
/., throat

gorge
have

sore

Goth

m.,

Goth

gout

m.,

taste

gouter

m.,

; avoir

mal

la ~,

throat

habiller, dress

luncheon

m.,

gouvernement
gouverner,

guidebook, guide

m.,

guillotine
guillotiner,
(/r.); s'~,

habit
rudder

habitant

m., government

habitation/!, residence, dwelling

711., inhabitant

habiter,inhabit

govern

gracieux (f.-se),gracious,graceful

habitude/!,

graduellement, gradually

habituer, accustom;

grammaire /!, grammar;

"*", grammar

dress

(intr.)
coat
m., (dress)

goutte/, drop
gouvernail

guide

lecon

lesson

de

*hair

grandeur/!, grandeur

s'~,

become

accustomed

*haine/!,

grand, large,tall (326,/)

habit

hate

hai, hais, hai's),

(hai'ssant,

hate

grand'mere/!, grandmother

*halle

grand-pere m., grandfather

An

wine

/., market;
market

aspirateh (52).

aux

vins,

FRENCH-ENGLISH

*hangar

VOCABULARY

shed

m.,

haricot

hiver
bean

m.%

vert, string

bean
chance

m.,

*hasarder, risk
(to),chance

se

(a),venture

(tr.)\se

hasten

~,

*haut, high, loud; loudly;

en

~,

Henri, Henry;

IV, king

of

hero
hesitation

/., hour

m,

fee
j"/.,

/., shame;

avoir

"*",

be

early;

heureusement,

clock

(of)

out

*hors-d'ceuvre

side

m.,

dish

m.t host; guest

; "~"s

P~,

time;

on

V"*"

time

happily;

lucky that
heureux
(/ -se),happy;
to
happy

~"

de

(Victor),a

que,

de,

writer of the last century

*huit
a

[qit; 216, a J,eight;

week

huitre,/ oyster
humain,

human

humble,

humble, lowly

hymne

[imn] m., hymn

{pi.-x),owl

yesterday; avant-~, day

[i-e:r],
before
soir, last
yesterday;

ici,here ; par ~, this way

idealisme m., idealism

night,yesterdayevening

idee/,

hier

idea

hirondelle/.,swallow

ignorance /., ignorance

histoire/i,history,story

il,he, it
An

French

great

*huitieme, eighth

ville,city

Hotel-Dieu, hospital

*Hug0
o'clock, time

hotel;

".,

hall ;

loisir,leisure time; de bonne

m.

honor

m.,

*honte

hotel

qu'ilest, the present

*hibou

man

honoraires

hote

hesiter, hesitate

~,

poet

hostile, hostile

grass

hesitation/,

de

the Greek

hospitalier(/ -ere),hospitable

hSroique, heroic

heure

m.,

*hors,

(1 5 89- 1 6 1 o)

m.,

homme

Homer,

horriblement, horribly

*heler, call,hail

herbe/,

m.,

horloge/,

top

alas
[e-la:s]

France

Homere

ashamed

upstairs
m.t

lobster

m.t

honorer, honor

{intr.)

*haut

"*", in

; en

(the)winter

honneur

*hater, hasten

winter

honnete, honest; polite(326,/)

(to)

haste

*hate/i,

*heros

[i-ve:r]
m.,

*homard

*hasard

helas

0*., historian

historien

*hardi, bold

477

aspirate h (52).

jours,

478

ELEMENTARY

He/., island

FRENCH

inscrire

illustre,famous

(inscrivant,inscrit, in-

inscribe
scris,inscrivis),

with pictures
illustre\illustrated,

inspiration/,inspiration

ils,they

inspirer (a),inspire(in)

imaginaire, imaginary

instant

imagination/, imagination

institut

imbecile

instituteur

dunce

m.,

imm"liatement,

immediately

immortel

immortal
{/.-lie),

imparfait

m.,

imperfect

m.,

teacher

institution/, institution

intelligent,
bright

imperative

m.,

institute

m.,

insulter,insult

imperatif

moment

m.,

intention

impenssable, imperishable

/, intention

; avoir

impopulaire, unpopular

(de),intend (to)
intentionne\ intentioned

important, important

interessant, interesting

importer,

be

important

inteneur

imposant, imposing

m.,

in,
interior;a l'~,with-

inside

impossible, impossible
impression/^, impression

interroger,question
intriguer,puzzle

impur, impure

inutile,useless

inaptitude/, inaptitude

invalide, disabled; h6tel

incarc"rer,imprison
incarnation

valides,Soldiers'

incarnation

invasion/,

incident

"*., incident

inconnu,

unknown

mins

m.,

de

indicatif

guide;

"o

che-

indicative

m.,

(atParis)

invasion

ironique, ironical
des

ironiquement, ironically
irr^flgchi,
thoughtless
Italie/, Italy

indiquer, point out

industriel

In-

(a),invite (to)
ir-,fut.,cond. aller (togo)

fer, railroad tjme-table

m.,

Home

des

inviter

inddpendant, independent
indicateur

l'~

italien

ness
manufacturer, busi-

(/ -nne),Italian
itineraire m., itinerary

man

inevitable,inevitable
infinitif m.,

j\ elided form ofje

jadis[3a-dis],
formerly
jaloux (/ -se),jealous
jamais,ever, never
; a ~, forever;

infinitive

influence/, influence

ingrat,sterile (ofsoil)
inoubliable,never

to

be

forgotten

ne

"*", never

inquiet (/ -ete),uneasy

jambe/,

inscription/,inscription

Janvierm.7 January

leg

48o

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

legislatif
(/.-ve),legislative
m.,

lendemain

lequel

vegetable
m.,

int.

ftron. (f. laquelle,pi.

which
lesquels,lesquelles);

lequel

rel. ftron.

(f. laquelle,ftl.

whom
la

art., the

ftron.,

/., letter

exactly; boite
toutes

~s,

loin,far

literally,loisir

la ~,

aux

~s,

letter box

in full

fters.
ftron.,to them, them

leur

-s),their
ftoss.adj. {ftl.

liberal

; se

~,

; le

arise,get

long

donner

avoir
a,

^,

give

la ~,

fish,

length

Lorraine

lot m.,

linge m., linen

XVI,

lu, lis,lus),read
(lisant,
lire,read

[lis]
m., lily

lisant,ftres.
ftart.lire,reading
lisons,lisez,lisent,ftres.lire,read
lit,ftres.lire,reads
lit m.,

bed

province

de,

in

east
north-

the time

at

of

parcel,lot
rent

Louis, Louis;
king

list

de, along,by

lorsque, when

limited, limit

liste/,

/.,

of France

king

king

of

France

of

XV,

(17 1 5-1 774);

(1774"

king

~-Philippe,

1792);
France

XIV,

(1643-17 15);

France

angle

lis

length

at

louer,praise;

to

lis,fires,ind., imv.

le

longueur/,

lors, then

ligne/i, line; pecher

lire

length ;

France

-x),place;
(ftl.
place ;

~,

London

m.,

m.,

bookseller

libre,free

take

de

leisure time

longuement,

up

liberty/, liberty

m.

leisure ; heures

m.,

longtemps, long, a long time

-aux), liberal
(ftl.

libraire m.,

in

long adj. (f. longue),long

ftoss. ftron.,theirs
lever, raise

large river

France

Londres

leur

rise

locution/],saying

central

lesquels,ftl.
of lequel

lieu

locomotive /., locomotive

Loire /., Loire,

them

en

Xxvxef.,pound

loif.,law

les,ftl.ofle,

lettre

book

locality/,locality

lesquels,lesquelles),
which, that,

who,

livre m.,

day

next

liter

(abouta quart)
litt^raire,
literary
literature f. literature

legitime,legitimate

legume

litre m.,

of

(1830-1848)

lourd, heavy
Louvre

m.,

famous

museum

in

Paris

lu, ftastftart.lire,read
lui, to him, him,

he, it
disj.,

to

her, her, to it;

himself, itself

lui-m"me,

maison

shine
lui,luis,luisis),
(luisant,

luire

lundi

lune/,
luxe

e""

and

m.,

Lyons,

m.,

French

palace

important

an

mal

adv., badly, ill

m', elided form, of

of

mon,

MacMahon,
madame

monsieur

{pi.mesdames),

Mrs.,

church

magasin

andf,

m.

ache

patient

disease

maladie/,

malin

f. {pi. mesdemoistore

m.,

clerk ;

fille de

~,

de

~,

nouveautSs, department

de

magistrate

m.,

une

sleeve

manche/,

cuff
salle

eat;

maniere/,

manquer

(de),fail (to)

manteau

m.

now

past part, maintenir,

held

mayor

French

of
(administrator

maquereau

{pi.-x),cloak
m.
{pi.-x), mackerel

maquignon

m.,

marchand

m.,

marchander,

but
co?ij.,

m.,

dealer, jobber

merchant;

"*"

lant,
ambu-

pushcart peddler

commune)

intj.,why

dining-

lack

hand

m.,

~,

manner

manque

maintenu,

pack

~,

trunk

May

maintenant,

indeed

; faire

room

size

magnitude/,
main/,

manger,

magnifique, magnificent

m.,

trunk

malle/,

manchette/,

store

magistrat

maligne), mischievous,

(/

sly,shrewd

clerk, salesgirl;garcon

mais

malgre\ in spiteof

in Paris

selles),Miss

mais

headache

male, vigorous,manly

mademoiselle

adj.,sick

malade

marshal

French

Madeleine/.,

maire

tete,have

la

malade

madam

mai

; avoir

throat ; avoir

a sore

d'estomac, stomach

me

my
a

"X5

a, hurt

""

have

la gorge,

for

evil, harm,

{pi. maux),

m.

pain ; faire

lyrique,lyric

ma,/

schoolmistress

majestueux (/ -se),imposing

mal

city

M., abbreviation

d' hotel, steward

majeur, important, great

in Paris

garden

Lyon

famous

(of a primary

d'"cole,schoolmaster

e*

maitresse/,

luxury

Luxembourg

in., teacher

school);

moon

".,

la ~,

; a

at home

Monday

m.,

house

[me-z5]/,

maitre

light

lumiere/,

481

VOCABULARY

FRENCH-ENGLISH

oui

(si)!

yes

marchandise

freight

bargain,haggle
/,

merchandise

ELEMENTARY

482
marche"
~,

market; bargain;

m.,

market

to

; bon

march

marcher, walk,
mardi

Tuesday

m.,

marecage
marechal

m.,

Louis

XVI,

an

Austrian

by

Marseillaise

March

before

this ;

national

/.',French

f, Marseilles,a cityin

Marseille
southern

France

math^maticien

m.,

mathematician

morning,

m.,

in the

morning, mornings

maudire

(maudissant,

de"ja,

and

one

the

memory

threat

pres. mentir,

mentez,

mens,

mention

mentionner,

(mentant, menti,

m.,

**.,

mer/,

sea

mens,

a falsehood)
(tell

bill of fare

menu,

m"pris

lie

scorn

merci, thank

you

mercredi

m.,

Wednesday

mere/],

mother

m,t merit

m"riter, deserve
le ~,

a.m.;

~,

"*"

lead

m^rite

math"matique/!, mathematics
matin
adv., early

time

same
un

en

"*", likewise

; de

menu

hymn

matin

at

mentis), lie

maritime

[ma:rs]m.,

the

temps,

mentir

maritime,

self, even;

same,

mener,

birth

mars

meme,

menaced,

^-Antoinette, wife

member

m.,

rnkmovref,

swamp
marshal

husband

m.,

membre

same

m.,

Marie, Mary
of

cheap

~,

au

fleurs,flower market

aux

mari

FRENCH

mes,

pi. 0/"mon,

my

mesdames, pi. of

maudit,

madame

mesdemoiselles, pi. of

selle
mademoi-

maudis, maudis), curse

[mo-ve],bad
pi. ofmal
maux,
mayonnaise, mayonnaise
to me
myself
me, me,
; refl.,
mauvais

m"chant,

naughty, wicked,

message

m.,

message

messieurs,//, 0/"monsieur
mesure/i,

; sur

measure

poor

(326,/)

mesurer,

met, pres. mettre, puts

m^thode/;, method

m^decine/,

medicine

metre

medicament

m.,

M^dicis

m.,

m.,

medicine

Medici, a famous

ian
Ital-

m.,

misdeed

meilleur, better

; le ~,

(mettant, mis, mets, mis),

put, put
to;

(39.37 inches)

meter

m.,

mettre

family
Mediterranean
M"diterran"e_/;,
m"fait

made

measure

doctor, physician

m"decin

~,

to order

se

on,
au

place ;
beau,

se

become

(weather)
meubl6, furnished

(the)best

meubles

m.

a,

pi.,furniture

begin
fine

FRENCH-ENGLISH

pres. mourir, die,

meurt,

meurs,

VOCABULARY

dies

483

moindre, less ;

(the)least
(de),less,fewer ; le ~, (the)

moins

meutey^, pack (ofhounds)

least,fewest

midi

m.,

mien

le

(f.la mienne), mine

(the)best;

faire

de

best ; valoir

one's

mil

o'clock

better,preferable;

mieux,

be

twelve

noon,

son

~,

be

~,

le

moisson/i, harvest

do

moitte/, half

better,

milieu

of;

au

tout

de, in the

au

right in

~,

the middle

mille

millier
million

moment

(f

m.,

[ma-sjo] m.

montagne/,

ministre

monter,

minuit

minister

midnight,twelve

m.,

o'clock

in ;

sir ;

sieurs),
{pi. mes-

gentleman

mit, past def mettre, put

montre/!,

MUe, abbreviation

montrer,

up(stairs);
get

cheval, ride horseback

cv.

montre

selle
mademoi-

company

mountain

climb, go

miserable, miserable, wretched

for

le

mount

m.,

mineur, lesser,smaller
m,,

~,

tout

change, money

monsieur

mont

my

world, people ;

Mr.,

million

century

while

pi. mes),

ma,

monnaie/,

[mi-lja:r]
m.,
m., thousand
[mi-lje]

tist
drama-

mou

"*", everybody ; du

billion

[mi-lj5]
m.,

great French

/"., moment,

monde

[mil],(a)thousand
[mil]m., mile

milliard

molle, fof

mon

militaire, military
mille

/"., a

of the seventeenth

(indates)

mou

see

Moliere

/"., middle

middle

mol,

least ;

at

~}

month

m.,

~,

preferable
thousand
[mil],

; au

unless

que,

mois

le ~,

verb, show(s)
watch

show

montrez-moi, show

me

abbreviation

MM.,
Mme,

abbreviation

mobilier
mode

m.,

for

mode, mood

mode/;, fashion,style
modele

m.,

monument

object

monument,

m.,

of interest

madame

furnishings,furniture

method

m.,

messieurs

for

moquer
morceau

se

fun

of

(pi.-x),piece; selection

m.

morcellement

model

de, make

m.,

parceling out,

subdivision

moderne, modern

mordre,

modeste, modest

mort, past part, mourir, died,dead

modiste

andf,

milliner

morals
[mce:rs]_/^/.,

moeurs

moi,

m.

me,

moi-meme,

to

me,

myself

mort/,

motif

death

(f -He),mortal

mortel
mot

bite

m.,
m.,

word, saying
motive

484
vowel

{beforea

mou

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

soft

pi. mous),

m.

mouchoir

nasal

(moulant, moulu, mouds,

(mourant, mort,

mourus),

meurs,

die

mousse/.,
mouton

m.,

ne,

about,

movement

(mouvant, mu,

meus,

mus),

Note;

307, a,

""
.

305

pas, not

ne*,
past part, naitre,born
ne*cessaire,
necessary
n"cessit6/, necessity

n"gliger,neglect

move

adj. (f. -nne),

moyen

average,

middle
m., means,

mugir,

bellow

nettoyer, clean

(de),furnish (with)
m.,

mur,

wall

neuf

(/ neuve), new

neuf

(216,a),nine

ripe

neveu

musee

ni, nor

m.,

musicien

museum

m.,

musician
music

musique/,

nose

m.,

; ne

nor

; ne

nor

; see

nid m.,

n', elided form

niece/,

swim

birth

~
.

~,

neither
.

be born

neither
.

niece

cityin

southern

noble, noble

noir, black

Napoleon, Napoleon
emperor

1814);

nest

Nimes/,

(naissant,n", nais, naquis),

French

ne,

~
.

nier, deny

naissance/,
naitre

ofne

{pi.-x),nephew

m.

nez

(newly made)

ninth

neuvieme,

murir, ripen

nager,

snow

clear
[net](/ -tte),

net

way

multitude

multitude/,
munir

neige/,

neiger, snow

moyen

mur

translated,see

not

not;

course

stew, ragout

m.,

and

moving

nature

(/ -He),natural

navarin
mustache

mouvement

mouvoir

nature/,

mutton

m.,

{pi.-aux),national

of
naturellement, naturally,

moss

moustache/,

natal, native

naturel

past def. mourir, died

mourut,

{pi. -aux),nasal

national

m.t mill

mourir

born

nation/, nation

moulus), grind
moulin

tablecloth

nappe/,

naquit, past def naitre,was

handkerchief

m.,

moudre

; f. molle,

mol

""' I

of France

HI, emperor

(1852-1870)

(Bonaparte),
(i804-

noix/,

of

nombre

the

nom

m.,

nombreux

nut
name

m.,

number

(/ -se),numerous

France

VOCABULARY

FRENCH-ENGLISH

nommer,

name

oasis

nommez,

name

ob"r

485

[wa-zis]/,oasis
(a),obey

non,

no

obelisque m., obelisk

nord

/"., north

oberleutenant
Fre?ich

west
north-

[nor-dwest]m.,

nord-ouest

{a

m.

German-

word), first lieutenant

obligeant,obliging

Normandy,

Normandie/i,

obliger,oblige

ince
prov-

obtenir

France

in northern

obtins),obtain

pi. #/"notre,our

nos,

le

moindre

adj. {pi.nos),our

notre^w.
notre

occasion/^, occasion, chance;

notably

notamment,

poss. pron.,

Notre-Dame/,

in Paris

occidental

nourrir, feed, support;

se

de,

live upon
nous,

we,

to

us,

us

nouvelle,

we

all,

tous, we

nouvel

pi. nouveaux),

m.

"*",

; f.
new,

again

nouvelle,/ ^/
get
m.\

from

news

recevoir

m.,

walnut

nuage

m.,

cloud

{pi. yeux), eye

m.

OBuf

ceuvre/!, work
offered
offert,past part, offrir,

offer

oh!

omelette/,

la *", the

night

nymphe/,

omelet

m.:
[om-ni-bys]

omnibus

vaux,
on,

{/.-He),no
m.,

{pi.-x),bird

m.

we,

one,

you,

drawn

oncle

ont, pres. avoir,have

number

onze,

eleven

op"ra m.,

opera,

che-

horses

l'~, see

uncle

numerical

nymph

by

m.,

they ; somebody,

people (242, 243)

Note

numenque,

officer

(offrant,offert,offre,offris),

omnibus

de

d'~",

; coup

{pi.ceufs [0]),egg

m.

oiseau

tree

long

numero

ceil

oh!

you

injure

nul

{/.-se),odious

(nuisant,nui, nuis, nuisis),

/.,night ;

"r.j October

odieux

de

November

noyer

///., ocean

offrir

nouveau

/.pi., news

novembre

nuit

{pi. -aux), western

officier m.t

nouveau

see

~,

glance

(326,/); de

different

nuire

d/sj.,us,

{beforea vowel

nouvelles

the least occasion

occupy

octobre

ourselves

nouveau

vos

us

nous-memes,

nouvel,

occuper,
ocean

refl.,ourselves
all of

on

la

occupy, busy, occupied

tie

nouer,

~,

second-hand

d'~,

ours

cathedral

(obtenant,obtenu, obtiens,

opera

house

243,

486

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

gold ; d'~",gold, of gold

orw.,

orage

page/,

paie,pres.

storm

m.,

(f.-se),stormy

orageux

page

orange/,

orange

orchestre

m.,

orchestra

paille/,

straw

pain

bread

m.,

pay(s)

payer,

paire/, pair

ordinaire,ordinary

paix/,

ordinairement, ordinarily

palais m., palace

ordonner, order

pale, pale

ordre

order ; donner

m.,

P~

(de),

pancarte/, placard
panier

give orders (to)

peace

oreille/, ear

pan talon

original(pi.-aux),original

papier

Orleans

cityin France

paquet

(with)

par,

Orleans,a

m.,

(de),ornament

orner

raphy
orthographe /., spelling,orthog-

m.,

the North

Sea

time,

2l\

pare
;

which,

at

from

d'~, whence,

in

which

where;

par

through which

"",

west;

l'~,

in

the west

ours

; mais

"*"

outre

en

~,

! yes indeed

bear

[urs]?n.,

besides

open

ouvrir

(ouvrant, ouvert,

ovale, oval

m.,

paragraph
parais,

m.,

umbrella

que, because

pardon

m.,

parcouru,

parcourus),passthrough
m.,

overcoat

pardon

pardonner (a),pardon
like,similar
pareil (f.-lie),

pi.,parents
(/ -se),lazy,idle
paresseux
parfaitement, excellently
parfum m., perfume
m.

m.,

Paris

parisien (/ -nne),Parisian

work

ouvris),open

and

paradise

parcourir (parcourant,

Paris

ouverture/, opening
m.,

parce

parents

ouvert, past part, ouvrir, opened,

ouvrage

of

park

m,t

pardessus

[west] m.,

oui, yes

m.,

parcours,

oublier,forget
ouest

~-la, here

ici,this way

parapluie

or

oil,where

ev"-ci

units

parus),appear

oter, take off

ou,

with

through, by;

paraitre (paraissant,paru,

Ostende/, Ostend, a Belgian town

on

bundle

paragraphe

dare

oser,

paper

m.,

paradis

[ds]m. (pi.os [o]),bone

trousers

m.,

there ;
os

crate, basket

m.,

ouvre,

parlement

m.,

parliament

parler,speak,talk
speak

;~

of ; entendre

de, talk about,

~,

hear tell

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

488

plait,pres. plaire, pleases; s'il

vous
(te) plait,if you please;

personnel (f.-lie),
personal
personnifier,impersonate

~-il

perte/i, loss,casualties
small
petit,little,

petty

(326,/)

few
(de),little,

little,
gradually;
peuple

~,

sous

"*",

shortly

fear ; avoir

be

~,

peut, pres. pouvoir,

can

afraid
on

ne

druggist

photo f., photo, photograph

photographie/i, photograph
phrase

phrase f., sentence,

piano

piano

m.,

piecef.} piece ;
pied

pedestal

la "~", smoke

fumer

pipe

(the)worst
(the)worst

; le "",

pittoresque,picturesque
place/!, seat

os

du

plume/,

pen

plupart f*,greater part,

(of);

(des),most

"*"

; la

most

la ~,

pour

generally
(105);

longer ; le ~,
no

~,

...

en

more,

and

"x", more

no

more,

(the)

most

longer ;

no

ne

de

more

Plutarque

Greek

Plutarch, a

m.,

biographer
poche/, pocket

; le "v}

pire,worse

space,

rain

plutot, rather

piquant, sharp
pis, worse

pluie/,

plusieurs, several

pigeon, squab

pipe f., pipe ;

dishes

pleuvoir (pleuvant,plu, il pleut,il

piston 7//., pedestrian

m.,

au

~s

pleurer, weep

no

Pierre, Peter
pigeon

deux

of two

plus (de),more

room

{pi.-aux),pedestal

m.

dish, plate;

m.,

pluriel ""., plural

foot

m.,

plat

plut),rain

peuvent, pres. pouvoir,can

m.,

ground
fore-

~,

plein,full

peut-etre, perhaps

pharmacien

premier

platre m., plaster

plus, exceedingly,extremely

peux,

plan, ground; arriere-~,

m.,

choix, choice

peupler (de),people (with)

peur/!,

say ?

you

little by

people, tribe

m.,

did

background

pgtrir,knead
peu

plan

what

room

(ina theater);place,
; square

parvis,church

(in a city);
square

poesie_/i,
poetry
poete

poet

m.,

point adv.,
not

point

m.,

on

the

point

plaire (plaisant,plu, plais, plus),

poirierm.,

a,

plaisir m., pleasure

please {tr.)

ne

"~",

sur

of, about

le

*"

de,

to

pear
pear

pois *"., pea:

peas

all ;

point,place;

poire/,

at

at all

placer,place
please (intr.)
;

not

tree

petits

~,

green

poisson

fish

m.,

489

VOCABULARY

FRENCH-ENGLISH

pourr-,

poitrine/, chest

fut., cond.

pouvoir (to be

able)

poli,polite

pourvoir

(pourvoyant,

pourvu,

politiqueadj.,political

pourvois, pourvus) (de),provide

politique/, politics

(with)

/., apple;

pomme

; ~s

pommier
pont

nouvelles,
in.,

in.,

de

*a

apple

terre, potato
potatoes

new

pourvu

provided that, if only

que,

pousser,

grow

pouvoir (pouvant,

tree

bridge

pus),

be

pouvoir

population/^, population

pre"m., field,
pasture,

[po:r]m.t pig ; pork

precedent, preceding

(of health);

portez-vous ?

pr"cipiter,hasten

penholder

m.,

porter, carry, bear,

be

wear

se

comment

do

how

(ofan

portieref., door

pr^dicateur m., preacher

~,

prefecture (f.) de

vous

do ?

you

pr^f^rable,preferable

omnibus)

pr^f^rer,prefer
pr"fet

put, place

of

position/!,position

prefect (administrator

French

department)
~

de

bureau

office ; mettre

la ~,

plan,

foreground

possible,possible
postal (pi.-aux), postal

111.,

premier (f. -ere), first;

posse'der,
possess

poste/i, post;

police, police

headquarters

portraitm., portrait
poser,

meadow

pr"ieux (f. -se),precious

door

porte-plume

;//., power

precher, preach

portail in., front,portal

porte/,

(puis),

able, can

populaire,popular

pore

peux

pu,

prendre (prenant pris,prends, pris),

~,

post

post, mail

take,get

a, take

from

preparatif in., preparation

prepare, prepared

restante, general delivery

poster, place,station,post

preparer, prepare

potage

in., soup

pres

pou

(pi.-x),louse

prescription/, prescription

m.

poulet

""., chicken

que,

francs, ten

pourboire

order

in

francs1

m.,

pourquoi,why

tip

near

prescrire (prescrivant, present,

pouls [pu] m.t pulse

inf.,in order
pour, for; with
~

de,

that;
worth

"*"

prescris, prescrivis),
prescribe
to;

present m., present (time)

dix

presenter, introduce

president m., president

presque,

almost

presse,hurried,in

hurry,busy

ELEMENTARY

490

FRENCH

pressentir (pressentant,pressenti,pressens,

foresee,
pressentis),

guess

se

take

~,

promeneur

pret (a),ready (to)

preter,

pr"tre

walk, take for

promener,

keep
priest

m.,

viens, pre"ins),inform, tell

prier, pray, beg; je

please (I beg you)
priere f., prayer
please not

and/., pedestrian

m.

one's

sa

promis), promise;

promets,

promis,

past

part,

promettre,

promised
de

ne

pas,

prononcer,

pronounce

se

03,

prince m., prince

princesses, princess

propos

principal (pi.-aux),principal

propre,

principalement,principally,
mainly

proprtetaire*"., landlord

principaut^/i, principality

propriety:, property,

spring;

au

~,

in

pris,past part, prendre, taken

prisef.t capture
prison/:, prison
prit,past def. prendre,
prix

took

price

clean

own;

prouver,

prove

proverbe

m.,

~,

fitting,

(326,/)
estate

proverb

province/:, province(s)
proximity/:,

nearness,

proximity

careful

prudent,

(f.-ere),prisoner

m.

m., purpose;

advisable

(the)spring

prisonnier

be

pronounced
prononciation/:, pronunciation

m.t

to

primaire, elementary

printemps

"~,

promise

de, promise

prie,

vous

tenir

(promettant, promis,

promettre

preVenir (prevenant, pre"enu, pr6-

walk

promesse/:, promise;

lend

walk

Prusse/:, Prussia
prussien (f.-nne),Prussian

probable, probable

past part, pouvoir (to be able)

public adj. (f.publique),public

prochain, next

public

proche,

publier,publish

m.,

pu,

near

m.,

public

proclamation/:, proclamation

puis, then

proclamer, proclaim

puisse, puissions,fares,
subj. pouvoir

procurer,

(to be able)

procure

produit, past part, produire, produced

punir, punish
punition/:, punishment

professeur m., professor

profond, deep

pur,

progres,

purge/,

m.,

promenade^,

progress
walk

pupitre

in., desk

(ofthe pupil)

pure

soup

pouvoir (tobe able)

put, imp. stibj.

FRENCH-ENGLISH

qu', elided form

quai [ke]

of

que

wharf, platform

quay,

m.,

VOCABULARY

491

who

(323);

who

(323);

"*"

est-ce

whom,

que,
whoever

que,

qui rel. pron., who, whom,

that ;

quality/, quality

a,

quitter,leave

for

as

quarter, fourth

m.,

quoi rel.pron., what;

what,

quarter, section

quartier m.,

that

quatorze, fourteen

four

quatre,

pron., what

int.

quoi

quarante, forty
quart

what,

~,

quinze, fifteen

quand, when
quant

ce

which,

which

that

de

"

"

"",

thing
some-

"~,

whatever

"*", it 's not

de

pas

which;
que,

00

; il

worth

n'y

tioning
men-

quatre-vingts, eighty
quatrieme,
que

int.

fourth

quoique, although

pron., what; qu'est-cequi,

what

(323); qu'est-ce

(323); qu'est-ce

que
ce

que

c'est

que

que

**", what,

that

that;

which

ne

as

with

a;

any

whatever, of any

kind
some

pi.,

little,
some;

(some) few, some, several ;

chose,
something, anything ;
a

"w
.

que,

m.t

collect
row

rappeler, recall,remind

whatever

rare

rarely

rarement,
raser,

shave

rayon

m.,

shelf;

department, counter,

ray

quelqu'un (/ -e),somebody, body

any; pi. quelques-uns, some

reality, reality

question yC, question;

question ; faire

etre

~,

c*", ask

une

be
a

question

whose

pron., who,
; de ~,

whose

radiate

recalcitrant,stubborn
re"cemment, recently
recent,

recent

recevoir

questionnef, question
int.

of

take back

rayonner,

qui

right

rallying

quelquefois,sometimes

be

ranimer, revive

rare,

quelque,

ralliement

~,

rapporter, bring back, carry back,

whatever

quelconque,

; avoir

reason

rangtef,

only

~,

quel (f.-He),what, which, what

que,

grape

m.,

ramasser,

conj., that, than,

let;

raisin

raison/,

rel.pron.,which, whom,

subj.,may,

"v"

race/!, race

is that ?

what

cela ?

what

~,

(recevant, recu,

recus), receive

whom
;

""",

est-ce "~,

reciter,recite
reclamer,

claim

recois,

ELEMENTARY

492

FRENCH

ceive^)
recois, regoit,
fires,recevoir, re-

remettre

(remettant,remis,remets,

remis),put again, put

register(ofmail)

postpone

begin again

fine

recommander,
recommencer,

recognized

reconnu,
recu,

redevenir

(redevenant,redevenu,

redeviens,

redevins),

become

again
redire
say

go

remplir (de),fill(with)
r"mun"rer

(de),pay (for)
/,

in the

again
renard

r"gal "*., feast,treat

rencontrer, meet,
se

~,

come

to ;

r"gner,reign

?/z., meeting

la

tice
jus-

responsable

regretter, regret

r"gulier(f. -ere),regular
[re:s]
m., Rheims,

reined,

northern

m.,

relief m.,

dral
cathe-

France

compte,

renomine\ renowned
(a),give up
tion
renseignements m. fi/.,informa-

respite,rest

relief

renseigner,inform, post
rentrer,

religieux (/ -se),religious

return,

renvoyer

relic

go

back

(into),

again

enter

religion
religion/!,
relire

"~

idea,realize

renoncer

religieusement, religiously

relique/,

se

(de),make

renfermer, contain

queen

relache

~,

repair

a, go

have

an

se

to,

responsible(for)
;

cityin

place

justice,administer

se

regret in., regret

Reims

(tr.)
;

across

(i?itr.)

meet

surrender

reign

".,

century

rendre, give back, render;

regie/., ruler,rule
regne

ature
liter-

///., fox

rendez-vous

regiment m., regiment

region/!,region

sance,
Renais-

of art and

sixteenth

refuser, refuse
(upon)

rebirth;

the revival

redit,redis,redis),
(redisant,

at

ascend

up,

remplacer, replace

renaissance

regarder,look, look

again ;

beau, become

au

again

remonter,

fiast fiart.recevoir, received

se

on

(renvoyant,renvoyS, ren-

voie, renvoyai),send

back

relu, relis,relus), repartie/i,reply,retort

(relisant,

reread

repas

remarquable, remarkable

remarquer,

notice ;

repentis):
se

faire

notice
remercier

meal

repentir(repentant,
repenti,repens,

remark

remarque/i,

m.,

(de),thank (for)

~,

tract
at-

se

~"

(de),repent (of)

repertoirem., repertory, list

r"p"ter,repeat
replet{/.-ete),corpulent

FRENCH-ENGLISH

VOCABULARY

493

replique/, reply
r"pondre,reply (to),answer

revenu,

r"ponse/;, reply,answer

reverdir, grow

reporter, take (carry)back

revient, reviennent, pres. revenir,

repos

repousser,

again

green

come(s) back

(mtr.)i
drive back, repulse

rest

reposer,

se

"*", rest

representation/, performance

revoir(revoyant,
revu, revois,revis),
again ;

see

au

~,

good-by

repr^senter,represent, perform
reproduit,
reproduire(reproduisant,

reVolutionnaire

reproduce
reproduis,reproduisis),

m.,

rez-de-chauss"e

reserve
re"server,

Rhin

residence

rhume

Rhine

m.t

cold

m.,

(disease)

riche, rich

r"soudre

richement, richly

resolus),resolve;

se

restante

m.,

rive/;, shore,

restaurant

result

r"sultat m,t
~,

late

en

(retenant,retenu, retiens,
retins),retain, keep back

retenir

retour

m.,

; etre

return

de

be

~,

back

return;

se

~,

turn

in their

r"unir, unite, join;

se

~,

meet,

(in)

reVeiller,wake

~,

; se

wake

(revenant,revenu,

revins),come

skins

king

roi w.,

role,part
adj., Roman

romain

roman

m.,

back

m.,

reviens,

rompre,

novelist

Rome

Rome/;,
up

Roman

"., novel

romancier

gather
r"ussir (a),succeed

~,

break

rond, round
rosbif

se

bank

robuste, strong, sturdy

Romain

around

revenir

de

terre

chambre, potatoes served

de

role m.,

retourner,

; ne

riviere/;,river (small)
robe /, dress; pommes

rester, remain, stay

: en

rien, nothing,anything

rire (riant,
ri,ris,ris),
laugh ;
(a),resemble
de, laugh at
poste ~, general delivery

restaurant

retard

{pi.-x),curtain

m.

nothing

responsiblefor

de, make

ressembler

rendre

f. pi., riches, wealth

richesses
rideau

to

responsable, responsible;
~

be

a,

floor

;//., ground

resistance /., resistance

r"solu,resous,
(r"solvant,

revolutionist

revue/!, magazine

r"publique/;, republic
/., residence

back

revins, past def.revenir,came

revolution/!, revolution

resolved

come

back

rest

m.,

past part, revenir,

m.,

roast

beef

ELEMENTARY

494
roti m.,

FRENCH

sanUf,

roast

Rouen

m.,

rouge,

red

cityin

northern

France

rouler, roll

f.,highway, road

route

the

on

; en

"*"

pour,

rude,

satisfait

(de),satisfied (with)

sauce/!,

sauce,

Savoie

ruisseau

in.

dressing

f,

{pi.-x),brook

Russia

Savoy,

away

province in

France

; faire ~,
m.,

(to know)

run

~,

(sachant,

know
savon

se

savoir

savior

m.,

savoir

{pi.-aux), rural

Russie/i,

save

southeast

street

(/.-se),rough

satirist

in., sausage

sauveur

rugueux

rural

m.,

sauver,

rude, uncouth

rue/!,

satiriste

saur-,/"/.,cond.

ribbon

m.,

in., Saracen

sauf, except

{/.-sse),red, tawny
royal {pi.-aux),royal
royalistem., royalist
roux

ruban

Sarrasin

saucisson

to

way

health

su,

sais, sus),

inform

soap

scene/!, scene
science/!,science

s',elided form
sa,/! of
sac

ofse and

si

se,

his,her, its

son,

; each

bag, valise

m.,

selves
himself, herself,itself,them-

other, one

another

stance/!,sitting,
meeting
Sevastopol m., a fortified seaport

sacr", holy,sacred
sais,sait [se],pres.
savoir,know(s)
saillie/;,
projection
; faire

~,

ject
pro-

in the
sec

Crimea,

Russia

{/. seche), dry

second

saint

{/.-e),saint

m.

saisir,seize,grasp

; se

de, take,

seize

second
[ss-go],
secondaire
secondary
[s9-go-de:r],
aid
secours
in., safety,

{/.-ete),secret

secret

saison/;, season

sicnritif, safety

salade/:, salad

seigneur in., lord,noble

salle

f,

room

;
~

;
a

"~

de

manger,

room
classe, class-

dining-room ;

m.,

in., bosom

Seine/!, a

; midst

river in northern

seize, sixteen

d'attente, waiting-room

salon

sein

parlor

sSjour m., stay

salutation/!, salutation

sel m.,

samedi

selon,according to

"*.,

Saturday

sang

m., blood

sans,

without

without

salt

semaine/;, week
(a, any);

"~"

que,

sembler,
semer,

sow

seem

France

496

ELEMENTARY

sonne,

FRENCH

spectateur

rings

ring,strike

sonner,

(ofa clock)

spectator

m.,

spirale/, spiral;

sont, fires,etre,are

station/, station

sorcier

statue/,

fate

m.,

/., kind

de toutes

; de

que,

studieux

out

that ;

so

of all kinds

~s,

sortez, pres. sortir,go

out

sot

(sortant,sorti,sors, sortis),

m.,

of

franc),cent
suffer
souffris),
m.,

souris/,
sous,

(low)shoe

sugar

suis,fires,suivre, follow

peu,

"*"

shortly

French

arron-

dissement)
soutiens, imv.

Suisse/,

Switzerland

suite

tinuation
succession, effect,con-

/,

subprefect (administrator

m.,

of

souvenir

m.,

suis,fires,etre, am

mouse

sous-pr6fet

sucre

successor

m.,

be sufficient

supper

under

subsidy

[syd]m., south
sutfi,
suffis,
suffis),
suffire(suffisant,

soup

m.,

substantial
{/.-lie),

sud

souligner, underscore
soupe/,

subordinate

succ"der, succeed
successeur

souffrir (souffrant,
souffert,souffre,

souper

subordonng,

subvention/,
twentieth

(one

sou

Soulier

fiastfiart.savoir, known

substantiel

{/.-tte),stupid

sou

pen

subjonctifm., subjunctive

out

go

(f.-se),studious

subir, undergo

out

/, leaving,dismissal; exit

sortir

"

Strasburg, a city

m.,

style "*,, style

stylo m., fountain
su,

sorti,past part, sortir,gone

sortie

winding

in Alsace

sortait, imp. sortir,went

sorte

~5

statue

Strasbourg

sort, fires,sortir,go(es)out

sors,
sort

{/.-ere),sorcerer

m.

en

soutenir, sustain

(souvenant,souvenu,

viens, souvins),remember

de, remember
m.,

souvent,

often

de, after

of,from

"v"s

de, because

"*",

immediately,at

suivre

; des

; tout

de

once

(suivant,suivi,suis,suivis),

follow
course

souvenir

la

suivant, following

sou-

; se

; a

un

; faire ~,

cours,

forward

take

(mail)

subject,liable
-tte),

sujet adj. (/
sujet m., subject; person

memory

soyez, pres. subj. etre (to be)

superbe, superb

spacieux (/ -se),roomy,

superficie/, area

spacious

sp"ial (fit.
-aux),special
spectaclem., show, spectacle

supposer,

suppose;

supposing that

suppose* que,

FRENCH-ENGLISH

supreme,

over;

moi, about

t"ssef,

cup

tater, feel

me

adj.,sure

sur

497

tard, late

supreme

prep., on,

sur

VOCABULARY

te, you,

surnaturel

surely
supernatural
(f.-lie),

surpasser,

surpass

surement,

survivant

m.,

survivor

syllabe/, syllable
symbole m., symbol
sympathies, sympathy

t, see

system

picture;

au

~,

board
(at)the black-

on

temps

in.,
time

time;

combien

meme

the

tendre

tender
adj.,delicate,

to;

sa

m.,

promesse,

; se

of ;

nothing
talent

~,

be

silent

f,

Thames

(the English

river)
tandis
tant

(de),so

one's

term

in.,

ground
; pomme

head

de

cv",potato

thy
la ~,

headache

in., Texas

Texas

the* in.,

tea

theatre

in.,

tiea

; mal

theater, stage

le tien

la tienne),thine,
(_/.'

so

tiens, intj.,well

much,
much

so

many

the better

tiers

third
adj. (f tierce),

tiers in., third

tapis

timbre

carpet

tapisserie/, tapestry
taquiner, tease

tiens, tient, pres. tenir, hold(s)

t"n-tef, aunt
m.,

eager

yours

que, while

mieux,

keep

terminer, finish,complete

tetef,

ability

m.,

Tamise

se

be

debout, stand

""

tes, pi. 0/~ton, your,

(taisant,tu, tais, tus), say

times ;

tiens, tins),

a, insist on,

"~,

how

out

(tenant, tenu,

terme

time

same

verb, hand

hold;

~,

at all

tendre

tactique/, tactics
taire

de

les ~,
at

~,

facon,

weather;

terrestre, earthly

in., tailor

such

~le

de

as;

tache/, task
tailleur

"*",

way

terref, land

apron

; un

; de tous

terrain
tablier m.,

refl.,

temple

promise

(pi. -x), blackboard,

m.

m.,

tenir

ofte

temple

en

ta,f of ton, your, thy

table/, table
tableau

such

que,

long

89, b, Note

t\ elided form

such
(f.-lie),

on

"., arrangement,

systeme

tel

in such

especially

thee,to thee

you,

thyself,yourself

surprise^, surprise
surtout,

to

tirer,

in.,

draw

along

stamp
;

se

d'affaire,get

ELEMENTARY

498
toi,you,

to

FRENCH

thee,to thee,thou

you,

traitre

(/ -resse),treacherous

toile/, linen

trajetm.% journey,route

toilette/, toilet

tramway

toi-meme, thyself

transportation/, transportation

tomate/,

travail

tombeau

tomato
m.

(pi.-x),tomb

it is
tort

tot,

in., thunder

travers

; il fait du "*",

thundering
; avoir

in., wrong

"*", be

trente,

across

cross

thirty

tribu/, tribe

tower
a

province

tricentenaire

in central

France

tournelle/, littletower

m.,

triste,sad;

poor

tristesse/,

sorrow

tercentenary
sort

of

(326,/)

(intr.) triomphal (pi.-aux), victorious

adj.andpron. (f.toute,7n.pl. triomphe m.t triumph

tourner,

tous

turn

se
(/r.);

"", turn

all,every, everything, trois,three

(60)),

any;

le, the whole;

every,

all ; tous

les

tous

deux,

les,

both

troisieme, third
deceive;

tromper,

se

ce
everybody;
trompette/, bugle
qui (que),all (that)
tronc
a
tout
adv., entirely,very ;
[tro]m., trunk
too much, too
de suite,immediately,
trop (de),
coup, suddenly;
"v.

~,

tres, very, very much

tr"sor in., treasure

in., turn

Touraine/,

tout

through,

; a

treize,thirteen

wrong

soon

tour/,

width, breadth

m.t

traverser,

toujours,always,ever
tour

{pi.-aux),work

m.

travailler,work

(f.ta,pi. tes),your, thy

tonnerre

car

travaille\worked

tomber, fall
ton

street

m.,

monde,

le

"*",

be

taken
mis-

"

at

once

"~"

en,

(even)

while

tracer,

trottoir
trou

trace

out

m.,

troupes/^/.,

traditionnel

(/ -He),traditional

trouve\ found

traduit, tra(traduisant,

trouver, find

trag^die/, tragedy
trahir,betray
trait m.,

feature,trait

traite*in., treaty

forces,troops

find(s)

trouve,

translate
duis, traduisis),

; too

hole

tradition/, tradition
traduire

many

m., sidewalk

; se

~,

be

found, be

tu, you, thou

tuer, kill

tuerie/, slaughter
Tuileries/ pi.,former
present park in Paris

palace and

FRENCH-ENGLISH

VOCABULARY

(f.turque),Turkish

turc

type,

vase

un

num.

(f.-e),a,

one

and

l'autre

325

les

each

same

les
~s

; V"*"

les autres,

des

other ; P~

meme,

"~

one
P"*",

;
~s

see

"., vehicle

veille/,

the

vendre, sell ;

vendredi

Friday

(venant,

come;

faire
a,

utile,useful

ft*.,wind

vent

utiliser,utilize
fires,aller,goes,
be

~,

is

going

f. pi., vacation

vacances

on

vache/i,
vaincre

(and get);

en

point of

; il fait du

it is

~,

en

ver

; en

worm

m.j

verbe

verb

m.,

Vercing"torixm.,

cow

wander

Verdun

m.,

defeat

Gallic
in

town

defended

(vainquant,vaincu, vaincs,

vainquis),conquer,

sale

"*", on

past part, venir, come

venu,

etre

(a)vacation

vagabonder,

the

just;

windy
vente/, sale

va,

for

to

come

inf.,have

send

"v",

viens, vins),

venu,

de

out

for sale

~,

(f.vengeresse),avenging

venir

university/!, university
wear

w.,

vengeur

universe

m.,

night before

l'autre,both

et

unique, unique

user,

v"hicule

venais, venait, imp. venir, came

union

univers

{pi.-x),veal

m.

autres, from

uni, united
union/,

be

v"cu, past part, vivre, lived

v"cut, past def. vivre, lived

an

(f. -e), one;

and the

valoir, would

vaut, pres. valoir,is worth

veau

art.

cond.

worth

typique, typical
tyrannies, tyranny
un

vase

m.,

vaudrait,

type

/".,

499

chief

roically
France, he-

in

the World

War

vaincu, past part, vaincre,

quered
con-

verger

m.,

orchard

veritable,real,true
vais,pres. aller,go

vermeil

valait, imp. valoir,was

worth

verre

valise/, valise
valoir
be

(valant,valu,
worth, bring;

valus),

mieux,

be

better,be preferable
vapeur

f.,

steam;

steamboat
vas,

pres. aller,go

m.,

bateau

glass;

~,

"

yin, wineglass
see

prep., towards, to

vers
vers

verse,

m.f

Versailles
a

fut. voir, will

verrez,
vaux,

vermilion
(f.-lie),

formerly
verse

vert

~,

line

city near

Paris,

m.,

the

royal residence

in torrents

adj.,green

ELEMENTARY

5oo
vert

m.,

green

vit,past def. voir, saw

virtue

vit,pres. vivre, live

vertu/,
veston

FRENCH

vite, fast,quickly

coat
(business)
nt. pi.,clothes

m.,

v^tements

vivre

(vetant, vetu, vets, vetis),

vetir

live,exist ; vive
is

voici,here

clothe

vouloir, please, be

veuillez,imv.
good enough

voir

veut, pres. vouloir, wish(es)

viande/i,

(f -se),victorious

(are);

is

see

show, display

(f -e),neighbor

m.

voisinage m., neighborhood

voit,pres. voir, sees

vie/!, life

voiture

vieux

f, carriage;
of

"*", get out

vieille,/of vieux
vieillesse/, old

en

viendriez, fut.,

cond.

voice ;

f,

basse, in

descendre

carriage
haute

low

voice

volaille^C,poultry,fowls

vient, pres. venir, comes

volonte*/, will

vowel

vieil; f.

old
vieille),
vif

voleur

vont,
vos,

village [vi-la:3]
m., village

votre

f, city;
[vil]

city;

en

en

vin

~,

m.,

~, in

go

wine

la ~,

(to)town;

down

f,

the

descendre

; verre

m.,

~,

wineglass

violence

visite/, call,visit
call
visiter,visit,
caller
visiteur m., visitor,

volume

pres. aller,go
pi. of votre, your
poss. adj. {pi.vos), your
le

poss.pron., yours
voudrait, voudriez, cond. vouloir,

votre

would

town

vingt, twenty
vint,past def venir, came
violence

in

thief

m.,

volontiers, willingly

vilain,homely
ville

(a),steal (from)

voler

volume

alive
(f vive),lively,

aloud ;

~,

(to come)
vienne, pres. subj. venir (to come)
viens, pres. ind.,imv. venir, come
{before a

de

monter

carriage;

get into

~,

voix

age

venir

vieux

vois, vis),see;

(voyant, vu,

vide, empty

viendra,

live !

long

(are),now

is

faire ~,

voisin

victoire/, victory

vieil,see

vis, v6cus),

vois, pres. voir, see

meat

victorieux

voient, pres. voir, see

voila,there

to

veulent, pres. vouloir,wish

veux,

(vivant, v"u,

vouloir

wish

(voulant,voulu,

lus),will,wish, want
willing;
joke;

en

"*"

Men, be

dire, mean;

"~"

k,

have

vou-

veux,

rire,

grudge

against
vous,

you, to you ;

dz'sj.,
you

yourself,
yourselves

refl.,

FRENCH-ENGLISH

yourself, yourselves

vous-meme(s),
voyage

journey;

m.,

en

voyageur

?n.

voyelle/,

Parmi

voir,

pres.
!

restent

Leur

see

y,
!

now

come

at

it

(are) ;

part,

de

town,

final

Napoleon's

(them),

(them),

true

les

Belgian

m.,

of

feat
de-

vowel

intj., see

past

by sight

~,

(/. -se), traveler

probably

vraisemblablement,
vu,

Waterloo
scene

voyons,

voyons

; de

travel

voyager,

vrai,

on

~,

501

f., sight, view

vue

journey

voyez,

VOCABULARY

voir,

seen

les

monuments

la

construction

I'm

domination
ressemble

yeux,

plus importants
romaine

(Sec.

beaucoup
des

et

aux

il

since,

ago,

in

(them),
a,

for

there

it
is

j'~ suis,

here

pi. of oeil, eyes

les

1) il y

Etats-Unis

there

it

to

arenes

mieux
a

qui

conserves

les

arenes

modernes

de
des

nous

Nimes.

colleges

ENGLISH-FRENCH

whose

not

of all

and

are

discussed.

explained or
example, *honte

under

un(e)(1 2 i ); with

An

asterisk

units

of

parts of the body, le (188,Note);

not cv", ne
pas de (116, a)

advance

about,

be

one^s

on

(to),pouvoir, v.

numerals,
point de
on,

person,

environ

; think
a.

penser

sur

to, sur

an

talk

irr.

verb,

noun

advanced,

advice, conseils

le

afraid

be ~,

opinion

de

(speak) ~,

acte

(313,a)

age, age

avoir peur

ensuite
de

will

; see

nouveau

see

you

of time);

actor,

semaine

m.

week

~,

il y

add, ajouter

agreeably,agrdablement

address, adresse/

ah!
I ~,

soon,

(precedesthe expression

active,actif (f.-ve)

admire, admirer;

~,

m.

ag0" il y

m.

acteur

pi.

m.

bientot

accompagner
irr.

d'avance

in ~,

l'apres-midi

revoir;

m.

v.
acquire,acqueVir,

irr.

stem

avancer,

prep., apres; conj.,apres que

m.
afternoon,apres-midi
; in the ~,

again, encore,

accompany,

(2.77)

after

miiid

absent, absent
accident,

irr.

avance

afterwards,

accident

for

; see,

(245)

parler de

act,

s.

advertisement, annonce/]

; with

fix the

; have

de;

of, penser

~,

aspirateh

admit, admettre, v.

ure,
meas-

advance

before

is used

(219, a); with units of

time, par, le (21 9, b); describing

by adding

ashamed.

le

able

formed

adjectives

adjectiveswhose feminine
by adding e. Adjectives

formed

not

and

nouns

no

it is

a,

singular and

French,

masculine

the

all

with
which
position is designated regularly follow the noun
marked
used.
All verbs
not
jugations.
irregularbelong to the regular connumbers
Section
appended to a word indicate the section where

for which

they

from

of

French,

the

is indicated, in the

feminine

is different

from

different

plural is

the

in

plural is indicated,

The

The

VOCABULARY

etc.,j'ad-

ahead

ah!
of

air, air

mire, etc. (91)

502

m.

time,

en

avance

une

ELEMENTARY

504
as,

que,
.

comme;

que

(de);

much

much

que

be

(to),demander

faire

fall ~,

asleep :

question,

question ;

une

demander
(to),

(em-); carry ~,
s'en aller;run
~,

en-

go

take

sauver;

somebody

quelqu'un (de)
irr.

s'endormir,v.

(a)

back, prefix
"~, rendre

sac

baker, boulanger

219;

all,

~home,
etc. ;

la

of price,

du

la,a V, aux;

au,

units

tout;
"*"

"*

chez

maison,

house

(home) of,

home,

chez

chez

lui; ~(to)

dealer's,chez

the,

it (them), y ;

moi,

school, a l'ecole ;

ew

see

the

the

his
fruit

le fruitier

attack

verb, attaquer

attack

noun,

banana, banane_/!
bank, rive f.
barber, coiffeur

m.

barely,ne
guere
bark, aboyer,stem irr. (247)
.

barn, grange/!
'

bain

bath,

m.

salle de

bathroom,

be, etre, v.
with

m.

aunt, tante_/!

author,

(f -nne)

m.

authority,autarke"/!

avoir

autumn,
en

automobile

automne

automne

avenue,

avenue/!

avoid, eViter (de)

m.

m.

; in

andf.
(the)~,

de

bataille

(156);se

trouver;

of feeling,

avoir

expressing dimension

(219, c)\ of health, aller,

se

porter; of weather, faire (294);

to,devoir

authorization,autorisation/!
automobile,

irr.

nouns

(1 49) ;

australien

auteur

bain

battle,bataille/!

attractive,charmant

Australian,

pi.

m.

battlefield,
champ

aout

7n.
m.

attentive,attentif (f.-ve)
August,

renvoyer

basket, corbeille/!

attaque_/!

attend, assister

ball,bal

give

m.

assuredly,assurement
with

~,

re-

{precedesnoun)

baggage, bagages

de

badly, mal

irr. (313, b)
v.
assail,assaillir,

etre

~,

rapporter;

~,

; send

mauvais

bad,

; be

re-

bring

tour;

bag,

(258)

at,

(from),

*honte

(de)(295, b);

for, demander;

se

~,

enlever

avoir

~,

prefix

emporter;

des

que,

await, attendre
away,

autant

~,

aussitot

~,

aussi

~,

(many), autant

for,quant

ashamed

(many)

soon

que

ask

"*"

FRENCH

bean,
cot

"*"

ter
present at, assis-

"~

back,

*haricot

in.

etre
"

de

retour

string ~, *hari-

vert

bear

verb, porter

bear

noun,

ours

beat, battre,v.

m.

irr.

(313, /)

ENGLISH-FRENCH

VOCABULARY

f belle,m.pl.
beautiful,beau (bel,
beaux

best

noun)

beauty, beaute/
because,

de,

one's

que

parce

suites

of, des

de ; it is

cause

better

~,

auxiliary etre);

(261){perf.

dress, aller

faire ;

se

fine, of weather,
beau;

au

mettre

become

past

becoming
bed, lit

au

beef, bceuf

between,

coucher,

~,
se

coucher

billion,milliard

{pi.-x)

///.

black, noir

coucher

blind, aveugle;

prep., hi place, devant; in

time, avant; before inf.,avant

bloom

noun

de ;

boat, bateau

before

long,

avant

peu

conj.,

in ~,

fleur

m.

bookseller,libraire

mencer

born

believe,croire,v.

both,
irr.

'

(288;

304,

c)

belong, appartenir, v.

irr.

(261);

beloved, bien-aime',cher (f -ere)

tous

naquit(220,Note

(toutes)les deux,

deux, l'un(e)et l'autre

bought past part., achete'

brave,

break,

Bertha, Berthe
de

outre

"

m.

brave

bread, pain

m.

cote

be~, naitre,v. irr.{2j$);

boy, gargon

banc

(de)

bottle, bouteille/;

bell,cloche/i

to, etre

ne;

was^estnd,

behind, derriere

m.

(with),border

border

behead, de'capiter

en

en

{pi.-x)

m.

(a)
(245 ; 295, c)',se
again, recom(277; 295, c)\
mettre

besides,

eye,

blue, bleu

book, livre

(a),stem

irr.

beside, a

one

irr. (313, ^r)

v.
boil, bouillir,

que

begin (to),commencer

bench,

in

borgne

m.

verb, fleurir

{pi.-x)

m.

bloom

avant

va-

~,

m.

blackboard, tableau

been, 6t6

00

; be

biting,piquant

lit ; go to ~,
a

mieux

bill,addition/!

re-

aller

put to

{precedes

big, gros {f. -sse; precedes noun)

bite, mordre

~,

mieux

entre

bird, oiseau

chambre

bedroom,

again,

se

; do

loir mieux

part ':,devenu
be

mettre

se

adv.,

beau

m.\

mettre

fine

au

of

again, redevenir

son

meilleur

adj.,

noun)

become, devenir, v. irr.

cedes
{pre-

; adv., le mieux

faire de

~,

meilleur

betray, trahir

c'est que

(the) adj., le

precedes noun)

505

casser

m.

"=

out, eclater

breakfast, dejeuner

m.

brief,bref (/.breve)

2)
les

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

506
bright, intelligent
brilliant,brillant
irr.

stem

rapporter;

person,

(248);

back,

approcher

near,

frere

brother,

brush
brush

noun,

brosse/I

m.

brulant

fpl.,

m.,

mais

butcher, boucher
button,

bouton

m.

m.

irr. (248,Note);

ticket,prendre
de

window,

caisse/
irr.

(248, Note)

{pi.-x)

m.

cause,

cause/!

cause

to, faire,v.

cease

(to),cesser

cent,

sou

m.

with

units

before pres.

irr.

(290, 291)

(de)(295,b; 330)

m.

centre

centre

centime,

(240, b);

measure,

m.

cathedral,cathedrale

center,

m.

buy, acheter,stem
par,

m.

; in the

of, au

de
centime

m.

siecle

m.
century,
chair,chaise/.'

chalk, craie/i

part., en

chamber,

chambre/!

(to),se *hasarder
change, monnaie/]

Caesar, Cesar
cake, gateau

chance
m.

caught past part., pris

occupe

beurre

emporter

back, rapporter

castle, chateau

m.

butter,

away,

cast, jeter,stem

commerce

commergant

man,

industriel

cashier,caissier

burning adj.,ardent,
m.\

cash

;//.

burn, bruler
affaires

m.

cart, charrette/1

Burgundian, Bourguignon

oa

for,soigner

carry, porter

bureau, commode,/]

business,

m.

carriage,voiture/]

,.

building, edifice m.t batiment

{pi.-x)

verb, appeler,stem

irr.

Note); hail, hdler, stem

noun

not

carpet, tapism.

build, batir

call

and

can

see

carnival,carnaval

Brussels, Bruxelles/

call

m.

street,tramway

care

verb, brosser

of

(268)

Canada, Canada
cannot,

ability,

card, visiting,carte/!

brun

brown,

by,

savoir,v.

car,

m.

brought, apporte

irr.

mental

captain, capitainem.

broad, large

but,

(267); of

capital,capitale/

(de)

busy,

irr.

v.

bring, a thing,apporter
amener,

of physical ability,pouvoir,

can,

visite/I
{visit),

(248,
irr.

(a)

Charles, Charles

charming,

charmant

chase, courir,v.

irr.

(259)

VOCABULARY

ENGLISH-FRENCH

cheap,

bon

cold

marche

cheese, fromage

disease,

m.

collaborator,collaborates

in.

cherry,cerise/];

tree, cerisier

m.

collar,faux-col

in.

m.

colony,colonie/

m.

child,enfant

color, covXqmx/.

and/.

m.

comb, peigne

choose, choisir
chum, camarade

venir,

come,

m.

church, eglise/;

at

l'eglise

~,

circulate,circuler

rencontrer

class,classe/!; in

~,

la ville

~,

classe

en

classical,classique
classe

verb,nettoyer,

clean

adj.,propre

past part.,

back

irr. (247)

stem

is

command

stem

in, entrer

(157);

venu

(to),commander
(to),
irr.

commit,

(245

company,

m.

(a),

commencer

295, c)

commettre,

du

m.

irr.

v.

(277)

m.

monde

Compiegne, Compiegne/!

(pi.-x)

clock, horloge/i

complete verb, finir

close,fermer

complete adj.,complet (f -ete)

cloth,drap

m.

clothes, vetements

cloud, nuage
coat,

m.

comrade,

camarade

m.

irr.

v.

conditional, conditionnel

m.

m.\

business,

conduct, conduite/!

woman's,

jaquette/i

conductor, conducteur

habit

adj.,froid

it is ~,

composer

(313,

m.)

coffee,cafe* m.
cold

compose,

conclude, conclure,

pi.

m.

dress,

veston

m.

cocher

coachman,

(313, h)

irr.

clothe, vetir,v.

"*"

(de)

commandant

companion, camarade

employe*m.
m.

vient

coming,

commence

de
magasin;
(fille)

cloak, manteau

past part., revenu

commander,

clearly,clairement

client,client

across,

back, revenir

comfortable, confortable

clear,clair,net (f -tte)
clerk, gargon

come

comes,

f.

clean

(261) (per/.

inf.;

descendre

down,

(f -nne)

in the

hair, se

one's

"~

irr.

v.

and, venir

"*"

city,viWef;

auxiliary etre); intj.,allons

cigar,cigare m.
citizen,citoyenm.

m.

peigner

Christian, chre'tien (/ -nne)

classroom,

in.

coldly,froidement

cheerful,gai

chief,chef

froid

noun,

rhume

check, enregistrer

507

be ~,

of weather,

avoir

froid ;

il fait froid

in.

m.

conjugate,conjuguer
conjugation,conjugaison/!
conquer,

conquerir,v.

irr.

(313, a)

508

ELEMENTARY

(to),consentir

consent

FRENCH

irr.

(a),v.

(258; 295,0

cross

croix/

noun,

crowd, foule/
irr. (249)

stem
consider,considerer,

crowded

(with),bonde

contain, renfermer

crown

verb, couronner

contemporary, contemporain

crown

noun,

continual, continuel (/.-lie)

cry (out),crier

continuation, suite/

cuff,manchette/

continue, continuer
the

contrary : on
~5
control, domination/

contraire

au

couronne/

cup,

tasse/,

cure,

guerir

conversation, conversation/

curtain, rideau

converse,

custom,

converser

cook, cuisinier

(/ -ere)

m.

cool, frais {/.fraiche);

faire

irr.

v.

(313,/)

{pi.-x)

?n.

coutume/
client

customer,

be ~,

f.

coupe

maudire,

curse,

(de)

cut, couper

m.

off,couper

frais
irr.

correct, corriger,stem
cost,

(246)

dare, oser

couter

could,

able, pouvais,

was

would

be

able, pourrais, etc.

count, nobleman,

comte

counter, comptoir

m.

pays

"*", a

courage,

territory,
city,

land, patrie/

entendu

couvrir,

cover,

covered

irr.

(with),couvert

(260);

(de)

m.

happenings,journee/

yesterday,

bonjour

~,

; one

avant-hier

(some)

crder,ste?n

cross

verb,

cross

adj.,mechant

traverser

irr.

(249, Note)

~,

mort

great
de

of, beaucoup
; shoe

m.

de

03, mar-

chaussures

death, mort/
deceive, tromper
December,

decorate,

(fol,/folle,m.pi. fous)

jour

un

decembre

m.

decide, decider

cravat, cravate/

create,

before

of time, jour

dear, cher (f -ere)

vache/

crazy, fou

its

chand

ground, parcourir du pays

much

COW,

v.

divisio?i

dealer, marchand

(f -e)

m.

m.

daughter, fille/

deal

court, yard, cour/

cousin, cousin

elan

dead,

m.

of "*", bien

dash,

good

cam-

la campagne

courage

course

of

; native

pagne/
in the

sombre

with

the

not

dark,

day,

m.

m.

division

country,

etc. ;

(330)

decorer

deep, profond
defeat, vaincre, v.
definite,defini
delicate, tendre

irr.

(313, u)

ENGLISH-FRENCH

deny,

VOCABULARY

doctor, medecin

nier
irr.

depart, partir,v.

m.

(258)

does,

chien

departe-

dog,

of a store, rayon

m.\"*"

dome,

d6me

done,

fait ;

store, magasin de nouveautds

departure, depart

164

m.

what

's to be

"~"

que

faire ?

m.

donkey,

deputy, depute

door, porte/i

in.

descendre

m.

ane

doubt, douter
irr.

describe, decrire,v.

down

(281)

desert, ddserter
deserve,

125,

m.

m.

depend (upon), dependre (de)

descend,

docteur

m.,

auxiliary, see

as

of France,

department,
ment

509

come

descendre

~,

s'asseoir;upside

meriter

downstairs,

bas

en

; sit ~,

l'envers

~,

(come) ~,

; go

descendre
(to),de*sirer (295, a)
desk, pupil's,pupitrein:, teacher's, dozen, douzaine/]
desire

bureau

dress

in.

dessert, dessert

s'habiller

in.

86

auxiliary, see

did, as

dress

tense,

est

mort,

difference,difference

drive

difficult,difficile

go for

voiture

dine, diner

irr.

~,

diner

; at

m.

discreet, discret

druid,

manger
~,

au

diner

(f -ete)

druide

duel,

duel

in.

during, pendant

distinguish, distinguer

dwell,
irr.

(246)

m.

dry, sec (f.seche)

display,etaler
disturb, deranger, stem

en

m.

dunce, imbecile

m.

demeurer
etc.

meure,

etc.,je de-

; I ~,

(91)

diviser (en)
(into),

dizzy spell,e"blouissement

iary,
(290); as auxil164; ~with,
125,141,

see

faire

de;
~

each, chaque;

in.

irr.

do, faire, v.

mieux

promener

out, chasser

cv"

dismissal, sortie/

de;

(287)
se

druggist,pharmacien
salle

dining-room,

divide

m.

couturiere/I

drink, boire, v.

y^

different,different

dinner,

coat, habit

dress

dressmaker,

etc.

mourut,

tume
cos-

de ville

(157); past

past part., mort

robe/i; streets,

noun,

die, mourir, v. irr. (263)

died

tr., habiller; intr.,

verb,

without,

passer

best, faire de

one's
; how

se

you

son

bonjour

eager
ear,

chacun(e);

one,

other, l'un(e)l'autre
:

be

to, tenir

a.

oreilley^

earlier,de

early, de

meilleure
bonne

heure

heure

ELEMENTARY

5io
earn,

FRENCH

envelope, enveloppe/

gagner

easily,facilement
easy

(to),facile

eat, manger,

bord

(de)

struire,

(246)

the

on

m.;

de

ceuf

s'echapper
Europe, Europe/
even,

m.

Egypt, figypte/
eight,*huit

meme

evening,division ofthne, soir m. ;

with
its happenings, soiree/!;
le

eighteen, dix-huit

~s,

eightieth,quatre-vingtieme
eighty, quatre-vingts

yesterday
ever,

either,after ?ieg.,

every,

plus

non

soir;

electric,electrique

qui peut

eleventh,

onzieme

emperor,

empereur

m.

irr.

(247)

exercise,exercice

English, anglais
Anglais

expensive,

m.

one's

self,

s'amuser

(de)(113);
(271, Note

live on, de

quoi vivre

enter

tr.,entrer

dans

be

2);

good
~

to

(chez){perf.

auxiliary etre); intr.,entrer;

~

again,

enthusiasm,

elan

m.

entire,entier (/.-ere)

m.

couteux

extremely,
eye, oeil

extremement

7n.{pl.yeux)

face,figure/
fact

in ~,

en

faith,foi/
faithful, fidele

(a)(295, c)

(/ -se)

exprimer

fair,foire/

rentrer

m.

explain, expliquer
express,

"*", veuillez

m.

(to),s'attendre

expel, chasser

assez

examen

except, excepte

expect

enough,

himself, sauve

le monde

example, exemple

m.

enjoy, jouir de;

soir;

examiner

England, Angleterre/
Englishman,

for

one

ev

examination,
examine,

employee, employe m.
end (in)verb, finir (par)
end noun,
fin/, bout m.
enemy,

le

everywhere, partout
evident, evident

employ, employer,stem

ennemi

~,

hier soir

~?

everybody, tout
everything, tout

onze

the

les;tout (m.pl.
(toutes)

tous

tous);

e'lectricite/
electricity,

in

jamais,toujours

elder, plus age

eleven,

intr.,

a;

surtout
especially,

effect,suited
egg,

con-

(289)

tr., echapper

escape

of, au

irr. (246);

irr.

v.

irr.

stem

bord

edge,

erect, eriger,stem

effet

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

512

some
forbid, ddfendre ;
defendre
a
quelqu'un de
~

to,

one

from, de
des ;

foreign,Stranger {f -ere)
foreigner,etranger m. {f -ere)

front

the, du, de la,de 1',

it

in

(them), en
of, devant

"*

fruit adj.,fruitier
fruit

foresee,pre voir,v. irr. (269)

of

noun,

{f -ere)
sort, fruit

one

forest,foretj^

fruits
collectively,

oublier (de)(295, b)
forget(to),
forgive,pardonner (a)

dealer,fruitier
full,plein

fork, fourchette/!

make
fun, plaisanteriej^;

form

verb, former

form

noun,

former

furnish

adj.,ancien

(f.-nne

cedes
pre-

etc.
celui-la,

the ~,

noun);

(196,^,Note)

pl.\

m.

;
~

(f -ere)

m.

of,se

de

moquer

taille/i

m.

(with),munir

furniture, meubles
future

adj.,futur

future

noun,

(de)
pi.

m.

futur

m.

formerly,autrefois
Gallic,gaulois

{f -se)

fortunate, heureux

forty,quarante

garden, jardin m.

found, trouvd

gas, gaz

four, quatre

v.
gather, cueillir,

Gaul,

fourteen, quatorze

m.

the country,
Gaulois

irr.

(313, d)

Gaulef;

son,
per-

fourth, quatrieme ; in fractions,

quart m. ; in dates, quatre m.

gay, gai

franc, franc

general adj.,general {pi.-aux)

m.

m.

general m. {pi.-aux)

France, France/^

general

Francis, Francois

generally,gdneralement

frank,
free

{/.franche)

franc

irr.

French, francais;

(248,Note)

book,

francais; in
frangais

livre

Frangaism.
{f fraiche)

Friday,vendredi
friend,ami

m.

m.

(f. amie)

irr. (247)
stem
frighten,effrayer,
frightened: be ~", s'effrayer, stem
irr.

(247)

gentleman,

monsieur

sieurs)
{pi.mes-

m.

about

French, livre de

fresh, frais

{f douce)

gentle, doux

freeze,geler,stem

Frenchman,

gdndreux (/ -se)

generous,

adj.,libre

French,

7ioun,

German,

allemand

Germany, Allemagne/
prendre,

get, chercher, procurer;

v.
"N3

irr. (279); of weather, se faire ;

along, se

tirer d'affaire ;

monter
{a vehicle),

descendre

gift,cadeau

de ;
m.

en

up,

{pi.-x)

jeune fille
girl,fllle/,

;
se

into

out

lever

of,

VOCABULARY

ENGLISH-FRENCH

give, donner
etc.

etc.,je donne,

; I ~,

(91);

back, rendre;

"*"

renoncer

glad, content, bien

aise

glance verb, jeterun

glance

up,

noun,

d'ceil

coup

d'ceil

coup

{pi. coups

iary
(256)(perf.auxil-

irr.

and, aller +

(256; 295, a);

"a

by,

passer

down(stairs),

"~"

scendre

en

ville ;

chercher

down

ville ;

to

de-

for, aller

dans

to, aller

coucher

bed, se

s'endormir

town,

into, entrer

~"

out, sortir;
to

to

(257);
sleep,

aller

town,

en

dpi., vont
god, dieu m. (pi.-x)
is

going,

noun,

or

tn.

precedes noun);
bonjour;

be

"*"

2)

(pi.-x),aurevoir
goods, piece of, dtoffe /.; cloth,
tn.

alle

grammar,

irr.

v.

(313, q)

(157);

terrain

chaussee

tn.

tn.

floor,rez-de-

"

the

; on

out, sorti (157)

rez-de-chaussee

crottre, v.

grow,

pousser
etc.

irr.

etc.,

~,

vouloir

m-., aieul

have

against,

en

ai eu,

etc.

tn.
tn.

auxiliary,see

as

151,152;

irr. (273, 274)

v.
to, falloir,
irr.

hail, call,heler, stem

hair, cheveux

m.

pi. ;

(249)

fix one's

tn.

grandmother, grand'mere/

brosse

hairdresser,

cheveux

coiffeur

tn.
~

an

demi-heure

out, tendre

handkerchief, mouchoir
hang

~,

coiffer

hairbrush,

hand

pousse,

deviner

guess,

une

je

(91)

grudge:

se

(313, 0);

hand, main/

grammaire/

grandfather, grand-pere

floor,au

half,demi (218,Note);

"toiitsf.pl.
gone,

ground,

"*"

to,veuillez (271, Note

good-by,adieu

again, reverdir

epiciertn.

(80);

morning,

enough

; grow

had, avais,etc. (148);

va

good, bon (f.-nne;

"3

vert

guidebook, guide

gold adj.,d'or
gold

(f.grecque)

grec

guide, guide

monter
up(stairs),

go, J

goes,

herbe/

itif. groceries,e'piceries/pi.
dans;

in(to), rentrer

"v"

grass,

grocer,

s'en aller ;

away,

descendre;

saisir

grippe, grippe/,

etre);

back

grasp,

tn.

grind, moudre,

tn.

aller,v.

raisin

green,

tn.

glove, gant
go,

grape,

Greek,

sombre

gloomy,

grandparents, grands-parentstn.
pi.

gray, gris

d'ceil)
glass, verre

513

on,

accrocher

tn.

hour,

ELEMENTARY

514

FRENCH

happen, arriver (perf auxiliary

adj.,son,

happily, heureusement
happy, heureux (f

here, ici ;

precedes

-se;

is

hero, *heros

m.

noun)

hers,

hard, ferme

ses

(la,les)(188);

etre)

has,

sa,

auxiliary, see

as

157;

*"

le sien

elle

herself

la

(f

(233)

hesitation, hesitation/!

v.
hate, *ha*ir,

him

high, *haut

have, avoir,v. irr. (148);ai,avons,

(85);

292);
will

just, venir

op

(262);

you

do

~,

(271,

conj. pron.,

(198);

de

inf.

to, falloir (273, 274);

voulez-vous
he

auxiliary,

as

causative, faire (291,

157;

want,

you
Note

il ;

disj.,lui ;

ce

bonne

healthy

h la tete
be in

sante,

be ~}

voir

des

etre

good

etre

~,

porter bien

se

bonne

en

(293);

nouvelles

entendre

pro?i.,le
lui

hole,

santd

from,

de;

tendre
en-

rece-

tell,

her pers. pron., dir.

(his,etc.)

(lui,
etc)
(precedes noun)
irr.

(249

(pi.-aux)

m.

hospitable,hospitalier
(f -ere)
hostile, hostile
; be ~,

(294);

hour, heure

chez;
chez

at

moi

of weather, faire

be ~,

feelhot,avoir

m.

/!

house, maison/!

obj.ofprep., elle ; poss.

(at)my

a)

horse, cheval

hotel, hotel

obj.,la; indir.

maison, chez soi

stem
hope (to),espe'rer,

chaud

Henri

to

vilain

homely,

la

moi

chez

heavy, lourd

help, aider (295, c)

henceforth, ddsormais

(261);maintenir

m.

hot, chaud

parler

lui

(la,les)(188); poss.
sien (f la sienne)(189);

at ~,

295,

ses

(190, 319)

trou

chaud

obj.,lui ;

sa,

le

(se)

heat, chaleur/!

Henry,

(233)

poss. adj., son,

~,

hear, entendre; (by report)

dire

lui-meme
his

(228); intensive,

refl.,se

(moi,etc.)
;

health, santef. ;
en

himself

home

head, tete/I
headache, mal

hold, tenir,v. irr.

3)

who, eelui qui

cvj

grand (precedes7101m)
obj.,le ; indir. obj.,lui ;

dir.

obj.of prep., lui

hatter, chapelierm.

see

le

(228); intetisive,

refl.,se

(to),se depecher (de)

hat, chapeau m. {pi.-x)

ont

sienne)(189);

hasten

avez,

(are),voici

hesitate, hesiter

(31 3,^)

who, celle qui

hast, as

irr.

(se)

(1 90, 319)

elle-meme

irr. (273, 274)

v.
to, falloir,

cv,

; lui

; at

(to) my

(to)the

of,

(his,etc.)~,

(lui,
etc.)

ENGLISH-FRENCH

how,

comment

? comment

allez-vous

portez-vous?
quand,
(113);

long,

combien

much

de

(many),
know

you

are

VOCABULARY

ment
com-

indefinite,indefini

vous

independent, independant

depuis

indicative, indicatif

(155);

infinitive,infinitif

(de)

faire savoir

temps
combien

however,

cependant

hundred,

cent

hungry
hunt,

habitant

inhabitant,

cent

~,

faim

~,

m.

irr.

injure,nuire, v.

hunger, faim/
avoir

;//.

habiter

inhabit,

(215, b);

be

inform,

m.

information, renseignements tn.pl.

savoir

~,

515

(289)

ink, encre/
inkstand,

chasser

encrier

m.

(upon), tenir

hurry (to),se depecher (de)

insist

hurt, blesser,faire mal

inspiration,inspiration/

mari

husband,

inspire,inspirer

m.

intelligent,intelligent
I

conj.pron., je; disj.,moi

intend

; avoir

(to),compter

l'inten-

tion de

ice,glace/

interesting,interessant

(f -se)

idle,paresseux
if,si (68,d)

into, dans,

ignorance, ignorance/:

invasion, invasion/

ill,malade

invite

ill-bred,mal

is,est;

exemple

sentence,
de

(to),inviter (a)(295, c)

ironical, ironique

e'leve'

illustrated,illustre'
illustrative

en

m.

suite

~,

que

n'est-ce
; here

il y a, voila

125,

pas?

void

"x",

it

241 ;

that,

; there

(150, Note)

island, ile/

imperfect, imparfait m.
important, important;

it not?

est-ce

immediately, tout
imperative, imperatif m.

auxiliary, see

as

be

~,

porter
im-

it sub., il,elle ;

ce

(178, b); obj.of

verb, le,la ; obj.ofprep.,lui,elle ;

imprison,

of

incarcerer

tive,
(332); after superlaof
de(io8); before names

in, dans,

en

countries, en,

beforenatnes
years
~

and

(1 20,

""

the

city,a

inaptitude,inaptitude/
en

of cities,a ; before
names
of months, en ;

it (them),y ;

indeed,

b, Note)

effet

la ville

(from, with)

(at,in) ~;

Italian, italien

(181); to

en

~,

(180)
(/ -nne)

Italy,Italie/
itinerary,itine'raire

m.

its, son,

-.

sa, ses;

(3l8)

en

le
.

(la,
les)

,V.,'':^

sive,
soi(228,324); intenlui-meme, elle-meme(233);

itself refl.,
se,

5i6

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

January, Janvierm.

lace,dentelle/!

Japan, Japon m.
jealous,jaloux (f.-se)
jewel,bijou m. (pi.-x)
Joan, Jeanne
John, Jean
joke,vouloir rire
m.
journey, voyage
; on

lady, dame/
lake, lac

land, terre/

large,grand (precedesnoun)
a

~,

en

joie

verb, durer
adj., dernier

passed,

lundi

late, tard
de

venir

(262);

l'heure

latter

(se)rire
tenir

sa

promise,

one's

kill,tuer
adj.,aim

kind

noun,

able

irr.

(245)
(f.-se)

veuillez lire

irr.

lean, appuyer,

have

the

2)

learn

(pi.-x)

savais, etc.

know(s), sais,sait

le moins

moins

left past

part., partide
left adj.,gauche ; to (at)the

(pi.-x)

thing,savoir,v.
to, savoir

adv.,

leaving, sortie/!

person, connaitre,
how

au

leave, quitter

knock, frapper
know,

irr.

at ~,

m.

(247)

(279; 295,0
: the
adj.,le (la)moindre

knead, petrir

knife, couteau

irr.

stem

(precedesnoun)

knew,

con-

(289)

kitchen, cuisine f.

m.

(248);

(to),apprendre (a),v.

least

m.

genou

irr.

stem

leaf,feuille/

to, veuillez (271, Note

knee,

at,

m.

placer,stem

duire, v.

kindness, amabilite/!;
roi

(313, s);

de

lead,mener,

m.

sorte/*

kindly read,

king,

irr.

lazy, paresseux

kind

retard

en

law, \oif.

lay,

kilometer, kilometre

etre

etc.
celui-ci,
celle-ci,

~,

lawyer, avocat

promesse

clef f.

key,

night,

l'anne'e passee

be ~,

laugh, rire,v.

(196,c, Note)

justice,justice/
keep, garder;

enfin ;

~,

dernier

year,

; to

the

(f. -ere);just

; at

passe

hier soir ;

tout

now,

last

Monday,

~,

patrie/

~,

language, langue/

last

Julius,Jules
m.
July, juillet
June, juin m.
just : to have

; native

landlord,proprietairem.

voyage
avec
joyfully,

m.

v.

irr.

(268);

irr. (276);

gauche
have

~,

; to

il

be

~.5

(me)

reste

left-hand,de gauche
leg,jambe/

rester

^,

(a); (I)

ENGLISH-FRENCH

VOCABULARY

lively,vif (/ vive)

legitimate,legitime
length, longueur/i

longue-

; at ~,

living,vie/.
lock, fermer

ment

less

517

adj.,moindre

adv.,

moins

lesson, lee,
on/I

; grammar

de

grammaire

de

lecture

lest,

que

{precedesnoun);
(de)(113)
reading

~,

lecon

~?

lecon

lonesome
irr.

m.

be

ne,

(247)

de

in

que

crainte

de

expressions of ti?ne, depuis

combien

quand,

in

Note);

auxiliary

in

imv.,

see

140

de

temps

box, boite

avoir

aux

dimensions,

; be

de
.

lettres

de temps

longueur;

subj.,301); laisser(20,3)

letter, lettre f

look

life,vie/;

lord,seigneur m.

light (by) verb, eclairer (a)

lose, perdre

light nou?i,

loss, perte/;

lightning,

e'clairs

(to) verb,

eclairs
m.

"*"

no

cv", in

at

out

"?/vouloir

love, aimer;

I 00,

luck

(de)

luggage, bagages

listen (to),dcouter

lunch, ddjeuner
buffet

in.

adj.,petit{precedesnoun);

(de) (113);
~

by

~,

the

on,

king

de

irr.

quoi

! vive

some
a

peu

live, dwell, demeurer;

(de),v.

for,

haute

~,

voix

etc., j'aime,etc.

(good),chance/;

list,liste/;

quelque

low, bas (f.-sse)

comme

peu

plus

(90

lucky, heureux

liter,litre

(upon),regarder ;

linen, toile/

to

loudly,haut

(a) (295, c) ;

cond.

(with),doubler

vivre

dimensions,

ne

~,

loud, fort,haut;

pi.

aimer

(would)~,

like/r^.,

adv.,

time, long-

chercher

lumiere/;

lighten, faire des

little

combien

live I vive!

library,bibliotheque/;
lie,mentir, v. irr. (258)

line

(155, b,

long (longueur);

longer

should

lettuce, laitue/

like

s'ennuyer,stem

"*",

long adj.,long (f.longue ;precedes

{with inf.)
que (with

Londres

noun); adv., longtemps; how~,

crainte

de

(with subj.,304);
let,as

London,

clef

~,

{on),

(284); enough

le roi !

m.

room,

luncheon, gouter

Luxemburg,

m.

pi.
;

counter,

restaurant

m.

m.

Luxembourg

m.

peu

exist

vivre

m.

(f. -se)

long

madam,

madame,

Mme

dames, Mmes)
magistrate, magistrat m.
magnificent, magnifique

(pi.mes^

ELEMENTARY

5i8

FRENCH

maid, bonne/

meet,
la poste

verb, jetera

mail
mail

courrier

noun,

irr.

in

for,rendre

menu,

(290, 291, 292);

;

responsible

responsablede
m.

young

men,

pi.

m.

gens

industriel

manufacturer,

bien

how
(des);as~,autant(de)(ii3);
(de)(i13); so ~, tant
~, combien
(de)(113); too ~, trop (de)(113)

March,

mars

m.

to

~,

au

marche*

marshal, marechal

m.

maitre

master,

m.

mathematique /

mathematics,

affaire

; what

May,
me

se

is the

irr.

(267;295, a);
(301);

"v"

obj.of verb, me,

moi ;

obj.of

in.

might, pouvais,etc.
mild, doux

pourrais,etc.

(f douce);

mille

be

~,

of

m.

military,militaire
milk,

lait

mill,

moulin

m.
in.

million

mine,

le mien

in.

moi

(190);
amis

mes

la

(/

mienne) (1 89);

friend

of ~,

un

de

(3 1 9)

mean,

vouloir

meat,

viande/

malin

misdeed, rndfait
miss,

(/ maligne)

m.

manquer

mistaken

be ~,

model, modele

prep., moi

m.

midnight, minuit

demoiselles,M1Ies)

m.

medicine,

{pi.-x)

m.

Miss, mademoiselle, MIle (pi.mes-

pouvoir

mai

milieu

middle,

mischievous,

sign of subj.,que

be,

m.

(you, etc), qu'ai-je minute, minute/

me

pouvoir,v.

as

metre

(qu'as-tu,
etc.)
may,

meter,

m.

mind, espritm.

m.

mathematicien

mathematician,

with

gai

million,

m.

masterpiece, chef-d'oeuvre

matter,

commer-

milliner, modiste/

Marie

Mary,

m.,

m.

merry,

mile,

m.

marche"

market,

marchand

merchant,

weather, faire doux

carte/

map,

merchandise, marchandise/

method, methode/

m.

beaucoup (de)(113);

many,

m.

merit, merite

homme

jeunes

menu

cant

makes,'fait
man,

menace/

menace,

m.

profits,gagner

m^moire/

memory,

mainly, principalement
make, faire,v.

rencontrer

dire

me'decine

/,

ment
medica-

se

tromper

in.

modern,

contemporain, moderne

Moliere,

Moliere

moment,

moment

Monday,

lundi

m.
m.

ELEMENTARY

520
New

Year's, jour

next, prochain ;

de

Tan

oblige (to),obliger (a),stem

la semaine

week,

FRENCH

(246);

prochaine
night, nuit/;

last

hier

~,

soir;

long, de la nuit

"b

obtain, obtenir,v. irr. (261)

occasion,occasion/;

nine, neuf

la moindre

~,

nineteen, dix-neuf

occupy,

ninety, quatre-vingt-dix

o'clock, heure

ninth, neuvieme
no,

non

de(n6, a)-,pas
nul

ne

personne

noise, bruit
none,

n'en

noon,

midi

ne.

nose,
ne

~,

ni

ne

(1 68) ;

pas

ni ne,

(116) ;

at

du

cahier

nothing,ne
nom

November,

a, i;e
ne

all,ne

pas

point

it

dont

number, nombre

m.

m.

is,voici

age*; how

le(un)quart

j'ai dix

~,

igd de

dix

nut, noix/

once,
one

; in
une

-nne);

are

ans;

you

am

je

ten

suis

ans

omnibus, omnibus
sur

(/
~"

avez-vous?

age

years

on,

m.

dates,see

223

fois ; at

"*", tout

adj.,un

(/ une) ; indef.

nu?n.

obelisk,obelisquem.

pron., on

obey,

les

"~

/ vieille;pre(vieil;
cedes

in years,

nursemaid, bonne/

obeTr

de ; quarter

cv", 6ter

vieux

quel

"*"

an

often, souvent

(168);rien (1 69)

fix

; have

?iouri),ancien

novembre

~,

officier m.
officer,

m.

maintenant

think

(203) ;

irr. (260)
v.
offer,offrir,
bureau
m.
office,

m.

(181);

(them), en

on, penser

take

old,

tout

rien

m.

m.

ten, dix heures moins

off

~any,

midi

the, du, de la,de 1',

the mind

(171)

(116);

notebook,

now,

(335"a)\

deux

"*",

noon,

~,

opinion of,penser

(168); pas

noun,

(168);

m.

pas de
de

m.

ni
.

odious, odieux

(181,b)

pas

two

twelve

plus

which,

octobre

October,

m.

nez

occasion

midnight, minuit

des;

neither
.

m.

least

(/ -se)
plus (168); of, de; in dates, see 223; with
nouns
of material, en, de
.

personne

pas

(169)

not,

(169); adj.,

nobody,

ne

(f -lie); longer, ne

(168);~more,
plus de (169)

nor

ne

de

the

on

occuper

heures;

partitive,

irr.
v.
to, falloir,

~d

(273, 274)
obliging,obligeant

niece,niece/
the

be

irr.

(242, 243);

un(e)s les autres;

de suite

another,
~'s

self,

ENGLISH-FRENCH

soi(324);the

se;

celui

only

who

~"

VOCABULARY

(which),

(celle)
qui
ne

que

adj.,seul

open

verb, ouvrir,v

open

adj.,ouvert

(260)

face de

park,

orange/!

orchard, verger

in

afin que

m.

in

que,

(307,c)

l'autre ;
l'un(e)

~,

un(e)s

les
.

irr.

notre,

nous

nos;

(189);

nous

(233)

nous-memes

; break

~,

exlater ; go

sortir,v. irr. (258)

outer, extdrieur
sur

devoir,

owl, *hibou

ox,

there, la-bas

v.

m.

irr.

in.

(264)

(pi.-x)

propridtairem.

bceuf

person,

m.

malade

irr.

often

in.

(247);

pear,

paix/!
poire/! ;

pebble, caillou

tree, poirierm.
m.

m.

(f.-nne)
(pi.-x)

pedestrian,pieton m.
pen,

plume/

pencil,crayon

m.

penholder, porte-plume

overcoat, pardessus

owner,

sick

sive,
(228); inten-

rejl.,nous

out, dehors

(224)

m.

peasant, paysan

ourselves

three, trois

path, a\\6ef.

peace,

(la)n6tre

(190)

owe,

pasture, pre

demie

(264; 295, a)
pay, payer, stem
le (la,
for, payer

les)(188)
le

half

passe;
et

m.

patriot,patriotem.

autrement

ought, devoir,v.

over,

passport, passeport

patient, a

autres

otherwise,

in, prendre

"v"

(by),passer

pass

heures

les

~s,

m.

participle,participem.

past,

m.

; each

other, autre
some

to, pour,

that, pour

Orleans, Orleans

~,

m.

pare

part k

order, ordonner;
afin de;

pi.

m.

part, partie/; take

seat, fauteuil d'orchestre

orchestra

journal

m.

parlor,salon

orange,

; news~,

(pi.-aux)

Paris, Paris

ou

ours,

papier m.

parents, parents

in.

opposite, en

our,

palace,palaism.
paper,

opportunity,opportunity/
or,

painting,peinture/

tn.

opera

malle

une

pair, paire/

irr.

open(s), ouvre
opera,

trunk, faire

page/

"page,

adv., seulement

(168,170);

pack,

521

people, les

gens

in.

m.

andf.pl.)

(243); tribe,peuple
perceive,apercevoir,v.

m.

irr.

(266)

performance, representation/
perfume, parfum

in.

perhaps, peut-etre

on

ELEMENTARY

522

FRENCH

perish, peVir

population, populationf.

permit, permettre,
295,

irr.

v.

(277;

V)

person,

portrait,portraitm.
f. ;

personne

jeunes

populous, peuple

young

~s,

m.pl.

gens

possible,possible
post, afficher;mail,

persuade (to),decider (a)(295,c)

mettre

poste

Peter, Pierre

postal card,

photograph, photographies

posted (on),renseigne (de)

phrase, phrase/!

postman,

tableau

picture,

m.

(pi. -x),gra-

vure/i
piece,morceau

(pi.-x)
irr. (278)

in.

pity, plaindre,v.

place verb, placer,stem

place

place /., lieu

noun,

-x),endroit
"", avoir

irr.

point

m.,

m.

(245)

in.

(pi.

; take

de poste

potato,

pomme

de

de

terre)

musical

; I "v", etc.,

pour,
la

rain,pleuvoira
pluie tombe

pleasant, agrdable
please intr.,plaire,v. irr. (285);
(271); if
je vous
prie
plait,

veuillez

content

m.
pleasure, plaisir

de

verse

praise,louer
(249)
preferable,preferable;
mieux

; with

prepare

tr., preparer

se

I ~,

281)
present

adj., present;

~,- avec

present

present

noun,
m.

be

at,

plural,plurielm.

prettily,joliment

du soir
l'apres-midi,

m.

gift,

(pi.-x)

president,president m.

m.

intr.,

prescribe, prescrire (like ecrire,

m.
pluperfect,plus-que-parfait

poet, poete

preparer h, s'appreter h;
etc.,je prepare, etc. (91)

cadeau

pocket, poche/

valoir

be ~,

assister k

plaisir

de

it ~s,

verse;

preparation, preparatifm.

play noun, piece/!

plaything, joujou m. (pi.-x)

P. M.,

(pi.

terre

prefer,aimer mieux; preferer,stem

je joue, etc. (91)

pleased with,

bureau
post office,

irr.

play verb, jouer ; play

instrument, jouer de

you

m.

pound, livre/

plate,assiette/

"v", s'ilvous

postale

carte

facteur

pommes

lieu,se faire

tr., plaire a;

la

pretty, joli(precedesnoun)
prevent (from), empecher (de)

(295,^; 305,^)

point, point m.

priest,pretre

polite,poli

prince,prince m.

poor, pauvre

princess,princesse/!

m.

VOCABULARY

ENGLISH-FRENCH

prisoner, prisonnierm.

(/.-ere)

523

railroad,chemin

de

indicateur

(f.-ere)
private, particulier

fer ;

des

chemins

proclamation, proclamation/;

railway station, gare/

procure,

rain

procurer

tenir

verb, promettre,

"); keep

295,
sa

promise

irr.

v.

one's

~,

pronounce,

f.

promesse

irr.

irr.

steni

prononcer,

m.

irr.

read, lire,v.

(282)

read past part., lu

pronunciation, prononciation/!

reading, lecture/

properly,bien

reads,

proud, fier (f.-ere)

that, pourvu

lit

ready (to),pret (a)

irr.

provide, pourvoir, v.

que

(313, k)\

cause/!

reason,

recall, rappeler,

(307)

prudent, prudent

receive, recevoir, v.

public,public {/.publique)

received past

(266)

irr.

part., regu

recently,re'cemment

m.

recite,reciter

punish, punir

red,

punition/I

punishment,

(248,

recent, rdcent

out, tirer

pulse, pouls

irr.

stem

Note)

province, provincef.

pull

(248)

rare

ray, rayon

(245)

~d

(313,7)

pluie/i

raise, lever,stem
rare,

irr.

rarely,rarement

promesse
noun,

verb, pleuvoir,v.

rain noun,

professor,professeur m.
(277;

de

fer

proclaim, proclamer

promise

table,
time-

rouge

purchase, emplette/

(to),refuser (de)(295, b)
to, a l'egardde
regard : with

pure,

register,recommander

pupil, eleve

refuse

and/.

m.

pur

purse,

bourse

lant
ambu-

pushcart peddler,marchand

regret verb, regretter

regret

mettre;
mettre

irr.

v.

to

au

lit

(277);
bed,

on,

coucher,

queen,

reine/

m.

regret

noun,

reign verb, regner,

reign

regne

noun,

m.

irr.

stem

(249)

m.
.

relic,relique/
remain,

quarter, quart

~ed,

faire recommander

f.

put, mettre,

; have

rester

{per/, auxiliary

etre)
remark,

remarque/i

quickly, vite

remember,

quite, assez

Renaissance,

se

souvenir

de,

v.

Renaissance/

irr.

ELEMENTARY

524

FRENCH

render, rendre

lunch

repeat, repe'ter
repent,

(258)

irr.

repentir,v.

se

repertory, repertoirem.
reply,rdpondre,repliquer
represent, representer

je represente,

etc.

etc.,

~d

respect, dgard

irr.

(313, r);

with

m.\

to,

b)
a

l'egardde
make

responsible,responsable;
rest, repos

~"

responsable de
restaurant

result, resultat

v.

courir,v. irr. (259); "*"away,

run,

sauver

running,

courant

sad, triste

in.

sadly, tristement

in.

(261) (perf. auxiliary

etre); go back,
back, rendre
revive,

ranimer

ribbon,

ruban

retourner

give

past part., dit

saint,

; to

avoir

saint

cheval

(at)the

"*", a

droite ;

raison

in.

(f.-e)

salad, salade/
sale,

vente

for

same,

ride horseback, monter

right, droit

said

~,

salt, sel

in.

rich, riche

be ~,

ruler,regief.

Russia, Russie_/i

back,rentrer; revenir,

come

irr.

rule, regie/

m.

restaurant,

return,

route, itine'rairem.

se

for, rendre

rond

rude, rude

re'soudre h (295,

to, se

de chambre

m.
royalist,royaliste

(91)

resolve, rdsoudre, v.

in.

camarade

rose/!

round,

I "w,

03, restaurant

roommate,
rose,

republic,rdpublique/^
be

chambre_/i,salle/!,
piece/.;

room,

f. ;

with,

content

samedi

sauver,

de

m.

economiser

savings, Economies

f.pl.

rigorous,seVere

say, dire, v.

irr.

(280);

ring,

sonne,

bell,
etc.

; I ~,

sonner

etc.,je

(91)

says,

ripe, mur

m.,

riviere

guere

(168);a

f. (p. 96,

school, dcole/.;

at

(to)~,

l'dcole

school-teacher,maitre d'e'cole
m.,

route

roadway, chausse'e/
roast

(280, Note)

peine

Note)
road, chemin

again,

dit

scarcely,ne

ripen, murir
river, fleuve

redire

(precedes noun)

right-hand, de droite

vente

en

m.

Saturday,
save,

~,

vendre

meme

satisfied

on

beef, rosbif

m.

f.

scorn,
sea,

rndprism.

merf.

seacoast, c6te/

VOCABULARY

ENGLISH-FRENCH

search, fouiller
hord

seashore,

for, chercher

de la

seat

irr.

seated

(272)

part., assis;

past

sew,
be

in

coudre,

of two, second

share, partager,

(f.-ete)

shave, faire

security,se'curite'/

she, elle,ce

see,

secret

voir,v. irr. (269; 293); behold,

voila;
again

again, revoir; "*

soon,

you

seen,

la

Seine, Seine/

Soulier

irr.

m.

select,choisir

shore, rive/

self,-meme

short,

sell,vendre

shortly,sous

sells,vend

should,

(precedesnoun)

court

peu

irr. (255);

back,

show, montrer,

cher
cher-

je montre,

for, envoyer

faire voir ; I ev",etc.,

(91)

etc.

devanture/

window,

shut, fermer

separate adj.,se'pare'

sick, malade

September, septembre

sickness, maladie/

m.

side,cote

(f.-se)

domestique

m.

m.

sidewalk, trottoir

m.

~,

serve,

servir,v. irr. (258)

sight, vue/

served

past part., servi

sign, signer

set:

"~

out, partir,v.

irr.

(Perf. auxiliary etre);

work, s'y prendre
seven,

sept

265, a; 308

138, 139;

see

sentence, phrase/

servant,

emplettes

shout, crier

m.

show

serious, serieux

(footwear),

~"s

f pi.

shop

"*"

(289)

verb, faire des

seize, saisir

renvoyer;

celle

m.

chaussures

v.

who,

sheet, of paper, feuille/!

shoe,

vu

senator, se'nateur

raser

shirt, chemise/

il semble

; it ~s,

(246)

qui

shine, luire,v.

sembler

send,envoyer,

barbe,

(198);

shelf, rayon

bientot

seek, chercher
seem,

irr.

stem

sharp, aigu (f. aigue)

longerseries,deuxieme

secret,

(313,n)

*honte/

shame,
series

irr.

v.

136

shall, see

~,

s'asseoir

second, in

severe

severe,

place/!,siege m.

noun,

soixante-dix

several, plusieurs

verb, asseoir,v.

seat

seventy,

saison/

season,

dix-sept

seventeen,

mer

525

(258)
~

to

by

de

vue

signature, signature/
silent

be ~,

se

silk, soie/

silver,argent

m.

taire

(286)

526
since

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

ftrep.,depuis ; conj.,depuis

adj., du, de la, de 1',des;

some

(181);
quelque(s)(3i6,
c);

pron.,

que

sing, chanter

etc.,je chante,

; I ~,

single,seul

irr.

v.
s'asseoir,

(272);

imv., asseyez-vous
situated, situd

bientSt,tot

soon,

sixty,soixante

sou,

size, grandeur f

soup,

adroitement
skillfully,
skin, peau/: (pi.-x)

south,

skirt, jupe/;

speak, parler;
etc.

slaughter, tuerie/

sleeping

(258);

s'endormir

room,

midi

coucher

spite :
spoon,

small, petit(precedesnoun)

sport:

fumer

smoke,

(258)
la

pipe,fumer

pipe
verb, neiger,stem

snow

noun,

so,

cv"

(246)

neige/C

si,le (176);

que

irr.

much

(many),

si

as,

tant

(de)

(mol,f

molle,

m.

in

"*"

of, malgre'

cuiller/;
make

(of),se

"~

m.

; in

pi.

moquer

(the)"~,

printemps

square

adj.,carre

square

noun,

of

city,placef

stable,for cattle,Stable f

for

horses, "c\xnz f
stamp,

timbre

sojourn, sejour m.

standing,

soldier,soldat

star,

m.

m.

de'penser; time,

money,

guichet

mous)

e'blouissement

~?

stairs,staircase,escalier

sock, chaussette/i

soft, mou

; so

ainsi dire

pour

(de)
spring, printemps
au

snow

about, parler de

03

passer

sommeil

irr.

etc.,je parle,

I "*",

special,special(pi.-aux)

sleeve, manche/i

smell, sentir,v.

m.

(91);

spend,

m.

avoir

(f.-ere)

soupe/i

spell : dizzy

chambre

be ~,

sleepy :

irr.

v.

sommeil

m.

to ~,

sleep verb, dormir,

as, aussitSt

Spain, Espagne/:

(pi.cieux)

sleep noun,

sorcier

sou

; as

(137, 152)

sorcerer,

go

day,

fils ;//.

que, des que

to ~,

(243),quelqu'un(e)

on

sixteen, seize

sky,

others,

sometimes, quelquefois
son,

six, six

m.

something, quelque chose

sister,soeur/!

ciel

les autres

(few),

jour

somebody,

(pi.messieurs)

little

un

sir, monsieur

sit down,

les un(e)s

(91)

etc.

en

m.

debout

e'toile/

m.

m.

window,

528

ELEMENTARY

FRENCH

tall,grand

then, alors,puis,ensuite

tapestry, tapisserie/i

there, la, y (180, Note), la-bas;

taste, gout
teach

m.

ev.

(to),enseigner (a)(295, c)

teacher,
maitre

of
m.

(f -resse); of a higher
irr.

(280; 295, b);

ten, dix

Thames,

Tamise/

than, que

; followed

by a numeral,

remercier (de);
(for),

you,

pron., qui,

lequel

que,

(laquelle,
etc.) (199, 200);
qui,ce

ce

(206);

all ~,

ce

que,

tout

quoi

...

dem.

pron.,

celui,celle

(198);
1 96,c)
(celle-la)(

(195); cela,?a(i97);

emphatic,celui-la

ce

theater, theatre

(243);

who,

ceux-

(celles)

ceux

qui (196)

toi

tien

la

(/

tienne)(189) ;

(190)

think, penser

oa

croire,v.

etc., je pense,

~,

penser

a;

penser

de

have

third,troisieme

irr.

(288);

etc.

(91);

the mind

fix
(of),

about

an

on,

opinion of,

infractions,tiers

thirst,soiffi
be

avoir

~,

toi ;

obj.of

this

soif

adj.,ce, cet, cette (193);

see

188);

(la,les)(318)
theirs, le leur (189);

en

ceci

le

eux,

elles

obj.,les ;

indir.

leur; obj. of prep.,

refl.,se

eux,

obj.,

elles

intensive,

elles-memes

(233)

(197);

ce

(198); emphatic,

celui-ci (celle-ci)
(196,c)
those

(190)

phatic,
em-

-ci
(cet,cette)
(194); pron., celui,celle (195);
ce

their,leur (185 ;

eux-memes,

ceux,

thirty,trente

m.

prep., toi

themselves

thirteen,treize

thee, obj.of verb, te,

dir.

(196,c)
(celles-ci)

thirsty :

conj.,que

the, le,la,1',les

them,

celles

(195); ce(i98); emphatic,

qui (que)

ce

dem.

(194);

ces

thing,chose/

adj.,ce, cet, cette (193);

-la
emphatic, ce (cet,cette)

that

(194); pron.,

thine, le

which,

emphatic,

thick, ""pais(/ -sse)

thief,voleur m.

merci

that

adj.,ces;

on

de

rel.

they conj. pron., ils,elles ; disj.,

eux, elles; ce(i98); indefinite,

tender, tendre

that

these

ci

story, raconter

thank

(avait,
etc)

thereupon, la-dessus
-ci

school,professeur m.
tell,dire,v.

il y
(was, etc.),

(150) ; callingattention,voila

school,

primary

is

adj.,ces

emphatic,

ces

-Ia(i94);^/wz.,ceux,celles(i95);
ce
(198); emphatic, ceux-la

(196,c)
(celles-la)
thou conj.pron., tu ; disj.,toi

ENGLISH-FRENCH

bien

though, quoique,
(220) ;

mil

dates,

told past part., dit

mille

05,

tomate/i

tomato,

tombeau

threat, menace/

tomb,

three, trois

tomorrow,

throat, gorge/
my

gorge;

; sore

mal

~,

j'aimal

is sore,

la

which, par

thundering

(248,Note)

irr.

throw, jeter,stem

be "w, faire du

thunderstorm,

(322)

ou

thy,

{see

tes

88)

town,
toi-

thyself refl.,te; intensive,

ticket, billet

window,

gui-

have

good

temps;

temps;
what

long

~s

two

day,

cxjs

de

chemins

tip,pourboire

fois deux

as

en,

"v"

it

irr.

(245)

irr.

(289)

m.

translate, traduire, v.

verb, voyager,

travel

travel

trim

stem

irr.

noun,

m.

voyage

traitre

tresor

(f.-se)

m.

(f.-resse)

m.

m.
m.

(with),garnir (de)

troop, troupe/
72,

of countries,

names

the,

to, pour,
au,

(them),y (182);

arm

de

la,a 1',aux
ev

the house

of, chez

today, aujourd'hui; m
c'est

tramway

tribe, peuple

m.

; in order

(309) ;

ville

en

tragedy, trage"die/

tree, arbre

des

fer

sign ofindir.obj.,see
with

173;

out, tracer, stem

treasure,

tired, fatigue
;

(to)~,

(pi.-x)

m.

treacherous,

trois fois par

two, deux

in

traveler, voyageur

est-

time-table, railway, indicateur

to, a

ville/ ;

(246)

longtemps;

~,

quelle heure

"v",

l'heure,

~,

is it ?

il? three

; in

s'amuser

~,

on
a

jour ;

occasion/I,fois/

m.,

dents

aux

tour/

tramcar,

m.

time, temps

m.

much

m.

toy, joujou
trace

(233)

chet

haut

tower,

ton, ta,

aussi ;

also,

(many), trop (de)(113)

took, prit,prirent(279)

top,

ainsi

meme

matin

toothbrush, brosse

Thursday, jeudi m.
thus,

morning,

tooth, dent/

tonnerre

m.

orage

demain;

demain

too, trop
par ; ~

(pi.-x)

m.

tongue, langue/!

la gorge

through,

529

together, ensemble

(305)

que

in

mille;

thousand,

VOCABULARY

is

Monday,

aujourd'hui(le)lundi

trouble, peine /,

pi.;

take

donner)
;

the

~,

en

la

des

m.

(to),prendre (se
peine (de); be worth

the

valoir

la

pantalon

m.

true, accurate, vrai

trousers,

ennuis

trunk, malle/
truth, ve'ritd/

peine

loyal,fidele

ELEMENTARY

53Q

try (to),essayer (de),stem

irr. (247 ; 295, b)
mardi

Tuesday,
Turkish,
turn,

twelve,

m.

verb, verbe

douze

o'clock,
{noon) midi

m.

tres ;

very,

m.

much, fort

vest, giletm.

m.

twenty-one, vingt et

vice,vice
unieme

m.

victory,victoire/
Vienna, Vienne/i

un

fois

view, vuef

twin, jumeau (/.-elle ; m.pl. -x)

village,villagem.
violence,violence^

deux

two,

m.

vegetable, legume

m.

deux

vase

veal, veau

twenty, vingt
twenty-first,vingt et
twice,

apprdcier
correctly,

vase,

m.

{night)minuit

m.,

value

times
some-

(f turque)

turc

tour

FRENCH

virtue, vertu/
vilain

uncle, oncle
under,

visite/
visitor,visiteur m. (f -se)
visit nou?i,

m.

voice,voix f. ;

sous

undergo, subir
understand, comprendre,
unless,

pi.

(307)

que

con/.,jusqu'a ce

que

us,
use,
se

used

wait, attendre;
~

(307);

prep., jusqu'a (309, Note)

up, out of bed, leve,sur pied

upside down,
upstairs,en

waiter,

garcon

waiting-room,
waken,

l'envers

se

irr.

salle d'attente

reveiller
se

(248); go

irr.

(247);

for

take

to,

walnut

tree, noyer

wander

about, vagabonder

utile

useless, inutile

want,

usually, d'ordinaire

war,

mur

etre

en

vacances

valise,valise/

f pi. ;

have

~,

se

m.

chaud;

avoir

chaud;

faire chaud
warn,

m.

vouloir,v. irr. (271 ; 295, a)

guerre/!

warm,

vacation, vacances

mener
pro-

promener

wall,

130

se

~,

servir de
see

stem

promener,

(a.pied);
stem

(307)

que

m.

walk, marcher;

haut

employer,

k voix

~,

for, attendre;

0=

until, attendre

nous

useful,

~,

low

irr.

v.

States, fitats-Unis m.
moins

in

basse

United

until

verb, visiter

visit

(precedesnoun)
umbrella, parapluiem.

ugly,

avertir

be "~",

of

person,
of the iveathe?',
a

VOCABULARY

ENGLISH-FRENCH

etc.
e"tais,

was,

ai ete, etc. ;

auxiliary, see

active

as

chemin

way,

this
we,

(that)~,

nous

ici

par

porter

weather,
faire

temps
beau

passee

from

last

la

maine
se-

adj. :

be

huit

irn

aller,v.

se

adv.,

eh bien !
; intj.,

well-bred,

bien

eleve

etc.
e'tions,

active

as

west,

ouest

what

rel.

ete,

auxiliary, see
m.

; in the

pron., ce qui, ce
int.

l'ouest
que,

pron.,

ce

que,

quoi,qu'est-cequi,qu'est-ceque
(21 1, 323); int. adj.,quel (f.-lie)
!
comment
(21 o) ; intj.,
(f.-lie)
(210, Note 2);
~

quec'estque
qu'est-ce

a,

quel

is that?

cela?

(323)

pron., quoi que (307,d);

adj.,quel que (307,d)

whatever

wheat, ble
When,
ou

m.

quand (137, 152), lorsque,

int.,quand

(322);

quoi, ce

dont,

(206)

while, time, pendant

tandis

que

tout

blanc

en

que;

cession,
con-

; with

pres.

(162,298)

(f.blanche)

rel.,qui (199); int.,qui (208);

who

qui, qui

est-ce

est-ce

que

(323)
qui

whole

the

wholesale,

130
a

~,

etc. ;

ou

par

~,

de

ce

~,

h. quoi

whoever,

; avons

quoi (206);

ce

qui
bien

were,

of

part., en,

porter
well

(200,Note 2); to (at,in)~,auquel

"/":.)
(200, Note 2); ou
(a laquelle,

white,
~,

(199);

lequel (laquelle,etc)

pron.,

today,

pleurer

weep,

qui, que

lequel (laquelle,
etc.)(200); int.

that

derniere,

en
d'aujourd'hui

well

~,

m.

f., huit jours;

semaine

3)

(205); through

mercredi

week, semaine
la

fine

be

temps

Wednesday,

~,

m.

que

(21 2, a) ; of (from,with) ~, dont

(203) ; duquel (de laquelle,etc.)

(243)

wealth, richesses/i//.
wear,

3),

(212, b); int. adj.,quel {/.-lie)

(la)

indefinite,on

the

on

faisant;

chemin

route,

en

~,

route/.;

m.,

(322)

Note

(139,

d'ou

~,

d'ou

~,

rel. pron.,

which

{pi.-x)

eau/

water,

si

(304, Note

watch, montre/

from

(322);

; from

ou

whether,

laver

wash,

d'ou

whence,
where,

30

531

que

tout

~,
en

le

(101)
"

gros

rel.,que, qui (199); int.,qui

whom

(208); qui

est-ce

(from,with)
(200,

~,

que

(323);

of

dont

(203);

de

duquel (de laquelle,etc.)

qui;
whose

(307)

Note

2)

rel.,dont,

de

qui, duquel

(de laquelle,etc) (203 ; 200,

Note
a qui,
2); int.,(possession)
de qui (209)
(relationship)
why,
mais

pourquoi; intj.,comment!
!

wicket, window,
wide, large

guichet m.

ELEMENTARY

532

FRENCH

worth:

width, largeur/
wife, femmej^

willing

(271);

are

window,

windy

bien, v.

irr.

"*, voulez-vous

you

(271, Note
vent

faire du

oa,

vent

vin

m.

in

(the) ~,

(271

tort

as

avoir

~,

tort

date,

an

as

m.\

avec

it

(330);

sans

(298);con/.,

saying,

do

(307) ;

que

yesterday, hier;

(them), en

{")prep.,sans

de ;

; si

indeed, mais

oui

without

~,

se

dire

sans

bois

you,

m.

travailler;I ~,

etc.,je

m:

{pi.-aux);

votre,

yours,

(185,

vos

le v6tre

(189); a

world,

monde

worse

adj.,pire {precedesnoun)

m.

tes

le
toi

(189);a
tien

{f

188);

(142, 185,

vous

la

(r 90) ;
tienne)

(190)

yourself refl.,vous;

fa?niliar, te;

intensive,vous-meme

pis

miliar,
(179); fa-

toi-meme

worship, adorer

(the)adj., le pire {precedes

; adv.

(/ -tte)

familiar, ton, ta,

familiar,

(of art) ceuvre/;

noun)

(243)

188)

etc. (91)
travaille,

travail

cadet

younger,
your,

m.

on

jeune {precedesnoun)

young,

linit,mot

noun,

(249)

familiar, tu, toi (142);

vous;

indefnite,

speech, parole f.; grammatical

verb,

irr.

stem

yonder, la-bas

wool, laine/
in

avant-hier

~,

encore

yield,cdder,

de bois

wooden,

evening, hier

soir; day before

yet,

passer

femme/

woman,

worst

; be

yes, oui

295, a;

304)

adv.

wrong,

yellow, jaune
irr.

wish, vouloir,v.

work

ecrit

whole, anne'e_/\

en

hiver

work

(281)

writes,

year,

winter, hiver

word,

irr.

ecrire,

yard, coury:

wing, ailef

wood,

couronne/]

m.

wineglass, verre

with,

wrap

v.

m.

wine, yin

la

130,

etc. (p. 49);

write, e'cris,

3)

be

valoir

en

138, 139
up, envelopper
see

wreath,

fenetre/

trouble,

the

would,

vouloir

be ~,

valoir,v. irr. (270);

~,

peine

Guillaume

William,

wind,

be

136

will, see

be

le

pis

yourselves refl.%vous;
vous-memes

(179)

intetisive,

INDEX

GENERAL
References

with, 29, 193

dans,
distinguished from

are

units

with
a

moins

qui, 244

of measure,

en,

abstract

nouns,

accents,

apostrophe, 3
of article
apposition, omission
383
articles,for possessives,212

95

259

repetitionof, 26
of, 94
specialuses
of languages, 137
with names

of, 60
adjectives,agreement
comparison of, 77
demonstrative, 221
feminine
of, 60, 71, 378

of

with

names

of seasons,

with

titles of

asseoir, 323,
aussi

aussitot

relatives,383

65

444

78

que,

que,

125,

156
155,

163,

434

verbs, 273
que, subjunctive after,368

with
avant

quantity,83
position of, 82, 390

avoir,

reflexive

auxiliary,155
conjugation of, 149, 435

252
affiches,

as

idiomatic

infinitive,
370

with

subjunctive after,368

expression of, 265

vieux, 79, 265
ag6
of adjectives,
60
agreement,

uses

of, 150, 260

parts of the body, 2

age,

battre, 381,448

and

bien,

used

with

de, 383

of

168, 434
participles,
possessives,213

boire, 334, 448

bon, comparison of, 78

of

verbs, 33,

bouillir,380, 440

of

185

sovereigns, 265

auxiliaries,perfect tenses,

of

afin que,

names

assaillir,380, 440

adverbs, comparison of, 83

formation
of, 82, 430

afin de, with

with

aspirateh, 18

interrogative,244-246
pluralof, 60
position of, 64, 388
possessive,29, 212
nouns,

in,

of, 25, 26

forms

article with, 94

address, titles of, 49

as

156

anterior, past,

acquerir,380, 440

used

440

alphabet,2

368

que,

pages

aller,conjugation of, 303,

idioms with, 303

a, contractions

169, 392
in compound
nouns,
392
with geographical names,

to

224

533

ELEMENTARY

534

FRENCH

conjunctions, compared

ca, 223
and

campagne

capitals,use

66

pays,

of, 2

conjunctive pronouns,
connaitre, 328, 448

numbers,

in

dates, 264

consonantal

in

titles,265

consonants,

of, 222,

contractions

use

253

223

with

conversational

ce

238
qui, 238

coudre, 381, 448

ce

quoi, 238

ce

que,

192

vowels, 13
sounds
of,

dont, 238

ce

the

countries, prepositions

cedilla,3

couvrir, 309, 443

craindre, 328, 450

cela, 223
celui-ci,223

croire,335, 450
croitre,381, 450

celui-la,223

cueillir,380, 440

cent, 254
ci, 222

dans, distinguished from

celui, 222

phrases, 422
of

adverb

as

comparatives,
comparison,

followed

of

quantity,83
by

ne,

179

363

days
de,

83

nouns,

formation

of, 392

of the

compound

to

express

in, j8

to

express

material, 214

plural of, 429

with

155,

163,

434,

435
de

verbs, 302

compound
concession,

clauses

adverbs

nouns

with

passive voice, 282

qui, 237,

conditional, conjugation of, 129

conditions,

possessive

expression of,

130,

157

uses

conduire, 335, 448

demander,

conjugation, of

demi, 259

irregularverbs,

300-

341, 440-455
of

regular verbs,
433

of, 94

use

partitive

301

102-141,

432,

of, 29

of, 25
of, 89

use

of, 129

90, 260

measure,

244

inclusive

uses

of

article, contractions

forms

of, 129,

of

quantity,83
geographical names,
95

conclure, 381, 448

formation

392

nouns,

with

definite

of, 368

with, 29, 193

in

with

tenses,

169,

week, 264

contractions

gender of, 428

compound

a, en,

dates, expression of, 263, 264

adjectives,yy

of adverbs,

compound

names

392

interrogativesentences,

in

with

of, 95
courir, 308, 440

combien,

17-22

article,29

phrases, 424

ceci, 223

classroom

ositions,
prep-

370

cardinal

ce,

with

use

of, 212

of, 94, 95
construction

with,

demonstrative

adjectives,221

demonstrative

pronouns,

dependent

infinitives,
348

222

200

ELEMENTARY

536

article,forms

indefinite

omission

indicative,

FRENCH

of, 26

Latin

of,

contrasted

with

indirect

object, 192
after special verbs, 195, 200
infinitive,after prepositions,350
350

noun,

denoting

349

purpose,

dependent, 348
distinguishedfrom

relative,229, 230, 385

of, 2
letters,names
liaison,22
lire,329, 452
l'on, 287

subjunctive,
of

map

Marseillaise, 425

for finite verb, 350

material, nouns

of, 90,

214,

393

negativing an, 350

maudire,

381, 452

with

a, 349

measure,

expressions of, 90, 259

with

de, 349

mentir, 308

intensive

preposition,348

pronouns,

with, 178

order
interrogatives,

verbs, perfect of, 164,

intransitive

434
inversion

of verb

and

subject,390
irregularverbs, conjugation of, 303341, 440-455

they, 34, 192, 199, 223

jeux lV esprit,218
joindre,328, 450
jusqu'a ce que,

209

menu,

mettre,

200

interrogation,44, 177
interrogativeadjectives,244-246
244-246, 385
interrogativepronouns,

mil, 263
mille, 254
milliard, 254
million, 254
models

of

names

moudre,

381, 452

mute

e, 9

naitre, 263, 328

subjunctive after,

nasal

past,

sounds,

after

ne,

elision,25

137

past definite

14

negative expressions, 183

of, 184

pleonastic,362
ne

following,340,

34i
names

see

comparatives, 363

omission

la, 204, 223

laisser, construction

394

of, 264

mourir, 309, 442

mouvoir, 381, 446*

1,liquid,19

with,

correspondence,

months,

in

languages,

328, 452

narrative

368

V,

France, 257

endings of, 102

without

in

repetition, 194

luire, 335, 452

369

it and

avoid

to

article,25

lequel, interrogative,245

subjunctive,355

as

French,

le, definite

of, 95
use

and

of,

construction

que,

183, 184

necessity,expression of, 324

negation, 39, 183
negatives, 183
n'est-ce

pas,

179

GENERAL

neuf

and

nouveau,

INDEX

537

reflexive

72

ni, 184

.tense

adjectives,49

as

nouns,

of, 61,

feminine

past anterior, 156

gender of, 25, 428

plural of, 26, 55, 378, 429
position

in, 281

usage

of, 286

use

429

past definite,conjugation of, 115

formation

subject, 178,

of, when

for, 286

used

of, 115, 301

of,

uses

116

past indefinite,116, 117'

nuire, 335, 453

numerals, cardinals, 253

construction

payer,

peindre, 328, 452

pendant,

ordinals, 258

position of,

offrir,309,
on,
onze,

442

order

before, 254

first

tion,
conjuga-

ouvrir, 309,

390

phonetic material, 415

phonetic transcriptionof models, 418
plaire,334,

178

452

pleuvoir,381, 446

relative, 237, 385

183, 184,

phonetic alphabet, 6

interrogativesentences,
as

192-200

pronouns,

personne,

438

294,

of, 155, 163

petit,comparison of, 78

irregularitiesin

used

206

258

orthographic marks,

Oil, in

personal

in sentence,

numbers,

ordinal

436

of, 156

uses

of elements

de, 205

or

formation

elision

no

perfect tenses,

193

of, 287

uses

157

with

penser

object pronouns,

with, 195

plupart, 383

442

ownership, expression of, 213,

pluperfect,156

244

plural,of adjectives,60
par,

in

expressing

of

of time, 259

units

with

faire and

with

passive voice, 282

position,of

infinitive,340

of

participle,
agreement

conjunctive

of, 168
168

partitiveconstruction,

89,

150,

of

negatives, 184

20

',

possessive

of, 318, 391

passive voice, agent after, 282

on

used

pronouns,

273

in, 280

for, 287

article

used

list of,

212

use

437

of, 211,

possessive
pour,

with

213

adjectives, agreement

of, 29, 213

conjugation of, 280,

nouns,
pro-

y, 206

en

383

agreement

personal

possession, expression of, 29,

partir,308, 442

omission

and

of

of reflexive

present, endings of, 108

pas,

82, 390

193, 206

past, endings of, 108

en,

26, 55, 378, 429

adjectives,64, 388

of adverbs,

paraitre,328, 449

present, after

nouns,

for, 212

385

pronouns,

213

infinitive, 104

FRENCH

ELEMENTARY

538

of asking,177-179
questions,method
qui, interrogativepronoun,
244, 385

subjunctiveafter, 368
pourvoir,381, 446
pour

que,

relative

pouvoir, 317, 446

premier, subjunctive after, 363
prendre, 329, 454
prepositions,before infinitives,370
compared with conjunctions,370
with geographical names,
95
present indicative, conjugation of,
108,

of, 102,

formation

relative pronoun,

of, 140, 301

intensives,

verbs, conjugation of,

reflexive

idiomatic
107,

passive, 286

regular verbs,

demonstrative,

relative

221-224

102-141,

432

229-238

pronouns,

intensive, 200

repentir,308, 442

interrogative,244-246, 385

rSsoudre, 381, 454

personal, 192-200

rien, 183, 390

rire, 381, 454

213

276

use,

for

used

108,

300

possessive, 211,
reflexive, 273

savoir, 318, 446

relative,229-238

se, 273

pronunciation of French, 5

sentir, 308,

punctuation, 24
purpose,

clauses

of, 368

442

of tenses,

sequence

355

servir,308, 444

quand,ininterrogativesentences,\i78seul, subjunctive
si,130, 369, 392
with future, 125, 157
with

past anterior,

si

56

interrogativepronoun,
relative

244,

que,

78

soi, 386

385

sortir,308, 444
souffrir,309, 443

than, 78
pronoun,

after, 363

size,expression of, 260

quantity of vowels, 16
conjunctions, 391
que, for other
meaning

of,275

position of, 273

used
as
reciprocals,387

principal parts of verbs,

pronouns,

agreement

list of, 273

price,expression of, 259

142,

reflexives,387

275

past definite

preterit,

see

238

distinguishedfrom

300

140

formation

of

reciprocal use

subjunctive,conjugation of,

present

245

recevoir, 317, 446

of, 48, 103

uses

238

quoi, interrogativepronoun,

reflexive pronouns,

103

102,

229,

pronoun,

qui, 385

est-ce

qui

229,

subjunctive,355
qu'est-ce qui, 245, 385

238

sounds,

of consonants,

of vowels,

with

8-1 5

sovereigns, titles
of verb,

quel, 244

stem

quelque, 384

stress,

22

17-22

102

of, 265

274

GENERAL

INDEX

subjunctive,after impersonal verbs,

superlatives,363
verbs
of doubting, etc., 363
verbs
of emotion,
361

after

after

of

after verbs

in

of

verbs

after

contrasted

un,

article, 26

etc.,

362

vous,

135

numeral, 253

thinking,etc., 362
wishing,

with

tu,

unit

of time,

expression of, 259

adjective clauses, 363

in adverbial

clauses, 368

in concessive

clauses,

in conditional
in indefinite

368

clauses, 369

object clauses, 361

in

principal clauses, 355

in purpose

vaincre, 381, 454

valoir, 322, 446
venir, conjugation of, 309,
idiomatic

clauses, 368

relative

in

of, 33
conjugation of, 102-141,

301-

341, 432-455

endings of, 43

clauses, 363

formation

subject clauses, 356

clauses, 368

in time

444

of, 309

uses

verbs, agreement

clauses, 368

in relative
in

tressaillir,380, 441

trigraphs,11

356
after

539

of, 300-302

impersonal,

323

imperfect, conjugation of, 141

irregular,303-341

present, conjugation of,

tenses
of, 140, 355

140

prepositions that follow, 349

principal parts of, 107, 108

tive,
indica-

pronominal,

use

of, compared

use

of, compared

with

reflexive, 273

355
with

tive,
infini-

of

with,

ne

362, 363

41

vingt, 254
vivre, 334, 454
voici, 151, 193

suffire,381, 454
suivre

regular, 1 02-1
vetir, 381, 444

369
use

334, 454

voila, 151, 193

voir, 318, 448

syllables,
4
synopsis, 141, 155, 164

construction

tenses,

in

VOUS,

time,

of

sounds

with

of, 8-15

subjunctive,355

weather, expression of, 341

wishing, subjunctive
subjunctive in

day, expression of, 264

sovereigns, 265
tout, 65, 391

after

clauses

of, 362

of, 368

titles,of address, 49
of

tu, 135

clauses, 125,

13O' *57

clauses

contrasted

vowels,

444
subordinate

of the

following,340

vouloir, 195, 322, 448

taire, 334, 454

tel, 65
tenir, 309,

reflexive

see

y,

position of, 206

use

of, 204

clauses

of, 355