PERTEMUAN 10

Motivasi
Motivation movere to move the
energizer of behavior determinan
perilaku
Motivation refers to the driving and
pulling forces which result in persistent
behavior directed toward particular
goals
(Morgan & King, 1986)

Motives are ,,,,

Inferences from behavior

Explanation of behavior

Prediction of behavior

Sifat-sifat motif
1. Tidak tampak, hanya diketahui melalui
tingkah laku yang ditampilkan
2. Majemuk, tidak bersifat tunggal
3. Dapat berubah, tergantung kebutuhan
4. Berbeda-beda, tergantung : umur, jenis
kelamin, sosiokultural

Pendekatan-pendekatan
Motivasi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The Evolutionary Approach

Drive Reduction Theory
Optimum Arousal Theory
The Cognitive Approach
Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs

The Evolutionary Approach

EARLY
- Emphasized the role of instincts in motivation
- An instinct is an innate (unlearned), biological
patterns of behavior that is assumed to be
universal throughout a species.
LATER
- The motivation of sex, aggression, achievement
and other behaviors is rooted in our evolutionary
past.

Drive Reduction Theory

Need is a deprivation that energizes the drive to
eliminate or reduce the deprivation.
Drive is an aroused state that occurs because of
a physiological need.

Drive Reduction Theory

NEED

DRIVE

DRIVE REDUCTION
(RESPONSE)
GOAL (HOMEOSTASIS)

Optimum Arousal Theory

Arousal ?

Optimum Arousal Theory

Yerkes-Dodson Law
Performance is best under conditions of
moderate arousal than either low or high
arousal.

Low arousal best in a

new or difficult task
High arousal best in a
well learned or easy
task

The Cognitive Approach

Human beings are rational and aware of their
motivation.
a. Intrinsic motivation
= self-determination, curiosity, challenge
b. Extrinsic motivation
= rewards and punishment
Self Generated Goal (personal project, life tasks,
personal strivings)

Maslow,s Hierarchy of Human Needs

Self
Actualizati
on

Self Esteem
Love & Belongingness

Safety & Security

Physiologial Needs

Penentu perilaku
1. Lingkungan (kegaduhan, kebisingan,
desakan ortu)
2. Dari dalam diri (harapan, cita-cita, need,
want)
3. Tujuan / nilai insentif objek (status, uang)

Sifat penentu
1. Biologis (kebutuhan biologis)
Sering juga dikatakan survival need /
kebutuhan primer / dasar yang digunakan
untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup.
Contoh : makan, minum, udara segar,
istirahat,dll
2. Bersifat mental (psikologis)
Disebut juga kebutuhan sekunder yang dapat
dipelajari, diperoleh dalam lingkungan atau
karena interaksinya dengan lingkungan.

Motif Dasar
ATKINSON motif dasar adalah motif yang tidak
dipelajari, dimiliki oleh manusia dan hewan. Terdiri dari :
1. Survival (lapar, haus)
2. Kebutuhan sosial (seks, maternal)
3. Ingin tahu
SANTROCK 5 motif penting :
1. Lapar (motif biologis)
2. Sex (Gabungan antara motif biologis dan sosial
kognitif)
3. Achievement
4. Affiliation
motif sosial kognitif
5. Well being