138

SHELL STRUCTURES
Describe shell : given middle surface and thickness, h, as a function of position
on middle surface.
The thickness of shell is thin in comparison to lateral dimension.
The deflection is small in comparison to h.
The normal to middle surface remains straight and normal to the middle surface
during deflecting.
The stress normal to middle surface is equal to zero.
Stress Resultants

h 2
h 2

m.s.

z
dz

y
x

x
y
z

yy

yz

yx xy

xz
x

xx

139

x & y =
dA

principal radius of curvature

x z
z
dz
1 dz 1
x
x

Z
X
Y
N yx

N yy

h
h

N xy

N xx
Qx

Qy

M yx

N xx

N xy

M yy

M xx

M xy

F
L

F
L

FL
F
L

X , Y , Z

F
L2

z
xx 1 dz

Note that although xy = yx

z
xy 1 dz

Nxy Nyx unless :

i ) x = y or

N yx

z
yx 1 dz
x

ii) xy = yx = constant
because get
N xy

xy

1
dz
y
h

z dz

140

N yy

h
h

Qx

z
yz 1 dz
x

h
h

M xx

z
xz 1 dz

Qy

z
yy 1 dz
x

z
z xx 1 dz

2
h

M xy

M yx

M yy

z
z xy 1 dz

z
z yx 1 dz
x

z
z yy 1 dz
x

Again, Mxy Myx unless x = y

T. & W.K. drops

z
z
,
x
y

in comparison to 1 , leads to inconsistency.

141

Note : Normals remaining straight & normal to m.s. nonlinear in z

distribution of strains & stresses.

For purpose for computing extra. values of stresses, safe to take s as a + bz

xx ( xx ) z h
2

xy
yy

N xy

h
N yy

6 M xy
h2

6 M yy

N xx 6 M xx

h
h2

h2

Choose signs with discretion!

Membrane State
xx , xy , yx , yy = constant across the thickness

N xx

1 2

xx dz
z
dz
h
h

y 2
2

N xy h xy

h xx

N xy N yx

N yx h yx
N yy h yy

M xx

xx

1
z dz
y

z dz

h3/12

h3
xx
0
12 y

142

M xy M yx M yy 0 Q x Q y 0

Left with only 3 unknowns

Mx

My

Nxx , Nxy , Nyy , can determine from

equilibrium ( Mz = 0 )

Membrane State in Shells of Revolution

Geometric Relationships
Middle surface (M.S) of shell obtained by rotation a plane curve
(meridian) specify a point on shell by giving &

Parallel circle
ro

meridian

Reference meridian
ro
ds
r2

c1 d

c2

r1

ds r1 d
ds

dro

ds

dro
cos

dro
r1 d
cos
dro
r1 cos
d

c1 = point of intersection between

2 normals on same meridian

143

c2 = point of intersection between

2 normals on parallel circle
r1 , r2 principal radius of curve
r1 determined by geometry of meridian and r 2 can be computed for any
shape of meridian.

r2

ro
sin

dro
r1 cos
d
dro
sin ro cos
dr2
d

d
sin 2

r1 cos sin r2 sin cos

sin 2

dr2
( r r2 ) cos
1
d
sin
d
ro d

( ro dro ) d ( ro

ro

dro
d) d
d

( ro r1 cos d) d

r1 d
r1
d

c1

144

dA ro r1 d d

Equilibrium Conditions
Intensities :

N
d

qn

N
d

N
q

N
d

cos d
Positive direction for intensities
ro
cos

F
L

F
L2

N
N
d
d
d

N N

cos d (....) 1

sin d (....) d (....)

r1 d

r1 cos d d

( ro dro ) d ( ro r1 cos d) d

145

g
N

0 N ro d N
d ro r1 cos d d

d r1 d
N
N r1 d N
d r1 d

N r1 d

N
1

1

N r1d cos d N
d r1d cos d
d
2

2

q ro r1 d d

1
cos d
2

ro

cos d
2

2 N r1 d sin

1
cos d
2

N r1 cos r1
dro / d

N r1 cos q ro r1 0

0 N ro d N
d

N r1 d

(1)

ro r1 cos d d

N r1 d N
d r1 d

N r1 d

N r1 cos dd q ro r1 d d

146
ro

N r1 cos r1
dro / d

Fn

N
N r1 cos q ro r1 0 (2)

0 N ro d d N r1 d d sin q n ro r1 d d

N ro N r1 sin q n ro r1 0
N ro d

1
d
2

r1

sin
qn 0
ro

N r1 d
d

1
d
2

(3)

1
N r1 dd
2

side view
N ro d
n

tangential view

d
1
N r1 dd
2

N r1 d

ro N r1 N r1 cos N ro r1 q 0

ro N r1 N r1 cos N ro r1 q 0

N
N
q n 0
r1
r2
2 diff. eq. + 1 finite eq.
Suppose : No dependence on
N = membrane meridianal force

(1)
(2)
(3)

147

N = N =

membrane shearing force

N = membrane hoop force

d
( ro N ) r1 cos N ro r1 q 0
d
N
r1

N
q n 0
r2

d
( ro N ) r1 cos N ro r1 q 0
d

(1)
Axisymmetric Loading
(3)
Torsional Loading

Problems of axisymm. & torsional not coupled.

ro
r2

c1

ro r2 sin

r1

d
(ro N ) r1 cos N ro r1 q
d
N
N
q n
r1
r2
d
(ro N ) r1 cos N ro r1 q
d

(1)
(3)
(2)

Axisymmetric
loading
Torsion

(2)

148

Axisymmetric Problems
N

(3)

(1)

r2
N r2 q n
r1

d
(r2 sin N ) r2 cos N ro r1 q r1 r2 cos q n
d
r2 sin

d
sin (r2 sin N ) cos r2 sin N r1 r2 sin (q sin q n cos )
d
d
(r2 sin 2 N )
d
..(a)

r2 sin 2 N r1 r2 sin (q sin q n cos ) d C

Can get N from (a) or equilibrium consideration :

R
R = resultant of q & qn

Fz

0 R 2 ro sin N

r2

..(b)

ro d sin N

( N can be solved )

After getting N , obtain N from (3)

r2 sin 2 N

r1 r2 sin ( q sin q n cos ) d

R 2 ro sin N 0
should get the same result.

..(a)
..(b)

149

Spherical Shell
r1 = r 2 = a
ro = a sin
a

Loading by weight

qo = weight per unit area

2 a sin a d q o 2 a 2 q o sin d R
0

length width

1 cos

weight

2 a 2 q o (1 cos ) 2 a sin 2 N 0

N q o a

qo a
1 cos

2
1 cos
sin

q n q o cos

qo
q

q qo sin

qn

qo a
qo a cos
1 cos

N q o a cos
1 cos

If use (a) :
a sin 2 N q o a 2

sin d C

q o a 2 ( cos C)

150
N q o a

If C = 1

cos C
sin 2

is the same as before.

If

require that C such that

N at = 0 ..()

If

require that C such that

N at = ..()

For () : C = 1 ,
N q o a

qo a
1 cos

2
1 cos
sin

For () : C = 1 ,
N q o a

qo a
1 cos

2
1 cos
sin

qo a
1 cos

o
o

( to get membrane state of stress )

Difficult to build
Ring beam

C can be determined in these ways ?

(a)
(b)

151

1
qo a
2

B.C. at o

1
qo a
2

qo a

o =

point support

q o a cos
1

cos

qo a

1
qo a
2
N

152

Prob 1

Snow load,

o /2
p o F 2
L

Get

N & N

Study variation with

Start to think about o /2
Loading vertical, proportional to horizontal projection of an element

153

Spherical Tank
= specific weight of liquid
Vertical p = 0
[] = F / L3

(1)

p = a ( 1 cos )

q = 0
qn = a ( 1 cos )

(2)
(2)

W rAh

h
pa
r1 r2 ( cos q n

r2 sin 2 N

N
r1

sin q ) sin d C

N
qn 0
r2

a2
2

sin
a2

2
(cos cos ) d (cos ) C

1
1
cos 2 cos 3
2
3
2
3
3 cos 2 cos C - Expression valid
sin 2
for both (1) & (2)

Part (1) :
( 3 cos 2 2 cos 3 C ) 0 0 C 1

a 2 1 3 cos 2 2 cos 3

6
1 cos 2

a 2 1 cos 2 2 cos 2 (1 cos )

6
1 cos 2

154

a 2
2 cos 2
1
6
1 cos

1)
1)
N (
N (
a qn

a 2
2 cos 2
1
6
1 cos

a 2
2 cos 2
5 6 cos
6
1 cos

r a 2 (1 cos )

Note :
N (0) N (0) 0

2)
N (

(3 cos 2 2 cos 3 C ) 0 C 5

Part (2) :
2)
N (

( equal !)

a 2 5 3 cos 2 2 cos 3
r a 2 5 (1 cos 2 ) 2 cos 2 (1 cos )

6
6
1 cos 2
1 cos 2

a 2
2 cos 2
5
6
1 cos

a 2
2 cos 2
1 6 cos
6
1 cos

2)
2)
N (
( ) N (
( ) a 2

Vertical force = weight

1)
N (

0
2)
N (
2 a
3 sin o

Horizontal force cancels each other

a cos 0

1)
2)
N (

Fvert 2 a sin 2 o N (

a2
6

2
4
cos
o
4

1 cos 2 o

a2
2 a sin o
6
2

4
a3
3

4
4

a3 0
2

3
sin o

155

(2)
120

( 2)
(1)

(1)
N

Conical Shell

ds r1 d

s
ds
1

r1

ro
c2
c1

ds

r2
r1

ro s sin
r1
r2 s tan

ro

156

N
1
( ro N )
cos N ro q 0
r1

..(1)

N
1
( ro N )
cos N ro q 0
r1

..(2)

N
r1

N
qn 0
r2

..(3)

N
N ss

sin

N s

(s N ss )
sin N s sin q s 0
s

.(1)

sin

(s N s )
sin N s s sin q 0
s

.(2)

N s tan q n

.(3)

N determined from qn alone !

Axisymmetric Problem
d
(s N ss ) N s q s 0
ds
s tan q n
s N ss

s ( qs

q n tan ) ds C

.(1)

157
N ss

1
s

s ( q s q n tan ) ds C

N q n s tan

Example : Dead load alone ( po = weight per unit area )

qn
po

N ss

sin 2 1

p o cos
cos

po
s2 C

2 cos
s

p o sin 2
s
cos

q n p o sin

s ds C
1 2
s
2

1
cos

q s p o cos

qs

must adjust C dep. on how

shell is supported

Independent of how supported

N ss () 0 C 2

N ss

po
2 s 2

2 cos
s

158

N ss (0) finite C 0
N ss

Problem

po
s
2 cos

Pressure Vessels

0
ro r2 sin
dro
r1 cos
d

ro

rc

c2

r2 sin 2

r2 sin 2

r2 sin 2

r1

q 0

qn p

r1 r2 sin ( sin q cos q n ) d C

0

ro r1 cos d C
d ro
d

ro dro C
1 2
ro
2

159

p
2 r2 sin 2

r2

2
r2 sin

r22 sin 2 C

To get rid of term becoming at = 0 , set C = 0

N

r1

1
p r2
2

N
qn 0
r2
p

N
1
p r2
2

r
1

p r2 2 2
2
r1

r2
1 r22
N p r2 p r2 p
r1
2 r1
1
p r2
2

N
N

At = 0 : r1 = r2 & N = N = p r1 (dont make the top that r1 = )

head
weld
Bad design
High Stress
cylinder

r2 R

h
N

N c
N c

1
pR
2

1
pR
2

pR

Good design for

high stress

160

N
N

Bad design for

high stress

Can adjust r1 at = /2 & therefore,

1
pR
2

h
N

pR

h
N

at = /2

r1
h
N c
Adjust r1 so that N
make r1 =

Circumferential stress in cylinder & head are equal at the joint. Hence no
bending !. In the head, must change r1 continuously until approaching infinity

sin

Ellipse (T & W-K)

b
a

pa
N ( )
2
2

a2

N ( ) pa 1
2
2
2
b

b
a 2 b2

161

pR
h
N
( )
2
2

For a spherical head :

A

Pathological Situations
Subjected to own weight

N
column
N

1
r2 sin 2

.......... d

Always some bending

can balance
p

fluid

162

Bending

occure

because

of

discontinuous displacement.
cannot balance by membrane forces

( strain continuous but displacement not )

General Loading
Suppose :

Pn () cos n

Q n () sin n

qn

R n () cos n

q f () g ()

More general than, say

Equilibrium equations

( ro N ) r1
r1 cos N ro r1 q 0

(1)

( ro N ) r1
r1 cos N ro r1 q 0

(2)

N
r1
From (1)
( 2)

Try :

N
qn 0
r2

N r1 cos N r1
r1 cos N r0 r1q 0

r0
N r1 cos N r1
r1 cos N r0 r1q 0

N N

qn 0
r1
r2
r0

n () cos n

n () sin n

n () cos n

(3)

163

For n 1
ro n r1 cos n r1 n n r1 cos n ro r1 Pn 0
ro n 2 r1 cos n r1 n n ro r1 Q n 0

n R n 0 n r2 n R n
r1
r2
r1

ro n r1 cos n r1 n n r2 cos n r1 r2 cos R n ro r1 Pn 0

ro n 2 r1 cos n r2 n n r1 r2 n R n ro r1 Q n 0
n

(r1 r2 ) cos
n r1
r cos
n
n r1 Pn 1
Rn
r2 sin
r2 sin
sin
n

2 r1 cos
n r1
n
n
n r1 Q n
Rn
r2 sin
sin
sin

r0 r2 sin

Spherical Shell
n

r1 = r2 = a

2 cos
n
cos
n
n a Pn
R n
sin
sin
sin

2 cos
n
n
n
n
n a Q n
R n
sin
sin
sin

+ +
1

d
n 2 cos
n cos
( n n )
( n n ) a Pn Q n
R n
d
sin
sin

d
n 2 cos
n cos
( n n )
( n n ) a Pn Q n
R n
d
sin
sin

164

dy
a (x) y h(x)
dx

Look for p ( integrating factor ) such that

d py
ph
dx
dy dp
p

y ph
dx dx
dy 1 dp

yh
dx p dx
dy
a x y h
dx

d
( py) ph
dx
p

dy
dp

y ph
dx
dx

dy
1 dp

y h
dx
p dx

a (x )
dp
a ( x ) dx ln p
p
1 dp
a x
p dx
dp
a x dx
p

p exp [

not needed

a ( x ) dx C

a ( x ) dx ]
p e a x dx

py
y

1
p

py phdx c

p h dx C

p h dx C

1
phdx c
p

Spherical Dome with Wind Load

q q 0

Wind Load

q n p o sin cos

0

p0

165

Hydro dynamic flow about a sphere

High V , Low p

Low V , High p
Flow of real fluid

Wave

po

Real pressure
distribution of wind
load for Dome

1.5 p o

166

Pn Q n 0

Ro 0 ,

R n 0 for n 2

o o o 0 ,

Let

n n U n

R 1 p o sin

n n n 0 for n 2

n n Vn

dU
1 2 cos

U
d
sin

p o a (1 cos )

dV
1 2 cos

V p o a (1 cos )
d
sin
set = 1 recover later
a ()

For (1) :

a () d

p h d
U

1 2 cos
sin

sin 3
1 cos

V1 V

sin 3
ln
1 cos

proved by
1

x dx ln x

sin 3 d

p h d

U1 U

, h () (1 cos )

1 2 cos
d
sin

cos

1
cos 3
3

sin
1 cos
1 2 cos

sin

1
p

1 cos
1

cos
cos 3 C1
3

3
sin

1
1

cos
cos 3 C1

(1 cos ) sin
3

sin 3
1 cos

167

Similarly for V
1
1

cos
cos 3 C 2

(1 cos ) sin
3

1
(U V)
2

1
(U V)
2

To avoid unbounded membrane forces at = 0 , adjust C1 & C2

C1

2
3

C2

2
3

1
( 2 3 cos cos 3 )
3 (1 cos ) sin
2 2 cos cos cos 3
(1 cos ) [ 2 cos cos 2 ]
(1 cos ) (1 cos 2 )

1 cos
sin
V

(1 cos ) (2 cos )
3 sin
1 2
O( 4 )
1
2

O( 3 )
3
2
O( )

(1 cos ) 2 (2 cos )
(1 cos ) sin

1
(1 cos ) ( 2 cos ) cos cos
po a
3
(1 cos ) sin

1
(1 cos ) (2 cos ) sin
po a
3
(1 cos ) sin

1
(1 cos ) (3 4 cos 2 cos 2 ) cos
po a
3
(1 cos ) sin

168

0.16 p o a

N
0

N
0

2 p a
3 o

N
2

We can solve the first differential equation U , and get V by

Note

substituting = +

dV
d

poa

U ()

1 2 cos
V
sin

p o a (1 cos )

po a
1

cos 3 C
cos
(1 cos ) sin
3

V ( )

poa changes sign on

opposite side

po a
1

cos 3 C
cos
(1 cos ) sin
3

po a
1

cos 3 C
cos
(1 cos ) sin
3

= +
=

169

Displacements for Axially Symmetric Deformations

un

un

ro
d

r1

un

r2

u n
d

c1

c2
d
w

a u
b un

un
u

un

un

u n
d

u n
d

a u
a u
b un

a u
r1 d

d u n d

u n
u n
d
d

b un

un

170

un

b un
r1 d

1
r1

u n

1 u n

r1

ro
ro dro

dro

u cos u n sin ,

(1)
(2)
(3)

1
r1

r2

2 (ro d ro ) 2 ro
dro

2 ro
ro

ro r2 sin

1
(u cot u n )
r2

u n

+ , if extension

cos
u
u n
sin

1 u n
u

r1

Strategy : Find Ns , put into Hookes law & get es , integrate to get us.

1
xx ( yy zz )
E
N yy
N xx
h
h

e xx

1
N N

Eh

1
N N
Eh

Hookes Law

171

From the combination, r1(1) r2(2)

r1 e r2 e

u n
cos

sin

Known fn. of , f()

1 u
cos
f ()

u
2
sin
sin
sin
u

sin

f ()

f ()
d C
sin

1
( r1 N r1 N r2 N r2 N )
Eh

f ()

1
(r1 r2 ) N ( r2 r1 ) N
Eh

Determine un from (2) :

Conical Shell :

sin

un u

cos
r2 e
sin

172

us

u s
u
1 u
n e ss
r1
r1
s

(1)

un

1
r2

cos
u n
sin

cos
s sin

u s

sin
u n
cos

1
cos
u n
us s
sin

e ss

1
N ss N
Eh

1
N N ss
Eh

(2)

Strategy : Put ess into (1), integrate & get us , put us into (2) and get un
Conical shell under its own weight

q o sin 2

s
cos

qo =
e ss

qo
1

sin 2 s

E h cos 2

u s
s

q o (1 2 sin 2 )
s
2 E h cos

us

1 2

s C
2

qo
s
2 cos

N ss

weight per unit area

cons tan t

want u s 0 @ s , C

1 2

173
us

q o (1 2 sin 2 )
(2 s 2 )
4 E h cos

un

q o sin
(1 2 sin 2 ) 2 [1 2 2 ( 2 ) sin 2 ] s 2
4 E h cos 2

At s = 0 ;

un = tan us

us

un

us

q o (1 - 2 sin 2) 2
l
4 E h cos

q o (1 - 2 sin 2) 2
l sin
4 E h cos2

un

Membrane State in Cylindrical Shells

N x

N xx

Fx

d
N x

N x

qx
N xx

N x

N x

qn

dx
rd

N x

N x
N xx
dx r d
dx d q x dx r d
x

N x

N x
x

N xx
dx
x
dx

174

Fn

N x
x

dx r d

dx d q dx r d

N dx d q n dx r d

N xx
x

1
d
2
N ....d

N x
x

1 N x
qx 0
r

(1)

1 N
q 0
r

(2)

r qn 0

(3)

N
Strategy : a) Solve (3) for N
b)

Put N into (2) & integrate for Nx

c)

Put Nx into (1) & integrate for Nxx

Example : Circular shell subjected to own weight

qo = weight / area
qo
qn

q q o sin

(3)

N x
x

q n q o cos

q o a cos

qo

sin sin 2 q o sin

175

(2)
N x q o

N xx
x

(1)

qo
a

N xx

qo
a

2 x sin a f ( )

2 x cos a f ()
2

cos a x f () a 2 g ()

How to support the shell in order to not to disturb the membrane state of
stress ?
Support shell symm. about the plane x = 0
Nxx must be an even function of x.

f () 0 , f () A

N q o a cos

N x 2 q o x sin
g()

2
4a

Set A = 0

cos

(Difficult to support)

N xx

q o 2
cos a 2 g()

a 4

Still have count term in Nx

N xy q o sin

(Supply with end membrane)

Horizontal thrust avoid by making = 90

176

Beam to supply Nx at = (at edge)

N x 2 q o x sin
N xx

q o 2

4a

x
1 2 cos

N q o a cos