GAGE LINEARITY & BIAS STUDY

1. For this Template Select the gage first on which you want to do the stud
2. Select the Quality Characteristic which this gage measures.
3.Take Five (5) Reference values for the test specimen you are going to m
4.Plug these values in the spreadsheet marked as red under the "Referenc
Heading.
5. Take 10 repeated measurements on the Test Specimen by five different
each Reference Value.
6. Plug this data in the Red Shaded Region and Get the results.
7. For Linearity - Look in the Absolute value of tm. Select t - statistics from
for n - 2 or 10 - 2 = 8 degrees of freedom at 97.5% Confidence Level i.e. a
= 0.05. This will be called tCritical. If tm < t Critical the Gage is OK and linear. I
the gage should be recalibrated after repair.
8. For Linearity there is a Graphical Check also in the Template. If the Cor
Coefficient R2 is > 0.60 the gage is linear and OK.
9. For Bias Study Similarly Plug in the reference values and the Tested Valu
shaded region. Look for the value of tBias in the spreadsheet.
10. Look further for t - statistics from T - Dist Table for n - 2 = 10 - 2 = 8 D
freedom at 97.5% Confidence Level or at = 0.05. This value will be calle
tCritical.
11. If tBias < tCritical we say Bias = 0 and the measurement device is OK. If tBia
tCritical we Conclude Bias is not zero and the measurement system should be
repaired and recalibrated.

UDY

t to do the study.
es.
are going to measure.
r the "Reference Values"

y five different Appraisers for

ults.
- statistics from T - Dist Table
nce Level i.e. at 0.975 or

OK and linear. If tm >

tCritical

plate. If the Correlation

the Tested Values in the red

t.
2 = 10 - 2 = 8 Degrees of
ue will be called

ice is OK. If tBias >

stem should be

GAGE LINEARITY STUDY TEMPLATE

REFRENCE VALUES

SQUARES
S.NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AVERAGE
RANGE
S.NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AVERAGE
SUM
b
m
tm
s

A
B
C
D
E
1.2
1.21
1.3
1.25
1.24
1.44
1.4641
1.69
1.5625
1.5376
TRIALS VALUES AGAINST EACH REF. VALUE
1.21
1.22
1.25
1.26
1.25
1.21
1.23
1.26
1.28
1.26
1.22
1.25
1.27
1.29
1.24
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.2
1.24
1.26
1.22
1.228
0.06

1.24
1.29
1.26
1.26
1.21
1.27
1.22
1.29
1.23
1.28
1.22
1.3
1.25
1.28
1.233
1.275
0.05
0.05
BIAS VALUES
0.01
0.01
-0.05
0.01
0.02
-0.04
0.02
0.04
-0.03
0.03
0.03
-0.01
0.04
0.05
-0.04
0.05
0
-0.03
0
0.01
-0.01
0.04
0.02
-0.02
0.06
0.01
0
0.02
0.04
-0.02
0.028
0.023
-0.025
0.28
0.23
-0.25
FUNCTIONAL VARIABLES
-0.089161031
0.080775025
0.092683279
0.068623293

1.3
1.28
1.29
1.28
1.29
1.25
1.29
1.281
0.05

1.25
1.23
1.22
1.24
1.21
1.23
1.25
1.238
0.05

0.01
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.04
0
0.04
0.031
0.31

0.01
0.02
0
0.01
-0.01
-0.02
0
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
-0.002
-0.02

SUM
6.2
7.6942

SQUARE
38.44

AVG. OF REF. VALUES =

X

(X-X)2
0.0062

1.24

THE LINE OF BEST FIT HERE HAS

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = 0.6612
OR 66.12% WHICH IS GREATER THAN
0.60 OR 60%. THEREFORE GRAPHICALL
ALSO WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT OUR
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR MEASURIN
BULK OF PAPER IS OK!

PRODUCT OF EACH BIA

V

GRAND
MEAN
0.011
0.55

0.012
0.012
0.024
0.036
0.048
0.06
0
0.048
0.072
0.024
SUM
0.336
XY
0.652
XY)/(10)
0.341
X2
7.6942
(X)2)/(10)
3.844
SLOPE
0.080775
2
Y
0.0413
Y
0.55

From T - Dist Table tCritical at (n-2) = 8 Degrees of freedom and =

0.05 is 2.306. Therefore tm < tCritical we accept the Hypothesis that
Linearity = 0 which implies that The Measurement System for
measuring BULK of Paper is OK

From T - Dist Table tCritical at (n-2) = 8 Degrees of freedom and =

0.05 is 2.306. Therefore tm < tCritical we accept the Hypothesis that
Linearity = 0 which implies that The Measurement System for
measuring BULK of Paper is OK

TEMPLATE
REF. VALUE
1.2
1.21

AVG. OF
TRIAL
READINGS

1.228
1.233

1.29
1.28

1.3
1.25
1.24

1.275
1.281
1.238

f(x) = 0.5161290323x + 0.611

R = 0.6611741006

1.27
1.26
1.25
1.24

OF BEST FIT HERE HAS

ON COEFFICIENT = 0.6612
WHICH IS GREATER THAN
THEREFORE GRAPHICALLY
AN CONCLUDE THAT OUR
T SYSTEM FOR MEASURING
K OF PAPER IS OK!

1.23
1.22
1.21
1.2
1.18

1.2

1.22

1.24

PRODUCT OF EACH BIAS VALUE & ITS REFERENCE

VALUE
0.0121
0.0242
0.0484
0.0363
0.0605
0
0.0121
0.0242
0.0121
0.0484
0.2783

-0.065
-0.052
-0.039
-0.013
-0.052
-0.039
-0.013
-0.026
0
-0.026
-0.325

0.0125
0.0375
0.05
0.0625
0.0375
0.05
0.0375
0.05
0
0.05
0.3875

0.0124
0.0248
0
0.0124
-0.0124
-0.0248
0
-0.0372
-0.0124
0.0124
-0.0248

0.0001
0.0001
0.0004
0.0009
0.0016
0.0025
0
0.0016
0.0036
0.0004
SUM

1.26

1.28

1.3

1.32

SQUARE OF BIAS VALUES

0.0001
0.0025
0.0001
0.0004
0.0016
0.0009
0.0016
0.0009
0.0016
0.0009
0.0001
0.0025
0.0025
0.0016
0.0009
0
0.0009
0.0016
0.0001
0.0001
0.0009
0.0004
0.0004
0.0016
0.0001
0
0
0.0016
0.0004
0.0016
0.0413

Y = (m)X + b Where m = slope. If Value of tm is less than or equal to t value at

n - 2 degrees of freedom and = 0.05 we accept the null Hypothesis that
Linearity = 0 and our Measurement system is OK and If t m > t value from T Dist table at n - 2 degrees of freedom and we reject the Null
Hypothesis that Linearity = 0 and conclude that our Measurement System is
not OK and we must recalibrate it after repair. Here n = 10 Therefore n - 2 = 8
Degrees of Freedom

0.0001
0.0004
0
0.0001
0.0001
0.0004
0
0.0009
0.0001
0.0001

n - 2 degrees of freedom and = 0.05 we accept the null Hypothesis that

Linearity = 0 and our Measurement system is OK and If t m > t value from T Dist table at n - 2 degrees of freedom and we reject the Null
Hypothesis that Linearity = 0 and conclude that our Measurement System is
not OK and we must recalibrate it after repair. Here n = 10 Therefore n - 2 = 8
Degrees of Freedom

GAGE BIAS STUDY TEMPLATE

REFRENCE VALUES

SQUARES
S.NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AVERAGE
RANGE
S.NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AVERAGE
SUM

A
B
C
D
E
1.2
1.21
1.3
1.25
1.24
1.44
1.4641
1.69
1.5625
1.5376
TRIALS VALUES AGAINST EACH REF. VALUE
1.21
1.22
1.25
1.26
1.25
1.21
1.23
1.26
1.28
1.26
1.22
1.25
1.27
1.29
1.24
1.23
1.24
1.29
1.3
1.25
1.24
1.25
1.2
1.24
1.26
1.22
1.228
0.06

1.26
1.26
1.21
1.27
1.22
1.29
1.23
1.28
1.22
1.3
1.25
1.28
1.233
1.275
0.05
0.05
BIAS VALUES
0.01
0.01
-0.05
0.01
0.02
-0.04
0.02
0.04
-0.03
0.03
0.03
-0.01
0.04
0.05
-0.04
0.05
0
-0.03
0
0.01
-0.01
0.04
0.02
-0.02
0.06
0.01
0
0.02
0.04
-0.02
0.028
0.023
-0.025
0.28
0.23
-0.25
FUNCTIONAL VARIABLES

b
m
tm
s

-0.089161031
0.080775025
0.092683279
0.068623293

tBias

0.08248788

1.28
1.29
1.28
1.29
1.25
1.29
1.281
0.05

1.23
1.22
1.24
1.21
1.23
1.25
1.238
0.05

0.01
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.04
0
0.04
0.031
0.31

0.01
0.02
0
0.01
-0.01
-0.02
0
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
-0.002
-0.02

SUM
6.2
7.6942

SQUARE
38.44

(X-X)2
0.0062

AVG. OF REF. VALUES =

X

1.24

(X)2

1.5376

PRODUCT OF EACH BIA

V

GRAND
MEAN
0.011
0.55

0.012
0.012
0.024
0.036
0.048
0.06
0
0.048
0.072
0.024
SUM
0.336
XY
0.652
XY)/(10)
0.341
X2
7.6942
(X)2)/(10)
3.844
SLOPE
0.080775
Y2
0.0413
Y
0.55

From T - Dist Table tCritical at (n-2) = 8 Degrees of freedom and =

0.05 is 2.306. Therefore tBias < tCritical we accept the Hypothesis
that bias = 0 which implies that The Measurement System for
measuring BULK of Paper is OK

From T - Dist Table tCritical at (n-2) = 8 Degrees of freedom and =

0.05 is 2.306. Therefore tBias < tCritical we accept the Hypothesis
that bias = 0 which implies that The Measurement System for
measuring BULK of Paper is OK

MPLATE

PRODUCT OF EACH BIAS VALUE & ITS REFERENCE

VALUE
0.0121
0.0242
0.0484
0.0363
0.0605
0
0.0121
0.0242
0.0121
0.0484
0.2783

-0.065
-0.052
-0.039
-0.013
-0.052
-0.039
-0.013
-0.026
0
-0.026
-0.325

0.0125
0.0375
0.05
0.0625
0.0375
0.05
0.0375
0.05
0
0.05
0.3875

0.0124
0.0248
0
0.0124
-0.0124
-0.0248
0
-0.0372
-0.0124
0.0124
-0.0248

0.0001
0.0001
0.0004
0.0009
0.0016
0.0025
0
0.0016
0.0036
0.0004
SUM

SQUARE OF BIAS VALUES

0.0001
0.0025
0.0001
0.0004
0.0016
0.0009
0.0016
0.0009
0.0016
0.0009
0.0001
0.0025
0.0025
0.0016
0.0009
0
0.0009
0.0016
0.0001
0.0001
0.0009
0.0004
0.0004
0.0016
0.0001
0
0
0.0016
0.0004
0.0016
0.0413

Y = (m)X + b Where m = slope. If Value of tm is less than or equal to t value at

n - 2 degrees of freedom and = 0.05 we accept the null Hypothesis that
Linearity = 0 and our Measurement system is OK and If t m > t value from T Dist table at n - 2 degrees of freedom and we reject the Null
Hypothesis that Linearity = 0 and conclude that our Measurement System is
not OK and we must recalibrate it after repair. Here n = 10 Therefore n - 2 = 8
Degrees of Freedom

0.0001
0.0004
0
0.0001
0.0001
0.0004
0
0.0009
0.0001
0.0001

GAGE LINEARITY STUDY TEMPLATE

REFRENCE VALUES

SQUARES
S.NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AVERAGE
RANGE
S.NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AVERAGE
SUM
b
m
tm
s
ABS (tm)

A
B
C
D
E
57
57.5
58
58.5
59
3249
3306.25
3364
3422.25
3481
TRIALS VALUES AGAINST EACH REF. VALUE
57.4
57.5
56.4
56.6
57.4
57.3
57.1
57.2
57.6
57.6
57.4
56.6
56.7
57.4
58
57.5
58.7
57.2
57.9
56.4
57.5
57.5
57.48
2.3

56.4
57.2
57.1
57.5
57.3
57.1
57.6
57.4
58.2
57.7
57
57.1
56.7
57
57.15
57.13
1.8
1.3
BIAS VALUES
0.4
0
-1.6
0.3
-0.4
-0.8
0.4
-0.9
-1.3
0.5
-1.1
-0.8
1.7
-0.4
-0.5
0.2
-0.2
-0.9
0.9
0.1
-0.6
-0.6
0.7
-0.3
0.5
-0.5
-0.9
0.5
-0.8
-1
0.48
-0.35
-0.87
4.8
-3.5
-8.7
FUNCTIONAL VARIABLES

7.727316493
-0.147643388
-0.100079337
2.332596324
0.100079337

56.9
56.7
57.1
57
56.9
56.5
57.1
56.98
1.1

56.8
56.6
56.3
57.3
56.3
56.5
58
57.08
1.7

-1.9
-0.9
-1.1
-1.6
-1.8
-1.4
-1.5
-1.6
-2
-1.4
-1.52
-15.2

-1.6
-1.4
-1
-2.2
-2.4
-2.7
-1.7
-2.7
-2.5
-1
-1.92
-19.2

SUM
290
16822.5

SQUARE
84100

AVG. OF REF. VALUES =

X

(X-X)2
2.5

58

THE LINE OF BEST FIT HERE HAS

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = 0.662
OR 66.2% WHICH IS GREATER THAN
0.60 OR 60%. THEREFORE GRAPHICALL
ALSO WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT OUR
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR MEASURIN
GSM OF PAPER IS OK!

PRODUCT OF EACH BIA

V

GRAND
MEAN
-0.836
-41.8

22.8
17.1
22.8
28.5
96.9
11.4
51.3
-34.2
28.5
28.5
SUM
273.6
XY
-2454.25
XY)/(10) -1212.2
X2
16822.5
(X)2)/(10)
8410
SLOPE
-0.147643
2
Y
82.88
Y
-41.8

From T - Dist Table tCritical at (n-2) = 8 Degrees of freedom and =

0.05 is 2.306. Therefore tm < tCritical we accept the Hypothesis that
Linearity = 0 which implies that The Measurement System for
measuring GSM of Paper is OK

TEMPLATE
REF. VALUE
57
57.5

AVG. OF
TRIAL
READINGS

57.48
57.15

57.6
57.5

58
58.5
59

57.13
56.98
57.08

57.4
f(x) = - 0.194x + 68.416
R = 0.6620461582

57.3
57.2
57.1

OF BEST FIT HERE HAS

ON COEFFICIENT = 0.662
WHICH IS GREATER THAN
THEREFORE GRAPHICALLY
AN CONCLUDE THAT OUR
T SYSTEM FOR MEASURING
M OF PAPER IS OK!

57
56.9
56.8
56.7
56.5

57

57.5

58

0.16
0.09
0.16
0.25
2.89
0.04
0.81
0.36
0.25
0.25
SUM

SQUARE OF BIAS VALUES

0
2.56
3.61
0.16
0.64
0.81
0.81
1.69
1.21
1.21
0.64
2.56
0.16
0.25
3.24
0.04
0.81
1.96
0.01
0.36
2.25
0.49
0.09
2.56
0.25
0.81
4
0.64
1
1.96
82.88

PRODUCT OF EACH BIAS VALUE & ITS REFERENCE

VALUE
0
-23
-51.75
-63.25
-23
-11.5
5.75
40.25
-28.75
-46
-201.25

-92.8
-46.4
-75.4
-46.4
-29
-52.2
-34.8
-17.4
-52.2
-58
-504.6

-111.15
-52.65
-64.35
-93.6
-105.3
-81.9
-87.75
-93.6
-117
-81.9
-889.2

-94.4
-82.6
-59
-129.8
-141.6
-159.3
-100.3
-159.3
-147.5
-59
-1132.8

58.5

Y = (m)X + b Where m = slope. If Value of tm is less than or equal to t value at

n - 2 degrees of freedom and = 0.05 we accept the null Hypothesis that
Linearity = 0 and our Measurement system is OK and If t m > t value from T Dist table at n - 2 degrees of freedom and we reject the Null
Hypothesis that Linearity = 0 and conclude that our Measurement System is
not OK and we must recalibrate it after repair. Here n = 10 Therefore n - 2 = 8
Degrees of Freedom

59

59.5

2.56
1.96
1
4.84
5.76
7.29
2.89
7.29
6.25
1

n - 2 degrees of freedom and = 0.05 we accept the null Hypothesis that

Linearity = 0 and our Measurement system is OK and If t m > t value from T Dist table at n - 2 degrees of freedom and we reject the Null
Hypothesis that Linearity = 0 and conclude that our Measurement System is
not OK and we must recalibrate it after repair. Here n = 10 Therefore n - 2 = 8
Degrees of Freedom

GAGE BIAS STUDY TEMPLATE

REFRENCE VALUES

SQUARES
S.NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AVERAGE
RANGE
S.NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AVERAGE
SUM

A
B
C
D
E
57
57.5
58
58.5
59
3249
3306.25
3364
3422.25
3481
TRIALS VALUES AGAINST EACH REF. VALUE
57.4
57.5
56.4
56.6
57.4
57.3
57.1
57.2
57.6
57.6
57.4
56.6
56.7
57.4
58
57.5
56.4
57.2
56.9
56.8
58.7
57.2
57.9
56.4
57.5
57.5
57.48
2.3

57.1
57.5
57.3
57.1
57.6
57.4
58.2
57.7
57
57.1
56.7
57
57.15
57.13
1.8
1.3
BIAS VALUES
0.4
0
-1.6
0.3
-0.4
-0.8
0.4
-0.9
-1.3
0.5
-1.1
-0.8
1.7
-0.4
-0.5
0.2
-0.2
-0.9
0.9
0.1
-0.6
-0.6
0.7
-0.3
0.5
-0.5
-0.9
0.5
-0.8
-1
0.48
-0.35
-0.87
4.8
-3.5
-8.7
FUNCTIONAL VARIABLES

b
m
tm
s

7.727316493
-0.147643388
-0.100079337
2.332596324

tBias

0.090305663

56.7
57.1
57
56.9
56.5
57.1
56.98
1.1

56.6
56.3
57.3
56.3
56.5
58
57.08
1.7

-1.9
-0.9
-1.1
-1.6
-1.8
-1.4
-1.5
-1.6
-2
-1.4
-1.52
-15.2

-1.6
-1.4
-1
-2.2
-2.4
-2.7
-1.7
-2.7
-2.5
-1
-1.92
-19.2

SUM
290
16822.5

SQUARE
84100

(X-X)2
2.5

AVG. OF REF. VALUES =

X

58

(X)2

3364

PRODUCT OF EACH BIA

V

GRAND
MEAN
-0.836
-41.8

22.8
17.1
22.8
28.5
96.9
11.4
51.3
-34.2
28.5
28.5
SUM
273.6
XY
-2454.25
XY)/(10) -1212.2
X2
16822.5
2
(X) )/(10)
8410
SLOPE
-0.147643
Y2
82.88
Y
-41.8

From T - Dist Table tCritical at (n-2) = 8 Degrees of freedom and =

0.05 is 2.306. Therefore tBias < tCritical we accept the Hypothesis
that bias = 0 which implies that The Measurement System for
measuring GSM of Paper is OK

From T - Dist Table tCritical at (n-2) = 8 Degrees of freedom and =

0.05 is 2.306. Therefore tBias < tCritical we accept the Hypothesis
that bias = 0 which implies that The Measurement System for
measuring GSM of Paper is OK

MPLATE

PRODUCT OF EACH BIAS VALUE & ITS REFERENCE

VALUE
0
-23
-51.75
-63.25
-23
-11.5
5.75
40.25
-28.75
-46
-201.25

-92.8
-46.4
-75.4
-46.4
-29
-52.2
-34.8
-17.4
-52.2
-58
-504.6

-111.15
-52.65
-64.35
-93.6
-105.3
-81.9
-87.75
-93.6
-117
-81.9
-889.2

-94.4
-82.6
-59
-129.8
-141.6
-159.3
-100.3
-159.3
-147.5
-59
-1132.8

0.16
0.09
0.16
0.25
2.89
0.04
0.81
0.36
0.25
0.25
SUM

SQUARE OF BIAS VALUES

0
2.56
3.61
0.16
0.64
0.81
0.81
1.69
1.21
1.21
0.64
2.56
0.16
0.25
3.24
0.04
0.81
1.96
0.01
0.36
2.25
0.49
0.09
2.56
0.25
0.81
4
0.64
1
1.96
82.88

Y = (m)X + b Where m = slope. If Value of tm is less than or equal to t value at

n - 2 degrees of freedom and = 0.05 we accept the null Hypothesis that
Linearity = 0 and our Measurement system is OK and If t m > t value from T Dist table at n - 2 degrees of freedom and we reject the Null
Hypothesis that Linearity = 0 and conclude that our Measurement System is
not OK and we must recalibrate it after repair. Here n = 10 Therefore n - 2 = 8
Degrees of Freedom

2.56
1.96
1
4.84
5.76
7.29
2.89
7.29
6.25
1

T-Distribution
.05

.05

1-sided

1 - .05 =.95

Alpha Risk

0.600

0.700

0.800

0.900

1-sided
0.950

2-sided
0.975

2-sided

.05
.975
2

0.990

0.995

DF = n-1
1
2
3
4
5

0.325
0.289
0.277
0.271
0.267

0.727
0.617
0.584
0.569
0.559

1.376
1.061
0.978
0.941
0.920

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032

6
7
8
9
10

0.265
0.263
0.262
0.261
0.260

0.553
0.549
0.546
0.543
0.542

0.906
0.896
0.889
0.883
0.879

1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372

1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812

2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228

3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764

3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169

11
12
13
14
15

0.260
0.259
0.259
0.258
0.258

0.540
0.539
0.538
0.537
0.536

0.876
0.873
0.870
0.868
0.866

1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341

1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753

2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131

2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602

3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947

16
17
18
19
20

0.258
0.257
0.257
0.257
0.257

0.535
0.534
0.534
0.533
0.533

0.865
0.863
0.862
0.861
0.860

1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325

1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086

2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

21
22
23
24
25

0.257
0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256

0.532
0.532
0.532
0.531
0.531

0.859
0.858
0.858
0.857
0.856

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787

26
27
28
29
30

0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256

0.531
0.531
0.530
0.530
0.530

0.856
0.855
0.855
0.854
0.854

1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310

1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697

2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042

2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457

2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750

40
60
120

0.255
0.254
0.254

0.529
0.527
0.526

0.851
0.848
0.845

1.303
1.296
1.289

1.684
1.671
1.658

2.021
2.000
1.980

2.423
2.390
2.358

2.704
2.660
2.617

T-Distribution

0.253

0.524

0.842

1.282

1.645

1.960

2.326

2.576