FORM AND STYLE

of

THESIS MANUSCRIPT PRESENTATION

for

TECHNICAL ENGINEERING

2
PREFACE
This manual Form and Style of Thesis Manuscript Presentation will serve as guide in
the preparation of undergraduate thesis manuscript. This was prepared to facilitate the writing of
thesis manuscript and to standardize the presentation. Also, this manual will assist faculty
members serving as advisers and technical critics in reviewing thesis manuscripts prepared by
the students.
Discussions in some sections of this manual are accompanied with sample presentations.
Forms needed in the manuscript presentation are also included for the users to see the actual
format. Some of the forms presented in the appendix section are taken from the CEIT Research
and Extension Manual.
May the users of this manual, be a student writing his/her thesis or faculty reviewing
thesis manuscripts, find it useful in their work.

Cesar C. Carriaga

3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. Organization of Thesis Manuscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Preliminary Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. The Body (Text) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. The Reference Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1
1
1
1

II. The Preliminary Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A. Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. Approval Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. Biographical Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E. Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F. Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G. List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H. List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. List of Appendix Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J. List of Appendix Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3

III. Body of Thesis

A. Introduction and Introductory Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. Review of Related Literatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. Material and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F. Literature Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G. Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4
5
6
6
6
7
8

IV. Thesis Manuscript Technical Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A. Paper Size and Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. Font and Pagination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. Chapter Title and Headings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Spacing and Indention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E. Presentation of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F. Presentation of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G. Units of Measurements and Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H. Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J. Commercial Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K. Cover Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8
8
8
8
9
10
11
12
12
13
13
13

V. Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

4
FORM AND STYLE OF THESIS MANUSCRIPT
PRESENTATION
I. Organization of Thesis Manuscript
A thesis manuscript consists of the following parts:
A. Preliminary Pages
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES
B. The Body (Text)
INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem
Importance of the Study
Time and Place of the Study
Scope and Limitation of the Study
Definition of Terms
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
LITERATURE CITED
C. The Reference Materials (Appendices)
APPENDICES
Appendix Tables
Appendix Figures
Routing Slip and Other Attachments (recommendation for final
oral
review, application for oral review, certificate of completion,
certificate of statistician and english critic, etc.)

5
II. The Preliminary Pages
The following are the preliminary pages of a thesis manuscript:
A. Title Page
The title page is the first page of a thesis manuscript. It presents the title, the
submission statement which includes the school, the degree sought, the full name of
author, and the month and year the thesis is completed. The title page has imaginary page
i.
The title of thesis and name of the author are in capital letters and centered
between the left and right margins. The title should be arranged in an inverted pyramid
form if more than one line. The titles first line should appear one inch from the top of the
page. Below the title is the submission statement followed by the degree sought and name
of the author. Two lines below the name of the author is the month and year the thesis is
completed. A sample format of a title page is shown in Appendix A.
B. Approval Sheet
The approval sheet contains the name of the author, the thesis title, and provides
spaces for the signatures and dates signed for advisers, technical critic, chairperson,
research coordinator, the Dean, and the Director for Research indicating their acceptance.
The title of thesis, the name of author, and the name of signatories are boldface. This
page follows the title page and has imaginary page ii. A simple format of the approval
sheet is shown in Appendix B.
C. Biographical Sketch
The BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH contains personal information of the author. It
also includes schools attended and date of graduation, and membership to organizations.
The title should be placed one inch from the top of the page and centered between the left
and right margins. The first line of the first paragraph starts two spaces below the title.
This section follows the Approval Sheet and the first page has the page iii placed at the
center, one inch from bottom of the page.
D. Acknowledgment
The ACKNOWLEDGMENT follows the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. This
section contains expression of appreciation for assistance and guidance provided by the
adviser, technical critic, other members of faculty and staff, relatives, friends and others.
The title should be placed one inch from the top of the page and centered between the
margins. The full name of the author should be printed in capital on the right side of the
page four spaces after the last line of the last paragraph (Appendix C).

6
E. Abstract
The title ABSTRACT is typed one inch from the top of the page and centered
between the margins. Two spaces below the title is the first paragraph.
The first paragraph contains the name of the author in capital letters and boldface
followed by the title of the thesis in boldface, the degree sought, name of the School, the
month and year of completion, and the complete name of the major adviser in single
spaced.
The succeeding paragraphs provide brief information of the objectives of study,
description of the methodology and important results and conclusions. The contents of
the abstract should be limited to 400 words or less in double spaced (Appendix D).
F. Table of Contents
The TABLE OF CONTENTS includes the chapter titles, the first and second level
headings and the pages where they are located. The page locations are placed at or near
the right margin and separated from the chapter title/headings by light line (dot every two
spaces). Chapter titles and first level headings that are longer than 4 inches are to be
divided to two or more lines, placing the second and succeeding lines below with a threespace hanging indention. One space is to be maintained between entries (titles, headings,
subheadings) in the table of contents (Appendix E).
G. List of Tables
The LIST OF TABLES contains the titles of tables presented in the text. Table
numbers and titles must be written exactly the same as in the text. The table numbers are
to be arranged in column with Table as the title heading (Appendix F). One-inch space
(10 characters) is to be maintained between the table number and the table title. The page
locations of the tables are placed near the right margin and separated by the light line
from the table title.
Titles of tables, figures, appendix tables and figures that are longer than 4 inches
are to be divided to two or more lines, placing the second and succeeding lines below
with a three-space hanging indention. When there are only two tables or figures
presented, the listing in the preliminary page is not necessary.
H. List of Figures
The LIST OF FIGURES contains the captions of all the figures presented in the
text. All figure numbers and titles must be written exactly the same as in the text. The
presentation is the same as the LIST OF TABLES. The figure numbers are to be arranged
in column with Figure as the title heading (Appendix G). One-inch space is maintained
between the Figure title. The page locations of the figures are placed at the right margin
and separated from the figure title by light line.

7
I. List of Appendix Tables
The LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES contains the titles of all the tables presented
in Appendix section. Table numbers and titles must be written exactly the same as in the
Appendix section of the manuscript. The table numbers are to be arranged in column with
Appendix Table as the title heading (Appendix H). One-inch space is to be maintained
between the table number and the table title. The page locations of the tables are placed at
the right margin and separated from the table title by light line.
J. List of Appendix Figures
The LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES contains the titles of all the figures
presented in the appendix section. All figure numbers and captions must be written
exactly the same as in the Appendix section of the manuscript. The figure numbers are to
be arranged in column with Appendix Figure as the title heading (Appendix I). Oneinch space is to be maintained between the Figure number and the Figure title. The page
locations of the figures are placed at the right margin and separated from the figure title
by light line.
III. Body of Thesis
A. The Introduction and Introductory page
The INTRODUCTION provides a brief description of the problem and the aim of
the study. It should be brief and should interest the reader in the remainder of the paper. It
should be written in present tense. The introduction includes:
1. Statement of the Problem
The statement of the problem describes the problem to be investigated. It contains
a general statement of the problem followed by the specific questions or subproblems.
The problems are to be identified and defined clearly and precisely.
2. Importance of the Study
The importance of the study discusses the reasons why the research has to be
undertaken. It answers the following questions: Why make the study? What benefits
would be derived from it? Will the study add to knowledge? Will it have practical
application?
3. Objectives of the Study
This section includes a statement of the purpose/s or objective/s of the study.
Studies usually have a general and specific objectives. General objective is a statement of
the long term target to be achieved, while a specific objective is a statement of the inquiry
answers in the study. Objectives are listed in the order of importance.

8
4. Time and Place of the Study
This section includes the period when the study was conducted, from preparation
of outline to the preparation of manuscript. The place of study includes the actual place
where the study and data gathering were conducted.
5. Scope and Limitation
The scope and limitation describes what is to be investigated, what are the
parameters to be evaluated. It also includes the weakness of the study beyond the control
of the researcher.
6. Definition of Terms
This section defined terms, words, or phrases which have special or unique
meaning in the study. Terms should be defined operationally that is, how they are used in
the study. Definitions should be as brief and clear as possible.
The first line of the introductory page contains the thesis title, written exactly the
same as presented in the title page and in the approval sheet. The title is followed by a
footnote in Arabic number one. The footnote number is underlined and is raised by half
space followed by a slash character. Three spaces below the authors name is the footnote
containing the following:
1/

An undergraduate thesis manuscript submitted to the faculty of the Department

of _________________, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Cavite
State University, Indang, Cavite in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Science in __________________. Contribution No. ___________.
Prepared under the supervision of (Name of Major Adviser).

Three spaces below the footnote is the chapter title INTRODUCTION. The
INTRODUCTION is boldface and centered between the margins of the page. The first
paragraph starts two spaces below the title. A sample of the introductory page is shown in
Appendix J.
B. Review of Related Literatures
The REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES composed of discussion of facts
and principles to which the study is related. It also includes discussions on studies,
inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the study is related.
When a reference cited in the text is authored by one or two persons who are not
mentioned in the sentenced, the family name of the author(s) and the year of publication

9
should appear at the end of the sentence enclosed in parenthesis. If there are more than two
authors, then, only the family name of the senior author appears followed by et al. Which
is italicized with a period after al.
Examples:
Sediment transport capacity of a flow is mainly a function of flow
parameters and sediment characteristics (Borah, 1989). Generally, it is
proportional to the five-thirds power of both hydraulic gradient and the flow rate.
(Beasley, 1979).
The amount of sediment moved depends on the transport capacity of the
flow and the amount of sediment load of the flow and their interactions.
Imbalances between the two will cause erosion and deposition (Meyer and
Wishmeire, 1969).
The shear stress of laminar flow caused negligible or no erosion because
the shear stress associated with such flow is very small compared the shear
strengths of most soil. Only in turbulent flow that erosions occurs (Nearing et al.,
1994).
If a certain article is cited in the next and the same of the author(s) forms part of
the sentence, then only the year of publication is enclosed in parenthesis.
Examples:
David (1986) discussed the influenced of wind action, slope and surface
configuration on energy of falling rain.
Mutchler and Young (1975) suggested that a water depth of more than
three times the median raindrop size essentially eliminated detachment by
raindrop impact.
Daniel et al. (1945) reported that soil loss are not directly proportional to
the total amount of rainfall but were more closely associated with rainfall
intensity.
More examples of review of related literatures are presented in Appendix H.

10

C. Materials and Methods

This section presents the materials to be used in the study. It also presents the data to be
gathered and the procedure to be followed in order to accomplish the objectives of the study.
It includes the study population, research design, sample size, method of data collection and
the analysis to be used. Materials and methods should be written in past tense.
D. Results and Discussion
This section presents the pertinent data collected and the results of the analyses. It also
includes the discussion and the interpretations of the observations and results of the data
analyses. Discussion of results should be written in past tense, however, use present tense
when describing the work (established knowledge) of other people. Tables and figures are
used to present data collected. Tables and figures must be properly labeled so that it can
independently speak for itself. The sample presentation of tables and figures are presented in
section IV (Technical details of Manuscript) of this manual.
E. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
1. Summary
The summary is a complete and detailed statement of the contents of the thesis. It
includes the statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, brief description of the
methods used and the findings. Findings are statements of significant information
provided by the analyzed data obtained from the study.
2. Conclusion
This is the abstraction, general statements and generalizations of the findings.
Conclusion should be brief and short, yet it conveys all the necessary information
resulting from the study.
3. Recommendation
This is an appeal to solve or help solve the problems discovered in the
investigation. This usually contains an appeal for there research on the same topic but of
different methodology or to be conducted is different conditions to verify or amplify the
findings of the study.
F. Literature Cited
The LITERATURE CITED contains the list of authors or/and articles referred to
anywhere in the text. The list should be arranged in alphabetical order using authors
surname.

11
The citation should contain the authors name in upper case (capital), if there are coauthors only the name of the first author shall start with the surname followed by the initials
of the first and middle names. Only the surname of the first author is arranged alphabetically.
The name of co-author shall start with initials of the first and middle names followed by the
spelled out surnames. Comma is used to separate names. The name of author(s) is followed
by the year of publication. Title of book, Edition and the Publisher and place of publications.
The second and succeeding lines are placed below with a five-space hanging indention.
Literature cited is single spaced and typed double-spaced between citations.
Examples:
1. Book
SCHWAB, G.O., R.K. FREVERT, T.W. EDMINSTER, and K.K. BARNES. 1966.Soil and
Water Conservation Engineering. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
2. Journal
References from journals contain name(s) of the author, year of publication, title
of article, name of journal (italicized), volume and pages covered by the article.
LAFLEN, J.M., W.J. ELLIOT, J.R. SIMANTON, C.S. HOLZHEY, and K.D. KOHL. 1991.
WEPP Soil Erodibility Experiments for Rangeland and Cropland Soils. J. Soil and
Water Conservation. 46:39-44.
3. Proceedings
For proceedings, include the name(s) of author(s), year of publication, title of
article, name of proceedings, place of publication and pages.
SMITH, R.E. 1976. Simulating Erosion Dynamics with Deterministic Distributed
Watershed Model. Proceedings of the Third Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation
Conference. Water Resources Council Washington, D.C. pp 1:163-173
4. Bulletins/Monographs
References from Bulletins/Monographs contain name(s) of the author(s), year of
publication, title of publication, publisher and pages.
PCCARD. 1982. The Philippines Recommends for Irrigation Water Management.
PCCARD Technical Bulletin Series No. 50. Philippine Council for Agriculture and
Resources Research and Development, Los Baos, Laguna. Pp 50-55.

12
5. Thesis/Dissertation
For thesis and dissertation, include the name of the author, year, title of
thesis/dissertation, type of work (e.g. Undergraduate Thesis, PhD Dissertation). Name of
College/University, address and pages covered.
CREENCIA, R.F. 2003. Design and Evaluation of Low cost Hydroponics System for
Lettuce Production. Undergraduate Thesis. Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite.
pp 30-35.
6. Anonymous Author
ANONYMOUS. 2004. How Rain Intensity Affects Soil Erosion. 3 rd Edition. Winnie
Publishing Company. Dingalan, Aurora. Pp 12-20.
7. Popular Magazines, Newspaper
ARIAS, P.R. 2004. Endangered Species List Growing. Manila Bulletin. November 9,
Vol.383 No. 9. p B-12.
8. Internet
ROSANGELA, S.S. 2001.Computer Aided Instruction of Foreign Languages: the case of
Beginning Brazilian Portugese. URL:http://. Date Accessed: June 1, 2004.
G. Appendices
The APPENDICES contains data, information, and procedures used in the preparation of
the results and discussions, and materials and methods. It is not included in the main
presentation because it would break the continuity of the text presentation. Included in this
section are standard procedures used in the study, questionnaires, master tables, and figures.
Contents of appendix section support the information and help reader understand the
materials presented in the text.
IV. Thesis Manuscript Technical Details
A. Paper Size and Margin
Thesis manuscript should be presented on a standard size short bond paper (8 x
11 in). The left margin is 1.5 in and the top, bottom, and right margins are one inch.

13

B. Font and Pagination

Times New Roman font is to be used in the text of the manuscript with font size
of 12 points. The page of the manuscript should be numbered consecutively, beginning
with the first page of the INTRODUCTION as number one using Arabic Numerals.
Page numbers are place on the top right corner of the page. Beginning of chapters (e.g.
INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, MATERIALS AND
METHODS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION, AND LITERATURE CITED) have imaginary page numbers.
Preliminary pages are numbered using small Roman numerals starting with the title
page as i. Title page are Approval Sheet have imaginary page numbers.
C. Chapter Title and Headings
Beginning of chapters should start on new page. Chapter titles are capitalized,
boldface, centered between margins, and written on the first line of the page. It
consists of the following: INTRODUCTION; REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE; MATERIALS AND METHODS; RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS;
SUMMARY; CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION, AND LITERATURE
CITED.
The first level headings are boldface and begin at the left margin. The first letters
of all the important words are capitalized. Headings more than 4 inches long are
divided to two or more lines placing the second and succeeding lines below with a 3space hanging indention.
The second level headings (paragraph heading) are underlined, and indented five
spaces. Only the first letter of the first word and that of proper noun are capitalized
and ends with a period. The text begins on the same line.
The succeeding levels of headings follow the format of the number-letter
sequence. Only the first letter of the first word and that of proper noun are capitalized.
The number-letter sequence is shown in the example below:

14
Example:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
}
} 2 spaces
Factors Affecting Soil Erosion
} 1 space
Climate. In the tropics, the primary agent of soil erosion is water usually in the
form of rainfall. The interaction of raindrop size, velocity, depth and duration of the
storm control the erosive power of rainfall. The erosive . . .
} 1 space
I. Erosion is . . .
A. Rainfall Characteristics . . .
1. Rainfall duration . . .
Topogragraphy. The topographic characteristics that have great influenced on
run off and erosion are the degree and the length of slope. Of the two slope
characteristics, the slope steepness is usually the dominant factor from the . . .
D. Spacing and Indention
Text are typed in double except the footnotes, table and figure, titles contents on
tables, and Literature Cited which are to be written in single space. First level headings
are typed single spaced two lines after a chapter title or after the last line of a paragraph.
Text in a paragraph should start two spaces after a chapter title and one space after
a first level heading. One space should be maintained between paragraphs.
The first line of a paragraph is indented five spaces and the subsequent lines are
flushed to the left margin.
E. Presentation of Tables
Tables present numerical findings arranged in rows and columns. Computer
program listings are also to be presented in tables. Tables could be placed along with the
text or in separate page. If placed along with text, maintain three spaces after and before
the text. Tables are presented after it is mentioned in the text. If possible, only summary
tables should be presented. Entries may either be single-or double-spaced. The units of
quantity in the column heading are enclosed in parenthesis.

15
Each table should have a descriptive full subject title above preceded by the word
Table and table number in Arabic numerals followed by a period. Tables are numbered
consecutively in the order of appearance in the text. The title should be written in the first
level heading format and vertically aligned with the table. Long titles are divided, placing
the second and succeeding lines below aligned with the first line (example 3 below).
Tables should be presented with the double lines on the top and bottom parts. The
top double line should be placed two spaces below the title.
Example:
Table1. Weekly Plant height of Lettuce (cm)
Plant Age (Week)
TREATMENT

Foam as holder
Mixed charcoal rice hull +
Coir dust + compost

5.58

7.45

10.53 15.72 18.80 21.87

5.71

7.73

12.73 16.80 19.84 23.95

For long tables that cannot be accommodate in one page can be continued to the next
page with title heading of Table (number). continued . For every large tables, the size
may be reduced by photography, but be sure that the reduced version is legible.
Example:
Table1. Weekly Plant height of Lettuce (cm)

Plant Age (Week)

2
3
4

TREATMENT

Foam as holder

5.58

7.45

10.53 15.72 18.80 21.87

Charcoaled rice hull

5.71

7.73

12.73 16.80 19.84 23.95

16

(next page)
Table 2. continued . . .

Treatment

Plant Age (Week)

3
4
5

Coir dust

4.79

6.55

11.39

15.11

17.98

22.23

Compost

5.71

7.73

12.73

16.80

19.84

23.95

When tables are too wide and cannot be divided into two or more separately numbered
tables, it may be presented in landscape or lengthwise, so that the left side of the table is at
the bottom of the page and the right side is at the top.
Footnotes in the table should be indicated by either small letters or asterisk. Small
letters or asterisks for footnote reference are raised by half space. Footnote below the table
are indented five spaces, typed in single space and typed double spaces between footnotes.
Example:
Table 3. Projected Population and Water demand of Selected Municipalities of Cavite in 2005
(JICA, 1995)
Municipality

Population*

Domestic
Vol
%
Dasmarias
418,034
17,219 67.5
Indang
56,164
1,759 86.8
G.M.A
114,774
4,191 65.7
Mendez
22,431
789
88.1
Silang
149,342
4,191 82.6
Estimated by National Statistics office, 1995

Water Demand (x 1000 )

Commercial Institutional b
Vol
%
Vol
%
1,526
6.0
458
1.8
205
10.1
62
3.0
419
6.6
126
2.0
82
9.2
25
2.8
545
10.6
164
3.2

Industrial c
Vol
%
6,294 24.7
0.0
1,641 25.7
0.0
186
3.6

a Commercial water includes small cottage industries based on LWUA methodology manual.
b Unit consumption is set at 3.0m/day per 1,000 population.
c Large water users.

17
F. Presentation of Figures
Figures may consist of pictures, drawings, diagrams, photographs, blue prints,
maps, graphs and charts. Figures are numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals in the order
of appearance in the text. They are presented right after it is mentioned in the text. The Figure
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Figure1. Gantt Chart of Computerized Enrollment System of CvSU-NC

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1-31

18
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(10)

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19
K. Cover Material
Thesis manuscript should be hard bound with blue color cover. The title, the word
THESIS, the authors name, and the school name CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY are all
to be printed in capital letters. The name of the college College of Engineering and
Information Technology and Indang, Cavite and the month and year of submission are to
be printed in lower case, except the first letter of the important words which are capitalized
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20

Appendix A

COMPUTERIZED ENROLLMENT SYSTEM OF CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

NAIC CAMPUS
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Undergraduate Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of the
Cavite State University Naic Campus
Bucana, Naic, Cavite
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In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
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JOVEMER V. AGUDO
MARVIN Y. POBLETE
October 2008

21
Appendix B

Thesis of
Title

Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY NAIC CAMPUS
Bucana, Naic, Cavite
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} 3 spaces
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
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: JOVEMER V. AGUDO, MARVIN Y. POBLETE

: COMPUTERIZED ENROLLMENT SYSTEM OF CAVITE STATE

UNIVERSITY NAIC CAMPUS
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A P P R O V E D:
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____________________
__________
____________________
__________
Adviser
Date
Technical Critic
Date
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____________________
__________
____________________
__________
Department Chairman
Date
College Research Coordinator
Date
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____________________
__________
____________________
__________
Dean
Date
Director for Research
Date

22
Appendix C
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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The author wishes to . . . _________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________.
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MARVIN Y. POBLETE

23
Appendix D
ABSTRACT
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} 2 spaces
CREENCIA, RODLEY F., Design and Evaluation of Low-Cost Hydroponics
System for Lettuce Production. Undergraduate Thesis. Bachelor of Science in Agricultural
Engineering. Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite. April, 2003. Adviser: Engr. Cesar C.
Carriaga.
}
} 2 spaces
A study was conducted to design and evaluate a low-cost hydroponics system for
lettuce production. . .

24
Appendix E
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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} 2 spaces
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iv

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

viii

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ix

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xi

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Time and Place of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scope and Limitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

History oh Hydroponics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Basic Requirements of Hydroponics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lettuce Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

25
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

Construction of the Hydroponics System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

Experimental Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

Cost and Return Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

RESULTS AND DICUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

Description of the Low-Cost Hydroponics

System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

Performance of the Lettuce Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

Plant Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

Number of Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

26
Appendix F
LIST OF TABLES
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} 2 spaces
Table

Page

Weekly Plant Height of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

Weekly Yield of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

Mean Final Root Length of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

Cost of System Installation and Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

Summary of Breakdown of the Cost and

Return of the system for one growing
season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

27
Appendix G
LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure
1

2
3

Page
Isometric View of the Low-cost Hydroponic
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

Different Parts and Components of Low-cost

Hydroponic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

Weekly Plant Height of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

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Appendix H
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
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} 2 spaces
Appendix
Table

Page

Average Weekly Plant Height of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

Mean Plant Yield of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

Weekly Plant Height of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

29
Appendix I
LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES
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} 2 spaces
Appendix
Figure

Page

General View of the Experimental Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

Photographic View of the Low-cost

Hydroponic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

Weekly Plant Height of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

30

Appendix I
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF LOW-COST HYDROPONICS
SYTEM FOR LETTUCE PRODUCTION 1/
}
} 3 spaces
}
Rodley F. Creencia
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} 3 spaces
}
1/

An undergraduate thesis manuscript submitted to the faculty of the Department of

Agricultural Food Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Cavite
State University, Indang, Cavite in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering. Contribution No. AE-2002-2003-2-003-01.
Prepared under the supervision of Engr. Cesar C. Carriaga.
}
} 3 spaces
}
INTRODUCTION
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} 2 spaces
Hydroponics is the practice of growing plants in liquid nutrient culture rather than in soil
with or without the use of an artificial medium (Jensen, 1985). It is simply a highly efficient way
to provide water and foods to plants.

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} 2 spaces

Importance of the Study

In hydroponics cultivation, plants are grown directly in the nutrient solution or in
different plant supports to which the solution has been added. While demand for substantial
increase in vegetable production has risen worldwide, it is well . . .
}
} 2 spaces
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study . . .

31
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES
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} 2 spaces
History of Hydroponics
The science of growing plants without soil is called hydroponics. It is derived from the
greek word hydro, which means water, and ponos, which means labor (Gibbons, 1998)
.
.
.
According to Hoagland (1938), between 1925 to 1935, extensive development took place
in modifying the methods of the plant physiologist to large-scale crop production.
.
.
.
In 1929, Dr. Yu of the University of California succeeded in growing tomato vines of 7.5
m height in nutrient solutions. He named this new production system hydroponics a word . . .
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} 2 spaces
Environmental Influences
Action is important factor that influences the root and plant growth (Jones, 1997).
Oxygen is . . .

32

W s=
7.89 kg
4.34 L

20 kg (7.89 kg)
7.89 kg
= 20 kg or 0.020 m
=

20 kg
Ww

W w = 20 kg (4.34 L) = 11 L
7.89 kg
Mixture 1:2:4
Trial Mix: 0-100%
Abs V c = 20 kg (1) = 0.0165 m
1.21 x 1000 kg1 m
Abs Vg = 20 kg (4) = 0.052 m
1.53 x 1000 kg1 m
= 0.052 x 0% = 0
Abs Vccs = 20 kg (4) = 0.0899 m
0.045 x 1000 kg1 m
= 0.0899 x 100% = 0.0899 m
Abs Vcv = 20 kg (2) = 0.027 m
1.5 x 1000 kg1 m
= 0.027 x 50% = 0.013 m
Abs Vs = 20 kg (4) = 0.028 m
1.41 x 1000 kg1 m
= 0.028 x 50% = 0.014 m