Materials For Joints

Materials Selection
Material for Nodes

and Connections
5/24/2014
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Materials Selection
Contents
Introduction
Structural steel
Steel production process
Material selection
Blast furnace
Basic oxygen process
Killing of steel
Segregation and pipe
Alloy selection
Standard tension test
Stress-strain diagram
Through thickness testing
Charpy V-Notch testing
API RP 2A recommendations
Steel classes
Structural member classes
Structural material properties
Material for joint can locations
5/24/2014
ASTM high strength alloys

Effect of alloying elements
Material groups
Charpy V-Notch requirements
Carbon equivalent
Cold cracking susceptibility
Supplementary requirements
Material specifications
API 2H specifications
Tubular fabrications
Pilger and piercing

Cold forming process
Hot forming process
Fabricated tubular
API 5L line pipe
Materials Selection
Introduction
Selection of suitable steel at connections in offshore structures
require care full consideration due to the following.
Complex stresses arising from multi-planer members jointed
at one location
Alternating stresses due to cyclic nature of loads from wave
Submerged in water especially jackets with temperature lower
than normal service temperature
Localised corrosion at the connections may lead to increased
stresses and stress induced corrosion increases the corrosion
rate.
The stresses at these locations has the direction normal to the
thickness causing failure due to delamination.
Welding of branch members at the connection creates Heat
affected Zones causing degradation of material
characteristics.
5/24/2014
Materials Selection
Structural steel
What is steel ?
Steel is an alloy of Iron.

Contains less than 2% of carbon (by weight)
What is Cast Iron ?
Cast Iron is also an alloy of Iron.

Contains more than 2% of carbon (by weight)
Plain Carbon Steel
An alloy of Iron and carbon with some residual constituents such

Mn, Al and Si
Some times small amount of Al and Si added during production
process.
Alloy Steel
Alloy Steel is a derivative of plain carbon steel

But additional alloys added deliberately to obtain certain
properties
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Materials Selection
Steel Production Process
5/24/2014
Materials Selection
Steel Production Process
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Materials Selection
Steel Making Process an outlook
IRON ORE
BLAST FURNACE
PIG IRON
PIG IRON
STEEL MAKING
PROCESS
INGOT, BILLETS
INGOT
HEAT
TREATMENT
SLABS
SLABS
ROLLING
PLATES & SHAPES
5/24/2014
Materials Selection
Blast Furnace
A furnace in which combustion is intensified by a blast of
air, especially a furnace for smelting iron by blowing air
through a hot mixture of ore, coke, and flux.
In a blast furnace, fuel, ore, and flux (limestone) are
continuously supplied through the top of the furnace, while
air (sometimes with oxygen enrichment) is blown into the
lower section of the furnace, so that the chemical reactions
take place throughout the furnace as the material moves
downward. The end products are usually molten metal and
slag phases tapped from the bottom, and flue gases exiting
from the top of the furnace.
Blast furnaces operate on the principle of chemical reduction whereby carbon
monoxide, having a stronger affinity for the oxygen in iron ore than iron does,
reduces the iron to its elemental form
Carbon monoxide also reduces silica which has to be removed from the pig iron. The
silica is reacted with calcium oxide (burned limestone) and forms a slag which floats
to the surface of the molten pig iron
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Materials Selection
Basic Oxygen Process (BOS)
The purpose of the Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) process is

to refine the hot metal produced in the blast furnace into raw
liquid steel, which may be subsequently refined in the
secondary steelmaking shop.
The main functions of the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) are to
decarburize and remove phosphorous from the hot metal, and
to optimize the steel temperature so that any further
treatments prior to casting can be performed with minimal
reheating or cooling of the steel.
The exothermic oxidation reactions that occur during BOS generate a lot of heat
energy more than is necessary to attain the target steel temperature. This extra
heat is used to melt scrap and/or iron ore additions.
Typical compositions of the hot metal charge and tapped steel are as follows.
%C
%Mn
%Si
%P
%S
%O
Temp C
Hot
metal
4.7
0.2 - 0.3
0.2 1.5
0.2 1.5
0.06 0.12
0.02
0.0
Steel
0.05
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.01 0.02
0.01 0.02
0.06
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Materials Selection
KILLING OR DEGASSING PROCESS
The degassing or killing process is applied to molten metal charge from
the BOF to remove excess oxygen and hydrogen present during the
carbon reduction process.
Fully Killed Steel means perfectly de-oxidized steel by adding Si or Al

in the molten steel to eliminate all entrapped Oxygen from the molten
steel so that there is no evolution of gas (by removal of C & O ) during
ingot solidification . Gives through thickness and top-to-bottom
compositional homogeneity and free from segregation.
Vacuum degassed Steel on the other hand is to subject the molten

metal to vacuum to remove out Hydrogen and Carbon. This process
ensures steel to be free from hydrogen traps and flakes and also can
produce low carbon quality depending on type of degassing
procedures. This process is most popular in forging and railroad
manufacturing.
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Materials Selection
Segregation and Pipe
Segregation is a variation in chemical composition. One cause for segregation
is that the first material to solidify is purer than the last.
Pipe is a cavity in the top of an ingot that is formed by volumetric shrinkage of
the metal as it transforms from the liquid to the solid state.
Segregation and Pipe are a natural part of the solidification process. Both these
two ingot defects find their way into the finished product if they are not properly
dealt with at the mill.
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Materials Selection
To get rid of pipe, portion of the ingot is cropped or cutoff.
When a metal solidifies over a temperature range, part of the metal will be
molten and part will be solid. There is a tendency for the first metal to solidify
to be purer than the metal that solidifies last. Ingots that solidify with a skin
that is purer than the center is called rimmed steel.
Segregation can be minimized by adding elements to steel, such as aluminum
and silicon that remove dissolved oxygen from the molten metal and alter the
ingot solidification characteristics. These are called killed steels because molten
metal lies quiet during solidification.
Killed steel products will produce a more chemically uniform analysis from the
bottom to the top of the ingot. Killed steel is considered having less chemical
segregation than semi-killed or rimmed steel.
A steel is considered semi-killed when it is produced so that it is incompletely
deoxidized and it contains sufficient dissolved oxygen to react with the carbon
to form carbon monoxide to offset solidification shrinkage in the ingot.
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Materials Selection
Materials Selection
Mechanical properties
Strength
Tensile
Yield
Compression
Flexural
Shear
Creep
Stress rupture
5/24/2014
Formability
% elongation
% reduction
in area
Bend radius
Stiffness
Modulus of
elasticity
Flexural
modulus
Shear modulus
13
Toughness
Impact
strength
Notch
sensitivity
Critical stress
intensity factor
Durability
Hardness
Wear
resistance
Fatigue
strength
Materials Selection
Alloy Selection
TOUGHNESS
BRITTLENESS
DUCTILITY
MALLEABILITY
Copper
Nickel
Iron
Magnesium
Zinc
Aluminum
Lead
Tin
Cobalt
bismuth
White Cast Iron

Gray Cast Iron
Hardened Steel
Bismuth
Manganese
Bronze
Aluminum
Brass
Steel
Zinc
Monel
Tin
Copper
Iron
Gold
Silver
Platinum
Iron
Nickel
Copper
Aluminum
Tungsten
Zinc
Tin
Lead
Gold
Silver
Aluminum
Copper
Tin
Lead
Zinc
Iron
CORROSION
RESISTANCE
Gold
Platinum
Silver
Mercury
Copper
Lead
Tin
Nickel
Iron
Zinc
Magnesium
Aluminum
* Metals/alloys are ranked in descending order of having the property named in the column heading
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Materials Selection
Standard tension test
The
tension
tests
are
performed to determine the
stress strain characteristics
of the steel. A circular
specimen is machined from
the parent plate or material
of any shape to have a
gauge length of 50mm and
diameter 10mm.
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Materials Selection
Stress-Strain Diagram (in Tension)
When the initial area is used in the stress calculation, it
is called nominal stress. When actual area of bar is used,
it is the true stress.
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Materials Selection
Stress-Strain Diagram (in Tension)
Ductility and Brittleness
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Materials Selection
Ductile Failure (Dislocation Controlled)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Necking,
Cavity formation,
Cavity coalescence to form a crack,
Crack propagation,
Fracture
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Materials Selection
Ductile Failure
Dimples form during ductile
fracture. Equiaxed dimples form
in the center, where microvoids
grow. Elongated dimples,
pointing toward the origin of
failure, form on the shear lip
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.
Scanning electron micrographs of

an annealed 1018 steel exhibiting
ductile fracture in a tensile test.
(a) Equiaxed dimples at the flat
center of the cup and cone, and
(b) elongated dimples at the
shear lip (x 1250)
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(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Prof. S. Nallayarasu Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Materials Selection
Ductile Failure
Shear - Metal bolt under pure shear
Gere
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Materials Selection
Through Thickness Testing (Z direction)
The test is similar to the tension test except the specimen is cut across the
thickness as shown in figure
Z25 Means the neck area reduction of 25% of original area before failure
Z35 Means the neck area reduction of 35% of original area before failure
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Materials Selection
Charp V-Notch Test
Toughness
of
steel
is
measured in terms of
susceptibility to crack using
Charpy V-Notch Test.
Tests can be performed
using a full size or sub size
specimens.
The full size specimen
consists of 10mm square
section with a length of
55mm and 45o groove of
2mm depth cut at the
middle of the length
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Materials Selection
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23
Materials Selection
API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR PLANNING, DESIGNING AND
CONSTRUCTING FIXED OFFSHORE PLATFORMS WORKING STRESS
DESIGN (API RP 2A - WSD)
Steel are grouped according to strength level and welding characteristics
Group I - steels with specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of 280 MPa or
less, carbon equivalent is 0.4% or less
Group II - 280 MPa<SMYS< 360 MPa, carbon equivalent up to 0.45% and
higher; requires the use of low hydrogen welding process
Group III - High strength steels, SMYS is > 360 MPa; special welding
procedures required, investigation of fatigue related problems etc.
Groups are classified as different classes A, B, C
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Materials Selection
Steel classification based on Toughness
API RP 2A classify steel according to notch toughness characteristics
(impact tests) in the increasing order of its toughness requirements.
Class C, Class B and Class A
Class C no impact tests specified; Primary structural members involving
limited thickness, moderate forming , low restraint, modest stress
concentration, quasi-static loading ;
Examples of application Piling, jacket braces and legs, deck beams and
legs
Class B are suitable for use where thickness, cold work, stress
concentration, impact loading etc
Class A steel at subfreezing temperatures
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Materials Selection
STRUCTURAL MEMBER CLASSIFICATION
Primary Primary structural members shall include members and
components essential for the overall integrity of the of the structure
Secondary Secondary structural members shall include members and
components not essential for global integrity but required for local stability of
the structure
Special These are part of primary structure located at the critical
location such as jacket nodes etc.
Tertiary These are not considered to be important as the failure of these
elements does not really cause any structural failure.
Category
Deck
Jacket
Primary
Legs, main truss

members, plate girders
Legs, piles, braces
Secondary
Stringers, floor plates
Minor braces, caissons,

conductor supports
Special
Nodes, lifting padeyes
Nodes, padeyes
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Materials Selection
Structural Material Properties
Structural Materials used for the offshore structures can be classified in to
following three groups.
Group I -Low Strength Steels with yield strength less than 280 MPa
Group II -Medium Strength Steels with yield strength range 280-360 MPa
Group III -High Strength Alloy steels with yield strength greater than 360 MPa
The structural material is also classified in three classes by API RP 2A Viz. Class
A, B and C depending on their supplementary characteristics based on Charpy
impact properties.
Material from various international organisations can be used in the offshore
industry
API Specifications
ASTM Specifications
API 5L Specifications
BS EN specifications
The above specifications define the material chemical composition, mechanical
properties and additional manufacturing and delivery conditions.
Depending on the availability and necessity, suitable chemical / mechanical
properties will be selected from any one of the international specifications.
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Materials Selection
Material for Joints or Joint Can Locations
The failures at joint may cause structural instability due to premature collapse of
members joined to the joint. Hence a suitable material for the joint shall be selected
eliminating the issues associated with the following.
Inclusions during manufacturing process such as Sulphur
Ductile Behaviour across thickness
Weld defects due to incorrect material / weld process
Resistance against cracking under low temperature
Resistance against tearing due to cyclic loads
API specification requires the material with Sulphur content less than 0.005% by
weight and Charpy V-notch strength of 47 Joules at -30 Degrees is suitable for the
joint can locations.
In addition, the special property to qualify for the joint can location called Through
Thickness Property or TTP shall also be specified with minimum required ductility
either Z25 or Z35.
Z25 or 35 means the % neck area reduction during the tensile testing before failure of
a circular specimen cut from the plate and test is carried out across thickness.
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Materials Selection
ASTM high-strength low alloy steels
ASTM Grade
Minimum yield strength
Major alloying
elements
Typical forms
(290 345)
Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni
Structural bars, plates,

shapes
42 50
(290 345)
Mn, Cu, Si

shapes
A441
40 -0 50
(275 345)
Mn, V, Cu, Si

shapes (heavy)
A572 (6 grades)
42 65
(290 450)
Mn, Nb, V, N

shapes
A 588 (10 grades)
42 50
(290 345)
Mn, Nb, Cu, Cr, Si, Ti

shapes
A 606 (4 grades)
45 50
(240 485)
Mn
Sheet and strip
A607 (6 grades)
45-70
(290 345)
Mn, Nb, V, Ni, Cu
Sheet and strip
A618 (3 grades)
50
(345)
Mn, V, Cr, N, Cu
Structural tubing
A653 (5 grades)
46 60
(320 -
Mn, V, Cr, N, Cu
Structural shapes for lowtemperature service
A656 (2 grades)
80
(550)
Mn, V, Al, N, Ti
Plates for vehicles
A715 (4 grades)
50 80
(345 550)
Mn, V, Cr, Nb, N
Sheet and strip
ksi
(Mpa)
A242 (2 grade)
42 50
A440
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Materials Selection
410)
Effects of alloying elements
Typical ranges in
Alloy steels (%)
Principle effects
Aluminum
<2
Aids nitriding
Restricts grain growth
Removes oxygen in steel melting
Sulfur and
phosphorous
< 0.5
Adds machinability
Reduces weldability, ductility and toughness
Chromium
0.3 4
Increases resistance to corrosion and oxidation

Increases hardenability (significant effect)
Increases high-temperature strength
Can combine with carbon to form hard, wear-resistant microconstituents
Nickel
0.3 5
Promotes an austenitic structure

Increases hardenability (mild effect)
Increases toughness
Copper
0.2 0.5
Promotes tenacious oxide film to aid atmospheric corrosion resistance
Manganese
0.3 2
Increase hardenability, lowers hardening temperature

Promotes an austenitic structure
Combines with sulfur to reduce its adverse effects
Silican
0.2 2.5
Removes oxygen insteel making

Improves toughness
Increases hardenability
Molybdenum
0.1 0.5
Promotes grain refinement

Improves high-temperature strength
Vanadium
0.1 0.3
Promotes grain refinement

Will combine with carbon to form wear resistant microconstituents
Boron
0.0005 0.003
Added in small amounts to increase hardenability
Lead
<0.3
Added only to aid machinability
Nitrogen
< 0.1
Acts like carbon in strengthening
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Elements that
promotes austenite
formation: Mn, Ni,N,
Co, Cu,C
Elements that
promote ferrite
formation: Cr,Mo,V,
W, Ti, Zn, Cb, Ta, Si
Materials Selection
Structural steel pipe
Group
Class
Specification & Grade
35
240
60 min.
415 min.
240
60 min.
415 min.
ASTM A135 Grade B
35
240
60 min.
415 min.
ASTM A139 Grade B
35
240
60 min.
415 min.
(Round)
33
230
45 min.
310 min.
(Shaped)
39
270
45 min.
310 min.
36
250
58 min.
400 min.
ASTM A106Grade B
(normalised)
(Through 3/8 in. w.t)
Grade II (over 3/8 in w.t)
II
MPa
35
ASTM A524 Grade I
ksi
Mpa
ASTM A53 Grade B
ASTM A501
B
Tensile strenth
ksi
API 5L Grade B*
ASTM A500 Grade A
Yield strength
35
240
60 min.
415 min.
35
240
60 min.
415 min.
30
205
55 - 80
380 - 550
ASTM A333 Grade 6
35
240
60 min.
415 min.
ASTM A334 Grade 6
35
240
60 min.
415 min.
API 5L Grade X42 2% max. cold expansion
42
290
60 min.
415 min.
API 5L Grade X52 2% max. cold expansion
52
360
66 min.
455 min.
ASTM A500 Grade B
(round)
42
290
58 min.
400 min.
(shaped)
46
320
58 min.
400 min.
ASTM A618
50
345
70 min.
485 min.
II
API 5L Grade X52 with SR5 or SR6
52
360
66 min.
455 min.
II
See section 8.2.2
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Materials Selection
Structural steel shapes
Group
Class
Yield strength
Tensile strenth
ksi
Mpa
ksi
MPa
ASTM A36 (to 2in. Thick)
36
250
50 80
400 550
ASTM A131 Grade A (to in. thick)
34
235
58 80
400 550
ASTM A709 Grade 36T2
36
250
58 80
400 550
II
API Spec 2 MT2 Class C
50
345
65 90
450 620
II
II
ASTM A572 Grade 42 (to 2in. thick)*
42
290
60 min.
415 min.
ASTM A572 Grade 50 (to 2 in. thick; S91 required

over in.)*
50
345
65 min.
450 min.
ASTM A992
50
65
345
450
65 min.
450 min.
450 620
API Spec 2MT2 Class B
50
345
65 90
ASTM A709 Grades 50T2, 50T3
50
345
65 min.
450 min.
ASTM A131 Grade AH32
45.5
315
68 85
470 585
ASTM A131 AH36
51
350
71 90
490 620
API Spec 2MT2 Class A
50
345
65 90
450 620
ASTM A913 Grade 50 (with CVN @ -20C)
50
345
65 min.
450 min.
*Maximum Vanadium Level Permitted = 0.10 % V.

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Materials Selection
Structural steel plates
Group
Class
ASTM A36 (to 2in. Thick)
II
II
II
Yield strength
Tensile strenth
ksi
Mpa
ksi
MPa
36
250
58 80
400 550
ASTM A131 Grade A (to in. thick)
34
235
58 71
400 490
ASTM A285 Grade C (to in. thick)
30
205
55 75
380 515
ASTM A131 Grades B, D
34
235
58 71
400 490
ASTM A516 Grade 65
35
240
65 85
450 585
ASTM A573 Grade 65
35
240
65 77
450 530
ASTM A709 Grade 36T2
36
250
58 80
400 550
ASTM A131 Grades CS, E
34
235
58 71
400 490
ASTM A572 Grade 42 (to 2in. Thick)*
42
290
60 min.
415 min.
ASTM A572 Grade 50 (to 2in. Thick); S91 required

over in.)*
50
345
65 min.
450 min.
API Spec 2MT1
50
345
70 90
483 620
ASTM A709 Grades 50T2, 50T3
50
345
65 min.
450 min.
4535
315
68 85
470 585
51
350
71 90
490 620
API Spec 2H Grade 42
42
290
62 80
430 550
Grade 50 (to 2 in. thick)
50
345
70 90
483 620
(over 2 in. thick)
47
325
70 - 90
483 - 620
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Materials Selection
Group
III
Class
5/24/2014
Yield strength
Tensile strenth
ksi
Mpa
ksi
MPa
API Spec 2W Grade 50 (to 1in. Thick)
50 75
345 517
65 min.
448 min.
(over 1 in. thick)
50 70
345- 483
65 min.
448 min.
API Spec 2Y Grade 50 (1 in. thick)
50 75
345 517
65 min.
448 min.
(over 1 in. thick)
50 70
345 483
65 min.
448 min.
ASTM A131 Grades DH32, EH 32
45.5
315
68 85
470 585
Grades DH36, EH36
51
350
71 90
490 620
ASTM A537 Class I (to 2 in. thick)
50
345
70 90
485 620
ASTM A633
42
290
63 83
435 570
Grades C, D
50
345
70 90
485 620
ASTM A678 Grade A
50
345
70 - 90
485 620
ASTM A537 Class II (to 2 in. thick)
60
415
80 100
550 690
ASTM A678 Grade B
60
415
80 100
550 690
API Spec 2W Grade 60 (to 1 in. thick)
60 90
414 621
75 min.
517 min.
(over 1 in. thick)
60 - 85
414 - 586
75 min.
517 min.
Grade A
34
Materials Selection
Charpy V-Notch toughness requirements
For underwater portions of redundant template-type platforms, steel for joint
cans (such as jacket leg joint cans, chords in major X and K joints, and throughmembers in joints designed as overlapping) should meet one of the following
notch toughness criteria at the template given in table. 8.3.211-1
1. NRL drop-weight test no-break performance
2. Charpy- V-notch energy 15 ft lbs (20 Joules) for Group I steels and 25 ft-lbs
(34 Joules) for Group II steels, and 35 ft-lbs (47 Joules) for group TTT steels
(transverse test)].
For water temperature of 40F (4C) or higher, these requirements may normally
be met by using the Class A steels listed in Table 8.1.4-1.
Test temperature
D/t
Test temperature
Test condition
Over 30
36F (20C) below LAST*
Flat plate
20 30
54F (30C) below LAST
Flat plate
Under 20
18F (10C) below LAST
As fabricated
*LAST = Lowest Anticipated Service Temperature

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Materials Selection
Carbon Equivalent
The carbon equivalent Ceq as determined from the ladle analysis in
accordance with the following equation is to meet the requirements
Ceq C
Mn Cr Mo V Ni Cu
%
6
5
15
Cold Cracking Susceptibility

Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, the cold cracking
susceptibility, Pcm may be calculated in accordance with the following
equation
Pcm C
Si Mn Cu Ni Cr Mo V
5B %
30 20 20 60 20 15 10
Selection of the maximum value for Pcm is a matter to be agreed

between the fabricator and the steel mill when the steel is ordered.
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Materials Selection
Supplementary Requirements
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S7
Ultrasonic Examination
Notch Tough Testing at Lower Temperature
Individual Plate Testing
Through Thickness Testing (Z-direction)
Low Sulfur Steel for Improved Through Thickness properties
Low Nitrogen Content for improved notch toughness in strain-hardened
condition
S8 - Strain aged Charpy V-notch impact tests
S11 Preproduction qualification
S12 Notch Toughness using drop weight
S13 Surface Quality
S14 Thickness Tolerance
API MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS

API
API
API
API
API
API
2B Fabrication Structural Steel Pipe

2H Carbon Manganese Steel for Offshore Platforms Tubular Joints
2W Steel Plates for Offshore Structures, Produced by TMCP
2Y Steel Plates Quenched and Tempered, for Offshore Structures
5L Lines Pipes
2MT1 Carbon Manganese Steel Plate with improved toughness for offshore
structures
API 2MT2 Rolled shapes with improved notch toughness
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Materials Selection
SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON MANGANESE STEEL
PLATE FOR OFFSHORE PLATFORM TUBULAR JOINTS
Upstream segment
API SPECIFICATION 2H
EIGHTH EDITION, AUGUST 1999
EFFECTIVE DATE: FEBRUARY 1, 2000
Supplementary Requirements
S1 Ultrasonic Examination
S2 Notch Tough Testing at Lower Temperature
S3 Individual Plate Testing
S4 Through Thickness Testing (Z-direction)
S5 Low Sulfur Steel for Improved Through Thickness properties
S7 Low Nitrogen Content for improved notch toughness in strain-hardened condition
S8 - Strain aged Charpy V-notch impact tests
S11 Preproduction qualification
S12 Notch Toughness using drop weight
S13 Surface Quality
S14 Thickness Tolerance
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Materials Selection
Chemical requirements
Element
Requirement, Wt. %
Grade 42
Element
Requirement, Wt %
Grade 50
Carbon, max
Grade 42
Grade 50
Colombium
Heat analysis
0.18
0.18
Heat analysis
0.04 max
0.01-0.04
Product analysis
0.22
0.22
Product analysis
0.05 max
0.005-0.05
Manganese
Titanium
0.020
maxb
0.020maxb
Heat analysis
0.90-1.35a
1.15-1.60
Aluminium, total
Product analysis
0.84-1.46a
1.07-1.72
Heat analysis
0.02-0.06
0.02-0.06
Product analysis
0.015-0.06
0.015-0.06
Heat analysis
0.030
0.030
Nitogen, max
Product analysis
0.040
0.040
Heat analysis
0.012c
0.012c
Product analysis
0.017
0.017
Phosphorous, max
Sulphur, max
Heat analysis
0.010
0.010
Vanadium
Product analysis
0.015
0.015
Zirconium
Silicon
Cerium,
maxe
Heat analysis
0.05-0.40
0.05-0.40
Heat analysis
0.0100
0.0100
Product analysis
0.05-0.45
0.05-0.45
Product analysis
0.0110
0.0110
5/24/2014
39
Materials Selection
Notch Toughness Test at Lower Temperature
Notch toughness tests shall be made in accordance with the requirements of
Section 7 or S12 and shall meet the requirements of Table 6.1 or S12.2.
Impact tests may be made at temperatures lower than those specified in Table 6.1
or S12.2 and other than those specified in Table S2-1. The testing temperature
shall be specified by the purchaser and agreed to by the material manufacturer.
If the design condition requires a higher energy value, energy values higher than
those stated in Table S2-1 may be specified subject to agreement between the
purchaser and the material manufacturer.
Notch toughness requirements at lower temperatures drop-weight testing
no break at - 67F (-55C) or Charpy impact testing
Grade
Specimen
size mm
Minimum
average
energy ft-lb
(J)
Minimum
single
value ft-lb
(J)
Test
temperat
ure F
(C)
42
10 x 10
25 (34)
20 (27)
-76 (-60)
50
10 x 10
35 (48)
30 (41)
-76 (-60)
5/24/2014
40
Materials Selection
Through-Thickness (Z-direction) testing
This supplementary requirement covers the procedure and acceptance
standards for the determination of reduction-of area using a tension
test specimen whose axis is normal to the surfaces of steel plates in.
(19mm) and thicker. Definitions shall be in accordance with ASTM
A370.
Number of test specimens. Two tests shall be taken from each plate
as rolled (parent plate).
Orientation of test specimens. The longitudinal axis of the test
specimens hsall be perpendicular to the surface of the plate.
Location of test specimens. One test specimen shall be taken at the
ingot axis or cast slab longitudinal centerline at its intersection with
each edge or end of the plate.
Testing. Tensile testing shall be conducted in accordance with
requirements of ASTM A370.
5/24/2014
41
Materials Selection
Acceptance standards . Standards for the acceptance of throughthickness testing shall be as follows.
a. Each tension test specimen shall exhibit a minimum reduction of
area of 30%. If one of the two specimens from a plate is below 30#
but not below 25% a retest of two additional specimens from a
location adjacent to the failed specimen shall be made, and both of
these additional determinations shall equal or exceed 30%.
b. Minimum reduction of area limits higher than stated in S4.7a may be
specified subject to agreement between the material manufacturer
and the purchaser.
Marking. Plates accepted in accordance with this procedure for
through-thickness testing shall be identified by stamping or
stenciling Z adjacent to marking otherwise required (i.e., API 2H50Z).
5/24/2014
42
Materials Selection
Low sulfur stell for improved through-thickness properties
Intent. The intent of this supplementary requirement is to provide by chemical
control plates with low levels of sulfide inclusions and thereby a reduction of the
potential for lamellar tearing of the plate in the area of attachment welds.wo
tests shall be taken from each plate as rolled (parent plate).
Chemistry. The steels shall conform to the requirements for chemical
composition prescribed in Table 4.1 except that the maximum content of sulfur
on heat analysis shall be 0.006%.
Sulphide shape control. If suitable shape control is ordered or allowed, the
methods and its control shall be by agreement between the purchaser and the
manufacturer.
Through-thickness testing. Through-thickness (Z-direction) tensile testing is
not required by this supplementary requirement.
Marking.. Plates accepted in accordance with this supplementary requirement
shall be identified by stamping LS adjacent to marking otherwise required (i.e.,
API 2HXLS) .
Note: X refers to G, N or QT as required by 8.1 c.
5/24/2014
43
Materials Selection
Tubular Production Methods
Tubular or Circular Hollow Sections (CHS) can be made using any one of the
following methods.
Seamless tube production by piercing of heated bars and

extruding techniques
Hot forming steel plate and induction welding along the
longitudinal direction
Cold forming methods coils of plate and resistance welding along
longitudinal direction
Cold forming of coils of plate and resistance welding along radial
direction
Cold forming of flat plates and assemble to make pipes
Each method has its own limitations, advantages and disadvantages. Hence
depending on the availability and technical requirement, production method
shall be selected.
5/24/2014
44
Materials Selection
API 5L SEAMLESS
PIPE SIZES
5/24/2014
45
Materials Selection
Pilger and Piercing
The large size bars are used
to produce pipes.
This has been in use for
several decades in the pipe
producing mills.
Both thin and thick pipes can
be made using this method.
Limiting size for such
production depends on the
mill but generally diameter
larger than 20 is normally
not available by this method.
5/24/2014
46
Materials Selection
Cold Forming Processes and Resistance welding
In this method, sheet coil
of plates is used to form
circular sections using
rollers.
The folded section is then
welded by resistance
welding.
The application of this
method is also limited by
diameter and generally to
20.
5/24/2014
47
Materials Selection
Cold Forming Processes
In this method, the plate
sections of specific length
and width will be rolled to
shapes either in semicircular shape or in quarter
arc of a circle.
The rolled sections of the
circular arc is then joined by
arc welding to form a long
pipe. This method is very
commonly used for making
pipes of any diameter used
in the steel fabrication
industry. Using this method,
pipes of any diameter can be
made for use.
As an alternative to the plates, rolls of plate can be used to form the pipe using
spiral form and then welded, and it is called Spirally welded pipes. Pipes
manufactured using this method is normally not used in the primary structure.
5/24/2014
48
Materials Selection
Hot forming and induction welding
This method is very similar
to the forming and welding
method except that this is
done in hot condition.
The coils of plate is heated
first before it is bent and
rolled to the shape.
The folded section is then
welded by induction
welding.The application of
this method is also limited
by diameter and generally to
20.
5/24/2014
49
Materials Selection
Fabrication tubulars
Tubular can be fabricated from flat plates. Normally, flat

plates are rolled to form circular arcs and welded to
form circular section as shown in figure.
cold rolling a flat plate and weld at the seam to

form a can (length up to 3m). The longitudinal
seam may be one or more depending on the width
of the plate available. This one piece of pipe made
from plates is called Can.
Several cans can be welded to form a long tube
The long seams shall be arranged such that the
orientation in each can away by 90o.
Welding between Cans is called transverse seam
or circumferential weld.
This method of fabrication introduces out-ofroundness, out of straightness imperfections and
residual stresses in both the longitudinal and
circumferential directions
5/24/2014
50

Materials For Joints

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Materials Selection

Material for Nodes

ASTM high strength alloys

Pilger and piercing

Steel is an alloy of Iron.

What is Cast Iron ?

Cast Iron is also an alloy of Iron.

Plain Carbon Steel

An alloy of Iron and carbon with some residual constituents such

Alloy Steel is a derivative of plain carbon steel

PLATES & SHAPES

The purpose of the Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) process is

Fully Killed Steel means perfectly de-oxidized steel by adding Si or Al

Vacuum degassed Steel on the other hand is to subject the molten

White Cast Iron

Scanning electron micrographs of

(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Prof. S. Nallayarasu Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Legs, main truss

Legs, piles, braces

Stringers, floor plates

Minor braces, caissons,

Nodes, lifting padeyes

Minimum yield strength

Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni

Structural bars, plates,

Structural bars, plates,

Structural bars, plates,

Structural bars, plates,

A 588 (10 grades)

Mn, Nb, Cu, Cr, Si, Ti

Structural bars, plates,

Sheet and strip

Mn, Nb, V, Ni, Cu

Sheet and strip

Structural shapes for lowtemperature service

Plates for vehicles

Mn, V, Cr, Nb, N

Sheet and strip

Effects of alloying elements

Increases resistance to corrosion and oxidation

Promotes an austenitic structure

Promotes tenacious oxide film to aid atmospheric corrosion resistance

Increase hardenability, lowers hardening temperature

Removes oxygen insteel making

Promotes grain refinement

Promotes grain refinement

Added in small amounts to increase hardenability

Added only to aid machinability

Acts like carbon in strengthening

Specification & Grade

ASTM A135 Grade B

ASTM A139 Grade B

ASTM A524 Grade I

ASTM A53 Grade B

ASTM A500 Grade A

ASTM A333 Grade 6

ASTM A334 Grade 6

API 5L Grade X42 2% max. cold expansion

API 5L Grade X52 2% max. cold expansion

ASTM A500 Grade B

API 5L Grade X52 with SR5 or SR6

See section 8.2.2