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History of Art and Architecture

(Reviewer)
What is History?

A Branch of Knowledge
Past
Human Events
Facts
Chronological
Recorded/Documented

What is Art?

Form of expression
Emotion: Translated into different mediums
Sound Music
Movement Dance
Words Literature (prose or poetry)
Texture/Value/Colour/Line/Shape Design
Scale/Form/Proportion Architecture

Architecture

Is an art and a science


Is the profession of designing and erecting
structures for the purpose of human habitation

PRINCIPLES:

Structural

Functional

Spatial

Aesthetic
Types of Support
for Roofs and Ceilings
Post and Lintel
Truss
Arch
Vault
Dome
Cantilevered

Chronological Order
Period and Styles
Before written records:
Archaeology science that deals with old things

Artifacts

Fossils
*Most of the facts are based on carbon dating, drawings and
symbols

Palaeolithic Period:

Theory of Magic
1. Fertility Magic
2. Death Magic
3. Propitiation Magic

Palaeolithic Age: (Types of houses)

Lean To
Made of dried twigs, leaves sometimes animal
skin and bone

One Room House


o
Dry wall construction
o
Flat top construction

Mud Hut
o
Wet wall construction
o
With a hole on top

Neolithic Age: (Types of houses)


New Stone Age

Mud Hut with a Second Floor

Mud Hut with a Rectangular Room

Stone Towers

Square Temples

Megalithic Structures
o
Menhirs (stone hedge, moai in Easter
island)
o
Cromlechs (Obelisks)

Bronze Age:
*The architectural examples were still that of the
Neolithic Period
Significant Contributions of the Bronze Age:
The discovery of metals:

Copper

Tin
Fishing
Trade and Barter: Money
Jewelry

Factors That Helped Shape


Mesopotamian Civilization
Geography:

The Tigris River

The Euphrates River


*Fertile Crescent / Land between two rivers
Religion:
Polytheism the belief in many gods

Ur

Ishtar

Old Stone Age


Painting:
Three Sub Periods
1. Mousterian Period
2. Aurignacian Period
3. Magdalenian Period

History:
Cuneiform (First known way of writing)
The Three Regions of Mesopotamia:
Sumeria
Assyria

Babylon

Forms of Egyptian Architecture:


Sumeria:

Pre-Proto Sumerian Period:


Reed Houses
Proto-Sumerian Period:
Brick Buildings
Podiums
Pillared Temples
Sumerian Proper:
Introverted Type of Houses
Ziggurat
The Ziggurat of Ur

Assyria:
Capital city is the city of Nineveh
Palaces:

Amassed and looted Sumerian temples and used


their treasures for external decorations

Mastaba:

Funerary tombs for commoners

Made of limestone mounds where jars and chests


inside the mastaba contain the personal
belongings of the dead person

The real burial happens six feet under

.
Necropolis:

Literally a city of the dead

A group of mastabas together in one location


Pyramids

Funerary tombs for the king or the pharaoh and


sometimes for the favorite queens

It takes about 10-15 years to build and complete a


pyramid

Each limestone blocks weighs about 50 tons


hauled from the quarries and laid out on the
pyramid 1/50th of an inch of each other

Babylon:
Provided a balance between politics and religion
King Nebuchadnezzar: One of the greatest builders in
history

Rock-hewn Tombs:

A series of channels and chambers that are


carved out from the sides of limestone cliffs

Engineering Contributions:

Straight roads

Right Angles and Crossings - Intersections


Architectural Contributions:

The Gate of Ishtar

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Egyptian Temple:

Persia:
*Persian civilization utilized Mesopotamian blueprints in their
architecture
Utilized for the very first time the concept of a city

Developed Persepolis:
Literally the City of the Persians
The second oldest city in the world, second only to
Jericho in Jordan
A city of scholars; mathematicians, astrologers
and alchemists

Factors That Helped Shape


Egyptian Civilization
Geography:

The Nile River


Religion:
Polytheism the belief in many gods

Ra

Isis
History:

Hieroglyphics
Geology:

Main building material was Limestone

Two Kinds of Temple:

Cult Temple Dedicated to the worship of an


Egyptian god

Mortuary Temple Dedicated to the worship of a


Pharaoh as a god
Capitals:

Palmiform

Lotiform

Papyrus Bundle

Papyriform

Campaniform
Parts:

Obelisk Marks the entrance to an Egyptian


temple; is a monolithic piece of stone with a
pyramidal top
Pylon The monumental entrance to an Egyptian
temple
Peristyle The open courtyard in an Egyptian
temple
Hypostyle The only pillared hall in an Egyptian
temple; contains the shrine illuminated by
clerestory windows
Sanctuary The treasury of an Egyptian temple;
where sacred objects are stored and kept

The Egyptian Sphynx:

Grotesque Egyptian sculpture with the head of a


man and the body of a lion
*Grotesque fusion of human and animal characteristics
**The head is believed to be that of the Pharaoh Chephren

***Supposedly guards the entrance to the Pyramids of Giza


and protects its secrets.

Functions of Egyptian Art:

Decoration
Veneration
Documentation

The Law of Frontality:

In Sculpture:
States that the body of a figure in the round (free
standing sculpture) must not be twisted in any way

Kinds of Egyptian Sculpture:

Incised Carving
Bas-Relief/Embossed

The Law of Frontality:

In Painting:
States that even if the picture or the image is seen
in profile; the eyes, the shoulders and the torso are always
seen in frontal position

Social Hierarchy in Egyptian Painting

MALESREDLARGE SCALE

WOMEN

Factors That Helped Shape


Greek Civilization:
Geography

Surrounded by three sides by:


Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea
*Because of this, the Greeks had the first armada,
they became great ship builders

Religion

Architectural Contributions:

The Palace of Knossos


The Cretan Column
Bun Capital
The only column in
architectural history that is
entirely made out of wood
cedar wood
The only column in
architectural history that
tapers from top to bottom
The Labyrinth at Crete
Built by Daedalus by order of King
Minos
Houses the Minotaur Minoan
grotesque with the body of a bull and
the head of a man or vice versa

Mycenaean Civilization
Architectural Contributions:

The Megaron

Main building material was marble

Greek Contributions:

Aegean Civilization

Polytheism the belief in many gods


o
Zeus
o
Aphrodite

Geology

YELLOWMEDIUM SCALE
SLAVESBLACKSMALLEST SCALE
PHARAOH/GODBLUELARGEST SCALE

*scarab beetle- symbolizes rebirth


**Egyptian ankh- symbolizes immortality

Defined as the ruling quarters of men in Trojan


palaces
Where heads of states meet to discuss affairs of a
political nature
The Walls of Troy
The most fortified means of defense in history
Virtually impregnable

The Greek Orders of Architecture:


An order is a systematic and organized
way of identifying and classifying
temples and other buildings through the
sum of their parts
The Three Requisites to an Order:
Horizontal Entablature
Upright Column
Base
The Three Orders:
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian

The Propylaea:
The monumental entrance to the city of Acropolis
Acropolis
a city on a hill, a high city, a fortress
The Agora:
An open space that is multi-functional
Public speaking
Religious processions
Extension of the market place
Stoa
A colonnaded porch divided into several stalls or
shops
Colonnade
A series of columns

The Greek Temple:

The Parthenon
Doric Order
Raised on level ground

Dedicated to the Greek Goddess of Wisdom


Athena
Contained a collection of marble sculptures by the
Greek sculptor Phidias The Elgin Marbles

The only sign of life is the archaic smile


Kinds:
o
Kouros Male form or youth
o
Kore Female form or maiden

The Erectheion
Ionic Order
Raised on three different levels
Dedicated to Athena and the Greek God of the
Sea Poseidon
Contained the porch of the caryatids female
sculptures used as columns

Classic Sculpture:

Typified by the S curve

Produced when the weight of the body rests only


on one leg

There is implied movement

There is more space between the legs and more


space between the arms and the torso

Glossary of Greek Sculptural Forms

Greek Pottery:

Telamones: General term to denote human


figures used as columns
Caryatids: Female Sculptures used as columns
Atlantes: Male sculptures used as columns
Canephora: Female sculptures carrying a basket
on their heads used as columns
o
Busts: Human sculptures carved from
the chest up
o
Term/Torso: Human Sculptures carved
from the waist up

The Greek Theater:

Built in homage to Apollo, the Greek


God of the Arts and the muses the
goddesses that inspire men to create
works of art
Usually carved out from a hillside; open
air performances

Four Types:

Auditorium Greek theater with a semi-circular


orchestra
Odeon Greek smaller theater for more intimate
gatherings like poetry readings, usually covered
Stadium Oval shaped theater for foot races
Hippodrome Oval shaped theater for horse and
chariot racing

Other Buildings Contributed by the Greeks:

Prytaneion: Greek senate house


Bouleterion: Greek council house
Palestra: Academic institution that specializes in
wrestling

Greek Sculpture:
Archaic Sculpture:

Patterned after the Law of Frontality of Egyptian


sculpture

The Daedalic Stule: decrees that the body of a


figure in the round must not be twisted in any way

Stiff

No movement

Red Figure Ware:


Red figures on black background
Black Figure Ware:
Black figures on red background
White Ground Ware:
Red or black figures on white background

Factors That Helped Shape


The Roman Empire:
Geography:

Rome started nowhere near a body of water, on


the contrary they were situated on barren land; it
was the quest for suitable farm land that drove
them to feats of conquest
Genealogy:

The Romans were descended from the Etruscans


who were descended from the Barbarians
Religion:

Polytheism
o
Jupiter
o
Venus
Lifestyle:

Hedonism the pursuit of pleasure in any form

Roman Contributions:
The Roman Orders of Architecture:

Tuscan

Composite

Interior Design: the principle that interior space


should be just as important as exterior space
Concrete: the first man-made material

The Round Arch:

Vaults

Domes
Aqueducts:

Plumbing
Bridges: to link bodies of land together

The Forum:
Functions like the Greek agora; an open space for several
functions
Contains:

Triumphal Arches

Pillars of Victory

Atrium: A Roman house in the city; usually owned


by the rich citizens of Rome
Insula: Tenement housing in the city; housing for
the poor; rises four to six stories
Domus: An atrium in the city
Villa: An atrium in the country

Roman Painting:
The Roman Temple:
Not as important as that of the Greeks

The Pantheon:

Built as a temple to honor the 12 major Olympians

Built by order of Agrippa


The Pantheons Characteristics:

Dome the first dome ever built and also the


worlds most perfect dome; not only is it a perfect
circle in plan but also in section and elevation

Impressive colonnade

Coffers- coffered ceiling balances evenly the


weight of the dome

Oculus admits light into the temple

The Roman Theater:

Built on level ground

Is not as popular as the Greek theater


Kinds of Roman Theaters:

Arena/Amphitheater:
Usually not carved out from the ground
but a built-up structure made up of several levels
Example: The Colosseum or The
Flavian Amphitheater

Circus:
Patterned after the Greek hippodrome;
is for horse or chariot racing Roman
style
Example: The Circus Maximus

The Thermae:

Parts:

The thermae is the Roman Bath


Are social spaces; for banquets and other social
functions
Predominantly used by the men
Frigidarium: A room with a pool containing cold
water
Tepidarium: A room with a pool containing warm
or tepid water
Caldarium: A room with a pool containing hot
water
Laconicum/Sudatorium: A dry sweating room
Unctuaria: A room for oiling and shampooing the
hair
Apodyteria: Dressing rooms
Palestra: Gymnasium
o
Example: The Thermae of Caracalla

The Roman House:


Classification of Roman houses:

Trompe loeil
Usually painted on Roman walls in three
dimensional forms
Literally to deceive the eye
An optical illusion

Mosaic
Makes use of small tiles that fuse together in the
viewers eye

Tesserae
The small tiles that make up mosaic painting

Fresco
Painting on wet plaster
Done section by section of Roman walls
*additional notes:
Chryselephantine- Statue made out of ivory and
gold
Ranceaux- Roman Meander band has the design
of plant and vines (done vertically)
Arabesque- Roman Meander band same as the
ranceaux, done horizontally
Griffin- Roman Grotesque figure, has a body of a
lion, wings of an eagle, and head of a ram.

Factors That Helped Shape


The Early Christian Empire:

The Fall of Rome


The Death of Marcus Aurelius
The Burning of Rome
Neropolis
o
The Eradication of the Christians (the
early Christians lived under the
catacombs, they do their fellowship
inside the catacombs
*catacombs- sewers
o
The Establishment of Constantinople
as the capital of the Early Christian
Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was
established in
Constantinople/Asia Minor
(present day: Istanbul Turkey)

*note
The Christians used the symbol of a fish in their worship
The church became their worship place

Byzantine Contributions:

Pendentives- Supports a dome (4 pendentives)


Squinch Arches- Supports a dome (4 squinches)

A series of Corbel type arches

Concrete + Brick + Rubble

Capitals:

Bird and Basket


Wind Blown Acanthus
Cubical/Geometric
o
Double Capital
o
Twin Capital

The Church:

Greek Cross Plan:


o
The Hagia Sophia:
The Church of the Holy Wisdom
Built by order of Emperor Justinian and
Empress Theodora
Architects:
Anthemus of Thralles
Isidore of Milletus

Latin Cross Plan


o
Basilica
Baptistry:

A circular or octagonal building that is separate


from the main church for the sole purpose of
performing baptisms
Mausoleum:

Contains the repository of a dead Christian


Sanctuary:

Contains the relic of a Saint or Martyr of the


church

Iconography:

Any art form; be it painting or sculpture, that


depicts or portrays anything religious or Christian
in nature, that is the Virgin Mary, Christ, the
Apostles, angels, etc.
Ivory became a popular sculpture medium

Iconoclastic Age:
Period in Byzantine history when Emperor Leo III
decreed that all icons be destroyed and burned

The Romanesque Cathedral


The Romanesque Monastery:

Cloister Open courtyard

Church

Infirmary- Hospital/Clinic

Library

Dormitory

Almonry Treasurers house

Abbots Lodging Head monks area


Castles
Fortresses

Factors That Helped Shape


the Gothic Period

The Conflict Between the Church and the State


The Granting of Fiefs Land Titles

Romanesque Contributions:

The Round Arch:


The Tympanum:
Vaults:
The Barrel Vault
The Groin Vault
The Ribbed Vault
Quadripartite A vault with
four compartments

The Black Plague


o
Bubonic Plague caused by rats and
lice
People were basically un-enlightened;
literally they were in the dark
The inquisition

Gothic Contributions:

Factors That Helped Shape


The Romanesque Period

Sexpartite A vault with six


compartments
Gutters that ended in Downspouts and
Gargoyles
The Chevron Meander Band
Exposed Nail heads
Capitals:
Cushion Capital
Scalloped Capital

The Pointed Arch


Spires Can be found on the top of the castle
Pinnacles Can be found on the flying buttress
Flying Buttresses
Stained Glass
Rose Windows
Tracery Patterns
o
Trefoil
o
Quatrefoil
o
Cinquefoil
o
Multifoil
Piers:
Cluster of columns
Fan Vaults- Lierne Ribs
Capital:
o
Fleur De Lis

*for images and labels please refer to your hand-outs


**Good Luck everyone!
***source Sir Jies Powerpoint presentation and lecture.

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