Chapter 7 - Traffic Signs, Markings and Signals

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY
Thematic Area No.1

Working Paper
Chapter 7
HARMONIZATION OF ROAD
TRAFFIC SIGNS
BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION
Chapter 7 page 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS / ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................................... 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 5
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.2.6
7.2.7
7.2.8
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
7.3.6
7.3.7
7.3.8
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 7
BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................... 7
OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................................................ 7
METHODS ................................................................................................................................................ 7
ROAD SIGNS .............................................................................................................................................. 7
PLACEMENT AND MOUNTING OF ROAD SIGNS ................................................................................................... 7
REGULATORY SIGNS .................................................................................................................................... 9
WARNING SIGNS ...................................................................................................................................... 10
GUIDANCE SIGNS ..................................................................................................................................... 11
INFORMATION SIGNS ................................................................................................................................. 13
SIGNING AT ROAD WORKS .......................................................................................................................... 14
TRAFFIC SIGN MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE................................................................................................ 14
ROAD SIGNS MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................................................... 15
PAVEMENT MARKINGS ........................................................................................................................... 15
PURPOSE AND CLASSIFICATION .................................................................................................................... 15
DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND SIZES ..................................................................................................................... 16
NO OVERTAKING LINES AND PAVEMENT MARKING SCHEDULE ............................................................................. 17
WHY ADOPT WHITE SOLID LINE TO PROHIBIT OVERTAKING ................................................................................ 18
MARKING AT JUNCTIONS ............................................................................................................................ 19
PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS ................................................................................................................ 19
ROAD STUDS ........................................................................................................................................... 19
SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. 20
7.4 TRAFFIC SIGNALS............................................................................................................................................ 21

7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.5.3
7.5.4
7.5.5
7.5.6
PURPOSE, MEANING AND USE ..................................................................................................................... 21

BASIS FOR INSTALLATION OR REMOVAL OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL ................................................................................. 21
DESIGN PRINCIPLES ................................................................................................................................... 21
TRAFFIC SIGNS FOR SCHOOL ZONES AND PEDESTRIANS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS........................................ 23
GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................ 23
ROAD SIGNS............................................................................................................................................ 23
PAVEMENT MARKINGS .............................................................................................................................. 24
TRAFFIC SIGNALS ...................................................................................................................................... 24
SUPERVISED CROSSING .............................................................................................................................. 24
GRADE SEPARATED CROSSINGS .................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 7 page 2

7.5.7
7.6
7.6.1
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.6.4
7.7
PEDESTRIANS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS ............................................................................................................... 24

SIGNING FOR TRAFFIC CALMING ............................................................................................................. 25
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 25
TYPES OF TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES ......................................................................................................... 25
PLANNING FOR TRAFFIC CALMING ................................................................................................................ 26
TRAFFIC CALMING SIGN APPLICATIONS .......................................................................................................... 27
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR APPROVED CHANGES ............................................................................... 28
BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................. 29
ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................................. 30
ANNEX 1: REGULATORY SIGNS SCHEDULE............................................................................................................ 31
ANNEX 2: WARNING SIGNS SCHEDULE................................................................................................................. 41
ANNEX 3: GUIDANCE SIGNS SCHEDULE ................................................................................................................ 52
ANNEX 4: INFORMATION SIGNS SCHEDULE ......................................................................................................... 55
ANNEX 5: PAVEMENT MARKINGS SCHEDULE ....................................................................................................... 57
ANNEX 6: TRAFFIC SIGNAL INDICATIONS IN USE AND THEIR MEANING ............................................................... 61
Chapter 7 page 3
ACRONYMS / ABBREVIATIONS
AASHTO
ATSSA
GTS
ITE
KTSR
MUTCD
RTSM
SADC
TCD
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

The American Traffic Safety Association
Guide to Traffic Signing Issued by MoID, Tanzania
Institute of Transportation Engineers
The Kenya Traffic Act Traffic Signs Regulations
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
SADC Road Traffic Signs Manual
Southern African Development Community
Traffic Control Devices
Chapter 7 page 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This chapter reports on the areas of harmonization of traffic signs in the EAC member states.
Traffic signs include road signs, traffic signals (traffic lights), and road markings. They are used
by road authorities to communicate with road users with view to regulate their behaviour, to
guide, warn or inform them for their own safety and convenience on the public road networks.
International conventions provide a framework for traffic signs and each member state has
adopted a set of traffic signs to meet their current needs through their traffic law and/or traffic
signs manual. Traffic signs regulations and manuals keep evolving to meet the needs of the
travelling public. The harmonization of traffic signs in the EAC is essential to the safety and
convenience of the public travelling on the road networks whether for trade, tourism, education
or other purposes.
The main recommendation of this chapter is to integrate the existing road traffic signs and road
marking schedules of the member states and adopt any additional signs deemed appropriate.
Burundi recently commissioned a consultant to undertake a review of her traffic signs and it is
understood at the time of writing a report has been submitted and the government is considering
the recommendations. We recommend that the government consider the recommendations in
the light of the need for harmonization indicated herein. In the few cases where there were
differences in practice between the member states we have recommended adoption of a road
traffic sign or marking that agrees with the SADC-RTSM. Each member state should develop
and publish its road traffic signs manual. This will facilitate the harmonization of the more
technical aspects of road signing which are provided for generally in the law.
A prudent implementation of approved changes is recommended whereby the adopted signs
and designs are applied on all new and rehabilitation projects and in the course of maintenance
of road signs. No special budget will be required if this approach is approved.
ROAD SIGNS
Generally there exists no big difference in the use of road signs in the member states. To
ensure greater uniformity in the installation of road signs the following are recommended.
i.
ii.
iii.
The guidance on mounting and placement by member state manuals should be more
explicit to reduce differences and achieve greater convenience of road users.
Specifically guidance for placement and sign plate sizes for roads with different design
speeds should be explicitly be stated. Recommendations are included in this chapter.
The member states regulatory signs schedules are generally similar and the differences
are complementary and not conflicting. It is recommended to integrate the existing
regulatory signs schedule. Additional signs may be adopted from SADC RTSM.
Warning signs schedules current in member states be integrated including temporary
warning signs.
Chapter 7 page 5

iv.
v.
vi.
Guidance and information signs schedule current in member states be integrated and
enriched by adopting additional signs from the RTSM (SADC).
Appropriate regulatory and warning signs be used as temporary signs at road works.
Road authorities in member states should adopt management practices that will ensure
consistent application and maintenance of road signs at all relevant locations at all
times.
ROAD MARKINGS
The use of pavement markings in the member states is generally similar and the minor
differences that exist should be harmonized by conforming to the SADC guide. In this regard
some member states will need to replace the use yellow line used to prohibit overtaking in
favour of white line. This provides for greater uniformity and has economical and technical
advantages since the application of white line is cheaper and has better retro-reflectivity. Since
there are circumstances which may require installation of road studs for better visibility, member
states should be encouraged to adopt their use formally.
TRAFFIC SIGNALS
There are no major differences in the regulations for operation of traffic signals in the member
states. The meaning of the lights and sequencing are generally consistent and road users can
quickly adapt to the slight differences that exist. However, phasing out of traffic signals based on
only the red and green light (two lights system) is desirable. The installation of two sets of signal
heads per approach, one set on the near side of the approach and the other set at the far side
of the approach is desirable especially on arterial road junctions. It is of utmost importance that
junctions with similar traffic conditions be controlled in a uniform manner in the interest of
consistency and developing respect for traffic signs. Signals should therefore be installed where
an engineering study confirms that their installation is warranted. The process should be guided
by competent professional on the basis of current best practices especially the guidance
provided in SADC-RTSM.
TRAFFIC SIGNS FOR SCHOOL ZONES AND FOR PEDESTRIANS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
The practice of developing school route plan, defining school zones and the necessary traffic
signing around schools both in urban and rural areas is recommended for adoption by member
states as means of providing for safety and convenience of school children when walking to
school within school zones. The needs of physically challenged road users should also be
provided through proper signing and road design.
SIGNING FOR TRAFFIC CALMING
The need for traffic calming across the member states is being met without the benefit of a
systematic approach involving both the professionals and the public. Sometimes the traffic
signing is not adequate and the measures are not visible to the road users. Harmonization of
the planning, signing and design of traffic calming measures is recommended.
Chapter 7 page 6
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.1.1 Background
This paper addresses a part of thematic area one, namely: Harmonisation of Standards
and Specifications. This chapter addresses the sixth component: harmonisation of road
signs, traffic signals and markings. For the purpose of this chapter traffic signs include
road signs, traffic signals and markings; sometimes referred to as traffic control devices
(TCD). The paper thus presents a review of the legal traffic signs and recommended
practices in the member states and identifies areas requiring harmonization.
7.1.2 Objective
The objective of this chapter is to make recommendations for the Harmonisation of
Road Signs, Traffic Signals and Markings as spelt out in the ToR.
7.1.3 Methods
Methods adopted for the study included the review of member state and best practices
documents in order to identify areas of harmonization and improvement and interaction
with stakeholders and experts in the member states to get their view on the proposals.
7.2 ROAD SIGNS

The following paragraphs summarize legal requirements for road signs, recommendations in
current manuals and suggest the way forward where harmonization is required.
7.2.1 Placement and Mounting of Road Signs

The following general advice on sign mounting and positioning is recommended though it might
not be possible to follow the advice exactly due to site constraints:
Check that the signs are clearly visible from the appropriate distance
Check that there is no confusion about which road the sign refers to
Check that signs do not obstruct the view of drivers, especially at junctions
Check that the signs are not placed where they could be struck by vehicles
Placement
Signs on two-lane roads should be placed on the side of the road on which the traffic it is
intended to control is using except on sharp bends where signs placement on the other side will
Chapter 7 page 7

make it more visible. On dual carriageway roads warning and regulatory signs should be
installed in pairs, one on the left-hand and another on the median. The table below relates the
approach speed to the required visibility.
Approach speed
(km/h)
60 km/h
80 km/h
100 km/hr
Visibility distance
to the sign (m)
60
80
100 150
The GTS further recommended that, if two signs are to be placed at the same place they should
be spaced at least V metres apart (where V is the approach speed in km/h) to avoid obscurity.
In Rwanda (driving in the right) the requirement is to place signs on the right side of the road.
The warning (danger) signs must be place 150 m to 200 m from the dangerous area. An
additional panel should be used to indicate the distance to the dangerous location if it is not
practical to place the sign at 150 to 200 m from it.
Mounting
Heights and side Clearances
Recommended mounting heights are given in Table 2 in the MoID GTS. The
recommended standard mounting height is 2100 mm from the lowest edge of the sign
plate to the road surface. The law in Rwanda specifies a minimum height of 1.50 m and
not more than 2.10 m above the ground (Article 92).
Multiple Signs / Secondary Message Signs
The RTSM and the GTS recommend that a secondary sign to be mounted beneath the primary
sign to which it refers, and when two or more warning signs are mounted on the same sign pole
the sign at the top should refer to the nearest of the hazards. When appropriate it is better to
place the secondary message signs on the same sign plate as the primary sign (stronger plate,
less chance for vandalism).
Angle of the Sign Plate
The recommended sign plate angle in the RTSM is 930 to the direction of travel in order to avoid
mirror-like glare when the sign is illuminated by vehicle headlights.
Placement and mounting requirements can be summarized as follows:
i.
To adopt standard height of the bottom border of a sign at 2.10 m above the ground and
to allow greater heights if it is necessary to achieve visibility of the sign.
ii.
Mounting of secondary sign below the primary sign be accepted where it is not a
standard practice.
iii.
Adopt mounting angle (930) to the direction of travel.
iv.
Required visibility to be equal to or greater than the design speed of the road.
Chapter 7 page 8
7.2.2 Regulatory Signs

Use and Classification
Regulatory signs are used to control the actions of road users in the interest of safety and the
efficient use of road space. The table below shows the classification of regulatory signs.
Group
Control
Command
Prohibition
Reservation
Sign numbers in the

GTS
Function
Exercise control over the right
of way of traffic
Instruct drivers what to do
Instruct drivers what they must
not do
Reserve road space for specific
vehicle types
R1 R6
R103 R137
R201 R245
R301 R360
Temporary Signs
The colours of the Control Group of signs such as STOP sign should not change when the sign
is used on a temporary basis, but the background of command, prohibition and reservation
group sign when are used for temporary restrictions such as at roadwork should be yellow. The
table below shows the colour code for temporary regulatory signs.
Border
Background
Symbol
Command Group
Black
Yellow
Black
Prohibition Group
Red
Yellow
Black
Reservation Group
Black
Yellow
Black
End of a Restriction
The GTS and the Traffic Act Regulations (Kenya) superimpose four black diagonal bars on a
grey version of the restriction sign.
Placement and Sizes

In general regulatory sign should be sited on the side of the road the traffic is using at or near
the point where the instruction applies. The Table below gives the recommended sizes for
standard regulatory signs given in the Kenya Traffic Act (Regulations, Revised edition 2009)
and the GTS.
Chapter 7 page 9
Approach
Speed
60 km/h
80 km/h
100 km/h
Overhead
signs
GTS
Circular sign
(diameter) ( mm)
Rectangular
sign (H x W)
(mm)
600
(900 on 3-lane
roads and dual
carriageways)
900
1200
900 x 675
1200 x 900
1600
1600 x 1200
KTSR
Circular sign
Rectangular
(diameter)
sign (H x W)
( mm)
(mm)
600 x 450
Should be not
Should be not
less than 600
less than
100 x 300
The general principle of using dimensions corresponding with the design speed should be
adopted in this case.
The GTS recommends reduced signs for the following circumstances:
- Signs on traffic signal heads 300 mm diameter
- Keep Left signs on traffic bollards 300 mm diameter
- Parking signs 450 mm diameter and 450 x 340 mm
Schedule of Regulatory Signs
Annex 1: Schedule of regulatory signs shows that many signs are common and member states
schedules are complimentary. Adoption of few additional signs from the SADC-RTSM is
appropriate.
7.2.3 Warning Signs

Warning signs are used to alert drivers to danger or potential danger ahead. The Rwanda
Traffic law and the GTS listed two groups of warning signs:
Group
Advance Warning Signs
Hazard Marker Signs
Description
Road Layout
Movement
Symbol
Curve and object markers
Proposed Sign numbers

W100 Series
W200 Series
W300 Series
W400 Series
Supplementary plates may be used underneath the primary sign.

Temporary Signs
The GTS provides for the use of warning signs in temporary situations. When they are used in
such situations they should have yellow backgrounds instead of white background. The
following signs have been documented in the manual for use in temporary situations:
Chapter 7 page 10
Description
Road works
Loose stones
Edge drop
Stop/Go Control
Ahead
Road Crash
Background
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Proposed Sign numbers

TW336
TW338
TW340
Yellow
TW343
Yellow
TW353
Placement and Sizes

The following Table gives the sitting distances and sizes of standard warning signs for different
traffic speeds as recommended in the GTS (based on SADC-RTSM). The Kenya Traffic Act
Traffic Signs Regulations - KTSR) requires a warning signs length to be not less than 700 mm.
Hazard marker signs
Width
Distance of
Approach
height
sign from
speed
hazard (m)1
W401
W405
W407
W4092
W402
W406
W408
W410
200
400
1200
2400
60 km/h
100
900
800
400
400
400
250
600
1800
3600
80 km/h
160
1200
1000
600
600
600
300
800
2400
4800
100 km/h
240
1500
1200
800
800
800
1
2
Does not apply to hazard markers. When used underneath a direction sign the sign should
be adjusted to equal the length of the direction sign.
Advance
warning
signs side
length (mm)
Schedule of Warning Signs

Annex 2 presents the integrated schedules of warning signs from the member states with few
additions from the SADC-RTSM. Member states need to adopt signs not currently in use in their
jurisdiction as shown. Their dimension should match the design speed of a given road as shown
above.
7.2.4 Guidance Signs

Guidance signs give road users information on how to find their way to their destination. The
SADC-RTSM classified guidance signs into five groups as shown below:
Chapter 7 page 11
Group
Description
Location
Place names, river names

Direction signs before and at
junctions
Direction to tourist attractions,
services and facilities
Direction signs for minor, local
destinations in urban areas
Signs warning of a change in
road layout ahead ( e.g. start
and finish of climbing lane)
Direction
Tourism
Location direction
Diagrammatic
Proposed sign number

prefix
GL
GD
GF
GDL
GS
Direction Signs Types and Placement

The SADC-RTSM elaborates on guidance signs as shown below:
Types of Signs
Advance direction signs (GD1, GD5, GD8)
Direction signs (GD2, GD4)
Confirmation signs (GD3)
Description
They are used to give route information to
drivers approaching a junction
They are used to give route information at the
junction and often point along the route
referred to
These list the destinations ahead, and are
placed about 100 m after important junctions,
and at intervals along the road.
Recommended placement of advance direction signs (GD1, GD5, GD8) in the GTS are as
shown below:
Approach speed
60 km/h
80 km/h
100 km/h
Distance of sign from

junction (m)
50 - 90
90 - 150
150 - 220
Sizes and design principles

To avoid confusion limit the number of destinations to four per sign. In one direction limit the
number of destinations to two with the nearest one at the top. The size of the sign depends on
the amount of text. Typically letter sizes depend on the approach speed as shown below.
Chapter 7 page 12
Approach
speed
< 50 km/h
50 km/h
60 km/h
80 km/h
100 km/h
Typical situation
Very minor roads
Local urban and rural roads
Urban and rural 2-lane roads and urban dual
carriageways
Good standard rural main roads
High standard rural main roads, and all signs
mounted overhead
112
140
Lower case
letter height
(mm)
80
100
175
125
210
150
280
200
Capital letter
height (mm)
Member states need to adopt the SADC-RTSM approach and schedule of Guidance Signs as
shown in Annex 3.
7.2.5 Information Signs

Use and classification
Information sign may take the form of a supplementary plate that provides additional information
to that given on the primary sign or to indicate the presence of an information center or other
facility.
Sizes and design principles
SADC-RTSM recommends:
Supplementary signs
Recommended sizes/colour
Lettering, symbol and border of supplementary
Black
plates
Background
White
Width of Supplementary plates
Should match that of the primary sign
Capital letter height size
140 mm
Lower case letter height
100 mm
Cul-de-sac
600 mm (h) by 450 mm (w)
When the supplementary plate is to be used with a small sign such as a 600 mm diameter regulatory
sign the text size may be reduced to 112 mm/80 mm
Schedule of information signs

Annex 4 provides a sample of signs to be included in a schedule of information signs. Member
states should decide on adequate schedule for their current needs and derive it from the SADCRTSM.
Chapter 7 page 13
7.2.6 Signing at Road Works

The need for appropriate signing of road works is recognized in the laws of the member states
and the RTSM SADC.
Generally regulatory and warning signs are adopted for road works by using backgrounds
recommended for temporary signs. Advance warning signs and appropriate regulatory signs
should be used. Markers may also be used as appropriate. Appropriate signs and markers are
included in the regulatory and warning signs schedules.
Maintenance manuals and specifications for road works in member states provide instructions
and those supervising the works are to ensure compliance.
7.2.7 Traffic Sign Materials and Manufacture

The following is recommended practice.
Sign Face Materials
All traffic sign, permanent and temporary, should be fully reflectorized by making the sign face
from retroreflective sheeting. Symbols or letters coloured black are recommended to be made
from black non-reflective overlay film.
Sign Plate
Use of aluminium alloy sheet is recommended due to its resistance to corrosion. Since
aluminium alloy sheets are expensive cheaper alternatives such as galvanized steel, plasticcoated steel or steel treated with primer. The back of the sign plate be painted grey, and the
sign manufacturers name and the date of manufacture be permanently marked on it.
Sign Support Frame and Fastenings
The sign plate should be fixed to a back support frame made of angle iron or aluminium
sections. All frames, brackets, clips, rivets, nuts, bolts and washers are corrosion-proofed if not
made of aluminium or stainless steel. The frames and brackets are recommended to be painted
grey.
Sign Post
Sign posts are recommended to be made of galvanized steel tube set in concrete foundations.
Road Sign Specifications
Member states provide specifications road signs through their specifications for road works
regarding the manufacture and installation of road signs.
Chapter 7 page 14
7.2.8 Road Signs Management

In addition to the considerations for design, placement and materials for road signs there are
additional issues that should be addressed by road authorities to ensure uniformity in control of
traffic:
I. To make sure that every location that needs a traffic signs is provide with an appropriate
sign,
II. To ensure that where a sign is no longer needed it is removed,
III. To take precautions against theft for example by mounting the sign plate high up out of
easy reach, spot-weld the nuts onto the fixing bolts, and fill the posts with concrete or
approved vandalism proof materials are used and
IV. To ensure that signs are properly maintained and visible.
To ensure uniformity in the installation of road signs in the member states the following are
recommended.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
The guidance on mounting and placement by member state manuals should be more
explicit to assure uniformity hence convenience of the users. Specifically guidance for
placement and sign plate sizes for roads with different design speeds should be explicitly
be stated as illustrated
The member states regulatory and warning signs schedules are generally similar and
the differences are complementary. It is recommended to integrate the existing
regulatory signs schedule as shown in the annexes.
Guidance and information signs schedule current in member states be integrated and
enriched by adopting additional signs from the SADC-RTSM
Appropriate regulatory and warning signs be used as temporary signs at road works.
Road authorities in member states should adopt management practices that will ensure
consistent application and maintenance of road signs at all relevant locations at all
times.
Burundi is currently evaluating a report on traffic signs and the proposals are not
included in the annexes. We recommend that the recommendations for harmonization in
this chapter be considered for their adoption.
7.3 PAVEMENT MARKINGS

7.3.1 Purpose and Classification
Road markings are used to control, warn, or guide road users and may be classified as follows:
Chapter 7 page 15

Road Markings
Longitudinal Lines
Transverse lines
Others
Types
Center lines, edge lines
Stop lines, and give way lines
Arrows, Symbols, Patterns and Words
7.3.2 Design Principles and Sizes

Road markings should be considered in detail at the design stage of new or improved roads and
junctions.
Requirements for road markings include:
Good visibility by day and night
Good skid resistance
Durability
Clarity of message
Symbols and words should be elongated in the direction of traffic by a factor of three
times whilst retaining the original width.
Meaning assigned to centre-line and lane markings on pavement surface by regulations in the
member states and in SADC-RTSM:
Broken longitudinal lines are permissive (overtaking / lane change permitted)
Continuous solid longitudinal lines are restrictive (prohibit overtaking / lane-change)
Double continuous solid longitudinal lines indicate maximum levels of restriction
The width of the line is an indication of the degree of emphasis attached to the marking
Marking
Number
(GTS)
RTM1
RTM2
RTM4
White
White
White
RM1
White
RM2
White
RM3
RM4.1
RM4.2
RM5
White
Yellow
White
Line: White
Bar: Yellow
Channelizing Line
Left Edge Line
Right Edge Line
Painted Island
RM6
RM9
White
Yellow
Parking Bays
Exclusive Use
Lane Line
Colour
Description
Stop Line
Give Way Line
Pedestrian
(Zebra) Crossing
No Overtaking
Line
No Crossing
Lines
Dimension (mm)
Rural (speed> 60 km/h)
Urban (speed 60 km/h)
Width
Line gap
Width
Line gap
500
300
300
600-300
200
600-300
3000 4000
600-600
3000 4000
600-600
150 100
150 100
2 x 150 (170
apart)
2 x 100 (120
apart)
200 150 100
150 100
150 100
Edge line: 150
100
Bar: 300 200
100
N/A
2 x 150 (170
apart)
2 x 100 (120
apart)
200 150 100
100
100
Edge line: 150
100
Bar: 200 150
100
150
Bar width
to space:
1:2
Bar width to
space: 1:2
Chapter 7 page 16

RM10
Yellow
Box Junction
N/A
RM11
White
100
RM13
Yellow
150 100
4 x 150 (400
apart)
150 100
100
Black:
600
1000
White:
600
1000
Length
4000
WM2
White
Zig zag Zone

Line
No Parking Line
(24hr)
No Parking Line
(selective times)
Continuity Line
WM3
WM12
White
Yellow
Dividing Line
Rumble Strips
GM1
GM2
White
White
Lane Line
Guide Line
GM8
Black/white
Kerb face
Marking
RM8
Yellow
RM17
Yellow
WM1
White
WM5
White
WM6
White
WM7
White
WM8
White
WM10
White
WM11
White
GM3
GM6
GM7
GM9
White
White
White
white
Mandatory
Direction Arrows
Exclusive use
lane symbol
Railway Crossing
Ahead
Give Way Control
Ahead
Lane Reduction
Arrow
Lane Direction
Arrow
No Overtaking
Line Ahead
Road Hump
End of Exclusive
Use Lane Arrow
Bifurcation Arrow
Cycle Facility
Word Marking
Speed Limit
2000-150
100
Border: 200
Diagonals: 150
100
2000-150
100
100
4000-2000
100
4000-2000
300 200
2000-2000
2000-4000
4000-8000
200
1500-1500
1500-3000
3000-6000
N/A
7500
Line
400
4000
width:
2000-4000
500-1500
150 100
4 x 150 (400
apart)
150 100
100
Black:
600
1000
White:
600
1000
Length
4000 2500
1600 (cycle)
400 (bus)
4000
Line width: 200
2500
6000
4000
4000
4000 2500
4000
3000
1500
Square:
500x500
N/A
1500
Square:
500x500
WM11.1: 7200
WM11.2: 6000
4000
1600
4000 2500
4300
Symbol width:
1500
5000
N/A
4000
7500
symbol width:
1500
1500-3000
500-1500
7.3.3 No Overtaking Lines and Pavement Marking Schedule

These are continuous white lines (yellow in Kenya and Uganda) which imposes a mandatory
requirement that drivers keep the line to their right (driving on the left) unless when turning into
or out of a side access. The lines are provided at places with limited sight distances or other
Chapter 7 page 17

hazardous conditions. On vertical and horizontal curves with sight distances less than those
indicated below, no overtaking lines should be applied.
50 km/h
Sight distance
(m)
150
60 km/h
180
80 km/h
250
100 km/h
300
120 km/h
400
Traffic speed
The recommended minimum length of overtaking line on vertical and horizontal curves is 150 m
and the absolute recommended minimum distance between successive overtaking lines is 120
m. when used on the approach to junctions a minimum length of 24 m is recommended and
may be increase to 60 m or more at higher traffic speeds. No overtaking lines will be termed as
No crossing lines when two of these lines are used one for each direction of traffic.
It was noted above that SADC-RTSM use the white line to prohibit overtaking. This is practiced
in Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania (Mainland and Zanzibar) while Kenya and Uganda use the
practice is to use the yellow colour. It is in the interest of uniformity within the member states
and SADC block to adopt the white solid line to prohibit overtaking. Some technical reasons for
this recommendation are summarized in the next section.
Pavement Markings Schedule

Annex 5 presents pavement markings in common use in the member states except for the
yellow line to prohibit overtaking as used in Kenya and Uganda. We recommend harmonization
to adopt white line as per SADC-RTSM.
7.3.4 Why Adopt White Solid Line to Prohibit Overtaking

It was recommended above that white lines be adopted by EAC member states for prohibiting
overtaking. Two practical reasons were given: to achieve uniformity within the member states
with regard to this practice and to conform to the practice in SADC countries. The second
reason is motivated by the fact that there is already a move to harmonize the three trading
regions COMESA, EAC and SADC.
From the historical perspective, according Hawakins et al (2002), MUTCD (USA) required the
use of the yellow markings to separate traffic travelling in opposite directions in 1971. However,
USA has been considering the option of using all-white pavement marking system used in most
Chapter 7 page 18

industrialized countries. The technical advantages of using white pavement markings over the
yellow line identified in the report by Hawkins et al (2002) and relevant to our situation included:
i.
ii.
All other factors being equal, white markings have higher retro-reflectivity than yellow
markings, and
Some of the pigments used in yellow markings are difficult to recognize as yellow in
nighttime conditions.
In addition, white markings are cheaper than white markings.

Considering that drivers understand the use of solid line to indicate as prohibitive it will not be
necessary to remove the yellow lines immediately but allow their use till the end of their useful
life when they will be replaced by white marking. Their replacement will therefore be done at no
additional cost.
7.3.5 Marking at Junctions

Guidance on application of marking principles on un-signalized and signalized junctions is
offered in RTSM SADC. We recommend the adoption of the guidance offered by the member
states as this will fill a gap in most member states.
7.3.6 Pavement Marking Materials

General guidance:
Road Paint: Use paint which dry quickly, durable and have good skid resistance.
Thermoplastic: Hot-applied thermoplastic is the preferred marking materials.
Reflectorization: Road markings materials should be reflectorized by the addition of reflecting
glass beads.
Specifications:
Road works specifications in the member states should specify materials that will ensure
durability especially for road with heavy traffic, visibility and good skid resistance.
7.3.7 Road studs

Use of road studs
Some member states have clear regulation on the use of road studs. Because of their cost, road
studs are generally used under the following conditions:
Frequent mist, fog or rain (making it difficult to see the road markings)
Poor visibility due to glare from headlights of oncoming vehicles
Difficult alignment (e.g. roads with many bends, some of which may be hard to see)
Roadside hazards (e.g. reduced carriageway width or limited clearance to obstacles)
Other hazardous sites.
Chapter 7 page 19

It is advisable to use road studs where they may reduce hazard to travellers. The following
guidance should be adopted.
Colour and Spacing
Recommended colour and spacing:
RED for Prohibition
YELLOW for Warning
WHITE for Guidance
The following table shows the recommended spacing of road studs on continuous lines and
dividing line:
Lines
No Overtaking Lines
Edge Lines
Diving Line
Spacing
Rural areas: 24 m
Urban areas: 18 m
Rural areas: 24 m and 50 mm away from the line
Urban areas: 18 m and 50 mm away from the line
Every second gap
The GTS recommended road studs to be aligned with the pavement markings and be placed
between lines for parallel lines and should never be use on transverse markings since they
could undermine vehicles stopping ability and are hazardous to two-wheeled vehicles.
Specifications
Road works specification should specify the standards to be adopted. It should be noted that if
the type of bonding adopted can be undermined by pavement markings then they should not be
installed on top of road markings.
7.3.8 Summary
The use of pavement markings in the member states is generally similar and the minor
differences that exist should be harmonized by conforming to the SADC guide. In this regard
some member states will need to replace the use yellow line to prohibit overtaking in favour of
white line. The details including line width, length of lines and gaps are given above. Since there
are circumstances which may require installation of road studs for better visibility, member
countries should be encouraged to adopt their use.
Chapter 7 page 20
7.4 TRAFFIC SIGNALS

7.4.1 Purpose, Meaning and Use
The purpose of traffic signals is to provide positive control of vehicular and pedestrians at road
junctions, pedestrian crossings, multilane roadways and railway crossings.
The assignment of right of way is by green light illumination while the right of way is denied by a
red signal. Usually an amber (yellow) illumination is shown as a transition from green time to red
time. The meanings of the traffic signal indications under the three colour system described
above and for pedestrian signals are given in Annex 6. Two light system is also in use where
the amber is replaced simultaneous illumination of both the red and green light.
It is highly desirable to ensure uniform usage of traffic signals so that similar traffic conditions
are controlled in a consistent manner. This encourages compliance and achieves higher safety
level. The basis for installation or removal of traffic signals in the member states and their
placement is therefore proposed below.
7.4.2 Basis for Installation or Removal of Traffic Signal

Traffic signal control should only be installed when an engineering study of traffic and roadway
conditions at the intersections confirms that a signal control is warranted. The decision is based
on careful analysis of traffic operations and needs of pedestrians and cyclists at many
signalized and un-signalized road junctions combined with engineering judgement which
resulted in a series of warrants defining minimum conditions under which signalization might be
justified. To ensure uniformity signalized intersections which no longer meet the minimum
conditions should have their signals removed.
It is important for junctions with similar conditions within the EAC to be controlled in the same
way for the interest of uniformity. The requirements for design and installation of traffic signals
set out in the RTSM (SADC) should be adopted by the member states.
7.4.3 Design Principles

Generally signals are used to control traffic at warranted junctions in built-up areas on roads
with speed limit of 50 km/hr. When used on roads with higher speed limits (up to 70 km/hr and
rarely 80 km/hr) advance warning signs are used, visibility should be excellent, all right turning
movements should be fully protected and at least one signal on each high speed approach
should be mounted overhead. The following good practice guidance on the mounting and
positioning of signals at junctions, pedestrian crossings and railway crossings are consistent
Chapter 7 page 21

with the requirements of the member state documents. Where exceptions occur in practice
improvement is recommended.
Location of
the signal
Signals at
junctions
Pedestrian
signals
Signals at
Railway
Crossing
Description
Signal head should be mounted on a post at the side of the road. The clearance of
the signal heads from the road surface should be 2.3 m to 3m.
The signals should be mounted vertically with the red signal at the top, yellow at
the middle and green at the bottom with the lenses protected from direct sunlight
by hoods.
Signal head should not be within 500mm of the kerb face
Signal lens diameter should not be less than 200 millimetres and no more than 300
millimetres.
The unit casing should be painted black or grey and the post should be painted
grey.
Overhead signals clearance height above the road surface not be less than 5.2 m.
Install two signal heads per approach, one on the near side of the junction and
another on the far side.
The distance between the centres of the lenses not to be more than 400
millimetres apart.
Sequence of the lights
i.
Red
ii.
Red and amber/yellow (optional)
iii.
Green
iv.
amber
Signal heads should be visible from at least 80 m for 50 km/hr approaches and
110 m if the traffic speed is more than 50 km/h
The signals should be arranged vertically with the red standing man signal at the
top and the green walking man at the bottom and illuminated separately.
The signal lens diameter should not be less than 200 millimetres and no more than
300 millimetres
Signal head clearance should not be less than 2.1 m and not more than 2.6m.
The signal lens diameter should at least be 200mm
Signal should be positioned within 5 - 10 m of the nearest rail line.
Signal should be mounted at the left hand side of the road or above the
carriageway
There are no major differences in the regulations for operation of traffic signals in the member
states. The meaning of the lights and sequencing are generally consistent and road users can
quickly adapt to the slight differences that exist. However, phasing out of traffic signals based on
only the red and green light (two lights system) is desirable. The installation of two sets of signal
heads per approach, one set on the near side of the approach and the other set at the far side
of the approach is desirable especially on arterial road junctions. It is of utmost importance that
junctions with similar traffic conditions be controlled in a uniform manner in the interest of
consistency and developing respect for traffic signs. Signals should therefore be installed where
an engineering study confirms that their installation is warranted. The process should be guided
by a competent professional on the basis of current best practices.
Chapter 7 page 22
7.5 Traffic Signs for School Zones and Pedestrians with

Special Needs
7.5.1 General
School going children constitute significant proportion of the population of any country and
require specific attention for schools in urban centres or in rural areas where school route
crosses a major road. It is important that similar traffic situations are treated in the same manner
for the interest of uniformity. Generally school crossing are not addressing very specifically in
the existing guides or regulations but their needs are assumed to be met within the existing
framework of road signing.
We recommend that for interest of uniformity schools crossing be managed in similar manner
within the member states. Schools, traffic police and respective road agency should develop a
school route plan consisting of a map showing streets, the school, existing traffic signs, school
routes and crossings. The types of school traffic signs to be used should depend on the volume
and speed of traffic, street width and the age and number of children using the crossing. The
following sections describe road signs, pavement markings, traffic signals, supervised crossing
and grade separation that might be used in school zones. In addition, the use of calming
measures should be carefully considered in areas where driver compliance to school zone
regulatory signs is low.
The practice of developing school route plan, defining school zones and the necessary traffic
signing around schools both in urban and rural areas is recommended for adoption by member
states as means of providing for safety and convenience of school children when walking within
school zones.
7.5.2 Road Signs

School signs shall be place where they will convey their message most effectively without
restricting sight distance or being in danger of being hit by errant vehicles and generally comply
with requirements for regulatory or warning signs.
The following school signs are proposed:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
School advance warning sign

School bus stop ahead
Reduced speed school zone ahead
School speed limit (30 km/hr)
End of school zone
The signs are to be integrated in the regulatory and warning signs schedule.
Chapter 7 page 23
7.5.3 Pavement Markings

The standard pavement markings can be used effectively in the context of a school zone. Word
message may be used to complement mandatory signs or as information. In particular, the word
SCHOOL should be written across a lane(s) between the stop line and the zebra lines of a
crossing within a school zone.
7.5.4 Traffic Signals

Where adequate gaps in traffic stream in a school zone are few the resulting delay may tempt
scholars to endanger themselves by attempting to cross using an insufficient gap in. Under such
circumstances it may be appropriate to consider installation pedestrian signal. The signal may
be installed if an engineering study confirms that there is sufficient justification, for example by
demonstrating that the warrant for installation of school crossing signal according to the MUTCD
is mate.
7.5.5 Supervised Crossing

Supervised crossing is needed where gaps are not sufficient and need to be created by an adult
who is mandated to stop vehicular traffic to allow pedestrians to cross. The following practice is
recommended:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Uniform of the guard: high-visibility retro-reflective safety clothing marked STW (School
Traffic Warden) on the back.
Use of STOP paddle as a hand signaling device.
Selection of school traffic warden shall ensure that people of at least average
intelligence, with sense of responsibility for safety of school children and are respectable
are assigned the responsibility of supervising a school crossing.
The school shall have primary responsibility for the appointment of a school traffic
warden but shall consult with the traffic police and the respective road authority.
The hours that a school crossing needs to be supervised shall be agreed between the
school, traffic police and the respective road authority.
7.5.6 Grade Separated Crossings

A grade separated facility may be appropriate means of physically separating school children
from vehicular traffic. Generally pedestrians prefer to cross at grade and grade separated facility
should be considered when road design type or traffic volume and speed is demonstrated by an
engineering study to favour a grade separation. An over pass is easier to maintain and
supervise than an under pass and therefore should be preferred unless topography is
particularly favourable for an underpass. Grade separated facility may require the use of
barriers to prevent pedestrians from crossing at grade.
7.5.7 Pedestrians with Special Needs

Pedestrians with special needs include the physically challenged road users including those
with poor vision, those who cannot hear and those with impaired mobility capabilities. There is a
need to warn other road users regarding their presence on a particular location so they can
Chapter 7 page 24

exercise extra caution. We recommend including appropriate signs the schedules (regulatory
and warning signs). The provision of audible sound at signalized intersections should be used to
alert those who cannot see the pedestrian signal when it is time to cross. Road design should
include tactile surfaces to alert pedestrians with poor vision regarding the presence of a
crossing facility.
7.6 SIGNING FOR TRAFFIC CALMING

7.6.1 Introduction
The principle goal of traffic calming is to improve traffic safety and the living environment by
moderating traffic behaviour through physical and legislative measures aimed at reducing
vehicle speeds and/or traffic volumes whilst giving due regard to mobility and accessibility
requirements. It has to be borne in mind that the road signs and markings are used when
implementing traffic calming measures and these signs generally fall into the regulatory,
warning and information signs.
There is a great need to harmonize the applications of traffic calming in the members states in
order to do away with the haphazard applications in favour of a systematic approach that
ensures uniformity and the achievement of the intended purpose with due regard to the needs
of all road users and the general public.
7.6.2 Types of Traffic Calming Measures

The types are categorized in terms of measures located at intersections, those located between
intersections and area-wide measures.
Measures located at intersections
Traffic calming measures applied at intersections are primarily aimed at reducing speed into the
road or limiting or removing access movements. These measures are:
Mini-roundabouts;
Raised intersections;
Intersection diverters;
Street closures;
Intersection narrowing.
Measures located between intersections
The objective of traffic calming measures applied between intersections is to reduce vehicle
speeds. The commonly used calming measures include:
Speed humps/tables;
Chapter 7 page 25
Chicanes, pinch points or chokers;

Rumble strips;
Carriageway narrowing;
Pedestrian crossing table;
Area-wide measures
Area-wide measures include the following applications of traffic calming:
The Woonerf this means shared space which is a concept rather than a specific
traffic calming measure.
More traditional general treatment such as one way systems: the systems are applied to
eliminate through traffic movements and to reduce vehicle speeds.
7.6.3 Planning for Traffic Calming

Traffic Calming Objectives and Planning Overview
In achieving the goal of traffic calming measures as defined above, the objective is not to
exclude traffic but rather to manage and moderate its behavior by ensuring no significant
reduction of accessibility and mobility of pedestrians. To address the problem associated with
the introduction of traffic calming measures, there is a need to identify planning aspects which
need to be considered when considering the introduction of the traffic calming concept and
ensure appropriate study work is undertaken prior to considering their introduction.
Traffic Calming Study Requirements
To evaluate and conclude whether the requests from residential groups for implementation of
traffic calming measures are justified or unjustified, there is a need to ensure that a proper and
sufficiently comprehensive traffic/transport study is undertaken.
Public Involvement
To have a good point for implementation of traffic calming measures, the involvement of public
is necessary as are the residents who know or have knowledge of their area, in terms of its
traffic issues and bring concepts of problem area to the study team. In identifying who should be
included in the public involvement, the following proposed list may assist in the identification of
potential role players:
Neighbourhood resident groups/associations;
Adjacent resident groups/associations;
Local Authority within which the neighbourhood is situated;
Adjacent Local Authorities;
National Road Authority when applicable;
Representation from Emergency Services;
Representation from the business sector, commerce and industry etc. when applicable;
Representation from the private transport sector and from the authorities, operators and
users of other transport modes if applicable.
Chapter 7 page 26
Study Requirements
Before introducing traffic calming measures, studies must be undertaken which will address and
where applicable, collect reliable information on:
The precise concerns of residents (through traffic, speed, noise, accidents etc);
The magnitude of the problem;
The origins and destinations of the external traffic;
An examination and analysis of the roads at the correct location;
Travel times through the residential neighbourhood;
The identification of other routes/roads which have the potential to be impacted should
traffic calming measures be introduced;
The implications on residents should traffic calming measures be introduced;
The implication beyond the bounds of one neighbourhood;
Emergency vehicle access requirements;
Public transport implications.
7.6.4 Traffic Calming Sign Applications

Although road traffic signs related to traffic calming for example speed hump are prescribed in
the Road Traffic Act and many other regulatory, warning and information signs and marking of
the member states, which can be utilized when introducing traffic calming measures, however
there is a need to prescribe the additional traffic calming related signs. The table below presents
the checklist when the need for implementation of roundabouts, speed humps, chicanes/pinch
points and raised intersections is under consideration:
Type of Traffic Calming Measure
Mini-roundabout
Speed Humps
Chicanes or Pinch Points
checklists
Is any mini-roundabout in the area difficult to see,
either by day or by night?
Is the use of retroreflective road studs advisable?
Does street lighting exist in the area?
Is the speed hump an isolated one or part of an
area traffic calming treatment?
Is the speed hump part of a traffic calming
treatment involving a range of different traffic
calming measures?
Is the speed hump a flat top hump which is used
as a pedestrian crossing?
Are peak hour traffic volumes under 600 vehicles
per hour?
Is the area adequately illuminated?
Is the road used by public transport vehicles or a
significant percentage of heavy goods vehicles?
Is operation to be one-way or two-way?
Chapter 7 page 27

Raised Intersections
-
Are chicanes to be landscaped?

Are diagrammatic signs required to assist
awareness?
Is the junction signalized or not?
Are additional measures necessary to control
pedestrians?
Can the vertical height of the plateau be made
clearly visible to drivers?
From the answers to the questions the need for additional signing can be determined. From the
point of view of traffic signing it is important that the road users be made aware of the measures
and the measures be made visible to the road users at a sufficient distance to allow proper and
safe response.
There is also a need to standardize the design of the physical devices used for traffic calming.
7.7 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR APPROVED CHANGES

The following conditions and approach to the implementation of those recommendations that
shall be approved is suggested:
i.
Each member state is to develop and publish its road traffic signs manual and up-dated
highway code based on what was agreed,
ii.
Member states be allowed to maintain in their manuals road signs peculiar to their own
countrys usage and most appropriate language provided that such signs shall not
constitute violation of the adopted uniform schedules,
iii.
The new manual be followed in all new and rehabilitation projects and in the course of
maintenance of road signs and markings,
iv.
The new manual be followed as soon as practicable for all regional routes,
v.
Areas recognized and preserved as historical/heritage sites be exempt from all proposed
changes (e.g. Mji Mkogwe Zanzibar), and
vi.
Each member state is to ensure that training of drivers is done using the approved road
signs schedule and an effective awareness campaign to inform road users regarding the
changes is effectively implemented.
This plan is appropriate considering that most of the changes proposed are to enhance the
visibility of signs on roads with higher design standards and expansion of the signs schedules.
Chapter 7 page 28
Bibliography / References
FHWA, ATSSA, AASHTO and ITE (2003). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control devices for Streets
and Highways 2003 edition
Hawkins HG Jr. Parham AH and Womack KN (2002) Feasibility Study for an All-White
Pavement Marking System, NCHRP Report 484, TRB Washington DC, www.TRB.org
Kenya Traffic Act (CAP 403 Laws of Kenya) Traffic Signs Regulations (Revision of 2009)
RoR (2003) Rwanda Traffic Laws (Decree)
RoU (2006) Sheria za Barabarani, The Kiswahili Highway Code, Ministry of Works, Housing and
Communication
SADC (1997) Road traffic signs Manual, Third Edition
URT - MoID (2009). A Guide to Traffic Signing
Chapter 7 page 29
Annexes
ANNEX 1: REGULATORY SIGNS SCHEDULE .......................................................................................................... 30

ANNEX 2: W ARNING SIGNS SCHEDULE................................................................................................................. 41
ANNEX 3: GUIDANCE SIGNS SCHEDULE ............................................................................................................... 52
ANNEX 4: INFORMATION SIGNS SCHEDULE .......................................................................................................... 54
ANNEX 5: PAVEMENT MARKINGS SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................ 56
ANNEX 6: MEANING OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL INDICATIONS.......................................................................................... 60
Chapter 7 page 30
Stop
2.
Yield / Give Way
3.
No Entry
4.
No Overtaking
5.
End of Restriction
6.
No entry for motor

cars
7.
No entry for Goods

Vehicles
Remark
Uganda
1.
URT
Brief Description
Rwanda
Sign
Kenya
S/N
Burundi
Annex 1: Regulatory Signs Schedule
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Chapter 7 page 31
8.
No Entry for Cyclists
9.
No Entry for
Pedestrians
10.
No Entry for
Motorcycles
11.
No entry to any Motor

Vehicle
12.
No Left Turn Ahead
13.
No U turn
14.
No Right Turn Ahead
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Rwanda to
adopt
Chapter 7 page 32
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
No Excessive Noise
Length Limit
Speed Limit
End of Speed Limit

Restriction
Mass Limit
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
20.
21.
22.
Height Limit
Width Limit
Axle Load Limit

(single axle)
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Chapter 7 page 33
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
No Parking
No Stopping
Proceed Straight Only
Keep Left
Keep Right
Proceed Left Only
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
The sign is used to

notify drivers that they
must follow the
direction indicated on
the sign.
29.
Proceed Right Only
Uniform
Chapter 7 page 34
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Turn Right Ahead
Turn Left Ahead
Cyclists Only
(Foot path for)

Pedestrians Only
Roundabout
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
Uniform
(For countries driving on

the right arrows point the
other way)
35.
Give Way to
Oncoming Traffic
Uniform
Chapter 7 page 35
36.
No entry for Buses
37.
Road Closed to all

Vehicles in both
Directions
38.
Kenya and
Rwanda to
adopt
No entry
sign in use
in all
countries is
adequate
Trucks not allowed to

overtake
URT to
adopt
39.
No entry for animal

drawn Vehicles
URT to
adopt
40.
No entry for
agricultural vehicles
URT to
adopt
41.
No entry for
handcarts
Uganda
and URT to
adopt
Chapter 7 page 36

42.
Direction to be
followed Straight on
or Turn to the Right
43.
Direction to be
followed Straight on
or Turn to the Left
44.
Direction to be
followed Turn to the
Right or to the Left
45.
Compulsory track for

Riders of Horseback
vehicles prohibited
46
Uganda
and URT
may adopt
Others to
adopt
Others to
adopt
Bogie Weight Limit
47
No Taxis
48
Parking
Equivalent
to NO right
turn.
URT may
adopt
Equivalent
to No Entry
sign for the
road ahead
Others
may adopt
Equivalent
to NO Left
turn.
URT may
adopt
Others to
adopt
Chapter 7 page 37

R305-P
49
Area Reserved for

Buses
Others to
adopt
R301
50
Bus Parking Area
Others to
adopt
Bus lane
Others to
adopt
Start of Bus lane
Others to
adopt
Bicycle Lane
Others to
adopt
Parking Area for Taxis
Others to
adopt
R301
52
R302
53
R303
54
R304
55
R309-P
Chapter 7 page 38
56
Parking Area for

Minibuses
Others to
adopt
R310-P
57
Area Reserved for

Minibuses
Others to
adopt
R310
58
Area Reserved for Use

by Goods Vehicles
Others to
adopt
R313
59
Parking for Goods

Vehicles
Others to
adopt
R313-P
60
Area Reserved for Use

by Delivery Vehicles
Others to
adopt
R312
61
Further Addition
to the Regulatory
Signs Schedule
These are expected as the network is modernized to cope with growing traffic
demand. Partner states need to agree to adopt from SADC-RTSM additions to
their regulatory road traffic sign schedule.
Chapter 7 page 39
Chapter 7 page 40
Annex 2: Warning Signs Schedule
5.
Crossroad on Priority Road
Uniform
Side Road Junction (Left)
Uniform
Side Road Junction (Right)
Uniform
Sharp Junction (Left)
Uganda to adopt
Sharp Junction (Right)
Uganda to adopt
Remark
Uganda
4.
Tanzania
(URT)
3.
Rwanda
2.
Description
Kenya
1.
Sign
Burundi
S/No.
Chapter 7 page 41

6.
Roundabout
Uniform
(For countries driving on the

right the arrows point the other
way)
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Sharp Curve (Right)
Rwanda to adopt
Sharp Curve (Left)
Rwanda to adopt
Combined Curves (Right

Left)
Uniform
Combined Curves (Left

Right)
Uniform
Two Way Traffic
Uniform
Traffic Signals
Uniform
Chapter 7 page 42

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Pedestrian Crossing
Uniform
Children
Uniform
Cyclists
Uniform
Domestic Animals
Uniform
Wild Animals
Uniform
Railway Crossing
Uniform
Steep Descent
Uniform
Chapter 7 page 43

20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Steep Ascent
Uniform
Road Narrows Both Sides
Uniform
Road Narrows From Right

Side
Uniform
Road Narrows From Left Side
Uniform
Uneven Roadway
Uniform
Speed Humps
Rwanda to adopt
Chapter 7 page 44

26.
Slippery Road
Uniform
Falling Rocks (From Right)
Uniform
Falling Rocks (From Left)
Uniform
Loose Stones
Uniform
General Warning
Uniform
Jetty Edge or River Bank or

ferry berth
Uniform
27.
28.
29.
W 336
30.
31.
Chapter 7 page 45

32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Drift
Low Flying Aircraft
Railway Crossing
Rwanda to adopt
Uniform
Uniform
Railway Crossing (more than

one track)
Sharp Curve Chevron (single)

(To the Right)
Rwanda to adopt
Sharp Curve Chevron (single)

(To the Left)
Rwanda to adopt
Sharp Curve Chevron (Triple)

(To the Right)
Kenya to adopt
Uniform
Chapter 7 page 46

39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Sharp Curve Chevron (Triple)

(To the Left)
Rwanda to adopt
Skew T - Junction (Right)
Others may
adopt
Skew T- Junction (Left)
Others may
adopt
Staggered Junctions (RightLeft)
Kenya may adopt
Staggered Junctions (LeftRight)
Kenya may adopt
Sharp Junction (Half left)
Others may
adopt
Sharp Junction (Half Right)
Others may
adopt
Chapter 7 page 47

46.
47.
48.
Y-Junction
Kenya may adopt
End of Dual Roadway (To

Right)
Kenya and
Rwanda to adopt
End of Dual Roadway

(Straight on)
Kenya and
Rwanda to adopt
Start of Dual Roadway

(Straight on)
Kenya and
Rwanda to adopt
Start of Dual Roadway (To

Left)
Kenya and
Rwanda to adopt
49.
50.
51.
52.
Gentle Curve ( Right)
Kenya may adopt
Gentle Curve (Left)
Kenya may adopt
Chapter 7 page 48

53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
Hairpin Bend (Right)
Hairpin Bend (Left)
Others may
adopt
Winding Road (Right Left)
Kenya may adopt
Winding Road (Left Right)
Kenya may adopt
Two Way Traffic Crossroad
Others to adopt
Traffic Control "Stop" Ahead
Others to adopt
Traffic Control "Yield" Ahead
Others to adopt
Chapter 7 page 49

60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
Pedestrians
Others may
adopt
Tunnel
Others to adopt
Height Restricted
Length Restricted
Narrow Bridge
One Vehicle Width Structure
Crosswinds
Others to adopt
Others to adopt
Others to adopt
Others to adopt
Kenya to adopt
Chapter 7 page 50

67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
Agricultural Vehicles
Traffic Queue
Others to adopt
Width Restriction
Others to adopt
T-junction Chevron
Road Works
Others to adopt
Edge Drop
Others to adopt
Road Crash
Others to adopt
Others to adopt
Others to adopt
T
W 336
72
TW 339
73
T
W 353
Chapter 7 page 51

74
Stop/go Control Ahead
Others to adopt
T
W 343
75
1) Other SADC - RTSM warning signs including Overhead danger (W415), Delineators (D3) and
Traffic Cones and Drums (TD4) should be adopted.
2) The schedule may be extended in future by adopting additional signs consistent with SADCRTSM
Annex 3: Guidance Signs Schedule
1.
Workshop / Garage
Filling Station
Restaurant
Remark
Uganda
Tanzania
(URT)
Description
Rwanda
Sign
Kenya
SN
Burundi
Note: Colour of the background should be changed to conform to SADC-RTSM colour

code
Kenya to adopt,
GFS B2-1
2.
GFS B2-1
3.
GFS B4-1
Chapter 7 page 52
4.
Refreshments
Refreshments
Parking
Facility for the

handicapped
SADC sign.
Shall be used
with Sn. 4 above
GFS B4-2
8.
Others to adopt
GFS B5-1
9.
Others to adopt
GFS B5-9
10.
Rest Area
11
Toilets
Others to adopt
Others to adopt
GFS B5-2
Information Centre
12
Others to adopt
IN12
Chapter 7 page 53
13
Rest and Service Area
Others to adopt
Take Away
Others to adopt
GFS B6-3
14
GFS B4-3
15
Truck rest and service

area
River Name
Picnic area
Facility for the

physically challenged
GFS B3-1
16
Others to adopt
GL4
17
Others to adopt
GFS B5-7
18
Others to adopt
GFS B5-9
19
Adopt SADC-RTSM Guidance scheme for:

Location GL*
Place and River names
Direction GD*
Direction signs before and at junctions
Tourism GF*
Directions to tourist attractions, services and facilities
Local Direction GDL*
Direction signs for minor, local destinations in urban areas
Diagrammatic GS*
Signs warning of changes in road layout ahead (e.g. start and finish of
climbing lanes)
*Sign number prefix
Chapter 7 page 54
Annex 4: Information Signs Schedule
1.
No Through
Road (Cul-desac)
Uganda
Description
Tanzania
(URT)
Sign
Rwanda
S/N
Kenya
Typical examples of information signs proposed minimum schedule.

More signs may be adopted from the SADC-RTSM
Note: SN 1 to 3 Colour of the background should be changed to green to conform
to SADC-RTSM
Burundi
IN4
2.
No Through
Road (Cul-desac) Right Side
No Through
Road (Cul-desac) Left Side
IN5
3.
IN6
4.
IN11.568
5.
IN11.1
6.
IN11.2
Example of
supplementary
plate for vehicle
class
Example of
Supplementary
Plate - Advisory
Speed
Example:
Supplementary
Plate - Distance
For
Chapter 7 page 55
7.
IN11.3
8.
IN11.4
9.
Example:
Supplementary
Plate Distance
To
Example:
Supplementary
Plate Text
Message
IN11.502: Arrow
Left
IN11.502
10
IN11.503 Arrow
Right
Oncoming vehicle
are required to give
way
IN20
11
Bus Stop Ahead
IN16
Chapter 7 page 56
Annex 5: Pavement Markings Schedule

S/No.
Pavement Marking
1.
Direction and Recommendation for Use

Lane Direction Arrow (ahead)
The arrow shall indicate the direction the
vehicles should continue with.
WM7.3
2.
Lane Direction Arrow left/right

The arrow shall reflect the direction vehicles
shall turn from the lane.
WM7.1
3.
Lane Direction Arrow (ahead and left or

ahead and right)
A combined arrow, not less than 3 metres
and not greater than 7.5 metres in length.
The arrow shall reflect the direction vehicles
are permitted to turn from the lane.
WM7.2
4.
Word Marking
Stop/Bus/Taxi/Slow Down
The word STOP/BUS/TAXI or any other
word as may be used in letters elongated in
the direction of traffic movement.
GM7
5.
The marking is emphasizing the obligation

to stop or exclusive for buses, taxi and so
forth.
Lane Line
The lane line separates traffics travelling in
the same direction.
Chapter 7 page 57

GM1
6.
Dividing Line
This line is used to separate traffic moving
in opposite directions.
WM3
7.
Traffic shall keep to the left of such line and

shall cross it only for the purpose of
overtaking another vehicle or making a right
turn into another roadway.
No Overtaking Line
This imposes a mandatory requirement that
drivers keep to the left of the line unless
they are turning into or out of a side access.
RM1
8.
Channelizing Line (do not cross)

The lane line separates lanes of traffic
traveling in the same direction.
RM3
9.
Continuity Line
WM2
10.
Traffic shall keep within lane margins and

shall only cross into another lane to comply
with any other traffic sign or signal, or when
it is safe to do so having regard to prevailing
traffic conditions.
No Crossing Lines.
RM2
11.
The Channelizing line should be applied if

the carriageway is divided into two or more
lanes for travel in the same direction and
traffic is not allowed to change lanes.
Where centre lines are installed, prohibition

of overtaking shall be indicated by a
continuous line in the direction that
overtaking is prohibited. Two continuous
lines shall indicate prohibition of overtaking
in both directions.
Left Edge Line / Right Edge Line
The line shall mean that vehicles should
keep to the right or left of the line and not
cross or straddle the line.
Chapter 7 page 58

12.
Stop Line
Traffic shall stop at such line and, before
continuing, ascertain that there is no
oncoming traffic near enough to cause
danger or an accident.
RTM1
13.
Give Way Line.

Traffic shall, if necessary, stop at such line
and yield the right of way to any traffic
approaching from another roadway and
before continuing ascertains that there is no
oncoming traffic near enough to cause
danger or an accident.
RTM2
14.
Pedestrian Crossing (zebra) markings.

All traffic shall stop at the stop lines as
described if there is a pedestrian crossing
the road on the pedestrian crossing.
(RTM4 in SADC-RTSM uses yield line
instead of stop line commonly used in EAC
member states)
RTM4
15.
Channelizing Island Do not drive over the

marking except in emergency
RTM5.2
16.

Chapter 7 page 59

RTM5.1
17.

RTM5.3
18.
Parking Bays
RTM6
19.
Exclusive Lane Line

Plus Word Marking
RTM9
20.
Box Junction
(Do not enter unless the exit is clear)
RTM10
21.
Exclusive Use Lane Symbol

RM17.1 Bicycle
RM17.2 - Bus
RM17.1
22
More road markings should be adopted from the SADC-RTSM to meet the current needs of
the member states
Chapter 7 page 60
Annex 6: Traffic Signal Indications in Use and their Meaning

S/No.
1.
Indication
Meaning
Steady Green signal
Traffic, except pedestrians, facing a CIRCULAR GREEN
(S1) or GREEN ARROW signal indication (S2, S3, S4)
may proceed straight through or turn right or left except as
such movement is modified by lane-use signs (for
example S1B sign for bus use lane), turn prohibition signs,
lane markings, or roadway design.
2.
Steady Yellow signal

Traffic, except pedestrians, facing a steady CIRCULAR
YELLOW or YELLOW ARROW signal indication is thereby
warned that the related green movement is being
terminated or that a red signal indication will be exhibited
immediately thereafter when vehicular traffic shall not
enter the intersection.
3.
Steady Red signal

Vehicular traffic facing a steady CIRCULAR RED signal
indication alone shall stop at a clearly marked stop line,
but if there is no stop line, traffic shall stop before entering
the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection; or if
there is no crosswalk, then before entering the
intersection, and shall remain stopped until a signal
indication to proceed is shown.
4.
Flashing signal
Flashing Yellow - When a YELLOW LENS is illuminated
with rapid intermittent flashes, vehicular traffic may
proceed through the intersection or past such signal
Chapter 7 page 61

indication only with caution.
Flashing red - When a red lens is illuminated with rapid
intermittent flashes, vehicular traffic shall stop at a clearlymarked stop line; but if there is no stop line, traffic shall
stop before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the
intersection; or if there is no crosswalk, at the point
nearest the intersecting roadway where the driver has a
view of approaching traffic on the intersecting roadway
before entering the intersection.
5.
Steady Arrows
When a left-turn green arrow is shown with a red light,

you may turn left from the left-turn lane.(S3)
When a right-turn green arrow is shown with a red

light, you may turn right from the right-turn lane (S2)
When a straight-through (green-arrow-up) green

arrow is shown with a red light, you may enter the
intersection from the straight-through lane (S4)
After the Right/left-turn or up green arrow, a yellow arrow

may appear. This means the green light is about to appear
for traffic in both directions. Do not start your left turn. Stop
if you can do so safely; otherwise, complete your
manoeuvre with caution.
6.
Steady Red Pedestrian Figure

This is displayed to warn pedestrians not to step out onto
Chapter 7 page 62

the road and should wait by the kerb.
7.
Green Walking Pedestrian Figure
This is displayed to pedestrians to indicate to them that

after checking that it is safe, they may cross the road.
8.
Flashing Red Pedestrian Figure
This is displayed to warn pedestrians not to step out onto

the road and should wait by the kerb, but should finish
crossing when already on the road.
Chapter 7 page 63

Chapter 7 - Traffic Signs, Markings and Signals

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Chapter 7 - Traffic Signs, Markings and Signals

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PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

Thematic Area No.1

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

7.4 TRAFFIC SIGNALS............................................................................................................................................ 21

PURPOSE, MEANING AND USE ..................................................................................................................... 21

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

PEDESTRIANS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS ............................................................................................................... 24

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

7.2 ROAD SIGNS

7.2.1 Placement and Mounting of Road Signs

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

7.2.2 Regulatory Signs

Sign numbers in the

Placement and Sizes

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

7.2.3 Warning Signs

Proposed Sign numbers

Supplementary plates may be used underneath the primary sign.

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

Proposed Sign numbers

Placement and Sizes

Schedule of Warning Signs

7.2.4 Guidance Signs

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

Place names, river names

Proposed sign number

Direction Signs Types and Placement

Confirmation signs (GD3)

Distance of sign from

Sizes and design principles

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

7.2.5 Information Signs

Schedule of information signs

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

7.2.6 Signing at Road Works

7.2.7 Traffic Sign Materials and Manufacture

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

7.2.8 Road Signs Management

7.3 PAVEMENT MARKINGS

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

7.3.2 Design Principles and Sizes

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

PREPARATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN TRANSPORT FACILITATION STRATEGY

Zig zag Zone

7.3.3 No Overtaking Lines and Pavement Marking Schedule