6.

2 Basic concept of measurement and statistical tools

Typically, when one hears the term measurement, they may think in terms of measuring
the length of something (ie. the length of a piece of wood) or measuring an amount of
something (ie. A measure of flour). This speaks to a restricted utilization of the term
estimation. In insights, the term measurement is utilized all the more extensively and is more
properly termed scales of measurement. Scales of measurement refer to courses in which
variables/numbers are characterized

also, sorted. Every size of estimation has notable

properties which thus decides the suitability for utilization of certain measurable
examinations.
Measurement is essential to figure out if changes that are accepted to prompt
enhancements in quality do indeed result in improvement. Data and measurement is required
for:

To plan for improvement

For testing changes
For tracking compliance
For determining outcomes
For monitoring long term progress
To make improvement visible and tell an improvement story

There are 3 types of measures used in quality work:

Structure: Physical equipment and facilities
Process: How the system works
Outcome: The final product, results
Qualitative and quantitative data
Numbers are quantitative information, and classifications or sorts of something are
subjective information (despite the fact that numbers in classes are quantitative). Stories are
additionally subjective information yet we don't frequently measure things utilizing stories, in
spite of the fact that they are an intense method for representing where open doors for
development lie.
It is conceivable to change over subjective information to quantitative information (a
number) by requesting that individuals express a conclusion on an announcement utilizing a
rating scale.

Attribute and continuous data

Another method for grouping information is by separation into attribute or continuous
data. This qualification is essential when selecting Statistical Process Control diagrams.
Attritube data can be subdivided into grouping information and check information.
Commonly seen classifications are good/bad, acceptable/ unacceptable, defective/nondefective or compliant/ non-compliant (with a protocol). Counts are often numbers of defects
(e.g. falls or errors - where there can be more than one per person or item). They differ from
classification because for classification it either is or it isn't. Measures involving percentages
or rates are usually attribute data (based on classification and counts respectively). Consistent
(or variables) information is the place something is constantly measured (utilizing an interim
scale; and could have portions). For instance time taken, length or temperature. Where
administration volume information (quantities of patients, tests and so forth.) is gathered this
is additionally viewed as persistent information.
It can be helpful to think of the measurement activities in an improvement project as a
journey:

Statistical Process Control (SPC) is an industry standard methodology that be used for
measuring and controlling the quality of product during the manufacturing process.
According to Montgomery (2005),Statistical tools can be helpful in developing activities

previous to manufacturing ,in measuring process variability, in analyzing this variability

relative to product requirements or specifications and in eliminating or greatly reducing
variability in process, Quality data in form of product measurement is obtained in real time of
manufacturing. Next, this data will be plotted on graph or others tools with pre-determined
control limits. Control limit are determined by the capability of the process, whereas
specification limits are determined by the clients needs. In statistical process control,
numbers and information will form the basis for the decisions

and will provide the

framework for recording data. figure 1 shows a set of tools which may be applied to interpret

the data.

Figure 1: set of tools used to interpret data