Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 21 (8): 1401-1409, 2014

ISSN 1990-9233
IDOSI Publications, 2014
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2014.21.08.84223

Anti-Pesticidal Effects of Ginger Oil Extract on the

Body Mechanism of Male Albino Rats (Wistar Strain)
1

Ashade Olufemi Olukayode and 2Joseph Alphonsus Mamza

Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Biological Science,

Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos - Nigeria
2
Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Science,
Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos - Nigeria

Abstract: The unrelenting drive to providing organic solution to inorganically created problem prompted
this research. Chlopyrifos, classic broad based spectrum pesticide and suppressant, ginger oil were used
for the study with Wistar albino rats as experimental animals. Research was carried out to analyze the efficacy
of ginger oil to reduce the effects of pesticides in the system of an organism. One hundred and eight (108)
Wistar albino rats weighing (140g -165g) were used. Rats were acclimatized for two weeks and grouped into 4
rats in triplicates for each concentration. Group A served as the control, B in subgroups B1, B2 and B3
containing rats administered with 1.0ml/75mg/kg, 1.0ml/110mg/kg and 1.0/147mg/kg respectively.While C1, C2
and C3 represents 1.0ml/75mg/kg with 0.5/ginger oil, 1.0ml/110mg/kg with 0.5ml ginger oil and 1.0ml/147mg/kg
with 0.5ml/ginger oil respectively. Administration of Chlorpyrifos lasted 14 days and treatment with ginger oil
lasted for 14 days post Chlorpyrifos administration at 3 days interval. Average weights were recorded. Rats
were sacrificed and blood samples collected for liver function, lipid profile and renal function tests.
Histopathology studies of the liver and kidney was conducted as well. Results revealed some decrease in ALT,
ALP and ASP in B1, B2 and B3 groups. Mild improvement in C1, C2 and C3 groups were however recorded. There
was graded reduction in albumin level despite increased creatinine and urea levels in treatment groups C1, C2
and C3 compared with the control group (A). Decreased total cholesterol level with corresponding HDL was
observed. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the observed parameters in pesticide and ginger
oil treated groups compared to control. Moderate oedema within the glomeruli and tubule was observed in C1
while relatively massive glomeruli oedema seen in C3. Hepatocytes appeared normal in liver with ginger oil
treatment. In all, ginger oil was found to have a moderately suppressive effects on pesticides compromised
tissues.
Key words: Ginger Oil

Chlorpyrifos

Liver

Glomeruli

INTRODUCTION
The clarion call for the use of medicinal plants to
suppress to a large extent or perhaps knock off toxicity
stimulated this study. Most of these plants have been
used indiscriminately by many local populations for
managing various diseased states without actually
knowing how relief is brought about or its safety risks.
Pesticides hold a unique position among environmental

contaminants, hence constitutes major public and

scientific concern. Chlorpyrifos is a colorless to white
crystalline solid with mercaptan odor. It is a broadspectrum insecticide belonging to organo-phosphate
family with great effects on the nervous system of target
organisms and non target organisms alike.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has attracted a wide
usage in recent years. Ginger can be consumed as a fresh
or dried root and it's often prepared in tea, soft drinks and

Corresponding Author: Ashade Olufemi Olukayode, Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Biological Science,
Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos -Nigeria.

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bread. Ginger might be useful as a potential anti-tumor

agent [1]. Oil from the rhizome (Zingiber officinale) could
be useful in preventing chemical hazards to health and
economy their toxicology must be adequately and
continuously studied.
Aim: To investigate the effects of ginger oil extract in
pesticide laden tissues of albino rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fresh ginger rhizomes were purchased from
Oyingbo market, Lagos, Nigeria. The rhizomes were
transported to Environmental Biology Laboratory,
Yaba College of Technology. The rhizomes were washed
with distilled water, cut into pieces and sun dried for
5 days.
The powdered material (ginger) was extracted with
double-distilled water by the hot continuous percolation
method in a Soxhlet apparatus. The extract was
evaporated to dryness under vacuum and over dried in a
vacuum desiccator to obtain a residue (Adopted by
Yogesh et al 2013)[2]
Experimental Animals: One hundred and eight males of
Wistar strain albino rats weighing average weight of
140g 165g were used for this experiment. They were
procured from the laboratory animal house of Lagos
University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi araba, Lagos,
Nigeria.
The experiment was largely carried out in the animal
house, Biological Science Department, Yaba College of
Technology. All the animals were acclimatized for two
weeks. Weekly weights were taken covering two weeks of
acclimatization and four weeks of experimentation.
Experimental Process: After two weeks of
acclimatization, the rats were divided into three groups A,
B and C representing the control, pesticide administered
and pesticide + ginger oil administer groups respectively.
Groups B and C were divided into three subgroups
depending on concentrations with each in triplicates of
4 rats.

Group B -- Contains subgroups B1, B2 and B3

-- B1 was administered with 1.0ml of 75mg/kg
chlorpyrifos orally for 4 weeks
-- B2 was administered with 1.0ml of 110mg/kg
chlorpyrifos orally for 4weeks.
-- B3was given 1.0ml of 147mg/kg chlorpyrifos
orally for 4weeks.
Group C -- Contains subgroups C1, C2 and C3
-- C1 was administered with 1.0ml of
75mg/kg chlorpyrifos for 14 days after
which 0.5ml of ginger
oil was
administered every 3days for subsequent
other 14 days.
-- C 2
was
given 1.0ml of 110mg/kg
chlorpyrifos for 14 days after which 0.5ml of
ginger oil was administered every 3days for
subsequent other 14 days.
-- C3 was given 1.0ml of 147mg/kg chlorpyrifos
for 14 days after which 0.5ml of ginger oil
administered every 3days for subsequent
other 14 days.
Sample
Collection:
Anesthetic
and
surgical
considerations were considered. After 4 weeks,
blood was collected from rats in each sub-group for
liver function using method as adopted by
Imafidon and Okunrobo (2012) [3]. Renal function
test using method adopted by Taofeeq et al., (2010)
[4] while lipid profile using method adopted by
Maruthappan and Shree (2010) [5]. Liver and kidney were
collected also in each subgroup for histopathology
examination.
Histophathological Protocol:
Preparation of tissue for microtomy involved
(1) Cutting up (2) Tissue processing (3) Embedding was
done by Haematoxylin ad Eosin technique as adopted by
(Momoh et al., 2012)[6]
RESULTS

Grouping

Chemistry Analysis
Urea and Glutamate: There was significant (P<0.05)
decrease in both the urea and creatinine levels when
compared with the control group.

Group A -- Control group with 12 rats fed with normal

rat feed and water for 28 days.

Histopathology Results
Kidney
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Plate 1: Kidney control: Normal appearing glomeruli and tubules

Plate 2: Kidney of albino rat infected with 1ml of 147mg/kg chlorpyrifos pesticide
There is acute tubular necrosis with sloughing of tubules epithelial lining. Glomeruli still intact
Moderate eodema within the glomeruli. The tubules are intact

Plate 3: Kidney of albino rat infected with 1.0ml of 75mg/kg and 0.5ml of ginger oil
There are some congestion, tubules and glomeruli is intact

Plate 4: Kidney of albino rat infected with 1.0ml of 110mg/kg and 0.5ml of ginger oil
Tubules and glomerulii still intact. Some eodema
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Plate 5: Kidney of albino rat infected with 1ml of 147mg/kg and 0.5ml of ginger oil
LIVER

Plate 6: Liver control

Moderate lymphocytes in the portal tract. Hepatocytes appear normal.

Plate 7: Liver of albino rat infected with 1.0ml of 75mg/kg and 0.5ml ginger oil
Moderate lymphocytes with minimal congestion in the portal tract. Hepatocytes appear normal

Plate 8: Liver of albino rat infected with 1.0ml of 110mg/kg and 0.5ml ginger oil
Normal appearing hepatocyte with minimally expanded portal tract. There are few lymphocytes in the portal tract
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Plate 9: Liver of albino rat infected with 1ml of 147mg/kg and 0.5ml of ginger oil
Reduced lymphocytes
Table 1: Liver function tests of albino rat exposed to only chlorpyrifos pesticide
AST (U/L)

Control

B1

B2

B3

208.55.61

108.24.99 *

97.94.12 * #

86.44.09 *#

ALT (U/L)

65.82.10

14.63.06 *

12.81.95 *

10.32.06 *

ALP (U/L)

111.64.97

103.35.13 *

101.53.88 *

92.83.32 *#

*=p<0.05 when compared with control group

#=p<0.05 when compared with B1 group
=p<0.05 when compared with B2 group
Table 2: Renal function tests of albino rat exposed to only chlorpyrifos pesticide
Creatinine(mmol/L)

Control

B1

B2

B3

49.861.56

25.142.36 *

26.281.19 *

28.921.79 *

Urea ((mmol/L)

8.71.01

5.91.55 *

5.31.00 *

3.91.07 * #

Glut (mmol/L)

4.60.73

4.30.23

4.20.21

3.90.16 * #

ALB (g/L)

44.12.89

38.21.77 *

37.61.03 *

36.92.67 *

*=p<0.05 when compared with control group

#=p<0.05 when compared with B1 group
=p<0.05 when compared with B2 group
Table 3: Lipid profile tests of albino rat exposed to only chlorpyrifos pesticide
Control

B1

B2

B3

HDL (mmol/L)

1.00.05

1.10.03 *

1.20.03 * #

1.10.02 *

LDL (mmol/L)

0.60.03

0.380.02 *

0.10.01 * #

0.140.01 * #

CHOL (mmol/L)

1.860.07

1.630.04 *

1.240.04 * #

1.320.03 * #

TG (mmol/L)

0.580.01

0.340.01 *

0.210.01 * #

0.180.02 * #

*=P<0.05 when compared with control group

#=p<0.05 when compared with B1 group
=p<0.05 when compared with B2 group
Table 4: Liver function tests of albino rat exposed to both chlorpyrifos pesticide & ginger oil
Control

C1

C2

C3

AST (u/L)

208.55.61

165.72.74 *

183.72.09 * #

208.22.58 #

ALT (u/L)

65.82.10

22.01.23 *

83.02.18 *#

143.92.22 *#

ALP (u/L)

111.64.97

250.03.47 *

156.22.16 * #

173.42.72 *#

*=P<0.05 when compared with control group

#=p<0.05 when compared with c1 group
=p<0.05 when compared with c2 group

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Table 5: Renal function tests of albino rat exposed to both chlorpyrifos pesticide & ginger oil
Creatinine (mmol/L)
Urea (mmol/L)
Glut (mmol/L)
ALB (g/L)

Control

C1

C2

C3

49.861.56
8.71.01
4.60.73
44.12.89

40.892.00*
6.31.20
4.20.51
39.71.09 *

40.132.11 *
9.21.06
3.10.13 * #
38.91.02 *

30.581.85 *#
12.80.98 *#
4.20.26
40.31.04

Table 6: Lipid profile tests of albino rat exposed to both chlorpyrifos pesticide & ginger oil
HDL (mmol/L)
LDL (mmol/L)
CHOL (mmol/L)
TG (mmol/L)

Control

C1

C2

C3

1.00.05
0.60.03
1.860.07
0.580.01

1.20.03 *
0.120.02 *
1.210.03 *
0.280.01 *

1.50.02 * #
0.140.01 * #
1.640.02 *#
0.430.01 * #

1.30.01 *
0.270.01 *#
1.70.02 * #
0.290.01 *

*=p<0.05 when compared with control group

#=p<0.05 when compared with C1 group
=p<0.05 when compared with C2

DISCUSSION
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are among the
most commonly used pesticides in agriculture. Because of
their wide use and easy accessibility, OP toxicity is
important global health problem especially in many
developing countries [7, 8]. Every year, hundreds of
thousands of deaths occur worldwide due to poisoning
with OP compounds [9].
Serum Liver Enzymes: AST is an enzyme that help
metabolize alanine, an amino acid. AST is normally
present in blood at low levels. An increase in AST levels
may indicate liver damage or disease. This result indicates
that there is an increase in the alanine metabolism in the
liver indicating a hepato-protective effect. ALT is an
enzyme found in the liver that helps the body metabolize
protein. When the liver is damaged, ALT is released into
the bloodstream and levels increase. The graded
reduction in the blood levels is an indication that the
hepatic protein metabolism/synthesis is greatly enhanced
by the treatment.
ALP is an enzyme in the liver, bile ducts and bone.
Higher than normal activity, ALP may indicate liver
damage or disease, such as a blocked bile duct, or certain
bone diseases. The graded reduction in the blood level
activities is an indication that there was no impairment in
the biliary system or bone damages which could result in
a reduction in red blood cell synthesis. The present study
shows that exposure to organophosphates causes a
decrease in values of AST, ALT and ALP. This is similar
to a report in another study by Pourgholam et al. [10].
They studied the effect of different sub-lethal
concentrations of diazinon on grass carp after 45 days
and found that levels of AST, ALT and ALP were lower
than control.

Similar changes were also observed in R. frisii male

brood stocks by Luskova et al. [11]. They examined the
effect of diazinon on carp and showed that Na and K
levels were higher and AST, ALT and ALP levels were
lower in common carp after being exposed to insecticides.
Treatment with ginger oil resulted in a mild
improvement in the liver enzymes status [12], has
previously shown that there was a significant
improvement in the liver enzyme status on the
administration of ginger oil, but this study didnt result in
a significant improvement.
This could be due to the fact that the metabolic
function of the liver had been compromised due to oral
exposure to the organophosphate, the treatment with the
ginger oil seems not to produce a protective effect on the
animal and this might be due to the acute nature of the
study.
Serum Metabolites: Albumin is one of several proteins
made in the liver. The body needs this protein to fight
infections and to perform other functions such as
transportation in the blood. Lower than normal levels of
albumin may indicate liver damage or disease. The graded
reduction in the blood levels of albumin in this study is an
indication that the treatment inhibited hepatic albumin
synthesis and lowered the immune response of the
animals, despite the treatment with the ginger oil; this
could have been so due to the length of study period or
inadequacy of the administered dose of the ginger oil.
This finding is similar to previous report by Machova et
al. [13] who showed that pesticide resulted in mortality
and high incidence of malformations, a decrease in growth
rate and ontogenetic development [14] also demonstrated
the effect of organophosphate on some blood biochemical
parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
after 7, 14 and 28 days. Their study showed that

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acetylcholinesterase activity and the levels of total

protein, albumin as well as globulin in plasma was
significantly
reduced
showing
that
exposure
organophosphates changes some haematological and
biochemical parameters of R. frisii male brood stocks [15].
There was also a combined decrease in the levels of
creatinine and urea in the treated group when compared
with the control group; this could either be as a result of
an enhanced efficiency in the clearance function of the
kidney or a reduced output of these metabolites by the
liver due to a suppressed metabolic rate.
Treatment with ginger oil resulted in a mild
improvement in the liver enzymes status as previously
demonstrated by Medhat et al. [16].
Serum Lipid Profile: The combined decrease in the levels
of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein is an
indication of a cardio-protective properties of the
treatment employed in this study, these lipids have been
shown by various studies to promote/induce the
pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as
arteriosclerosis, hypertension and heart failure, while
there was a corresponding increase in the levels of high
density lipoproteins, which is a strong indication of a
beneficial consequence. This coupled effect points to the
act that the treatment has no negative effect on
cardiovascular functions. Increased concentration of low
density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or decreased level
of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are
important risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis.
However, an independent association of triglycerides
(TG) with atherosclerosis is uncertain [17], on the other
hand the treatment could have induced systemic
hypotension/ bradycardia in the animals, which is another
index of lowered lipid profile[18]. The following treatment
with ginger oil resulted in a moderate improvement in the
lipid profile, this findings is similar to previous report by
Hamid et al.[19] that the underlying mechanism by which
cholesterol is lowered may be due to a decrease in
cholesterol absorption from the intestine, through binding
with bile acids within the intestine and increasing bile
acids excretion[20] or via decreasing the cholesterol
biosynthesis especially by decreasing the 3-hydroxy-3methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCoA
reductase) activity, a key enzyme of cholesterol
biosynthesis and/or by reducing the NADPH required for
fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis.
The decrease of serum TG level is another important
finding; recent studies have also shown that TG are
independently related to coronary heart disease[19]. The
observed hypo-triglyceridemic effect may be due to a

decrease of fatty acids synthesis [21], enhanced

catabolism of LDL, activation of Lecithin cholesterol
acyltransferase LCAT and tissue lipases and/or inhibition
of acetyl-CoA carboxylase [22] and production of
triglycerides precursors such acetyl-CoA and glycerol
phosphate.
The reduced levels of the liver enzymes and
metabolites could be due to the following factors
Short duration of the study.
Dose administered to the animals.
Neural compromise as a result of the exposure to the
pesticide (organophosphate).
Liver and Kidney Histopathological Discussion: There
was moderate lymphocytes in the portal tract despite the
Hepatocytes appearing normal in the C 1 group when
compared with the control group, the C2 group showed
moderate lymphocytes with minimal congestion in the
portal tract. The hepatocytes also appear normal when
compared with the control group, but there were expanded
portal tract with lymphocytes and congestion within C3
group hepatocytes when compared with the control
group. While in the kidney there was Moderate eodema
within the glomeruli in group C1 despite the fact that the
tubules are intact when compared with the control group,
in the C2 group there was some congestion though the
tubules and glomeruli were still intact, while in group C3
there were some eodema even with tubules and glomeruli
still been intact. This is supported with previous study
reported by Rekha et al [23] that there was degeneration
in the epithelial cells of renal tubules and dilation of
glomerular capillaries with hypertrophied cells.
Hamid et al. [19] showed that organophosphate
intoxication can lead to a damaging effect on the
intracellular structure of the liver. Another finding of this
study was that exposure to organophosphate in rats led
to an acute renal failure. The kidney, the major
detoxification organ for many xenobiotics, is frequently
susceptible to their nephrotoxic effects. Acute renal
failure was reported following exposure to
organophosphate. The transient renal injury was
attributed in these studies to both a direct action of
the organophosphate, causing tubular cell necrosis
and to a secondary mechanism that followed the
cholinergic crisis, causing hypovolemic shock and
rhabdomyolysis [24,-26]. Many steps along the
metabolic/detoxification pathways of organophosphate
can be different in the rat. The pesticides in this mixture
are metabolized via liver hydrolysis to active (and
more potent) metabolites [27]. The cytochrome P450 and

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flavin- containing monooxygenase (FMO) enzymes are

the major oxidative enzymes in phase I metabolism. Many
OP and carbamate thioether compounds are excellent
substrates for these enzymes. P450 enzymes are involved
in both oxidative desulfuration of the phosphorothioate
to form the oxon and oxidation of the thioether group to
the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone of various OPs
[28]. The FMOs are generally limited to the formation of
sulfoxides [29]. A recent comprehensive study on
oxidative OP metabolism by P450 and FMO isoforms
found sulfoxidation of several thioether pesticides in
human liver microsomes to be mainly P450-driven
(8590%), with the remainder accounted for by FMO [30].

7.

8.

9.

10.

CONCLUSION
Ginger oil extract can moderately help in reducing the
effect of chlorpyrifos insecticide (organophosphate) when
use in controlling pest on farm produce which might
accidentally be consumed as food in both man and animal.

11.

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