Article

pubs.acs.org/jced

Measurement of VaporLiquid Equilibria for the Binary Mixture of

Octauoropropane and Hexauoropropylene Oxide Containing
Octauorocyclobutane
Young Lae Kim,* Sung Jin Park, HoYun Choi, Jong-min Baek, Han Dock Song, Sung Jin Jung,
and Kun Jong Lee
Research & Development Group, Wonik Materials Co, Ltd., Korea, 654-3, Gak-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun,
Chungcheongbuk-do363-885, Republic of Korea
ABSTRACT: Isothermal vaporliquid equilibrium (VLE) data were
measured for the binary systems of octauoropropane + octauorocyclobutane and hexauoropropylene oxide + octauorocyclobutane system at
the temperature range from 263.15 K to 303.15 K. The experiments were
carried out with a circulating-type equilibrium apparatus including online gas
chromatography analysis. The VLE data were correlated well by the Peng
Robinson equation of state using the WongSandler mixing rules involving
the NRTL model. All the binary parameters of these systems and the
average absolute deviations (AADs) in terms of saturated pressure and vapor
phase composition between the experimental and calculated values are
represented.

INTRODUCTION
As a result of the Montreal Protocol, some refrigerants such as
chlorouorocarbons (CFCs) have been widely phased out and
replaced by an environment friendly substance such as
hydrouorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrocarbons (HCs).1,2 The
largest amount of uorinated gases is utilized by the
semiconductor industry. The use of uorinated process gases
for plasma-based thin lm processing applications has been an
instrumental technique for driving the phenomenal growth in
semiconductor manufacturing, which in turn has led to the
development of the currently massive electronics industry. The
replacement of wet chemistry processes with new dry
processing technologies employing uorine containing gases
has enabled the increase of process automation during wafer
manufacturing.35
Currently, there is an increasing number of alternative binary
and ternary mixtures that can be used in CFC based appliances
without the need for system modications and that ensure
safety in industrial and domestic applications. Alternatives for
use in industry can be obtained by various means. Acquisition
of vaporliquid equilibrium (VLE) data is regarded as one of
the most important fundamental strategies for evaluating the
performance of the refrigeration cycle and determining the
optimal composition of the employed mixtures. Although
extensive binary vaporliquid equilibrium data have been
acquired for these mixtures,6,7 further evaluation is required to
nd substitutes and to evaluate the eciency of these mixtures
as working uids in industrial machinery.
In this work, we focused on mixtures comprising the
octauoropropane + octauorocyclobutane and the hexauoropropylene oxide + octauorocyclobutane systems. Isothermal
VLE data were acquired for the binary systems in the
2014 American Chemical Society

temperature range of 263.15 K to 303.15 K. VLE data

simulation employing traditional VLE models such as the
PengRobinson equation of state (PR-EOS) was utilized to
determine the extent of their predictive ability for the behavior
of the highly nonideal binary systems. The experimental data
were correlated with the PR-EOS using the Wong-Sandler
mixing rules involving the NRTL model.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
Materials. The hexauoropropylene oxide was supplied by
Daikin Co., Ltd. (Japan) at a purity higher than 99.8 % mass.
The octauoropropane and octauorocyclobutane were supplied by Wonik Materials Co., Ltd. (Korea) with a guaranteed
purity higher than 99.9 % mass. These chemicals were used
without any further purication in these experiments.
Apparatus and Procedure. A circulation-type apparatus
was utilized to measure isothermal vaporliquid equilibria. The
equipment had two high-pressure circulation pumps in which
both vapor and liquid phases were continuously recycled in the
system. Each circulation line included a vapor and liquid
sampling valve for analysis. The schematic diagram and setup of
the VLE apparatus is shown in Figure 1. The system consisted
of a feed injection port, an equilibrium cell, circulation pumps,
sampling valves, and a temperature-controlled water bath. Each
sample for feed injection was measured by means of a balance
(E0D120 model, Ohaus, Korea) in the feed injection port with
an accuracy of 0.01 g. The volume of the stainless steel
Received: December 30, 2013
Accepted: June 14, 2014
Published: June 24, 2014
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equilibrium vessel, equipped with dual glass observation

windows, was approximately 100 cm3. Vapor and liquidpumps (Hanyang Industry, Korea) were used to circulate the
vapor and liquid.
The pressure in the cell was measured using a pressure
transducer (Crystal, USA) connected to a digital indicator
(Autonics, Korea). The accuracy of the digital pressure gauge
was 0.05 %. The temperature of the equilibrium cell in the
water bath was maintained constant by an isothermal circulator.
The six-port sampling valves (7413 model, Rheodyne, USA)
were used for direct collection at the circulation point and the
samples lines were connected to a gas chromatographe (600D
model, Younglin, Korea) equipped with a ame ionization
detector and a Porapak-Q column (15 ft long; 2.0 mm
diameter; mesh range, 80/100, Agilent, USA). Sample data
were analyzed using a computer program (Autochro-win,
Younglin, Korea).
Analysis of the binary mixtures using the above-described
apparatus was performed by the following procedure. First, the
entire system was evacuated using a vacuum pump to remove
all of the inert gases. For the mixture of octauoropropane +
octauorocyclobutane, an adequate amount of octauorocyclobutane to oset the lower pressure than octauoropropane was
introduced into the cell from the sample reservoir as a
preceding step. The temperature of the entire system was
maintained constant by controlling the temperature of the
water bath. After the desired temperature was attained, the
pressure of the pure component was measured. An adequate
amount of octauoropropane for the binary octauoropropane
and octauorocyclobutane mixture was supplied to the cell
from a charging cylinder. The binary mixture in the cell was
stirred continuously with a magnetic stirrer. Both the vapor and
liquid phases were recirculated by the circulation pump until an
equilibrium state was established. When the equilibrium was
attained, the pressure was measured and vapor and liquid
samples were then taken from the recycling lines by the vapor
and liquid sampling valves. The compositions of the samples
were measured by immediately injecting the samples into the

Figure 1. Schematic diagram (a) and setup (b) of the vaporliquid

equilibrium apparatus.

Table 1. Comparison of the Measured Pure Component Vapor Pressures with the Experimental Data of Vapor Pressure Used
T
component
octauoropropane

average
hexauoropropylene oxide

average
octauorocyclobutane

Pv,REFc

Pv,exp

|Pv/Pv,exp|b

MPa

MPa

MPa

263.15
273.15
283.15
293.15
303.15

0.3048
0.4252
0.5801
0.7796
1.0263

0.3050
0.4250
0.5800
0.7800
1.0250

0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0004
0.0013

263.15
273.15
283.15
293.15
303.15

0.2151
0.3094
0.4301
0.5808
0.7712

0.2150
0.3100
0.4300
0.5800
0.7700

0.0001
0.0006
0.0001
0.0008
0.0012

263.15
273.15
283.15
293.15
303.15

0.0854
0.1305
0.1902
0.2661
0.3711

0.0848
0.1303
0.1900
0.2650
0.3703

0.0006
0.0002
0.0002
0.0011
0.0008

0.066
0.047
0.017
0.051
0.127
0.015
0.047
0.194
0.023
0.138
0.156
0.034
0.703
0.153
0.105
0.413
0.216
0.318

average
a

Pva

Pv = Pv,exp Pv,REF. b|Pv/Pv,exp| = |(Pv,exp Pv,REF)/Pv,exp| cReference 8.

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Table 2. Vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements for the octauoropropane (1) + octauorocyclobutane (2) systema
Pexp/MPa

x1,exp

y1,exp

Pcal/MPa

0.0854
0.1011
0.1234
0.1448
0.1682
0.2006
0.2262
0.2420
0.2917
0.2827
0.3048

0.0000
0.0907
0.2468
0.4240
0.5609
0.5926
0.7615
0.8177
0.9861
0.9675
1.0000

0.0000
0.1357
0.4006
0.5600
0.6698
0.7632
0.8438
0.8914
0.9975
0.9849
1.0000

0.1305
0.1572
0.1772
0.2041
0.2248
0.2655
0.2910
0.3185
0.3454
0.3882
0.4252

0.0000
0.1833
0.3290
0.4334
0.5296
0.5926
0.6726
0.7509
0.7979
0.9012
1.0000

0.0000
0.3201
0.5250
0.6182
0.6869
0.7252
0.7911
0.8516
0.8761
0.9326
1.0000

0.1902
0.1951
0.2137
0.2475
0.2827
0.3144
0.3558
0.4006
0.4392
0.4764
0.5192
0.5447
0.5564
0.5801

0.0000
0.0992
0.1808
0.2827
0.3677
0.4658
0.5755
0.6628
0.7129
0.8249
0.8831
0.9500
0.9395
1.0000

0.0000
0.2315
0.3209
0.4913
0.5915
0.6735
0.7281
0.7850
0.8368
0.8723
0.9174
0.9516
0.9600
1.0000

0.2661
0.2765
0.2972
0.3392
0.3861
0.4234
0.4778
0.5295
0.6399
0.6978
0.7796

0.0000
0.1540
0.2298
0.4024
0.4846
0.5682
0.6245
0.6838
0.8522
0.8954
1.0000

0.0000
0.2032
0.2966
0.4602
0.5668
0.6528
0.7142
0.7671
0.8730
0.9082
1.0000

0.3711
0.3751
0.3992
0.4523
0.5054
0.5606
0.7005
0.7695
0.8371

0.0000
0.0783
0.1294
0.2669
0.3671
0.4625
0.6307
0.7042
0.7716

0.0000
0.2507
0.3318
0.4394
0.5460
0.6218
0.7583
0.8044
0.8812

263.15 K
0.0879
0.1017
0.1212
0.1483
0.1760
0.1884
0.2283
0.2449
0.2963
0.2908
0.3002
273.15 K
0.1317
0.1531
0.1801
0.2059
0.2347
0.2561
0.2859
0.3173
0.3369
0.3809
0.4221
283.15 K
0.1910
0.2067
0.2232
0.2487
0.2746
0.3098
0.3559
0.3973
0.4226
0.4821
0.5139
0.5449
0.5489
0.5784
293.15 K
0.2692
0.2784
0.2908
0.3447
0.3843
0.4339
0.4719
0.5157
0.6522
0.6882
0.7750
303.15 K
0.3372
0.3643
0.3862
0.4589
0.5210
0.5937
0.7112
0.7669
0.8214
2166

Pb/MPa

y1,cal

y1c

0.0000
0.2018
0.4316
0.6486
0.7746
0.8113
0.9012
0.9328
0.9976
0.9988
1.0000

0.0031
0.0006
0.0022
0.0035
0.0078
0.0122
0.0021
0.0029
0.0046
0.0081
0.0048

0.0000
0.0661
0.0310
0.0886
0.1048
0.0481
0.0574
0.0414
0.0001
0.0139
0.0000

0.0000
0.3029
0.5277
0.6538
0.7316
0.7812
0.8282
0.8815
0.9125
0.9655
1.0000

0.0014
0.0041
0.0029
0.0018
0.0099
0.0094
0.0051
0.0012
0.0085
0.0073
0.0029

0.0000
0.0172
0.0027
0.0356
0.0447
0.0560
0.0371
0.0299
0.0364
0.0329
0.0000

0.0000
0.1657
0.2994
0.4556
0.5719
0.6775
0.7618
0.8372
0.8684
0.9284
0.9560
0.9788
0.9818
1.0000

0.0010
0.0116
0.0095
0.0012
0.0081
0.0046
0.0001
0.0033
0.0166
0.0057
0.0053
0.0002
0.0075
0.0016

0.0000
0.0658
0.0215
0.0357
0.0196
0.0040
0.0337
0.0522
0.0316
0.0561
0.0386
0.0272
0.0218
0.0000

0.0000
0.1965
0.3149
0.5166
0.6177
0.6982
0.7581
0.8080
0.9311
0.9536
1.0000

0.0042
0.0019
0.0064
0.0055
0.0018
0.0105
0.0059
0.0138
0.0123
0.0096
0.0050

0.0000
0.0067
0.0183
0.0564
0.0509
0.0454
0.0439
0.0409
0.0581
0.0454
0.0000

0.0000
0.1420
0.2346
0.4590
0.5895
0.6882
0.8156
0.8585
0.8937

0.0331
0.0108
0.0130
0.0066
0.0156
0.0331
0.0107
0.0026
0.0157

0.0000
0.1087
0.0972
0.0196
0.0435
0.0664
0.0573
0.0541
0.0125

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Table 2. continued
Pexp/MPa

x1,exp

0.8908
1.0263
a

y1,exp
0.8507
1.0000

Pcal/MPa
0.9104
1.0000

Pb/MPa

y1,cal

303.15 K
0.8864
1.0230

0.9316
1.0000

y1c
0.0212
0.0000

0.0044
0.0020

Standard uncertainties u are u(T) = 0.005 K, u(P) = 0.007 MPa and u(x) = u(y) = 0.01. bP = Pexp Pcal cy1 = y1,exp y1,cal

Table 3. VaporLiquid Equilibrium Measurements for the Hexauoropropylene Oxide (1) + Octauorocyclobutane (2)
Systema

Pexp/MPa

x1,exp

y1,exp

0.0854
0.1048
0.1179
0.1282
0.1400
0.1834
0.2075
0.2151

0.0000
0.0937
0.1886
0.3255
0.4234
0.7792
0.8919
1.0000

0.0000
0.1301
0.2886
0.4459
0.5713
0.8559
0.9589
1.0000

0.1305
0.1510
0.1586
0.1731
0.2041
0.2434
0.2848
0.3094

0.0000
0.1290
0.1807
0.2932
0.4377
0.6503
0.8414
1.0000

0.0000
0.2361
0.3180
0.4526
0.6276
0.8033
0.9265
1.0000

0.1902
0.2144
0.2213
0.2620
0.2848
0.3082
0.3592
0.4068
0.4301

0.0000
0.1331
0.1890
0.3996
0.4982
0.5912
0.8038
0.9167
1.0000

0.0000
0.2578
0.3521
0.5975
0.6847
0.7602
0.8845
0.9713
1.0000

0.2661
0.3075
0.3379
0.3599
0.3923
0.4240
0.4585
0.5292
0.5808

0.0000
0.1965
0.3662
0.4439
0.5080
0.6652
0.7059
0.8559
1.0000

0.0000
0.3150
0.4639
0.5544
0.6467
0.7204
0.8586
0.9339
1.0000

0.3711
0.4061
0.4144
0.4813
0.5226
0.5613
0.6647
0.7712

0.0000
0.1381
0.1760
0.3984
0.4633
0.5452
0.7753
1.0000

0.0000
0.2933
0.3207
0.5389
0.6232
0.7114
0.8683
1.0000

Pcal/MPa
263.15 K
0.0879
0.1057
0.1154
0.1297
0.1411
0.1863
0.1955
0.2143
273.15 K
0.1317
0.1494
0.1575
0.1767
0.2033
0.2435
0.2792
0.3089
283.15 K
0.1909
0.2126
0.2227
0.2635
0.2842
0.3054
0.3638
0.4024
0.4328
293.15 K
0.2692
0.3067
0.3416
0.3618
0.3809
0.4373
0.4541
0.5217
0.5915
303.15 K
0.3672
0.3995
0.4119
0.4971
0.5214
0.54995
0.6582
0.7765

y1,cal

Pb/MPa

y1c

0.0000
0.2221
0.3412
0.5034
0.6112
0.8894
0.9287
1.0000

0.0031
0.0009
0.0025
0.0015
0.0011
0.0029
0.0120
0.0007

0.0000
0.0920
0.0526
0.0575
0.0399
0.0335
0.0302
0.0000

0.0000
0.2300
0.3138
0.4747
0.6387
0.8116
0.9234
1.0000

0.0014
0.0016
0.0011
0.0036
0.0008
0.0001
0.0056
0.0011

0.0000
0.0061
0.0042
0.0221
0.0111
0.0083
0.0031
0.0000

0.0000
0.2150
0.2957
0.5493
0.6479
0.7327
0.8993
0.9662
1.0000

0.0009
0.0018
0.0014
0.0015
0.0006
0.0028
0.0046
0.0044
0.0028

0.0000
0.0428
0.0564
0.0482
0.0368
0.0275
0.0148
0.0051
0.0000

0.0000
0.2770
0.4889
0.5815
0.6534
0.8057
0.8387
0.9370
1.0000

0.0042
0.0008
0.0037
0.0019
0.0114
0.0133
0.0044
0.0075
0.0115

0.0000
0.0380
0.0250
0.0271
0.0067
0.0853
0.0199
0.0031
0.0000

0.0000
0.2109
0.2669
0.5679
0.6459
0.7156
0.8806
1.0000

0.0031
0.0066
0.0025
0.0158
0.0012
0.0118
0.0065
0.0065

0.0000
0.0824
0.0538
0.0290
0.0227
0.0042
0.0123
0.0000

Standard uncertainties u are u(T) = 0.005 K, u(P) = 0.007 MPa and u(x) = u(y) = 0.01. bP = Pexp Pcal. cy1 = y1,exp y1,cal.

gas chromatograph that was connected to online vapor and

liquid sampling valves. The gas chromatograph was calibrated
with mixtures of known compositions that were prepared

gravimetrically. The equilibrium concentration was measured at

least three times in sequence to obtain reliable average values
for each phase and the average values were considered to
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correspond to the equilibrium values. The gas chromatograph

was calibrated with mixtures of known composition that were
prepared gravimetrically. Considering the margin of error and
the reproducibility of gas chromatography, the overall
uncertainty in the measurements of the composition was
estimated to be within 0.01 for the mole fraction for both the
liquid and vapor phases.
An adequate amount of octauorocyclobutane was also
introduced into the cell prior to the injection of hexauoropropylene oxide for the binary mixture of hexauoropropylene
oxide and octauorocyclobutane. The experiments were then
performed using the same procedure and analysis described
above.

Table 4. Characteristic Properties of Chemicals Used in This

Work

(2)

b = 0.077796RTc/Pc

(3)

(T ) = [1 + (1

Tr )]

= 0.37464 + 1.54226 0.26992 2

0.999
0.998
0.999

345.1
357.1
388.4

2.680
2.840
2.784

0.326
0.364
0.356

Reference 15.

bm =

i j xixj(b (a /RT ))ij

1 (AE /CRT ) i xiai /RTbi)

(6)

with
(b a /(RT ))ij = 0.5[(b a /(RT ))i
+ (b a /(RT ))j ](1 kij)

(7)

and
am
=
bm

xi
i

ai
AE
+
bi
C

(8)

where C is a constant equal to ln (2 1)/2 for the PREOS; kij is a binary interaction parameter, AE is an excess
Helmholtz free energy model at innite pressure. Because the
excess Helmholtz free energy of mixing at innite pressure is
assumed equal to the excess Gibbs free energy(GE) at low
pressure. In this work, we used the NRTL model11,13 given by
E
A
=
(RT )

xi
i

j xjGjiji
k xkGki

(9)

with
Gji = exp( ijji) and ij = Aij /(RT )

(10)

where Gij is the local composition factor for the NRTL model,
ij is the NRTL model binary interaction parameter, Aij = (gij
gjj), gij is an interaction energy parameter of the ij interaction,
and R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J K1 mol1). ij has
been set to 0.3 for these binary mixtures as the nonrandomness
parameter. Also, the parameters of these equations were
obtained by minimizing the following objective function (OF):

(1)

a = (0.457235R2Tc2/Pc)(T )

Pc/MPa

pure components. These mixing rules for a cubic equation of

state can be written as

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The saturated vapor pressures (Pv) at various temperatures of
pure octauoropropane, hexa-uoropropylene oxide, and
octauorocyclobutane obtained in this work and the experimental data8 are introduced in Table 1. Comparison indicated
that the absolute deviations of vapor pressure (Pv) between
the experimental and cited data were within 0.0004,
0.0006, and 0.0006 MPa for octauoropropane, hexauoropropylene oxide, and octauorocyclobutane, respectively. The
average relative deviations (Pv/Pv) were 0.015 % for
octauoropropane, 0.034 % for hexauoropropylene oxide
and 0.318 % for octauorocyclobutane.
The experimental VLE data for the binary mixtures,
octauoropropane + octa-uorocyclobutane and hexauoropropylene oxide + octauorocyclobutane, were obtained at the
temperature range from 263.15 K to 303.15 K and presented in
Table 2 and Table 3. These tables list the measured mole
fraction of the liquid (x1) and vapor phases (y1), pressures and
temperatures in equilibrium and the deviations between
measured and calculated pressure (P) and vapor compositions (y).
In this study, the experimental data of the binary systems
were correlated by the PR-EOS using the WongSadler mixing
rules. The PengRobinson equation of state (PR-EOS)9
combined with the WongSadler mixing rule, in which the
excess Gibbs free energy(GE) at innite pressure was
represented by the NRTL equation.1013 The PR-EOS and
the WongSadler mixing rules are expressed follows:
a(T )
RT

vb
v(v + b) + b(v b)

Tc/K

octauoropropane
hexauoropropylene oxide
octauorocyclobutane

P=

mole fraction
purity

1
OF =
N

P P 2
i ,exp
i ,cal
100

P

i ,exp
i = 1
N

(11)

where N is the number of experimental points, Pi,exp and Pi,cal

are the experimental and calculated pressure data. On the P
xy diagram shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 with calculated
VLE data at 263.15 K, 273.15 K, 283.15 K, 293.15 K, and
303.15 K. The experimental data and calculated values by using
the PR-EOS model show good agreement. All the binary
parameters of these systems and the average absolute deviations
(AADs) in terms of saturated pressure and vapor phase
composition between the experimental and calculated values
are represented in Table 5. It was found that the values of AAD
%-P and AAD%-y varied within 0.179 % and 4.953 % for the
octauoropropane + octauorocyclobutane system and 0.380 %
and 4.273 % for the hexauoropropylene oxide + octauor-

(4)
(5)

where the parameter is a function of temperature, b is a

constant, is a constant characteristic of each substance, is
the acentric factor, P is pressure, Pc is the critical pressure, Tc is
the critical temperature, Tr is the reduced temperature, and is
the molar volume. The critical properties (Pc, Tc), acentric
factors () are listed in Table 4 and used to calculate the
parameters for the PR-EOS.
The WongSandler mixing rule14 was used to obtain
equation of state parameters for a mixture from those of the
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Table 5. Binary Parameters and Average Absolute Deviations

k12a

T/K

AAD-Pb (%)

AAD-yc (%)

Octauoropropane + Octauorocyclobutane System

263.15
0.5817
0.119
13.70
273.15
0.0149
0.154
0.431
283.15
0.0087
0.049
5.392
293.15
0.1306
0.247
1.011
303.15
0.1436
0.327
4.230
average
0.179
4.953
Hexauoropropylene Oxide + Octauorocyclobutane System
263.15
0.2579
0.706
9.735
273.15
0.1227
0.501
2.819
283.15
0.3764
0.070
1.021
293.15
0.3604
0.050
4.927
303.15
0.0088
0.575
2.865
average
0.380
4.273
a
Interaction parameters (k12). bAAD-P% = 1/N iN= 1 |((Pi,cal Pi,exp)/
(Pi,exp))|100. cAAD-y% = 1/N i N= 1 |((yi,cal yi,exp)/(yi,exp))|100.

range from 263.15 K to 303.15 K were carried out by using a

circulation-type equilibrium apparatus. The correlation of
results was obtained as the deviation of pressure and vapor
composition between the experimental and the calculated data
was less than 0.179 % and 4.953 % for the octauoropropane +
octauorocyclobutane and 0.380 % and 4.273 % for the
hexauoro-propylene oxide + octauorocyclobutane system.
The PR-EOS using the WongSandler mixing rules combined
with the NRTL model was used to the t experimental data and
good agreement with the measured data at various temperatures was observed.

Figure 2. Vaporliquid equilibrium of the octauoropropane (1) +

octauorocyclobutane (2) system: , PR EOS using the Wong
Sandler mixing rules at , 263.15 K; , 273.15 K; , 283.15 K; ,
293.15 K; , 303.15 K.

AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

*E-mail: ylkim@wimco.co.kr. Tel.: +82-43-2104412.

Funding

The authors acknowledge the nancial support by the Ministry

of Knowledge Economy Foundation of Korea (T100100292).
Notes

The authors declare no competing nancial interest.

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Figure 3. Vaporliquid equilibrium of the hexauoropropylene oxide

(1) + octauorocyclobutane (2) system: , PR EOS using the Wong
Sandler mixing rules at , 263.15 K; , 273.15 K; , 283.15 K; ,
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CONCLUSIONS
Measurements of the VLE for the binary mixture of
octauoropropane + octauoro-cyclobutane and hexauoropropylene oxide + octauorocyclobutane at the temperature
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Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data

Article

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