14
1518 years subset from rural areas (p=0.10). Similar results were obtained
for BMI. The Conclusion of the study was that there are significant differences
in height and BMI between youths rose in urban vs. rural areas and positive
growth trends of height and BMI over time (1990s vs. 2000s) in youths in
Hunan Province of China.
15
16
Weng, et al., (2006)4 conduct the study Use of Body Mass Index to
Identify Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders in the Chinese Population.
Excess of body adiposity is defined as obesity/overweight. In the 1980s, the
approach of the ideal body weight was replaced by Body Mass Index (BMI),
which is derived from the equation: body weight in kilograms (kgs.) divided by
length or height in squared meters (m) [weight in kg./(height in m)]. BMI
commonly uses parameters for underweight (BMI < 20), ideal weight (BMI 20
25), overweight (BMI 25 30) and obesity (BMI > 30), for both men and
women.
Rampersaud, et al., (2005)5 conduct the study Breakfast Habits,
Nutritional Status, Body Weight, and Academic Performance in Children and
Adolescents. In reviewing 47 studies that the prevalence of skipping breakfast
in the United States and Europe ranged from 10% to 30%. In addition, they
stated that compared to their breakfast-skipping peers, children who reported
eating breakfast on a consistent basis tended to have superior nutritional
profiles.
Eatonet, et al., (2010)6 conduct the study Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC): Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. A tremendous
lifestyle change over the last decades has been seen in Saudi Arabia.
Sedentary lifestyle was prevalent especially among Saudi children and youth.
For example, among 2,908 Saudi school students from grades 10, 11, and 12,
data were collected during October and November 2009, revealing that 60% of
children and more than 70% of adolescents do 11not engage in sufficient
physical activity. Based on the results from the Youth Risk Behavior
4 X. Weng et a., (2006). Use of Body Mass Index to Identify Obesity-Related Metabolic
Disorders in the Chinese Population, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr, vol. 60, pp.93137.
5 G. C. Rampersaud et al., (2005). Breakfast Habits, Nutritional Status, Body Weight, and
Academic Performance in Children and Adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. pp. 743-760.
6 D. K. Eaton et al., (2010). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Youth Risk
Behavior Surveillance, United States, 2009. MMWR Surveill Summ, vol.59(5), pp.1-142.
17
activity. In
addition,
results
showed
that
9 M. A. El-Hazmi et al., (1997). Prevalence of Obesity in the Saudi Population. Ann Saudi
Med, pp.302-306.
18
adult males and females (>14 years of age). They documented that the
prevalence of obesity was 13% in males and 20% in females, and the
prevalence of overweight was 27% in males and 25% in females. The
prevalence of obesity was highest in the females in the central province and in
the males in the western province, 19 while overweight was more prevalent in
both male and female populations in the central province. Generally, obesity
was more common in females and overweight was more common in males.
Sidoti, et al., (2009)10 conduct the study Body Mass Index, Family
Lifestyle, Physical Activity and Eating Behavior on a Sample of Primary School
Students in a Small town of Western Sicily. Obesity is actually a discernible
issue in prosperous western society and is dramatically increasing in children
and adolescents. Many studies indicate that obesity in childhood may become
chronic disease in adulthood and, particularly, those who are severely
overweight have an increased risk of death by cardiovascular disease.
Understanding the determinants of life style and behavior in a persons youth
and making attempts to change childrens habits is considered a key strategy
in the primary prevention of obesity. This study aims to find a correlation
between Body Mass Index, (BMI), physical activity and eating behaviour and
to identify, eventually, risks, protective factors and possible directions for
interventions on incorrect nutritional/physical activity and intra-familiar life
styles in a sample of young adolescents in a small town of Western Sicily. The
research surveyed the entire population of the last three curricular years of two
Primary Schools in a town of western Sicily, (n=294). The instrument used for
the survey was a questionnaire containing 20 different items with multiple
choices answers. Personal information, physical activity and eating behaviors
were collected both for parents and students to cross students and parents
characteristics. Data were codified and statistical analysis was computed
through Statistics and Openstat software Data obtained demonstrated a
relevant percentage (18%) of obese children. Prevalence of overweight was
high as well, (23%), and many in this area (12%) were at risk since they were
10 Enza Sidoti et al., (2009). Body Mass Index, Family Lifestyle, Physical Activity
and Eating Behaviour on a Sample of Primary School Students in a Small Town of
Western Sicily, Italian journal of public health vol.6, N. 3.
19
on the limits of the lower class. A significant association was found between
the percentage of students classified as having an elevated BMI and a
sedentary habit and/or an incorrect eating behavior. Among the overweight
and obese children a direct statistical association was also shown between the
weight of their parents and some daily life styles. An inverse association, on
the contrary, was observed between those variables and the cultural level of
the family. Cultural level, in fact, was significantly associated with having
breakfast, fruit and vegetable consumption and practice of physical exercise.
Multi linear regression analysis showed the weight of some independent
variables which were more strictly correlated with childrens BMI. Increasing
the proportion of adolescents meeting recommended dietary and physical
activity guidelines has been identified as an important strategy to contrast the
epidemic increase in obesity, especially in western countries. This study
stressed the need to increase the knowledge and monitoring of the
consequent behaviors of adolescents with regards to dietary habits and the
practice of physical activity. School, communities and families are considered
the best pathways to disseminate correct information and knowledge and the
more suitable channels to raise the awareness of the importance of correct
dieting and regular physical activity School and community-based intervention
programs are, then, strongly requested to activate preventive actions early in
life and mainly in the development age. The importance of the family and of
the social context factors in health behavior was also emphasized. A familiar
eco-systemic model that takes into account the whole bio-social-psychological
aspects was also sustained for a global therapeutic approach to the obese
child.
Ardalan, et al., (2007)11 conduct the study Association of Physical
Activity and Dietary Behaviors in Relation to the Body Mass Index in a National
sample of Iranian Children and Adolescents: CASPIAN Study. To examine the
relation of dietary and physical activity (PA) patterns with the body mass index
(BMI), and the associations between these patterns among children. .A
representative sample of 21 111 school students aged 618 years was
11 Gelayol Ardalan et al., (2007). Association of physical Activity and Dietary Behaviours in
Relation to the Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Iranian Children and Adolescents:
CASPIAN Study, Journal of Bull World Health Organ, 85(1), pp.1926.
20
21
3%
was
found
for
score
BMI
. No small-study
effects were observed and results remained statistically significant when each
study was deleted from the model once. Based on cumulative meta-analysis,
results have been statistically significant since 2009. None of the moderator or
meta-regression analyses were statistically significant. The number-needed-to
treat was 107 with an estimated 116,822 obese US children and adolescents
and approximately 1 million overweight and obese children and adolescents
worldwide Exercise improves BMI z-score in overweight and obese children
and adolescents and should be recommended in this population group.
However, a need exists for additional studies on this topic.
Lee, et al., (2013)13 conduct the study Nutrition, Physical Activity, and
Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. School-based BMI
measurement has attracted attention across the nation as a potential
approach to address obesity among youth. However, little is known about its
impact or effectiveness in changing obesity rates or related physical activity
and dietary behaviors that influence obesity. This article describes current
13 M. L. Sarah Lee et al., (2013), Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, retrieved on 16 Sep 2014 from online website
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/124/Supplement_1/S89.
22
BMI-measurement
programs
and
practices,
research,
and
expert
School-based
BMI-measurement
programs are
conducted
for
surveillance or screening purposes. Thirteen states are implementing schoolbased BMI-measurement programs as required by legislation. Few studies
exist that assess the utility of these programs in preventing increases in
obesity or the effects these programs may have on weight-related knowledge,
attitudes, and behaviors of youth and their families. Typically, expert
organizations support school-based BMI surveillance; however, controversy
exists over screening. BMI screening does not currently meet all of the
American Academy of Pediatrics criteria for determining whether screening for
specific health conditions should be implemented in schools. Schools initiating
BMI-measurement programs should adhere to safeguards to minimize
potential harms and maximize benefits, establish a safe and supportive
environment for students of all body sizes, and implement science-based
strategies to promote physical activity and healthy eating.
Skouteris, et al., (2012)14 conduct the study Body Mass Index and
Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents. A Systematic Review of literature
published 2004 to 2011.The authors undertook an updated systematic review
of the relationship between body mass index and dental caries in children and
adolescents. The authors searched Medline, ISI, Cochrane, Scopus, Global
Health and CINAHL databases and conducted lateral searches from reference
lists for papers published from 2004 to 2011, inclusive. All empirical papers
that tested associations between body mass index and dental caries in child
and adolescent populations (aged 0 to 18 years) were included. Dental caries
14 Helen Skouteris et al., (2012). Body Mass Index and Dental Caries in Children and
Adolescents, retrieved on 16 November 2014 from online website
http://www.systematicreviewsjournal.com/content/1/1/57
23
is associated with both high and low body mass index. A non-linear
association between body mass index and dental caries may account for
inconsistent findings in previous research. We recommend future research
investigate the nature of the association between body mass index and dental
caries in samples that include a full range of body mass index scores, and
explore how factors such as socioeconomic status mediate the association
between body mass index and dental caries.
Harris, et al., (2012)15 conduct the study Effect of School-based
Physical Activity Interventions on Body Mass Index in Children: a MetaAnalysis. The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming
rate. Many local governments have enacted policies to increase physical
activity in schools as a way to combat childhood obesity. We conducted a
systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of school-based
physical activity interventions on body mass index (BMI) in children. We
searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Central Register of
Controlled Trials up to September 2008. We also hand-searched relevant
journals and article reference lists. We included randomized controlled trials
and controlled clinical trials that had objective data for BMI from before and
after the intervention, that involved school-based physical activity interventions
and that lasted for a minimum of 6 months. Of 398 potentially relevant articles
that we identified, 18 studies involving 18 141 children met the inclusion
criteria. The participants were primarily elementary school children. The study
duration ranged from 6 months to 3 years. In 15 of these 18 studies, there was
some type of co-intervention. Meta-analysis showed that BMI did not improve
with physical activity interventions (weighted mean difference 0.05 kg/m 2,
95% confidence interval 0.19 to 0.10). We found no consistent changes in
other measures of body composition. School-based physical activity
interventions did not improve BMI, although they had other beneficial health
effects. Current population-based policies that mandate increased physical
24
25
26
total
cholesterol,
low-density
lipoprotein
(LDL)-cholesterol,