INTRODUCTION
Piping materials are of many types. The specific material
to suit a design requirement is chosen on the basis of certain key
factors.
N O N -M E T A L L IC
L IN E D
FER R O U S
N O N -F E R R O U S
P VC
M S R U B B E R L IN E D
C A S T IR O N
C O P P E R & IT S A L L O Y S
H D PE
M S P TFE , M S PVDF
C AR BO N STEEL
A L U M IN IU M & IT S A L L O Y S
PTFE
M S L E A D L IN E D
ALLO Y STEEL
N IC K E L A N D IT S A L L O Y S
LD PE
M S C E R A M IC L IN E D
S T A IN L E S S S T E E L
L E A D A N D IT S A L L O Y S
G LASS
M S G L A S S L IN E D
C E R A M IC
F R P P P L IN E D
O T H E R S P E C IA L A L L O Y S
C EM E N T
MATERIAL
MAX WORKING
TEMP OC
Carbon Steel
REMARKS
Yield stress decreases beyond this temp
A106 GrB
427
API 5L GrB
230
Alloy Steel
-do-
A335 GrP11
570
A335 GrP22
600
A335 GrP91
650
Stainless Steel
A312 GrTP304
-200 to 500
A312 GrTP316
-200 to 538
Aluminium
175
Titanium
400
-do-
Thermoplastics
260
Thermosetting
plastics
260
Concrete
290
Rubber
Room Temp
-do-
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
MATERIAL
UTS (MPa)
Carbon Steels
260-1300
500-880
Cast Irons
220-1030
400-200
500-1980
680-2400
Mild Steel
220
430
286-500
760-1280
240-400
500-800
200-1600
400-2000
180-1320
300-1400
Copper
60
400
Cooper Alloys
60-960
250-1000
70-640
230-890
Aluminium
40
200
Aluminium Alloys
100-627
300-700
11-55
14-70
7-45
14-60
Polypropylene
19-36
33-36
Polyurethene
26-31
58
Polyethylene HD
20-30
37
Polyethylene LD
6-20
20
FERROUS MATERIALS
CARBON STEELS
Is an alloy of Iron and Carbon
Contains 0.1 % to 1.5 % of Carbon
Based on Carbon Content it can be classified into
1. Mild steel - 0.05 % - 0.30 %
2. Medium Carbon steel 0.30 % - 0.70 %
3. High carbon Steel 0.70 % - 1.5 %
4. It can withstand upto to a temperature of 450 C
MATERIAL
CHEMICAL COMPOSTION
DESCRIPTION
C
A106 GrB
(1/2-14)
API 5L GrB
(1/2-14)
A53 GrB
(1/2-14)
A105 (S.W.)
(1/2-1)
A216GrWCB
2 & above
Mn
Si
0.1
-
0.035 0.035
0.27
1.15
0.04
0.05
0.3
0.9
0.35
0.9
0.35
0.05
0.3
0.6
0.04 0.045
ALLOY STEELS
Adding of Alloying elements to improve the characteristics of
the material is termed as Alloy Steel.
Commonly used Alloying elements are Silicon, Chromium,
Nickel, Molybdenum, Manganese, Vanadium, Titanium, Boron,
Aluminium, Cobalt and Tungsten.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF ALLOYING?
PURPOSE OF ALLOYING
Chromium
Manganese
Molybdenum
(0.15 0.6 %)
Nickel
(upto 5%)
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Advantage
Resistance to heat and oxidation
Improves scale resistance
Imparts strength
Increases wear resistance (carbides)
Corrosion resistance
Hardness & Strength
If above 5% corrosion resistance is improved even at high temp
Increases tensile strength & machinability
Improves hardenability
High temp strength & impact resistance
Corrosion resistance especially to chloride solutions
Machinability
Decreases decomposition of austenite
Increases resistance to oxidation at high temp
Decreases critical temperature
Prevents precipitaion of Cromium Carbides
Imparts strength
Wear resistance
Abrasion resistance
Increases red hardness (hot working)
Powerful deoxidiser, forms strong carbides
Wear resistance & strength
Causes fine grain structure
Disadvantage
Increases brittleness
Machinability,
weldability
Machinability
DESCRIPTION
C
Mn
Si
0.5
Cr
SERVICE
Mo
1.9 - 2.6 0.87 - 1.13 HP, superheated and hot reheat Steam
0.85 - 1.05
0.5
0.6
2 - 2.75
0.9 - 1.2
STAINLESS STEEL
MATERIAL
DESCRIPTION
A312 GrTP304
A312
Gr.TP316L
(1/2-14)
A403
Gr.WP304
A351
Gr.CF8
A182
Gr.F304
(2 & above)
CHEMICAL COMPOSTION
C
Mn
Cr
Mo
Ni
0.04
18-20
8 - 11
SERVICE
Hydrocarbons, chemicals, etc.
0.27 1.15
16-18
2-Mar 11 - 14
0.08
18-20
8 - 11
Forged fittings
0.08
1.5
18-21
8 - 11
Valve castings
0.08
18-20
8 - 11
Flanges
Castings
NON-FERROUS MATERIALS
TITANIUM
Strong and medium weight
Titanium Oxide is formed which prevents corrosion
Resistant to Nitric acid of all concentrations except fuming
nitric acid
Welding requires inert atmosphere
Loses strength above 4000C
Provides good resistance to hydrochloric acid when alloyed
with 30% Molybdenum
Not affected by impingement and crevice corrosion
DESCRIPTION
SERVICES
SB42
Seamless Cu pipes
SB43
SB75
Seamless Cu tubes
SB161
SB165
SB167
SB171
Condenser tubing
SB210
Cryogenic
SB241
SB337
SB444
SB564
Ni alloy forgings
SB690
Si
Cu
Al
Ni
(Co)
Pb
Fe
Zn
Mn
Ti
Cr
Others
SB43
84.686
0.5
max
0.5
max
Rem.
SB75
99.9
min
0.015
-0.45
SB161
0.35
max
0.25
max
99
min
0.4
max
0.35
max
0.15
max
SB165
0.52
-3
0.30.5
0-2.4
45-72
6-25
0.51.5
0.050.1
0.02
max
0.05
0.25
1429
SB171
58-62
6-11
0.070.25
0.060.4
0.2-1
1-1.5
0.10.2
SB241
0.20.6
0.050.4
0.350.7
0.050.25
0.031.5
0.050.2
0.050.25
SB444
0.5
max
0.4
max
58
5 max
0.5
max
0.015
max
0.1
max
2023
Cb, Ta,
Co, Mo
SB564
0.05
-1
0.240
0.10.5
20-99
0.2-50
1-3
0.1-2
0.04
max
0.535
Mo
SB690
1
max
0.75
max
23.525.5
Rem.
2 max
0.04
2022
Mo, N
Sn
NON-METALLIC PIPES
THERMOPLASTICS
TYPES OF PVC
There are three types of PVC pipes,
Type-I, normal-impact grade
Type-II, high-impact grade
Type-IV, newer grade
TYPE I
TYPE II
TYPE - IV
Hydrostatic design
pressure
2000 psi
1000 psi
1600 psi
Temperature
160 OF
Grades available
PVC 4116
APPLICATIONS OF PVC
Extensively used in highly corrosive application involving
acids, alkalis, salt solution, alsohols and many chemical
In oil fields as it can carry sour crude oil to which PVC is inert
and paraffin built-up is minimum
Salt-water disposal in oil fields
Gas transmission service
Cold water line in Industry as it is non-toxic and doesnt add
any odour or taste to water
For vent piping for removal of acid fumes and corrosive gases
TETRAFLUROETHYLENE (TEFLON)
Unaffected by alkalis and acids except flourines and chlorines,
molten metals at elevated temperatures (260 0C max)
TFE + Chlorine = CTFE, which is highly resistant to corrosion
by acids and alkalis up to 180 0C
TFE components can be prepared only by powder metallurgy
POLYETHYLENE (PE)
Produced from hydrocarbons and ethylene under high
temperature and extremely high temperature pressure
Types Low, Medium and High Density
HDPE is not very flexible as LDPE
2% Carbon black is added to increase weather resistance
APPLICATIONS OF PE
ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE (ABS)
It produced by injection or compression moulding
Exhibit good toughness and tensile strength
APPLICATIONS OF PE
Service of inorganic acids, bases and salts
Sewage piping
Crude oil and gas piping
THERMOSETTING PLASTICS
Generally produced by centrifugal casting,
hand lay-up moulding and filament winding. Major
resins are Epoxy and Polyester resins and generally
reinforced with glass or blue asbestos fibre.
EPOXY
Used in transportation of acids, neutral or basic salt solutions,
waste process water and sewage
Used in paper industries for pulp stock wastes and dyes
It resists fouling, salt atmosphere and marine organism
Used in food and beverage industry
CONCRETE PIPES
ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPES
Not used very commonly
Some standard material specification are ASTM C296, AWWA
C400, SS-P-331, etc.
Used for drains and industrial waste
PIPE LININGS
Rubber
Plastic
Lead
Glass
Epoxy resin
Synthetic resin
PLASTIC LINING
PTFE and PVC are important lining materials
Used for chemical resistance, corrosion protection, resist
abrasion, non-toxic and smooth bore reduces friction
PTFE is chemically inert and used from 270 OC to 260 OC
Polyvinyl flouride, fluoroethylene propylene and polypropylene
can be added to enhance the range of PTFE
PVC provides tough and heavy-duty finish resistant to most acid
and marine growth
LEAD LININGS
Lead lining is useful for most corrosive fluids and sulphuric
acid below 80% concentration
Should not be used for nitric acid, hydrochloric acids,
hydrofluoric acids, organic acids and alkalis
Can be alloyed to improve mechanical properties
GLASS LININGS
Glass enamel (glass like) inorganic compositions are used as
linings
Bonded to mild steel by fusion on metal surface above 750 OC
Provide good resistance against acid attack and abrasion
Cheap alternative in many situations
Temperature range of 20 OC to 250 OC
PIPING MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
CLASS
MATERIAL
MAX P
(kg/cm2)
T RANGE
(OC)
SERVICE
A1A
CS
20
-29 to 300
A1AR
CS
20
-29 to 300
A1B
CS
20
-45 to 400
A21A
304 SS
19.33
-29 to 300
A21B
SS
19.33
-29 to 150
A37A
Aluminium
1.4
100
Pneumatic conveying
B1C
CS
B1EH
CS
52
-29 to 260
D21A
304 SS
101.25
-200
10
S5A
CS
polypropylene
lined
10.55
-29 to 80
SOME MATERIAL
COMPARISONS
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR PATIENCE