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PIPING MATERIALS

INTRODUCTION
Piping materials are of many types. The specific material
to suit a design requirement is chosen on the basis of certain key
factors.

FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF PIPING


MATERIALS
Mechanical properties tensile, yield, creep, rupture, fatigue
and impact
Performance requirements and material reliability
Safety
Environmental conditions
Availability
Resistance to erosion and corrosion
Economic factors

VITAL CHARACTERISTICS REQUIRED


Toughness
Creep Strength
Ductility
Good surface finish
Hardness

CLASSIFICATION OF PIPING MATERIALS


P IP IN G M A T E R IA L S
M E T A L L IC

N O N -M E T A L L IC

L IN E D

FER R O U S

N O N -F E R R O U S

P VC

M S R U B B E R L IN E D

C A S T IR O N

C O P P E R & IT S A L L O Y S

H D PE

M S P TFE , M S PVDF

C AR BO N STEEL

A L U M IN IU M & IT S A L L O Y S

PTFE

M S L E A D L IN E D

ALLO Y STEEL

N IC K E L A N D IT S A L L O Y S

LD PE

M S C E R A M IC L IN E D

S T A IN L E S S S T E E L

L E A D A N D IT S A L L O Y S

G LASS

M S G L A S S L IN E D

C E R A M IC

F R P P P L IN E D

O T H E R S P E C IA L A L L O Y S

C EM E N T

COMMONLY USED PIPING MATERIALS


LOW CARBON STEEL, LOW ALLOY STEEL AND STAINLESS STEELS
(used for high temperature services)
WROUGHT IRON, CAST IRON, DUCTILE IRON, COPPER, BRASS,
ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS AND NICKEL STEEL
OTHER PLASTICS MATERIALS
(PVC, polythene, polypropylene, asbestos cement, GR pipes, concrete, glass,
rubber and some newer plastics)

TEMPERATURE LIMITATION OF PIPING MATERIALS


SI
NO
1

MATERIAL

MAX WORKING
TEMP OC

Carbon Steel

REMARKS
Yield stress decreases beyond this temp

A106 GrB

427

API 5L GrB

230

Alloy Steel

-do-

A335 GrP11

570

A335 GrP22

600

A335 GrP91

650

Stainless Steel

From 220 OC to 538 OC

A312 GrTP304

-200 to 500

A312 GrTP316

-200 to 538

Aluminium

175

Loses strength beyond this temp

Titanium

400

-do-

Thermoplastics

260

Melts beyond this temp

Thermosetting
plastics

260

Some epoxies can be used upto 290 OC

Concrete

290

Cannot be used for temp intensive services

Rubber

Room Temp

-do-

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
MATERIAL

YIELD STRENGTH (Mpa)

UTS (MPa)

Carbon Steels

260-1300

500-880

Cast Irons

220-1030

400-200

Low Alloy Steel

500-1980

680-2400

Mild Steel

220

430

Stainless Steel, austenitic

286-500

760-1280

Stainless Steel, ferritic

240-400

500-800

Nickel and its alloys

200-1600

400-2000

Titanium and its alloys

180-1320

300-1400

Copper

60

400

Cooper Alloys

60-960

250-1000

Brasses and Bronzes

70-640

230-890

Aluminium

40

200

Aluminium Alloys

100-627

300-700

Lead and its alloys

11-55

14-70

Tin and its alloys

7-45

14-60

Polypropylene

19-36

33-36

Polyurethene

26-31

58

Polyethylene HD

20-30

37

Polyethylene LD

6-20

20

FERROUS MATERIALS

CARBON STEELS
Is an alloy of Iron and Carbon
Contains 0.1 % to 1.5 % of Carbon
Based on Carbon Content it can be classified into
1. Mild steel - 0.05 % - 0.30 %
2. Medium Carbon steel 0.30 % - 0.70 %
3. High carbon Steel 0.70 % - 1.5 %
4. It can withstand upto to a temperature of 450 C

General chemical composition of CS is C - 0.07, 1.56 %, Mn 1.6 %,


Si 0.6 %, S 0.1%, P 0.1%.

CARBON STEEL MATERIAL COMPOSITION

MATERIAL

CHEMICAL COMPOSTION

DESCRIPTION
C

A106 GrB
(1/2-14)
API 5L GrB
(1/2-14)
A53 GrB
(1/2-14)
A105 (S.W.)
(1/2-1)
A216GrWCB
2 & above

Seamless, CS pipe for high Temp & Pr services

Mn

0.3 0.29 - 1.06

Si
0.1
-

0.035 0.035

ERW ( E=0.85), CS pipe, Seamless

0.27

1.15

0.04

0.05

Seamless, CS pipe for low Temp services (Galv)

0.3

0.9

Forged CS for ambient and high Temp services

0.35

0.9

0.35

0.05

CS castings suitable for high Temp services

0.3

0.6

0.04 0.045

0.15 - 04 0.035 0.035


0.05

ALLOY STEELS
Adding of Alloying elements to improve the characteristics of
the material is termed as Alloy Steel.
Commonly used Alloying elements are Silicon, Chromium,
Nickel, Molybdenum, Manganese, Vanadium, Titanium, Boron,
Aluminium, Cobalt and Tungsten.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF ALLOYING?

PURPOSE OF ALLOYING

1. Improved Corrosion resistance


2. Better Hardenability
3. Improved Machinability
High or low temperature Stability
Ductility
Toughness
4. Better Wear resistance

INFLUENCE OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS


Alloying
Aluminium
(2 - 5 %)

Chromium
Manganese
Molybdenum
(0.15 0.6 %)
Nickel
(upto 5%)
Titanium
Tungsten

Vanadium

Advantage
Resistance to heat and oxidation
Improves scale resistance
Imparts strength
Increases wear resistance (carbides)
Corrosion resistance
Hardness & Strength
If above 5% corrosion resistance is improved even at high temp
Increases tensile strength & machinability
Improves hardenability
High temp strength & impact resistance
Corrosion resistance especially to chloride solutions
Machinability
Decreases decomposition of austenite
Increases resistance to oxidation at high temp
Decreases critical temperature
Prevents precipitaion of Cromium Carbides
Imparts strength
Wear resistance
Abrasion resistance
Increases red hardness (hot working)
Powerful deoxidiser, forms strong carbides
Wear resistance & strength
Causes fine grain structure

Disadvantage
Increases brittleness

Machinability,
weldability

Machinability

LOW ALLOY STEEL MATERIAL COMPOSITION


CHEMICAL COMPOSTION

DESCRIPTION
C

Mn

0.05 - 0.15 0.3 - 0.6

Si
0.5

Cr

SERVICE
Mo

1.9 - 2.6 0.87 - 1.13 HP, superheated and hot reheat Steam

Ferritic alloy steel pipe for high Temp services


0.08 - 0.12 0.3 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.5 8 - 9.5
Pipe fitting alloy steel for moderate and elevated
0.05 - 0.15 0.3 - 0.6
Temp
Alloy steel castings for Pr containing parts suitable for
0.18 0.4 - 0.7
high Temp services

0.85 - 1.05

Superheated steam piping system

0.5

1.9 - 2.6 0.87 - 1.13

High Temp services

0.6

2 - 2.75

Valves for AS pipes

0.9 - 1.2

STAINLESS STEEL

Adding 11.5 % or greater chromium in iron,changes the


microstructure and based on that its varieties are obtained.
Posses greater percentage of chromium which forms a
chromium oxide film exposed to air that prevents chemical
attack of moist air on the material surface
Nickel retains the austenitic structure of steel
Greater resistance to corrosion than all types of steels
Classified into three types based on its micro structure
1. Austenitic stainless steel
2. Ferritic stainless steel
3. Martensitic stainless steel

STAINLESS STEEL MATERIAL COMPOSITION

MATERIAL

DESCRIPTION

A312 GrTP304
A312
Gr.TP316L
(1/2-14)
A403
Gr.WP304
A351
Gr.CF8
A182
Gr.F304
(2 & above)

CHEMICAL COMPOSTION
C

Mn

Cr

Mo

Ni

0.04

18-20

8 - 11

SERVICE
Hydrocarbons, chemicals, etc.

Welded & seamless austenitic stainless steel

Wrought austenitic stainless steel pipe fittings

0.27 1.15

16-18

2-Mar 11 - 14

Corrosive process service

0.08

18-20

8 - 11

Forged fittings

0.08

1.5

18-21

8 - 11

Valve castings

0.08

18-20

8 - 11

Flanges

Castings

NON-FERROUS MATERIALS

COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS

Used when heat and electric conductivity are important


Theraml conductivity is high
Alloys are brasses, Bronzes (Cu-Sn) and Cupronickels (Cu-Ni)
Upto 20% Zn in Brass gives good corrosion resistance
Bronzes display good strength with corrsion resistance
Cupronickels have highest corrosion resistance among Cu alloys
Cupronickels are used for heat exchanger tubing

NICKEL AND ITS ALLOYS

Easy machinability and weldability


Chloromet and Hastelloy are widely used other than Monel 400
Not resistant to oxidising environments
Monel 400 is used to handle dilute sulphuric acid and
hydrochloric acid
Alkalis and sea water do not affect Nickel

ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS

Good thermal conductivity


Most workable metal
Highly resistant to atmospheric conditions, industrial fumes,
fresh brackish or salt water
Not resistant to corrosion
Loses strength rapidly at 1750C.

TITANIUM
Strong and medium weight
Titanium Oxide is formed which prevents corrosion
Resistant to Nitric acid of all concentrations except fuming
nitric acid
Welding requires inert atmosphere
Loses strength above 4000C
Provides good resistance to hydrochloric acid when alloyed
with 30% Molybdenum
Not affected by impingement and crevice corrosion

COMMON NON-FERROUS PIPING MATERIALS (METALS)


ASTM Des.

DESCRIPTION

SERVICES

SB42

Seamless Cu pipes

Heat exchanger services

SB43

Seamless red brass pipes

Moderate corrosion resistance

SB75

Seamless Cu tubes

Heat exchanger tubing

SB161

Ni seamless pipes & tubes

Alkaline solution, sea water

SB165

Ni-Cu alloy, seamless pipes & tubes

Dilute sulphuric acid

SB167

Ni-Cr-Fe alloy for seamless pipes & tubes

Hydro fluoric acids

SB171

Ni-Cr-Fe alloy for condenser tube plates

Condenser tubing

SB210

Al alloy drawn seamless tubes

Cryogenic

SB241

Al alloy extruded tubes & seamless pipes

Cryogenic and low temp

SB337

Seamless and welded Ti & Ti alloy pipes

Nitric acid & sea water

SB444

Ni-Cr-Mo-Columbium alloy, seamless


pipes & tubes

High concentration acid

SB564

Ni alloy forgings

Forged pipe fittings

SB690

Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys, seamless pipes &


tubes

Wear resistant services

NON-FERROUS MATERIALS COMPOSITION


ASTM
Des

Si

Cu

Al

Ni
(Co)

Pb

Fe

Zn

Mn

Ti

Cr

Others

SB43

84.686

0.5
max

0.5
max

Rem.

SB75

99.9
min

0.015
-0.45

SB161

0.35
max

0.25
max

99
min

0.4
max

0.35
max

0.15
max

SB165

0.52
-3

0.30.5

0-2.4

45-72

6-25

0.51.5

0.050.1

0.02
max

0.05
0.25

1429

SB171

58-62

6-11

0.070.25

0.060.4

0.2-1

1-1.5

0.10.2

SB241

0.20.6

0.050.4

0.350.7

0.050.25

0.031.5

0.050.2

0.050.25

SB444

0.5
max

0.4
max

58

5 max

0.5
max

0.015
max

0.1
max

2023

Cb, Ta,
Co, Mo

SB564

0.05
-1

0.240

0.10.5

20-99

0.2-50

1-3

0.1-2

0.04
max

0.535

Mo

SB690

1
max

0.75
max

23.525.5

Rem.

2 max

0.04

2022

Mo, N

Sn

NON-METALLIC PIPES

COMMONLY USED NON-METALLIC PIPING


MATERIALS

Plastics Thermoplastics and Thermosetting plastics


Concrete
Ceramic
Asbestos-Cement
Glass
Rubber

THERMOPLASTICS

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)

Tough and exceptionally resistant to chemical attack


Rigid unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride is thermoplastic material
Pipes are manufactured by extrusion
Fittings, flanges and valves are manufactured by injection
moulding

TYPES OF PVC
There are three types of PVC pipes,
Type-I, normal-impact grade
Type-II, high-impact grade
Type-IV, newer grade

PVC MATERIAL PROPERTIES


PROPERTIES

TYPE I

TYPE II

TYPE - IV

Hydrostatic design
pressure

2000 psi

1000 psi

1600 psi

Temperature

160 OF

Grades available

PVC 1120, PVC


1220

PVC, 2110, PVC


212, PVC 2116

PVC 4116

ADVANTAGES OF PVC PIPES


No physical or little deterioration when exposed to direct
sunlight, unlike other plastics
Does not support combustion
No scales are formed over smooth inside surface

APPLICATIONS OF PVC
Extensively used in highly corrosive application involving
acids, alkalis, salt solution, alsohols and many chemical
In oil fields as it can carry sour crude oil to which PVC is inert
and paraffin built-up is minimum
Salt-water disposal in oil fields
Gas transmission service
Cold water line in Industry as it is non-toxic and doesnt add
any odour or taste to water
For vent piping for removal of acid fumes and corrosive gases

TETRAFLUROETHYLENE (TEFLON)
Unaffected by alkalis and acids except flourines and chlorines,
molten metals at elevated temperatures (260 0C max)
TFE + Chlorine = CTFE, which is highly resistant to corrosion
by acids and alkalis up to 180 0C
TFE components can be prepared only by powder metallurgy

POLYETHYLENE (PE)
Produced from hydrocarbons and ethylene under high
temperature and extremely high temperature pressure
Types Low, Medium and High Density
HDPE is not very flexible as LDPE
2% Carbon black is added to increase weather resistance

APPLICATIONS OF PE

HDPE is used in jet wells and farm sprinklers


Salt water disposal lines
Chemical waste lines
Gas gathering systems
Conduit for power and telephone cables

ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE (ABS)
It produced by injection or compression moulding
Exhibit good toughness and tensile strength

APPLICATIONS OF PE
Service of inorganic acids, bases and salts
Sewage piping
Crude oil and gas piping

THERMOSETTING PLASTICS
Generally produced by centrifugal casting,
hand lay-up moulding and filament winding. Major
resins are Epoxy and Polyester resins and generally
reinforced with glass or blue asbestos fibre.

EPOXY
Used in transportation of acids, neutral or basic salt solutions,
waste process water and sewage
Used in paper industries for pulp stock wastes and dyes
It resists fouling, salt atmosphere and marine organism
Used in food and beverage industry

CONCRETE PIPES

CONCRETE PIPING MATERIALS


Types reinforced and non-reinforced
Some non-reinforced concrete pipe material specifications are
ASTM C14, AASHO M86, ASTM C412, etc.
Non-reinforced pipe sizes vary from 12 to 24
Some reinforced concrete pipe material specifications are
ASTM C76, AASHO M170, SS-P-375, etc.
Used for sewage and industrial waste, storm waste, culverts,
water supply

ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPES
Not used very commonly
Some standard material specification are ASTM C296, AWWA
C400, SS-P-331, etc.
Used for drains and industrial waste

PIPE LININGS

COMMONLY USED LINING MATERIALS

Rubber
Plastic
Lead
Glass
Epoxy resin
Synthetic resin

RUBBER LINED PIPES


Natural and Synthetic rubber linings are used to counteract
corrosion
Generally used in the temperature range of 20 OC to 50 OC
Commonly used natural rubbers are soft rubber, semi-hard and
hard rubbers
Commonly used synthetic rubbers are PolychloropreneNeoprene, Butyl rubber, Nitrile rubber and Thiokol
Cannot be used for strongly oxidising conditions or halogenated
carbon

PLASTIC LINING
PTFE and PVC are important lining materials
Used for chemical resistance, corrosion protection, resist
abrasion, non-toxic and smooth bore reduces friction
PTFE is chemically inert and used from 270 OC to 260 OC
Polyvinyl flouride, fluoroethylene propylene and polypropylene
can be added to enhance the range of PTFE
PVC provides tough and heavy-duty finish resistant to most acid
and marine growth

LEAD LININGS
Lead lining is useful for most corrosive fluids and sulphuric
acid below 80% concentration
Should not be used for nitric acid, hydrochloric acids,
hydrofluoric acids, organic acids and alkalis
Can be alloyed to improve mechanical properties

GLASS LININGS
Glass enamel (glass like) inorganic compositions are used as
linings
Bonded to mild steel by fusion on metal surface above 750 OC
Provide good resistance against acid attack and abrasion
Cheap alternative in many situations
Temperature range of 20 OC to 250 OC

EPOXY RESIN LININGS


Good resistance to alkalis and most acids except strongly
oxidising ones
Good resistance to abrasion by suspended particles due to
glossy nature of lining
Used mostly in natural gas pipe lines

SYNTHETIC RESIN LININGS


Sprayed phenol formaldehyde can be used when expected
corrosion is less
Cannot be used above 80 OC
Because of sterile and non-tainting properties it is used in food
processing industries
Mostly used to line welded steel vessels

LINED PIPES SAMPLES

PIPING MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION

What is a Material Specification?

A Piping Material Specification is an


engineering specification that contains requirements
for the selection of materials to be used in the
construction and fabrication for all process and utility
piping.

FEATURES OF A MATERIAL SPECIFICATION


Material of construction, end construction, end connections and
wall thicknesses for various ranges
Individual line class of the piping materials
Codes and standards relevant to the pipes and fittings of the
specified material class
Line class coding system
Pressure-Temperature ratings for various fittings and limiting
sizes of fittings
Other general notes and design criteria as applicable to the
material class

CLASS SERVICE INDEX IDEA STANDARDS


SI NO

CLASS

MATERIAL

MAX P
(kg/cm2)

T RANGE
(OC)

SERVICE

A1A

CS

20

-29 to 300

Fuel oil, nitrogen liquid, fuel gas,


NaOH, brine, steam tracing

A1AR

CS

20

-29 to 300

Steam condensate, BFW

A1B

CS

20

-45 to 400

Hydrocarbons, catalyst solutions,


lube oil, flare, flue gas, caustic, hot
nitrogen

A21A

304 SS

19.33

-29 to 300

Pure water(pump seal cooling) WPF,


additive solutions, seal oil, antifoam,
carbonate, brine II

A21B

SS

19.33

-29 to 150

Demin. Water, other process

A37A

Aluminium

1.4

100

Pneumatic conveying

B1C

CS

Chlorine vapour, chlorine liquid

B1EH

CS

52

-29 to 260

Hydrocarbons for HDPE only


(Dupont B1E)

D21A

304 SS

101.25

-200

Liquid ethylene (Cryogenic)

10

S5A

CS
polypropylene
lined

10.55

-29 to 80

Chemical sewer, regeneration wastes


(H2SO4 and NaOH)

SOME MATERIAL
COMPARISONS

GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS


Seamless pipes are mostly preferred in power piping, butt welded
may also be used
API 5L pipes are not permitted by IBR for design pr.>20 kgcm2
and temp>260 OC
Most projects require multinational specification
Economy precedes the choice of code for material specification,
after design requirements

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR PATIENCE

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