Space Vector Pulsewidth Modulation Controlled Multilevel Current Source Inverter

International Research Journal of Computer Science (IRJCS)
Issue 5, Volume 2 (May 2015)
ISSN: 2393-9842
www.irjcs.com
SPACE VECTOR PULSEWIDTH MODULATION

CONTROLLED MULTILEVEL
CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER
B.ARULVANI
Dr.V.PADMATHILAGAM,
M.E. (Power System)

Annamalai University
Asst. professor / Electrical Engg

Annamalai University
ABSTRACT: Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) scheme is chosen to control the multilevel current
source inverter. Among different modulation techniques, SVPWM is popularly accepted in recent trend, as it is easier
for digital realization. SVPWM reduces the harmonics and the switching losses and has better dc bus utilization.
Multilevel inverter have capability to deliver high output power with lower dv/dt (or) lower di/dt with less distorted
output waveforms resulting in reduction of harmonics injected into the system. Multilevel current source inverter is
one of the effective solutions for better output power quality (ie) less harmonic currents and less total harmonics
distortion of the output current. This paper focuses on step by step development of Space Vector Pulse Width
Modulation controlled multilevel current source inverter to reduce the harmonics in the output in
MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. Results are presented and analysed.
KEYWORDS: Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM), Voltage Source
Inverter(VSI), Current Source Inverter(CSI),Total Harmonic Distortion(THD).
1. INTRODUCTION
Recent developments of high performance semiconductor power switches, such as Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) increases the
research interest in high power converters such as multilevel voltage source inverters and its dual multilevel current
source inverters. Multilevel inverters have the capability to deliver high output power with lower harmonic distortion and
reduce the size of the filter. Multilevel inversion is a power conversion strategy in which the output voltage is obtained in
step, thus bringing the output closer to a sine wave and reduces the total harmonic distortion [1], [2]. There are many
applications for multilevel inverters, such as Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), high voltage direct current
lines and electrical drives. Multilevel current source inverter has additional advantages like short circuit production and
over current production.
Among several modulation techniques like selective harmonic elimination, space vector control, space vector
pulse width modulation, space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) techniques stand a step ahead. The SVPWM is
more sophisticated technique for generating sine wave that provides a higher voltage with lower harmonics distortion [6].
2. WHY CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER
The pulse width modulated voltage source inverter is the most common power converter topology for
adjustable speed induction motor drives. In high power areas, CSI using Gate Turn-off Thyristors (GTOs) are of special
interest. The power circuit of the CSI is simpler and more robust than the VSI due to no freewheeling diodes with
unidirectional current flow. The CSI can provide higher reliability related with a dc-link inductor than a capacitor for the
VSI and inherent over current production by current regulation of the controlled rectifier. The CSI permits four quadrant
operations transferring the electric power in both directions using the controlled rectifier with closed-loop current control
[7]. In addition, the CSI is more efficient because of the quasi-square wave mode operation, which turns ON and OFF
only once per cycle of the output current.
The multilevel CSI opens the possibility of operation with high power levels as well as elimination of
harmonics generated by the converter. The higher the level lower the harmonic content at the output current. An infinite
number of levels ensures zero harmonic distortion at the output current waveform. In order to suppress the source of the
harmonics (ie the harmonic current on the dc side) the dc inductor is usually of large value. So that the dc input current
can be kept constant and the output current waveform is purely determined by the PWM signals [12]- [14].
3. CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER
The main objective of there static power converters is to produce ac output current waveforms from a dc
source. For sinusoidal ac outputs, its magnitude, frequency and phase should be controllable. Due to the fact that the ac
line currents feature high di/dt, a capacitive filter should be connected at the ac terminals in inductive load applications
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(such as adjustable speed drives).Thus, nearly sinusoidal load voltages are generated that justifies the use of these
topologies in medium voltage industrial applications, where high quality voltage waveforms are required [8] [11].
In a Current Source Inverter (CSI), the current from the dc source is maintained at an effectively constant
level, irrespective of the load or inverter conditions by inserting a large inductance in series with the dc supply to enable
changes of the inverter voltage to be accommodated at low values of di/dt. The input to the CSI is obtained from a fixed
voltage ac source, battery, photo voltaic cell.
3.1. SINGLE PHASE H-BRIDGE CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER
The basic configuration of an H-bridge CSI is shown in Fig.1. This inverter generates three-level current
waveform, i.e. level +I ,0 andI, as listed in the Table.I.[2].
Table.I OPERATION MODES OF H BRIDGE CSI

Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
OUTPUT CURRENT
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
+I
0
0
-I
Fig.1 THREE-LEVEL CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER

3.2 CASCADED H BRIDGE CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER
The configuration of the five-level CSI is obtained by connecting two H-bridge CSI in parallel.
Fig.2 FIVE LEVEL CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER

Fig.2 shows the configuration of the chosen Five level current source inverter composed of eight
unidirectional power switches Qc1-Qc8. Preferably IGBTs are used. The output current levels of the five level CSI are +I,
+2I, 0, I and 2I. In positive half cycle four switches are ON and another four switches are OFF. In negative half cycle
the switching sequence is reversed. Therefore the output is like a stepped waveform [2] [4].
4.DC CURRENT GENERATION CIRCUITS
In the H-bridge based five level CSI, the dc current source is obtained by employing an auxiliary circuit. The
circuit works as a regulated dc current source for the inverter. The circuit simply consists of a controlled power switch
(Q), a smoothing inductor (L) as shown in fig.3. The switch regulates the dc current flowing through the smoothing
inductor and reduces the smoothing inductor size owing to the high switching frequency operation. Free wheeling diode
is used to keep continuous current flowing through the smoothing inductor.
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Fig.3 DC CURRENT MODULE

5.SPACE VECTOR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation(SVPWM) is a modulation algorithm which translates phase voltage
reference, coming from the controller into time/duty cycles to be applied to PWM peripheral. SVPWM is an
advanced computation intensive PWM method and possibly the best PWM technique for three phase inverters. SVPWM
refers to a special switching sequence of the upper three power switches of a three phase inverter [1]. It is a type of
modulation technique used for changing the pulse width according to the given reference vector. In this technique, all
possible switching states are represented as vectors in a two dimensional voltage space which are obtained by
transforming three phase dependent vectors to three phase independent vectors The reference vector is assumed to be
constant for the corresponding sampling time. Ideally the sampling frequency should be infinity but the sampling
frequency is limited by the turn-on and turn-off times of the device used. Therefore the maximum possible sampling
frequency is chosen for minimum total harmonic distortion.
5.1 PRINCIPLE OF SVPWM
The circuit of a typical three phase voltage source inverter is shown in Fig.4. S1 to S6 are six power switches
that shape the output, which are controlled by the switching variables x,x,y,y,z and z. When an upper switch is
switched ON , i.e., when x, y or z is 0, the corresponding lower switch is switched OFF, i.e., the corresponding x y or z
is 1. Therefore, the ON and OFF states of the upper switches S1,S3 and S5 can be used to determine the output voltage
[5].
Fig.4 THREE PHASE VOLTAGE SOURCE PWM INVERTER.

The operational principle of the PWM can be explained more clearly with the space vector representation.
Fig.5. displays the relationship between abc and d-q reference frames. The voltage vector can be expressed in the vector
form as
Fig.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN abc AND STATIONARY d-q REFERENCE FRAMES
Vs Va 2Vb Vc (1)
2
where exp j
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Va Vm sin t
Vb Vm sin(t 120)
Vc Vm sin(t 120)
(2)
and Vm is the amplitude of the fundamental component.

The relationship between the switching variable vector [x, y, z]t and the line-to-line voltage vector
[Vab Vbc Vca] is given by as follows
1 0 x
Vab
1
Vbc Vdc 0 1 1 y
1
z
Vca
0
1
The relationship between the switching variable vector [x, y, z]t and the phase voltage vector [Van Vbn Vcn] can be
expressed as
1 1 x
Van
2

V
dc
Vbn
1
y
2
1
Vcn
1 2 z
(3)
Fig.6 SECTORS AND SWITCHING VECTORS IN THE COMPLEX PLANE

Fig.6. shows the sectors and vectors in complex plane. The angle between any adjacent two non-zero vectors
is 60 degrees. Meanwhile, two zero vectors (V0 and V7) are at the origin and apply zero voltage to the load. The eight
vectors are called the basic space vectors and are denoted by V0, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6 and V7. The same transformation
can be applied to the desired output voltage to get the desired reference voltage vector Vref in the d-q plane.
There are eight possible combinations of ON and OFF states in the three phase VSI configuration as shown in Fig.7 .The
ON-OFF sequences of the six switches should respect the following two conditions [5].
Three of the six switches must be always ON and the other three always OFF.
The upper and lower switches of the same leg are driven with two complementary pulse signals. In this way, no
vertical short through could happen.
Table.II OUTPUT VOLTAGES FOR THE VARIOUS SWITCHING PATTERNS
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Fig.7 THE INVERTER VOLTAGE VECTORS (V0 TO V7)

Space voltage vector and corresponding states SVPWM refers to a special switching sequence of the upper
three power transistors of a three phase power inverter.
5.2 SVPWM ALGORITHM
Five steps can be identified to implement the SVPWM technique:
Step1 :
Definition of the possible switching vectors in the output voltage space.
Step 2 :
Identification of the separation planes between the sectors in the output voltage space.
Step 3 :
Identification of the boundary planes in the output voltage space.
Step 4 :
Obtaining decomposition matrices.
Step 5 :
Definition of the switching sequence
6. SIMULATION AND RESULT DISCUSSION
The Matlab Simulink software is used to simulate five level current source inverter, where all parameters and
blocks are modeled based on basic concepts explained in above sections. One of the key feature is that it allows the user
to simulate the design over a specified period of time.
6.1 SIMULATION OF FIVE-LEVEL CASCADE CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER
Five level current source inverter is modeled based on the theoretical concept as explained. The modulating
signal is generated by space vector algorithm. Among chosen four carrier signals, two carrier signals are applied across
the positive half cycle of the modulating signal and remaining two are applied across the negative half cycle of the
modulating signal. Gate signals are generated when the carrier signals intersect with the reference signal. SVPWM
generated gate pulses are applied to the switches. Here in CSI each switch is paired with other switch so there are eight
switches in CSI but four pulse generations is sufficient because of its paired nature. These pulses are given to one
subsystem in Simulink model from where all switches of gate terminal are connected. Based on the concepts explained
in modulation techniques, four pulses are generated. Remaining four pulses are generated by shifting the phase angle.
PARAMETERS:
No of switches - IGBTs : 8
Diodes
: 8
Number of ideal switches : 2
DC input voltage
: 160 V
Input inductance
: 500H
Load resistance
: 2
Fig.8 Represents the Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation for Five Level Current Source Inverter Where
Space Vector is Compared to Triangular Carrier Wave.
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Fig.8 SIMULATED SPACE VECTOR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION FOR FIVE LEVEL CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER.
SIMULATION RESULTS:
The simulated output current and voltage waveform of multilevel current source inverter is displayed in Fig.8
and Fig.9. respectively. This current flow through the load and the five level voltage waveform is obtained across the
load. Fig .11.(a) and Fig.11.(b) shows the FFT spectrum of output current generated by unoptimized switching pulse
controlled and SVPWM controlled five level current source inverter respectively. Fig .12.(a) and Fig.12.(b) shows the
FFT spectrum of output voltage generated by unoptimized switching pulse controlled and SVPWM controlled five
level current source inverter respectively.
Fig.9 SIMULATED OUTPUT CURRENT OF SVPWM CONTROLLED CHOSEN FIVE LEVEL CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER WITH R=2 LOAD.
Fig.10 SIMULATED OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF SVPWM CONTROLLED CHOSEN FIVE LEVEL CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER
WITH R=2 LOAD.
Table.III THD OF OUTPUT CURRENT AND VOLTAGE UNOPTIMIZED SWITCHING PULSE CONTROLLED AND SVPWM
CONTROLLED CHOSEN FIVE LEVEL CSI.
%THD
Unoptimized switching Pulse
Parameters
SVPWM switching signal
signal
Current
45.35
35.77
Voltage
43.00
20.83
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Table.III displays the THD of output current and voltage unoptimized switching pulse controlled and SVPWM
controlled chosen five level CSI.
Fig.11 (a) FFT SPECTRUM OF OUTPUT CURRENT OF

UNOPTIMIZED SWITCHING PULSE CONTROLLED
CHOSEN FIVE LEVEL INVERTER
Fig.12 (a) FFT SPECTRUM OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE

UNOPTIMIZED SWITCHING PULSE CONTROLLED
CHOSEN FIVE LEVEL INVERTER
Fig.11 (b) FFT SPECTRUM OF OUTPUT CURRENT OF

SVPWM CONTROLLED CHOSEN FIVE LEVEL CSI
Fig.12 (b) FFT SPECTRUM OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF

CONTROLLED CHOSEN FIVE LEVEL CSI
From the Table.III, Fig.10 and Fig.11 The total harmonic distortion of output current and Voltage of SVPWM
controlled chosen five level Inverter is lesser than the unoptimized switching pulse Controlled five level inverter.
CONCLUSION:
Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) is a more sophisticated technique for generating sine wave
that provides a higher voltage with lower harmonic distortion and advanced computation intensive PWM method.
SVPWM technique controlled five level CSI is simulated in simulink block. The output voltage waveform and current
waveform and FFT spectrum of current and voltage is presented and analyzed. The THD of output current and voltage in
SVPWM controlled CSI compared to the un optimized switching pulse controlled CSI is lesser.
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International Research Journal of Computer Science (IRJCS)

Issue 5, Volume 2 (May 2015)