VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENT
WEEK 1
Electrical Effects: Electro- Dynamic Effects
Experiment
WEEK 2
Clay Brick
WEEK 3
Hand - Made Bricks
WEEK 4
Pressed Bricks Experiment
WEEK 5
Determination of Crushing Strength of Bricks
Week 6
Strength Tests on Limes
WEEK 7
Effect of Grading of Aggregate on the Properties Of
Concrete
WEEK 8
Slump Test
WEEK 9
Compacting factor test
WEEK 10
V.B Consistometer test
WEEK 11
Determination of the Strength of Concrete
WEEK 12
Soundness of Cement Test
Week 13
Field Setting Test to Determine Silt Content
WEEK 14
Soundness of Cement Test
Week 15
Students Excursion
WEEK 1
ELECTRICAL EFFECTS: ELETRO- DYNAMIC EFFECTS ;EXPERIMENT
Electric currents and magnetic fields have important mutual effects.
.If an electric current is passed through a wire that is situated in a magnetic field
as shown in the figure below in {a}
Figure
.The wire tends to move, in the direction motion cutting the lines as shown above
in {b} it is on this effect that the operation of an electric motor depends. Both
explained the principle of electric motor.
.If a current is passed through a coil of wire suspended in a magnetic field as
shown at {a}, the action on each side of the coil is to cause rotational in the
direction shown.
.when the coil passed the vertical position {b}, a change in the direction of the
current is necessary if rotation is to continue in the same direction.
.If a conductor is moved across the line of force in a magnetic field, a current will
be generated in it. The direction of movement of conductor and the current flow
as shown in figure below explained the Principle of the Dynamo, the machine by
which electricity is mostly generated.
Details of the principle are illustrated below;
Figure
Dynamo principle
For the direction of rotation shown at {a} current will flow in the coil as shown ;
as the coil approaches the vertical position{b}, the current dies away because, in
the position, the conductors are not cutting the line of force , but are running
parallel to them. In position {c} the direction of flow is revered, and is at its
maximum with the coil in the horizontal direction, dying away to zero in
position {d} .this type of output is known as alternating Current.
WEEK 3
Hand - Made Bricks:
Bricks are moulded by hand from clay which contains sufficient
water to render it thoroughly plastic, and the finished product
usually has a high porosity (about 28 - 35 percent). Their
durability is, however, quite satisfactory except where
temperature of burning are not high enough. Under - burned
bricks may be recognized by their lightness in colour and lack
of ring when stucks, and should not be used for building
work. Hand made bricks are usually sand faced, since the
moulds are dusted with sand to prevent the clay sticking. This
gives to the bricks a surface texture which contributes greatly to
their good appearance.
WEEK 4
Pressed Bricks Experiment
WEEk 5
Determination of Crushing Strength of Bricks
Procedure;
Three whole bricks should be selectee from each batch to be tested
and the overall dimensions of each bed face (see Fig. Week5) of
each brick measured to the nearest 300mm. The area of the face
having the smaller area is taken as the area of the brick for
calculating the compressive strength.
Bricks without frogs are immersed in water for three days before
testing.
Bed Face
Figure Week5
Bricks with frogs are immersed in water for twenty-four hours. They
are then removed from the water, allowed to drain for about five
minutes, wiped free from surplus moisture, and their frogs filled
with mortar composed of 1 part by weight of Portland cement to 1
parts of sand. The bricks are stored under the damp sacks for twentyfour hours and afterwards in water until tested seven days after the
frogs have been filled.
The bricks are crushed between sheets of 3-ply wood 3mm thick.
minutes. Mix the putty thoroughly with 900 gram of standard cement
testing sand, and fill six 4 in x 1-in 1-in moulds. The moulds should
be filled by pressing with the thumbs and smoothed off with a palate
knife. The specimens are stored in moulds in moist air in a slightly
warmed oven (250c) for twenty eight days. They are then removed
from moulds and stored in water half an hour before being tested
transversely on a 3-in span.
This experiment may be carried out using hydrated limes of the
following types
a.
non hydraulic
b.
semi hydraulic
c.
hydraulic and
d.
e.
Cement
Sand
Gravel
workability. The amount of water required for each mix is carefully noted and
the character of each mix is examined by working it with a trowel. A test
specimen is then made from mix, care being taken to compact the concrete
thoroughly, and its crushing strength determined after seven days or other
convenient interval. A typical set of result from the experiment are given in the
following table.
Table 12
Effect of aggregate grading on concrete properties
Mix
86
280
73
88
66
1,480
60
2,220
49
1,760
40
730
It will be observed that, as the proportion of fine aggregate in the mix increase,
so also does the amount of mixing water required. Also mixes E and F, deficient
in sand , will be found to work very harshly, and no amount of added water will
make them plastic. Mixes, A,. B and C on the other hand, provided sufficient
water is added, give very attractive mixes, plastic and workable. From the
appearance of the cubes and the crushing test results, mix F will be seen to be
very porous, and not very strong; mix E though still porous, should give good
strength. The other mixes appear satisfactorily dense, but the strength will fall off
rapidly from mix D, which should give good strength not very different from
mix E, to mix A, whose strength will probably be even lower than that of F
whose appearance is so unpromising.
WEEK 8
TITLE: SLUMP TEST
OBJECTIVE:
To assess the workability of concrete.
Apparatus:
Truncated conical mould 100mm diameter at the top, 200mm at the
bottom and 300mm height.
Steel tamping rod 16mm diameter, 600mm long rounded at one end,
Diagram:
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The doors of the hoppers are closed and the lower cylinder is
fixed centrally in position and covered.
2.
3.
4.
c.
Diagram
1.
The cone is filled with concrete as for the slump test. The set
screw G is loosened and the funnel is swung to one side. The
surface of the concrete is struck off. The mould is removed
carefully and the slump is measured if required. This can be
done when the disc is swung round into position and
lowered down the rod just to touch the slump concrete. The
slump may be read off the rod scale.
2.
With the arm fixed in this position, holding the disc resting
on the concrete and with stop watch ready, thee watch is
started the instant that vibration is begun; and the watch is
stopped at the moment the concrete has been fully
compacted as compacted as observed through the disc, i.e
when the disc is fully covered underneath with cement
grout. The result is the time in seconds recorded to nearest
0.5s being expressed as V-B degrees.
The presence of salt salts out and coagulates the colidal particles
which may be present, and which otherwise would remain in
suspension in the water layer.
WEEK 11
DETERMINATION OF THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
After the casting of concrete, the concrete should be cured for 7 days -14 days.
.To demonstrates to student how Schmidt Hammer is used to determine the strength of
concrete on site.
.the lower pitch sound indicates that the strength of the concrete is low.
.The higher pitch sound gives the higher strength of concrete.
Week. 12
Title:
SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT TEST
Objectives: To Determine the Soundness of cement test.
Apparatus: le chatelier apparatus
Diagram
Procedure
mix10gofcementwiththequantityofwaterrequiredtogiveapasteofstandard
consistency,vigorouslyfor240sonanonporoussurfacebymeansoftwotrowels.
Placethemouldononeglassplateandfillitwiththepastetakingcaretokeepthesplit
ofthemouldgentlyclosedwhilethisoperationisbeingperformed.
Coverthemouldwithotherglass,uponwhichasmallweightisplaced.
Immersethewholeimmediatelyinwateratatemperatureof20+10Candleavethese
fortwentyfourhours.
Removethemouldfromthewaterthenmeasurethedistanceseparatingtheindicator
pointstothenearest0.5mm.
Immersethewholeandbringthewatertoboilin2530minutesandkeepboilingfor
1hour.
Removethemouldfromthewatertocool.
Measurethedistanceseparatingtheindicatorpointtothenearest0.5mm.
Result
The difference between the two measurements represents the expansion of the
cement to the nearest 1mm
Week 13
FIELD SETTING TEST TO DETERMINE SILT CONTENT
Prepare an approximately 1m solution of common salt by dissolving 2.5g of sodium
chloride in 250ml of tap water. Pour 50ml of this solution into a 250ml measuring
cylinder and then add sand until the volume of sand is about 100ml; add more of the salt
solution until the total volume in the measuring cylinder is 150ml. Placing the palm of
the hand over the open end of the cylinder, shake vigorously, place on a level bench, tap
until the sand surface is level. Allow to stand for three hours. Record the height of the
sand, and of the silt above it.
Calculate the percentage of silt present.
Report on the suitability of the sand as fine aggregates in the preparation of
concrete.
Note: the presence of salt out and coagulates the colloidal particles which may be present
and which otherwise would remain suspension in the water layer.
WEEK 14
Title: Soundness of Cement Test.
Objective:
Apparatus:
Le Chatelier Apparatus
Mix 10g of cement with quantity of water required to give a paste standard
consistency vigorously for 240s on a non porous surface by means of two trowels.
Place the mould on one glass plate and fill it with paste taken care to keep the
split of the mould gently closed while this operation is being performed.
Cover the mould with other glass, upon which a small weight is placed.
Remove the mould from the water then measure the distance separating the
indicator points to the nearest 0.5mm.
Immerse the whole and bring the water to boil in 25 30 minutes and keep
boiling for 1hour.
Measure the distance separating the indicator point to the nearest 0.5mm.
Result
The difference between the two measurements represents the expansion of the
cement to the nearest 1mm