TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Scope ............................................................................................................. 1
2. General ......................................................................................................... 1
3. Service condition ......................................................................................... 1
3.1. Normal service conditions ....................................................................................... 1
3.2. Unusual service conditions ...................................................................................... 2
4. Definitions .................................................................................................... 2
5. Circuit breaker type .................................................................................... 6
5.1. Kinds of AC circuit breakers ................................................................................... 6
5.2. Application of circuit breaker type .......................................................................... 7
9. Nameplates ................................................................................................. 19
ii
LIST OF TABLES
< Table 1 > Application of circuit breaker type ................................................................ 7
< Table 2 > Rated voltage ................................................................................................. 7
< Table 3 > Rated insulation levels .................................................................................. 8
< Table 4 > Normal current, short-time withstand current and peak current ................... 8
< Table 5 > DC, AC voltage for control ........................................................................... 9
< Table 6 > Rated break time............................................................................................ 9
< Table 7 > Rated voltage ................................................................................................11
< Table 8 > Rated insulation levels ................................................................................ 12
< Table 9 > Normal current, short-time withstand current and peak current ................. 12
< Table 10 > DC, AC voltage for control ....................................................................... 13
< Table 11 > Rated break time ........................................................................................ 13
< Table 12 > Rated voltage ............................................................................................. 15
< Table 13 > Rated insulation levels .............................................................................. 16
< Table 14 > Normal current, short-time withstand current and peak current ............... 16
< Table 15 > DC, AC voltage for control ....................................................................... 17
< Table 16 > Rated break time........................................................................................ 17
< Table 17 > Rated insulation levels .............................................................................. 22
< Table 18 > Standard current ratings (A) ...................................................................... 23
< Table 19 > Example of fault capacity calculation ....................................................... 28
< Table 20 > Example of circuit breaker application ..................................................... 28
< Table 21 > Rated duration of short circuit ................................................................... 29
< Table 22 > Rated operating sequence in KEPCO........................................................ 30
< Table 23 > Rated operating sequence .......................................................................... 30
< Table 24 > Application of other countries ................................................................... 30
< Table 25 > Rated break time........................................................................................ 31
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
< Figure 1 > Circuit-breaker without switching resister .................................................. 5
< Figure 2 > Circuit-breaker with switching resister........................................................ 6
< Figure 3 > Simulated power system for fault calculations .......................................... 24
iv
LIST OF APPENDIX
A References 21
B Review of ratings for switchgear
22
Switchgear
1. Scope
This standard is applicable to selection of switchgear including their auxiliary equipment
such as DS, LS and ES, GIS and MCSG designed for outdoor and indoor installations for
the new 66kV, 30 kV substations. Also the ratings and types are selected among exiting
commercial products
2. General
a) The circuit breakers for the new 66kV substations shall be selected considering the
short circuit capacity of power systems, substation types, connection of relevant
equipment, outgoing and incoming lines and so on
b) If the actual service conditions differ from these service conditions in installation site,
circuit breakers associated operating devices and auxiliary equipment shall be
designed in accordance with the any special service conditions required by the user.
c) Other information concerning classification of environmental conditions is given in
IEC 60721-3-3 (indoor) and IEC 60721-3-4 (outdoor)
d) Also, in this standard, which is not mentioned about the specifications complies with
the relevant standards.
3. Service condition
a) Normal service conditions are specified or recommended that an agreement shall be
reached concerning alternative or additional technical solutions or procedures
b) Also, such agreement is to be made between the manufacturer and the purchaser. The
matters should preferably be raised at an early stage and the agreements included in
the contract specification.
3.1. Normal service conditions
The circuit breakers including the relevant equipment shall be installed at outdoor and
indoor which shall be suitable for continuous operation at the below site conditions
Maximum altitude: 1 000 m (3 300 ft)
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Maximum ambient air temperature: + 50 C
Minimum ambient air temperature: -10 C
Monthly average temperature of the hottest month: + 40 C
Yearly average temperature: : + 30 C
3.2. Unusual service conditions
Conditions other than those listed in above for the power transformer are considered to be
unusual. And manufacturers should discuss with purchaser for the unusual service
conditions
4. Definitions
Switchgear
A general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated
control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices
and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting
structures, intended in principle for use in connection with generation, transmission,
distribution and conversion of electric energy
Control-gear
A general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated
control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices
and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting
structures, intended in principle for the control of electric energy consuming equipment
Indoor switchgear and control-gear
Switchgear and control-gear designed solely for installation within a building or other
housing, where the switchgear and control-gear is protected against wind, rain, snow,
abnormal dirt deposits, abnormal condensation, ice and hoar frost
Outdoor switchgear and control-gear
Switchgear and control-gear suitable for installation in the open air, i.e. capable of
withstanding wind, rain, snow, dirt deposits, condensation, ice and hoar frost.
Metal-enclosed Switchgear (MCSG)
Switchgear assemblies with an external metal enclosure intended to be earthed and
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Switchgear
completely assembled, except for external connections.
Gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear (GIS)
Metal-enclosed switchgear in which the insulation is obtained, at least partly, by an
insulating gas other than air at atmospheric pressure
Note) Three-phase enclosed gas-insulated switchgear applies to switchgear with the
three phases enclosed in a common enclosure. Single-phase enclosed gasinsulated switchgear applies to switchgear with each phase enclosed in a single
independent enclosure.
Gas-insulated switchgear enclosure
Part of gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear retaining the insulating gas under the
prescribed conditions necessary to maintain safely the highest insulation level,
protecting the equipment against external influence and providing a high degree of
protection to personnel
Short-circuit current
An over-current resulting from a short circuit due to a fault or an incorrect connection in
an electric circuit
Disconnect switch
A mechanical switching device which provides, in the open position, an isolating
distance in accordance with specified requirements
Earthing switch
A mechanical switching device for earthing parts of a circuit, capable of withstanding
for a specified time currents under abnormal conditions such as those of short circuit,
but it is not required to carry current under normal conditions of the circuit. An earthing
switch may have a short circuit making capacity.
Breaking capacity
A value of prospective current that a switching device is capable of breaking at a stated
voltage under prescribed conditions of use and behavior
Making capacity
A value of prospective making current that a switching device is capable of making at a
stated voltage under prescribed conditions of use and behavior
Short-circuit breaking capacity
A breaking capacity for which the prescribed conditions include a short circuit at the
terminals of the switching device
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Switchgear
Short-time withstand current
The current that a circuit or a switching device in the closed position can carry during a
specified short time under prescribed conditions of use and behavior
Opening time
The opening time is the interval of time between the instant of energizing the opening
release, the circuit-breaker being in the closed position, and the instant when the arcing
contacts have separated in all poles. The opening time includes the operating time of any
auxiliary equipment necessary to open the circuit-breaker and forming an integral part of
the circuit-breaker.
Arcing time
The interval of time between the instant of the first initiation of an arc and the instant of
final arc extinction in all poles
Break time
The interval of time between the beginning of the opening time of a mechanical
switching device and the end of the arcing time
Make time
The interval of time between energizing the closing circuit, the circuit breaker being in
the open position, and the instant when the current begins to flow in the first pole
Closing time
The interval of time between energizing the closing circuit, the circuit breaker being in
the open position, and the instant when the contacts touch in all poles
Pre-arcing time
The interval of time between the initiation of current flow in the first pole during a
closing operation and the instant when the contacts touch in all poles for three-phase
conditions
Open-close time (during auto-re-closing)
The interval of time between the instant when the arcing contacts have separated in all
poles and the instant when the contacts touch in the first pole during a re-closing cycle
Dead time (during auto-re-closing)
The interval of time between final arc extinction in all poles in the opening operation
and the first re-establishment of current in any pole in the subsequent closing operation
Re-closing time
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Switchgear
The interval of time between the beginning of the opening time and the instant when the
contacts touch in all poles during a re-closing cycle
Re-make time (during re-closing)
The interval of time between the beginning of the opening time and the first reestablishment of current in any pole in the subsequent closing operation
Close-open time
The interval of time between the instant when the contacts touch in the first pole during
a closing operation and the instant when the arcing contacts have separated in all poles
during the subsequent opening operation
Pre-insertion time
The interval of time during a closing operation in any one pole between the instant of
contact touch in the closing resistor element and the instant of contact touch in the main
breaking unit of that pole
< Figure 1 > Circuit-breaker without switching resister
Closed position
Contact movement
Open position
Current flow
Current flow
Time
Opening time
Make time
Pre-arcing time
Arcing time
Break time
Closing time
Dead time
Open-close time
Re-make time
Re-closing time
Contact touch in all poles
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Switchgear
< Figure 2 > Circuit-breaker with switching resister
Closed position
Contact movement
Open position
Current flow
Current flow
Time
Opening time
Make time
Pre-arcing time
Arcing time
Break time
Closing time
Pre-insertion time
Dead time
Open-close time
Re-make time
Re-closing time
Energizing of closing circuit
Resister current
Contact touch in the closing resister
Arc extinction in all poles
Full current
Separation arcing contacts in all poles
Energizing of opening release
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b) GCB (Gas Circuit-Breaker)
A circuit-breaker in which the contacts open and close in gas such as SF6 gas
c) OCB (Oil Circuit-Breaker)
A circuit-breaker in which the contacts open and close in oil
d) ABB (Air Blast circuit-Breaker)
A circuit-breaker in which the contacts open and close through the compressed air
5.2. Application of circuit breaker type
AC circuit breakers apply according to the nominal system voltages as shown in table
bellow
< Table 1 > Application of circuit breaker type
Nominal voltages (kV)
Circuit breaker
Remark
11
VCB
30
GCB
66
GCB
Remark
66
72.5
Outdoor type
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Switchgear
< Table 3 > Rated insulation levels
Rated voltage
(kV, rms)
72.5
Power-frequency withstand
voltage (kV, rms)
Common value
Across the
isolating distance
140
Common value
160
325
Across the
isolating distance
375
c) Rated frequency
The standard values for the rated frequency is 50 Hz
d) Rated normal current
The rated normal current is the rms value of the current which the circuit breaker shall
be able to carry continuously without deterioration at its rated frequency, voltage, with
a temperature rise not exceeding the values specified in IEC 60694
e) Rated short-time withstand current
The rms value of the current which the circuit breaker can carry in the closed position
during a specified short-time (2s), the standard value shall be equal to the short-circuit
rating assigned the circuit breaker
f) Rated peak withstand current
The peak current associated with the first major loop of the rated short-time withstand
current which the circuit breaker can carry in the closed position. For a rated frequency
of 50 Hz and bellow it is equal to 2.5 times the rated short-time withstand current
< Table 4 > Normal current, short-time withstand current and peak current
Rated voltages
Rated normal
[kV]
current [A]
72.5
2,000, (400)
31.5
80
Note)
1. ( ) : For transformer bay
2. Normal current calculation of 66 kV switchgear
Based on ACSR 315 (a 66 kV feeder): 1,040 A90%(Utilization rate) = 936 (A).
However, if we assumed the voltage drop by 0.5%, the current is 1,037A (9831.05),
therefore, considering the sufficient margin. Set the rated normal current as 2,000 A
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Switchgear
3. Normal current calculation of transformer bay
Based on 25 MVA: 219 A, therefore, considering the sufficient margin, set the rated
normal current as 400 A
g) Rated duration of short-circuit
The interval of time for which circuit breaker can carry in the closed position, a current
equal to its rated short-time withstand current. The standard values of rated duration of
short-circuit is 2s
h) Rated supply voltage for control circuit
The relative tolerance of AC and DC power supply in normal duty measured at the
input of the auxiliary equipment is 85% to 110%
< Table 5 > DC, AC voltage for control
DC voltage (V)
AC 3, 3W or 4W system (V)
AC 1, 2W system (V)
110
400 / 230
230
72.5
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Remark
Switchgear
7. Selection of MCSG
In this chapter, the characteristics of a MCSG including its operating devices and
auxiliary equipment for the secondary side of the new 66 kV, 30 kV substations that shall
be used to determine the ratings are the following
7.1. Design
a) MCSG shall be designed so that normal service, inspection and maintenance
operations, determination of the energized or de-energized state of the circuit breaker
can be carried out safely
b) Also, all removable parts and components of the same type and rating shall be
mechanically and electrically interchangeable
7.1.1. Earthing
The earthing circuit is normally designed for a single short-circuit withstand.
a) Main circuit
To ensure personnel protection during maintenance work, all parts of the main circuit
to which access is required or provided shall be capable of being earthed prior to
becoming accessible
b) Enclosure
Each functional unit shall be connected to earthing conductor. All the metallic parts
intended to be earthed and not belonging to a main or auxiliary circuit shall also be
connected to the earthing conductor directly or through metallic structural parts. Also,
the interconnection between the adjacent units shall be capable of carrying the rated
short-time and peak withstand current for the earthing circuit
c) Removable parts
The normally earthed metallic parts of a removable part shall remain connected to earth
in the test and disconnected position and in any position. On insertion, the normally
earthed metallic parts of a removable part shall be connected to earth prior to the
making of the contacts of the fixed and removable parts of the main circuit.
7.1.2. Stored energy operation
a) A switching device arranged for stored energy operation shall be capable of making
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Switchgear
and breaking its rated short-circuit current
b) Motor and their electrically operated auxiliary equipment for charging a spring or for
driving a compressor or pump shall operate satisfactorily between 85% and 110% of
the rated supply voltage.
7.1.3. Interlocking
Interlocks between different components of the equipment should be equipped for
protections and convenience of operation.
a) The withdrawal or engagement of a circuit breaker, switch or contactor shall be
prevented unless it is in the open position
b) Also, the interlock shall prevent the closing of circuit breaker, switch or contactor in
the service position unless any auxiliary circuits associated with the automatic
opening of these device are connected.
7.1.4. Enclosure
Enclosure shall be metallic and HV parts are completely enclosed by metallic partitions
or shutters intended to be earthed. Also, the enclosure shall provide at least the degree of
protection IP 2X, according to IEC 60694.
7.1.5. Compartment
A compartment shall be designated by the main component therein, for example, circuitbreaker compartment, bus-bar compartment, cable compartment and so on.
7.2. Rating
a) Rated voltage
The rated voltage indicates the upper limits of the highest voltage of systems for which
circuit breaker is intended
< Table 7 > Rated voltage
Nominal voltage (kV)
Remark
11
12
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Switchgear
< Table 8 > Rated insulation levels
Rated voltage
kV, rms)
12
Power-frequency withstand
voltage (kV, rms)
Common value
Across the
isolating distance
28
Across the
Common value
32
isolating distance
75
85
c) Rated frequency
The standard values for the rated frequency is 50 Hz
d) Rated normal current
The rated normal current is the rms value of the current which the circuit breaker shall
be able to carry continuously without deterioration at its rated frequency, voltage, with
a temperature rise not exceeding the values specified in IEC 60694
e) Rated short-time withstand current
The rms value of the current which the circuit breaker can carry in the closed position
during a specified short-time (2s), the standard value shall be equal to the short-circuit
rating assigned the circuit breaker
f) Rated peak withstand current
The peak current associated with the first major loop of the rated short-time withstand
current which the circuit breaker can carry in the closed position. For a rated frequency
of 50 Hz and bellow it is equal to 2.5 times the rated short-time withstand current
< Table 9 > Normal current, short-time withstand current and peak current
Rated voltages
Rated normal
[kV]
current [A]
12
2000, (630)
25
63
Note)
1. ( ): For each 11 kV feeder
2. Normal current calculation for 11 kV MCSG
Based on 25 MVA (power transformer capacity): 1312 A, therefore, considering the
sufficient margin, set the rated normal current of MCSG as 2000 A
3. Normal current calculation of a 11 kV feeder
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Switchgear
Based on XLPE 2403C(a 11 kV feeder): 363 A90%(Utilization rate) = 327 (A).
However, if we assumed the voltage drop by 0.5%, the current is 343A (3271.05),
therefore, considering the sufficient margin. Set the rated normal current as 630 A
g) Rated duration of short-circuit
The interval of time for which circuit breaker can carry in the closed position, a current
equal to its rated short-time withstand current. The standard values of rated duration of
short-circuit is 2s
h) Rated supply voltage for control circuit
The relative tolerance of AC and DC power supply in normal duty measured at the
input of the auxiliary equipment is 85% to 110%
< Table 10 > DC, AC voltage for control
DC voltage (V)
AC 3, 3W or 4W system (V)
AC 1, 2W system (V)
110
400 / 230
230
12
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Remark
Switchgear
8. Selection of GIS
In this chapter, the characteristics of a GIS including its operating devices and auxiliary
equipment for the primary side of the new 30 kV substations that shall be used to
determine the ratings are the following
8.1. Design
a) GIS shall be designed so that normal service, inspection and maintenance operation,
earthing of connected cables, and the elimination of dangerous electrostatic charges
can be carried out safely including the checking of phase sequence after installation
and extension
b) Also, all components of the same rating and construction which may need to be
replaced shall be interchangeable.
8.1.1. Component
GIS shall be composed with circuit-breaker (CB), dis-connector switch (DS), earthing
switch (ES), bus, current transformer (CT), voltage transformer (VT or PT), bushing and
lightning arrester (LA).
8.1.2. Requirement for gases in GIS
The required quantity, quality and density of the gas to be used in GIS comply with the
manufacturers recommendation.
8.1.3. Earthing
The frame of each device of GIS shall be provided with a reliable earthing terminal
having a clamping screw or bolt for connection to an earthing conductor suitable for
specified fault conditions
a) Main circuit
To ensure safety during maintenance work, all parts of the main circuit to which access
is required or provided shall be capable of being earthed. Also earthing may be made
by earthing switches with a making capacity equal to the rated peak withstand current,
if there is still a possibility that the circuit connected is live (e.g. line earthing switch)
b) Enclosure
The enclosures shall be connected to earth. All metal parts which do not belong to a
main or an auxiliary circuit shall be earthed. For the interconnection of enclosures,
frames, so forth, fastening (e.g. bolting or welding) is acceptable for providing
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Switchgear
electrical continuity.
8.1.4. Gas monitoring
The gas density or temperature compensated gas pressure in each compartment shall be
continuously monitored. The monitoring device shall be provide at least two sets of
alarm levels for pressure or density (alarm and minimum functional pressure or density)
8.1.5. Interlocking
a) Apparatus installed in main circuit, which are used for ensuring isolating distance
during maintenance work, shall be provided with locking facilities to prevent closing
b) Earthing switches shall be provided with locking facilities to avoid opening
c) Earthing switches should be interlocked with the associated dis-connector switch
d) Dis-connector switches should be interlocked with the associated circuit-breaker to
prevent opening or closing of the switch or dis-connector switches unless the
associated circuit breaker is open.
8.1.6. Enclosure
The enclosure shall be capable of withstanding the normal and transient pressures to
which it is subjected in service.
8.2. Rating
a) Rated voltage
The rated voltage indicates the upper limits of the highest voltage of systems for which
circuit breaker is intended
< Table 12 > Rated voltage
Nominal voltage (kV)
Remark
30
36
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Switchgear
< Table 13 > Rated insulation levels
Rated voltage
kV, rms)
36
Power-frequency withstand
voltage (kV, rms)
Common value
Across the
isolating distance
70
Common value
80
170
Across the
isolating distance
195
c) Rated frequency
The standard values for the rated frequency is 50 Hz
d) Rated normal current
The rated normal current is the rms value of the current which the circuit breaker shall
be able to carry continuously without deterioration at its rated frequency, voltage, with
a temperature rise not exceeding the values specified in IEC 60694
e) Rated short-time withstand current
The rms value of the current which the circuit breaker can carry in the closed position
during a specified short-time (2s), the standard value shall be equal to the short-circuit
rating assigned the circuit breaker
f) Rated peak withstand current
The peak current associated with the first major loop of the rated short-time withstand
current which the circuit breaker can carry in the closed position. For a rated frequency
of 50 Hz and bellow it is equal to 2.5 times the rated short-time withstand current
< Table 14 > Normal current, short-time withstand current and peak current
Rated voltages
Rated normal
[kV]
current [A]
36
2000, (630)
31.5
80
Note)
1. ( ): For power transformer bay
2. Normal current calculation of 30 kV GIS
Based on XLPE 6301C (a 30 kV feeder): 811 A90%( Utilization rate) = 730
(A). However, if we assumed the voltage drop by 0.5%, the current is 767A
(7301.05), therefore, considering the sufficient margin. Set the rated normal
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current as 2,000 A
4. Normal current calculation of transformer bay
Based on 25 MVA: 481 A, therefore, considering the sufficient margin, set the rated
normal current as 630 A
g) Rated duration of short-circuit
The interval of time for which circuit breaker can carry in the closed position, a current
equal to its rated short-time withstand current. The standard values of rated duration of
short-circuit is 2s
h) Rated supply voltage for control circuit
The relative tolerance of AC and DC power supply in normal duty measured at the
input of the auxiliary equipment is 85% to 110%
< Table 15 > DC, AC voltage for control
DC voltage (V)
AC 3, 3W or 4W system (V)
AC 1, 2W system (V)
110
400 / 230
230
36
17 / 31
Remark
Switchgear
8.3. DS and ES
The ratings and insulation levels for dis-connector and earthing switches comply with the
< table 13>, <table 14>
8.4. Bus
a) The main bus shall be formed as double bus, and each phase for bus composition shall
be accommodated in one enclosure
b) Outgoing and branch buses shall be applicable to manufacturers specification unless
the user requests for special specifications
8.5. CT
a) The insulation methods of CT applying to GIS shall be applicable to gas type CT or
mold type CT
b) CTs shall be suitable for GIS structure, also, characteristics and ratings comply with
the relevant specification
8.6. PT
The insulation methods of PT applying to GIS shall be applicable to gas type PT or mold
type PT
8.7. The others
a) SF6 GAS
Specification of SF6 gas using the insulation medium in GIS complies with IEC
60376
A gas compartment in GIS shall be divided up to pursue a convenience about the
management of gas, minimize the faults range when the fault or extension of GIS
occurs
Also, limit switches to monitoring the pressure condition and gas pressure gauges
shall be settled at suitable places to supervise and check
b) Arrangement of GIS
GIS shall be arranged considering the follow items
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Switchgear
Connection of relevant facilities such as the outgoing feeders, power transformers
and so on
Final scale of substation and the plan for extension
The operation, inspection and check, maintenance work of substation
9. Nameplates
Switchgear and their operation devices shall be provided with nameplates which
contain the necessary information. And for outdoor switchgear, the nameplates and
their fixings shall be weatherproof and corrosion-proof
Also, technical characteristics on nameplates and in documents which are common to
several kinds of high voltage switchgear shall be represented by the same symbols
Rated characteristics to be given all circuit breakers
a) Rated voltage
b) Rated insulation level
c) Rated frequency
d) Rated normal current
e) Rated short-time withstand current
f) Rated peak withstand current
g) Rated duration of short-circuit
h) Rated supply voltage of closing and opening devices and of auxiliary circuits
i) Rated pressure of compressed gas supply and/or of hydraulic supply for operation,
interruption and insulation , as applicable
j) Rated short-circuit breaking current
k) Rated short-circuit making current
l) Rated operating sequence
Rated characteristics to be given in the specific cases indicated below
a) Characteristics for short-line faults related to the rated short-circuit breaking current,
for circuit-breakers designed for direct connection to overhead transmission lines and
rated at 52 kV and above and at more than 12,5 kA rated short-circuit breaking
current
b) Rated line-charging breaking current, for three-pole circuit-breakers intended for
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Switchgear
switching over-head transmission lines (mandatory for circuit-breakers of rated
voltages equal to or greater than 72,5 kV)
c) Rated cable-charging breaking current, for three-pole circuit-breakers intended for
switching cables (mandatory for circuit-breakers of rated voltages equal to or less
than 52 kV)
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Switchgear
APPENDIX A: References
IEC 60694
IEC 62271-100
IEC 62271-102
IEC 60071-1
IEC 60050-441
IEC 62271-200
IEC 62271-203
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engineering-second
Switchgear
APPENDIX B: Review of ratings for switchgear
1. Rated voltages
The rated voltage indicates the upper limit of the highest voltage of systems for which the
switchgear is intended. Standard values of rated voltages are given below;
a) Series
3.6 kV 7.2 kV - 12 kV 17.5 kV - 24 kV - 36 kV - 52 kV 72.5 kV - 100 kV - 123
kV - 145 kV - 170 kV 245 kV
b) Series (Based on the current practice in north America)
4.76 kV 8.25 kV - 15 kV 25.8 kV - 38 kV 48.3 kV - 72.5 kV
Rated
voltage
(kV, rms)
Common value
Across the
isolating distance
3.6
10
12
7.2
20
23
12
28
32
17.5
38
45
24
50
60
36
70
80
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Across the
isolating distance
20
23
40
46
40
46
60
70
60
70
75
85
75
85
95
110
95
110
125
145
145
165
Switchgear
170
195
52
95
110
250
290
72.5
140
160
325
375
150
175
380
440
185
210
450
520
185
210
450
520
230
265
550
630
230
265
550
630
275
315
650
750
275
315
650
750
325
375
750
860
100
123
145
170
1.25
1.6
2.5
3.15
6.3
10
12.5
16
20
25
31.5
40
50
63
80
100
125
160
200
250
315
400
500
630
800
1000
1250
1600
2000
2500
3150
4000
5000
6300
8000
10000
12500
16000
20000
25000
31500
40000
50000
63000
80000
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Switchgear
4.1. Simulated power system (all data assumed)
< Figure 3 > Simulated power system for fault calculations
%Z 1 =j4.204, %Z 2 =j4.865, %Z 0 =j2.372
G1
G2
220 kV #1T/L
220 kV #2T/L
ACSR 330 2C (45 km)
220/66 kV S/S
%Z 1 =j3.44 (at 100 MVA)
66 kV #2T/L
ACSR 2402C (20 km)
66 kV #1T/L
ACSR 2402C (15 km)
%Z 1 =0.0567+j0.2058 (%/km)
66 kV #3T/L
ACSR 2402C (25 km)
%Z 0 =0.0494+j0.3471 (%/km)
66 kV #4T/L
ACSR 2402C (30 km)
66/11 kV A S/S
Y
11kV Line
Z 1 =Positive phase sequence impedance
66/11 kV B S/S
11kV Line
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4.2. Required data
a) Impedance data
Generator: %Z 1 =j4.204, %Z 2 =j4.865, %Z 0 =j2.372
220 kV step up Tr: %Z 1 =j5.0 (at 100 MVA)
220 kV T/L: %Z 1 =0.042+j0.2025 (%/km), %Z 0 =0.042+j0.3454 (%/km)
220 / 66 kV Tr: %Z 1 =j3.44 (at 100 MVA)
66 kV T/L: %Z 1 =0.0567+j0.2058 (%/km), %Z 0 =0.0494+j0.3471 (%/km)
66 / 11 kV Tr: %Z 1 =j9.77 (at 20 MVA), convert into 100 MVA
=
j 9.77
100 = j 48.85
20
100
Pbase
% Z1
3 100
3
Pbase =
P3S
2 % Z1
2
300
Pbase
%Z 0 + %Z1 + %Z 2
Z g1 + Z t1
2
j 4.204 + j 5.0
= j 4.602
2
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b) Impedance of 220 kV #1T/L
%Z 1 / km = 0.042 + j0.2025 and two circuits are composed of parallel.
%Z1 =
j 3.44
= 0.50 + j8.72
2
f) Impedance of 66 kV T/L
#1T/L, % Z 1 =
#2T/L, % Z 1 =
#3T/L, % Z 1 =
#4T/L, % Z 1 =
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% Z 1 = (0.50 + j8.72) +
= 0.71 + j 9.84
h) Impedance of 66 kV bus in 66/11 kV B substation
Impedance of 66 kV bus in 66/11 kV A substation + Impedance of 66 kV #4T/L
% Z 1 = (0.71 + j 9.84) + (0.85 + j 3.09) = 1.56 + j12.93
i) Impedance of 11 kV bus in 66/11 kV B substation
Impedance of 66 kV bus in 66/11 kV B substation + Impedance of 66 / 11 kV Tr
2bank
%Z 1 = (0.71 + j9.84) + % Z 1 = (0.71 + j 9.84) +
j 48.85
= 0.71 + j 34.27
2
Therefore,
I 3s =
Pbase
100
100
100
100 10 6
I base =
= 15,311A
%Z1
%Z1
3 11kV 10 3 (0.71 + j 34.27)
3 11 10 3
j 48.85
= j 24.43
2
Z g0
Zt 0
Zl 0
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Zt 0
Zl 0
Zt 0
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c) Negative phase sequence impedance (Z 2 )
%Z 2 =Taken as equal to %Z 1
Therefore, ground-to-phase fault current can be calculated as shown.
300
Ig =
I base
%Z 0 + %Z1 + %Z 2
=
Pbase
300
= 16,931A
( j 24.43) + (0.71 + j 34.27) + (0.71 + j 34.27)
3 11 10 3
P = 3 V I
P: faults capacity
V: rated voltage
I: faults current
However, it is necessary to add the sufficient margin at the calculated fault capacity
when adopting the circuit breaker
< Table 19 > Example of fault capacity calculation
Rated voltage
Fault current
(V)
(A)
12,000
16,931
Equation
( 3 V I )
3 12kV 16,931A
Fault capacity
Adoption
(MVA)
(MVA)
352
420
12
420
20
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4.6. Rated duration of short circuit
a) The rated duration of short circuit is the maximum time capable of carrying rated
short-time withstand current without any interruption
b) The international standards and applications are shown in the following table.
IEC
ANSI
Hydro-Quebec
JEC
Thailand / Vietnam
(550 kV)
345 kV
765 kV
1 sec
3 sec
1 sec
2 sec
1 sec
1 sec
2 sec
c) As shown in the table, the rated duration of short circuit is generally applied within 3
seconds and represents the mechanical strength of the material in the circuit breaker,
which means that a longer conducting time needs more conductor insulating strength
or a circuit breaker insulating medium
d) Therefore, the rated duration of short circuit usually decided to be within the limit of
time that experiences no problems in protective coordination
4.7. Rated operating sequence
a) The rated operating sequence means successive operating conditions when the circuit
breaker is closed and opened more than 1 ~ 2 times. In the IEC, the duty cycle is
represented as follows:
O - t - CO - t' - CO
t = 3 min for circuit breakers not intended for rapid auto re-closing
t = 0.3 sec for circuit breakers intended for rapid auto re-closing
t' = 3 min, instead of t' = 3 min, other values t' = 1 min and t' = 15 sec are also used for
circuit breakers intended for rapid auto re-closing
CO - t'' - CO
t'' = 15 sec for circuit breaker not intended for rapid auto-reclosing
O: represents an opening operation
CO: represents a closing operation followed immediately by an opening operation
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< Table 22 > Rated operating sequence in KEPCO
KEPCO
25.8 kV
800 kV
O-0.3s-CO-15 sec-CO
O-0.3s-CO-3 min-CO
O-0.3s-CO-1 min-CO
Remark
O-0.3s-CO-3min-CO
c) Operating performance
A circuit breaker including its operating devices shall be capable of completing its
rated operating sequence, and designed with a trip-free mechanism.
4.7. Rated break time
a) The rated break time is defined as the limit of the break time, under all the ratings and
regulations of circuit conditions, when the circuit breaker opens the rated short-time
withstand current according to the rated operating sequence and operating conditions
b) The rated break time should not exceed the rated break time when the circuit breaker
opens more than 30 % of the rated short-time withstand current under the rated
voltage. For reference, several applications are shown in the following table
< Table 24 > Application of other countries
Rated voltage (kV)
KEPCO
Japan
Thailand
Voltage (kV)
25.8
800
550
550
c) For the break time of circuit breakers, a short break time is favorable with
consideration of the prevention of fault spreading to the power system and the
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restriction of electromagnetic inductive disturbance
d) However, considering the economical efficiency, the rated break time recommended
as shown the following table.
< Table 25 > Rated break time
Rated voltage (kV)
12
36
72.5
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