WORK

WORK:
When a force acts on an object causing the object to be displaced in the direction of force, then
work is said to be done by the force.
Work = Force x displacement
W = F.S
Work is a scalar quantity.
Unit for work: N-m or Joule
If 1 N force displaces the object by 1 m in its direction, then the work done is said to be 1 Joule.
Note: SI unit of work is Joule
CGS unit of work is erg
1 Joule = 107 erg
WORKDONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE:
If the force is making an angle with the direction of the displacement, then it is expressed as,

Work = F S Cos
Where = the angle between the force and
the
Displacement
ur ur
W F .S
Work is the dot product of force and
displacement.

Case 1:
If force and displacement are in the same direction, = 00
Therefore, work done = F S cos 0
W=FS
Case 2:
If force and displacement are perpendicular to each other, = 900
Therefore, the work done = F S Cos 90
Since Cos 900,

W=0J

Case 3:
If force and displacement are in opposite directions, = 1800
Since Cos 1800 = -1

=> W = - F S

Work done by the force is negative in this case. That means, here the force opposes the motion of
the object.
Force Displacement graph:
Area under Force Displacement graph gives the work done.

ENERGY:
An object which is capable of doing work has energy. Then the ability of doing work is
called as energy.
Energy and work are similar quantities.
Unit of energy:
Unit of energy is Joule same as that of work.
FORMS OF ENERGY:
In nature, energy appears in many forms namely light, sound, heat, electricity etc.
KINETIC ENERGY:
Energy possessed due to the motion of the objects is called kinetic energy.
If an object of mass m is moving with a velocity of v, then

Kinetic energy

1
KE mv 2
2

Kinetic energy of an object increases with its velocity.

POTENTIAL ENERGY:
The energy possessed by a body due to its position or configuration is called potential energy.
EXPRESSION FOR POTENTIAL ENERGY:
When an object is lifted to a height from the ground, work is done against to gravity. This work
done is stored in the object in the form of potential energy.
Let the object is lifted to a height of h.

Work done = force x displacement

= mg x h
PE = mgh

POTENTIAL ENERGY OF AN OBJECT MAXIMUM HEIGHT h

The object of mass m is at a height of h
At the maximum height, the object has zero initial velocity. So its kinetic energy at that position
is zero.
Hence the object possesses potential energy only.
The work done to move the object to height h is given by F.h
Here the force is equal to its weight. Hence
P.E. = F.h
= mg.h

E A PE KE
Therefore, total energy at A is,
mgh 0
mgh

E mgh

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:

Energy neither be created nor be destroyed. It is transformed from one form to the other.
The total energy is of the system is always constant. This is known as conservation of energy.
TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY:
1. In fans, electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy
2. In generators mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy
3. In fire crackers, chemical energy is converted into sound, light and thermal energy
APPLICATION OF LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:
Let us consider an object which is under free fall described as shown in the figure.
At point A:
The object of mass m is at a height of h
At A, the object has zero initial velocity. So its kinetic energy at that position is zero.
Hence at A, the object possesses potential energy only.

E A PE KE
Therefore, total energy at A is,
mgh 0
mgh

E A mgh

At point B:
At point B, the object is fallen by x m and
at a height of
(h-x).
As the body is falling down, its potential
energy decreases as the height from the
ground is decreasing and kinetic energy
increases since the velocity is increasing.
At B, the object has a velocity of VB.
Therefore

the

object

has

both

energy and kinetic energy at B.

The potential energy PE = mg (h-x)

The initial velocity of the object = 0

Final velocity at B is = VB
Distance travelled s = x
Acceleration a = g

From the equation of motion,

v 2 u 2 2aS

vB 2 0 2 gx
vB 2 2 gx

potential

The kinetic energy at B is,

1
KEB mvB 2
2

1
KEB m(2 gx )
2

KEB mgx
EB PEB KEB
Therefore total energy at B is

EB mgx mg (h x )
EB mgh
EB mgh

At point C:
When the object strikes the ground, the entire energy of the object is converted into kinetic
energy. At the ground, the potential energy is zero.
If the object hits the ground with a velocity of vc

Ec PEc KEc
Total energy at C is,
1
Ec 0 mvc 2
2
1
Ec mvc 2
2

From the equations of laws of motion,

v 2 u 2 2aS

vc 2 0 2 gh
vc 2 2 gh
1
Ec mvc 2
2

Total energy at c,

1
Ec m(2 gh)
2

Ec mgh

E A EB EC mgh

Therefore for a freely falling object,

RELATION BETWEEN KINETIC ENERGY & LINEAR MOMENTUM:
Linear momentum P = mv
K

Kinetic energy

1 2
mv
2

1 m2v 2

2 m

(mv) 2
2m

P2
2m

P2
2m

WORK-ENERGY THEOREM:
To increase the kinetic energy of a body, net force has to be acted on it. Thus the work done by
the force is equal to change in its kinetic energy. This is known as work energy theorem.

Proof:
Let the object is moving with an initial velocity of u.
Due to the net force (F) acting on the object, the velocity changes to v and it moves a distance
of S.
W F .S

Then the work done is defined as

From the equations of motions,

v 2 u 2 2aS

v 2 u 2 2aS

v2 u 2
2a

And the net force, F = ma

Therefore, work done

v2 u 2
W ma.
2a

1
m (v 2 u 2 )
2

1
1
mv 2 mu 2
2
2

KE f KEo

W KE f KEo

POWER:
Power is defined as the rate of doing work.
Power

work
time

Since work = F.S, the above expression can be written as,

Power

F .S
t

Power F .v

Therefore,
If force is making an angle with the direction of displacement, then
Power F v cos
ur r
P F .v

Thus power is defined as the dot product of force and velocity.

Power is a scalar quantity.

Unit of Power:
SI unit of power is J/sec or watt
1 watt = 1 J/1 sec
If one joule of work is done in one sec, then the power is said to be one watt.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY:
The energy possessed by an electron which in motion is known as electrical energy.
It is measured in watt hour (Wh)
1 watt hour

1J
3600sec
1sec

1Wh 3600 J

Generally, it is expressed in terms of kilo watt hour.

1 kWh 1000 watt hour

1000 3600 J
3.6 106 J
Note:
Electron volt is also used to measure the energy.
It is defined as the amount of energy required to move an electron/proton in an electric field of
potential 1 V. it is denoted by eV.

1 eV 1.6 10 19 J