Pressure in liquids

The pressure in a liquid depends on three things:

(a) the depth within the liquid (measured vertically from its surface)
(b) the density of the liquid (assumed uniform)
(c) the intensity of the gravitational field at that point (g)
Pressure in a liquid = hg

density

where h is the depth in the liquid and is the density of the liquid.

Figure 1

Notice that the total pressure at a depth h will be that due to the liquid (hg) PLUS that due
to the atmosphere above it.
Example problem
The pressure of the atmosphere is about 105 Pa. Calculate the depth below the surface of water
where the total pressure (atmospheric + water pressure is twice that amount i.e. 2x105 Pa. (Take
the density of water to be 1000 kg m-3).
Excess pressure due to water = 105 Pa = hrg = h x 1000 x 9.8
Therefore h = 102/9.8 = 10.2 m

Two important properties of the pressure in a liquid:

(a) Pressure at the same level in a liquid is the same
The pressure at any two points at the same level in a liquid is the same since the depth
below the surface is the same.
(b) Pressure at a point is the same in all directions
Since the pressure at all points at the same depth is the same it follows that that the pressure
at a point is the same in all directions.
Can with holes
A very simple demonstration of the increase in pressure in a liquid with
depth is to use a can with a series of vertical holes drilled in the side. If
the can is filled with water the water will stream out of the holes with
that emerging from the lowest hole spurting out most rapidly and
travelling the furthest because the pressure there is greatest.
(See Figure 2)
Derivation of liquid pressure formula from the weight of a column of liquid
Pressure at the base is the weight of the liquid column divided by the cross
sectional area.
Therefore pressure = Vg/A = hAg/A = hrg

Figure 2

Density (

(See Figure 3)
h

Problems of divers and the bends

When diving the dissolved gases in the blood are compressed. As you rise to
the surface again these gases expand due to the reduced pressure. Rapid rise
causes rapid expansion and resulting pain known as the bends. Decompression
is needed. This is the slow reduction of the pressure on the body to release
dissolved gases from the blood slowly.

Base area (A)

Figure 3

A world famous diving location is the President Coolidge an American troop ship sunk off the
coast of Santo in Vanuatu. Decompression takes over an hour for divers rising from the stern
of the ship.

Height of the atmosphere assuming uniform density

We can find the height of the atmosphere by assuming it was of uniform density equal to the
density of air at sea level. We take the height of the column of mercury in a mercury
barometer at sea level to be 0.76 cm of mercury.
Density of mercury = 13600 kgm-3, density of air at sea level = 1.2 kgm-3
Therefore height of the atmosphere = [13600/1.2] x 0.76 = 8220 = 8.2 km.
Cave system and angled tubes it is the vertical height that matters
The pressure in a liquid depends on the vertical height below its surface and so the pressure
at the bottom of all the tubes shown in Figure 4 is the same.

h
Figure 4

From this it follow that the pressure at points of equal distance below the ground in a
complex water filled cave system will all be the same. (See Figure 5)

Figure 5

Different shaped water towers

The pressure at the base of each water tower is the
same since it only depends on the vertical height
difference between the base and the water surface. What
is different is the rate at which the pressure falls a when
a certain volume of liquid flows out of each tower. The
water level in the tower on the left will drop by a smaller
amount that that in the tower on the right meaning a
smaller change in pressure at the base.

h
Figure 6

Chocolate blancmange in a barrel - an analogy with the mercury barometer.

Imagine a barrel full of chocolate blancmange with a wooden lid that just fits inside the top of
the barrel and rests on the surface of the blancmange. This lid has a hole in its centre to
which is fitted a vertical glass tube. If you now press down on the lid the blancmange is
forced up the tube. The harder you press the further up the tube it goes. This is just like the
air pressing down on the mercury in the open dish of the simple barometer.
Strength and height of a granite column
The pressure exerted by the weight of the rock will determine how tall a rock column can be
before it shatters under its own weight. This will occur at the base of the column where the
pressure is greatest. This also happens with brick structures such as the tower in St Marks
square in Venice, which collapsed due to the bricks at the base
failing.
The siphon
Water can be made to flow uphill through a tube and over a barrier if
the lower open end of the tube is below the water level of the
water in the container and the tube is completely full of water.
The pressure in the water at the open end of the base of the
siphon is atmospheric + hg. This is greater than the air
pressure at that point and so water flows out. (See Figure 7).

h
Figure 7

Clearly water will not flow if the height of the top of the tube above the water surface (d) is
greater than the atmospheric pressure. The presence of bubbles of air in the siphon
pipe cause problems with the operation of a siphon.
Pressure on sea bed with a boat passing overhead
As long as the depth of the water does not change the pressure below a boat will be exactly
the same as if the boat was not there.

Pressure = hg

Pressure = hg

Figure 8