Chapter13Review

2.
3.

Factorstoindustrialgrowth:
Factoriesusednewtoolsandmethodstoproduce
suppliesinbignumbers
Railroadswereexpandedacrossnation
Governmentencouragedimmigration

1.
2.
3.

Factoriesneeded:
abundantlaborsupply
workers
abundantrawmaterials

1.

BessemerProcess:processinwhichironis
purifiedtocreatesteel
JohnD.Rockefeller:Oil
AndrewCarnegie:Steel
CorneliusVanderbilt:Railroads
JayP.Morgan:Banks
Laissezfare:allowedbusinessestoworkunder
minimalgovernmentregulation
ThomasEdison:inventoroftheera.Hedeveloped
thelightbulb,thephonograph,themotionpicture
camera,andhundredsofnewproducts.
TheGreatTrainWreckRobberywasthefirst
moveproducedbyhim.

RailroadschangedAmerica:
encouragedinnovation
ledtothegrowthofindustry
Timezones:Central,Mountain,Pacific,Eastern
Corporationsmaximizedprofitsby:
payingworkerslowwages
payinglowerpricesforrawmaterials
supportingresearchlabs
Horizontalintegration:controloverallsimilar
businesscompetitors/companies
Verticalintegration:controloverrawmaterialsto
products(Carnegie:ownoiltofactories)

ProsandConsofBigBusiness
Pros
o providesjobs
o allowsforproductinnovations
o financiallysupportsuniversities,
libraries,andmuseums
Cons
o badforsmallbusinesses
SocialDarwinism:beliefthatwealthwasa
measureofapersonsvalueandthosewhohad
wealthwerethemostfit.AndrewCarnegie,The
GospelofWealth
PoorWorkingConditions:
peopleworkedforlowwages,manyimmigrants
kidsinstreetsorworking
workedindangeroussweatshops
livedincompanytownsandboughtgoodsathigh
interestatcompanystore
EffectsontheLaborMovement
employersappealedforcourtordersagainstunions
contractdisputesandstrikescontinuedtooccur
labormovementsplitintodifferentfactions
CollectiveBargaining:
Chapter14
OldImmigrants:
MainlyProtestantsfromNorthernand
WesternEurope
Cameasfamiliestosettleonfarms
Hadmoney,skill,oreducation
NewImmigrants
Catholic/JewfromSouthernandEastern
Europe
Camealonetosettleincities
Poorandunskilled
PushFactorsarefactorsthatpushedpeoplefrom
theirhomes

Farmerspressuredbylandreformandlow
prices
Revolutionandwardisruptedeconomies
Religiouspersecution
PullFactorsarefactorsthatattractedpeopletoa
newplace
U.S.offeredland,employment,and
opportunity
Chainimmigrantshadfamily
Immigrantscouldfindreligiousandpolitical
freedom
MostimmigrantswereprocessedatEllisIsland.
ChineseandotherAsianimmigrantswereprocessed
atAngelIslandinSanFranciscoBay.
Europeanimmigrantssoughtethnicneighborhoods
becauseitmadeiteasiertoadjustintheU.S.
Americanization:immigrantslearnedEnglishand
adoptedAmericandressanddiet
JaneAddams:founderofHullHouseinChicago,
oneofthefirstsocialsettlementsintheU.S.
Nativism:beliefthatnativebornwhiteAmericans
aresuperiortonewcomers.
Religiousdifferencesandcompetitionforjobsand
housingledtodivisionsandprejudices.
ChineseExclusionAct
ProhibitedimmigrationbyChineselaborers
LimitedtherightsofChineseimmigrantsin
theU.S.
ForbadenaturalizationofChineseresidents
ImmigrantstransformedAmericansociety:
Fueledindustrialgrowth
Helpedbuildrailroads
TraditionsbecamepartofAmericanculture
Becameactivelaborunionsandpolitics,and
demandedreforms

ReasonsforRuraltoUrbanMigration

Attractedbylandandeconomic
opportunities
Farmerswerepaidwagesincashbythe
factories
Childrencouldattendcityschool
Therewascompanionshipandentertainment
incities
Enjoyedhigherstandardofliving

UrbanProblems
Filthy,unpavedstreets
Sewageproblems
Pollution
Overcrowding
Sanitationproblemsandfewwindows
Theyhadconditionsperfectforbreedingepidemics.
JosephPulitzer:publishedEveningWorld
newspaper.Itinformedthepeopleandstirredup
controversy.Sensationalistic.
WilliamRandolphHearst:MorningJournal
newspaper.CompetedwithPulitzers.
Chapter15
NewSouthisthedevelopmentofindustryinthe
South.Textilefactoriesandlumbermillssprang
up.Sodidiron,coal,andsteelprocessingplants.
Southsattitude:WeregoingtooutYankeethe
Yankees.
Cottonstillamajorcrop.
ReasonsforSouthbeingbehind:
Wardamagewasextensive
Lackedawelltrainedlaborforce
Lackofcapitalledtoadependenceon
northernbankers
FarmersAlliancewasanetworkoffarmers
organizations
Workedtonegotiatebetterpriceson
supplies,freightcharges,andloanrates
ConnectedfarmersintheSouthandWest
NativeAmericans:

 Haddifferentbeliefsystems
Spokedifferentlanguages
Livedindifferenttypesofhouses
Atedifferentfoods
GovernmenthadpolicyofmovingIndiansoutof
thewayofwhitesettlers,pushingthemfurtherand
furtherintheWest.However,Indianswerethen
forcedintoreservations,nolongerfreetoroamthe
Plains.
KeystoDestructionofNativeAmericans:
Disease
Lossofbuffalo

GoalofAssimilation:Indianswouldbecome
farmersandadoptthecultureandcivilizationof
whites.
DawesAct(signedbyCleveland):
Encouragedassimilation
Replacedthereservationsystemwithan
allotmentsystem
GrantedeachIndianfamilyitsownplotof
land
Specifiedlandcouldnotbesoldfor25years
CentralandPacificrailroadswerejoinedbya
goldenspike.