9/9/2014

RDA!Policy!Statement!!and!Guidelines!
for!Philippine!Libraries!(RPSGPL)!:!an!
Introduction
Mila!M.!Ramos
Head!Librarian,!Center!for!Agriculture!&!Rural!Development!MRI
Development!Institute
Online!Research!Librarian,!Consumer!Centre!(Toronto)

Coverage
!
!
!
!

The!RDA!Toolkit:!background!and!features
Adoption!of!RDA!in!Local!Libraries!
The!National!Committee!on!RDA!(NCRDA)
NCCA"NCLIS/PAARL/NCRDA!Collaboration!in!
Capacity!Building!for!RDA!Readiness
RDA!Policy!Statement!and!Guidelines!for!Philippine!
Libraries!:!General!cataloging!policies

9/9/2014

What is Resource Description and Access

(RDA)?
a!new!cataloging standard!to!replace!
AACR2!(rev.!2005)
! designed!for!the!online!environment!!
! provides!guidelines!on!cataloging formats!
other!than!books,!especially!digital!
resources
!

More about RDA

supports!the!clustering!of!bibliographic!
records!
! convenience!of!the!user!is!paramount! helps!
them!FIND,!IDENTIFY,!SELECT,!and OBTAIN!
(FISO)!the!information!they!want
! for!more!information!on!RDA!see!the!JSC!
website!http://www.rda"jsc.org/rda.html.
!

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The!RDA!Toolkit!is!the!resource!to!help!you!
transition!from!AACR2!to!RDAthe!new,!unified!
standard!for!resource!description!and!access,!
designed!for!the!digital!world!and!an!expanding!
universe!of!metadata!users.!
Source:!http://www.rdatoolkit.org/

RDA!is!a!content standard
Not a!display standard!like!
AACR2

AACR2!carries!
appendix!D!for!ISBD!
and!appendix!E!for!
AACR2!style!for!
access!point!
Source:!Tillett,!B.!Background!and!structure!of!
RDA.!!Lecture!!Training!the!Trainors Workshop,!
Manila,!2013

Not an!encoding standard

RDA!allows!you!to!use!
whatever!schema!you!
prefer!(MARC!21,!Dublin!
Core,!etc.)
! It!is!a!Bibliographic!
Framework!Transition!
Initiative
!

9/9/2014

RDA!!is!based!on!IFLAs!international!
models!and!principles
"

"
"
"

"

Functional!Requirements!for!Bibliographic!Records (FRBR;!
1998)
Functional!Requirements!for!Authority!Data (FRAD; 2009)
Statement!of!International!Cataloguing!Principles (ICP;!2009)
International!!Standard!!for!Bibliographic!Description!(ISBD;!
2011!consolidated!ed.)
Functional!Requirements!for!Subject!Authority!Data!(FRSAD
2010)! will!be!added!to!RDA!in!the!future

RDA is broader in scope than

AACR2
!
!

bibliographic!data!
more!international

authority!data!

! beyond!Anglo"American
! instructions!made!consistent!and!easy!to!use!by!many!

cultural,!religious,!national!communities!for!example,!
options!for!the!use!of!other!languages,!scripts,!
calendars,!numeric!systems
Source: RDA: a quick introduction / Chris Oliver

9/9/2014

RDA is designed for Web

!

RDA!data!is!appropriate!for!the!web!environment
! visible!in!the!web
! compatible!with!metadata!standards!of!other!
resource!description!communities
not!just!confined!to!library!databases
! may!be!used!by!other!fields/databases!as!!well
! for!example,!instructions!for!archival!resources

Source:!Oliver,!C.!2011.!!RDA:!a!quick!introduction.!!PowerPoint!presentation.!Feb!2.!
http://rdaincanada.wikispaces.com/file/view/ola_rda_oliver_2011feb.pptx

Why do we need RDA?

!

!
!

With!the!evolution!of!IT,!library!catalogs!and!
cataloging!are!major!areas!that!need!change
AACR2s!latest!ed.,!which!came!out!in!1978,!is!no!
longer!able!to!deal!with!formats!other!than!books
Users!have!different!expectations.!!They!prefer!
search!engines!or!mobile!apps!rather!than!OPACs.
Multiple!metadata!standards
Believed!to!position!libraries!!better!in!the!digital!age

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RDA!!is!user" and!task"focused;!
facilitates!resource!discovery!!!!!!!!
Cataloger

User

Find
Identify
Select and!
Obtain!

Resource Discovery
Find! Get!hits!or!results!using!our!search!parameters
Identify! Evaluate!search!results!to!confirm!that!hits!
are!indeed!useful!in!order!to
Select! opt!for!the!ones!that!best!meet!the!search!
criteria!(e.g.!understandable!language!translation)!
Obtain! Access!and!read/use!the!most!appropriate!
materials!

9/9/2014

Background!of!RDA
1997!" International!Conference!on!the!Principles!&!
Future!Development!of!AACR!held!in!Toronto!!

2002!" plan!to!produce!!3rd edition!of!AACR

April!2005!" The!JSC!for!Revision!of!AACR
decided!to!develop!RDA!instead
June!2010!

Who!is!responsible!for!RDA?
"

The!Joint!Steering!Committee!(JSC)!for!the!Development!of!RDA!is!
responsible!for!the!content!of!RDA.!!It!consists!of!representatives!
from:!!
The!American!Library!Association
CILIP:!Chartered!Institute!!
The!Australian!Committee!on!
of!Library!and!Information
Cataloguing!
Professionals
The!British!Library!
Deutsche!Nationalbibliothek (joined!!
The!Canadian!Committee!on!Cataloguing
in!2012)
The!Library!of!Congress

The!current!Chair!of!JSC!is!Dr.!Barbara!Tillett.!

Source:!http://www.rda"jsc.org/!

9/9/2014

is!maintained!and!
published!by:
! The!American!Library!Association,!Canadian!

Library!Association,!and!Facet!Publishing,!the!
publishing!arm!of!CILIP!(Chartered!Institute!of!
Library!and!Information!Professionals)!
! ALA!Publishing!is!responsible!for!the!day"to"day!

management!and!development!of!RDA!Toolkit.
Source:!!http://www.rdatoolkit.org/FAQ

RDA!comes!in!two!formats
Electronic
or online
format

Print
format

9/9/2014

http://www.rdatoolkit.org/pricing

9/9/2014

Free Trial for 30 days

RDA!Structure!
arrangement!is!not!by!class!of!materials:!!no!
separate!chapters!for!books,!printed!music,!
etc.
" carries!principles!applicable!to!all!formats
" organized!around!goals!or!tasks!to!help!users!!
identify and!relate (from!FRBR/FRAD!user!
tasks!and!ICP)
"

10

9/9/2014

Outline of RDA
General!Introduction
! Two!Main!Parts!(10!sections):!
1.!Recording!attributes!(4!sections:!Chapters!1"16)
2.!Recording!relationships!(6!sections!:!Chapters!17"
37)
!There!are!General!instructions!for!every!section
! Chapters!are!associated!with!a!user!task
!

RDA!is!not!to!be!read!line!by!line
"

"

It!is!an!online!tool,!which!allows:
! Jumping!!in!via!keyword!searches
! Going!directly!to!elements!from!Table!of!
Contents!(ToC)!pane
! Following!links
Duplication!of!content!(needed!for!context)!is!
necessary!to!serve!catalogers!who!will!arrive!at!
that!content!in!different!ways.

11

9/9/2014

Contents of the RDA Toolkit(1)

!
!

RDA instructions that are searchable and browsable

AACR2 Rule Number Search (linkage) of RDA instructions
through the Advanced Search menu.
Workflows and other procedural documentation that is
created by subscribers and can be shared within an
organization or with the entire community of subscribers.
Mappings of RDA to different schemas, including MARC
21.

Contents!of!the!RDA!Toolkit!(2)
Mappings!of!RDA!to!different!schemas,!
including!MARC!21.
" Two!views!of!RDA!contentby!table!of!
contents!and!by!element!set
" Full!text!of!AACR2
" Library!of!Congress!Policy!Statements!(LCPS)
"

12

9/9/2014

Appendices
A: Capitalization
B: Abbreviations
C: Initial Articles
D: Record Syntaxes for Descriptive Data
E: Record Syntaxes for Access Point Control
F: Additional Instructions on Names of Persons

Appendices!(2)
G:!Titles!of!Nobility,!Terms!of!Rank,!Etc.!
H:!Dates!in!the!Christian!Calendar!
I!:!Relationship!Designators:!Relationships!between!
a!Resource!and!Persons,!Families,!and!Corporate!
Bodies!Associated!with!the!Resource!
J:!Relationship!Designators:!Relationships!between!
Works,!Expressions,!Manifestations,!and!Items

13

9/9/2014

Appendices (3)
K. Relationship Designators: Relationships between
Persons, Families, and Corporate Bodies
L. Relationship Designators: Relationships Between
Concepts, Objects, Events, and Places
Glossary
Index
RDA Update History

Sample!Page!from!the!RDA!Toolkit

14

9/9/2014

Differences!between!AACR2!and!
RDA!:!1.Terminology!
AACR2
Catalog!an!item
Heading
Main!entry
Added!entry
Uniform!title

RDA
Catalog a resource
Access point
Primary access point
Secondary access point
Citation access point:
-for a work
-for an expression
- for a manifestation

Differences!between!AACR2!and!
RDA!:!1.Terminology!(2)
RDA

AACR2
author,!composer,!etc!
uniform!title!

See!reference!
See!also!reference!

Creator!
1)!preferred!title!(+!other!information!to!
differentiate);
(2)!conventional!collective!title
variant!access!point!
authorized!access!point!for!related!entity!

Physical!description!

carrier!description!

15

9/9/2014

Differences!!2.!Transcription!of!mispelled
words
AACR2!and!RDA!both!record!mispelled terms!as!they!
appear!on!the!material!being!cataloged
AACR!2!uses![sic]!to!signify!
error!detected:!

245 $a Healthy vegtable [sic]

recipes for your
heart / $c by Margaret
Norton [et al.].

RDA!does!not!use![sic]!but!gives!a!
note!showing!the!correct!term!
to!use:
245!$a!Healthy!vegtable recipes!
for!your!heart!!/
246!$i Corrected!title:!$a!Healthy!
vegetable!recipes!for!your!heart

Differences!!3.!Statement!of!responsibility! Multiple!
Authors!(more!than!3)

AACR2
1st named author is given
followed by [et al.]
245 $a Healthy vegtable
[sic] recipes for your
heart / $c by Margaret
Norton [et al.].

RDA
All!the!names!are!given!or!the!first!
named!author!plus![and!___!
others]
245!$a!Healthy!vegtable recipes!for!
your!heart!/!$c!by!Margaret!Norton,!
Leslie!David,!Robert!McCloud,!and!
Katherine!Boone!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!or
245!$a!Healthy!vegtable recipes!for!
your!heart!/!$c!by!Margaret!Norton!
[and!three!others]

16

9/9/2014

Differences!!4.!!Abbreviations!!in!edition!
statement;!imprint;!description
!

AACR 2 record

RDA record

250!$a!1st!ed.,!rev.!and!enl. 250!$a!First!edition,!revised!and!enlarged.
260!$a!Pittsburgh,!Pennsylvania!:!$b!
260!$a.!:!$b!Healthy!Living!
Healthy!Living!Publishing!Company,!$c!
Pub.!Co.,!$c!2010.
2010.
300!$a!188!p.!:!$b!ill.,!
300!$a!188!pages!:!$b!illustrations,!
photos.!(some!col.)!;!$c!
photographs!(some!color)!;!$c!26!cm
26!cm.
RDA!does!not!use!abbreviations!except!when!the!abbreviation!
appears!on!the!main!source!of!information!then!we!copy!the!
abbreviation!as!written.

Differences!.(4a)!Latin!abbreviations
!

AACR2 used Latin abbreviations which are not used in

RDA.
Example:
AACR2:
RDA:

260 |a [S.l. : |b s.n.], |c 1966.

260 |a[Place of publication not
identified] : |b [publisher
not identified], |c 1966.

17

9/9/2014

Differences!.!5.!Uniform!Title:!Example:!Book!
of!Matthew!(Bible)
AACR2
!
130 $a!Bible.!$p!N.T.!$p!Matthew.!$l!English.!$s!Authorized.!$f!1999.
! 245 $a!The!Gospel!according!to!Matthew!:!$b!authorized!King!James!version!/!$c!
with!an!introduction!by!Francisco!Goldman.
! 260 $a!New!York!:!$b!Grove!Press,!$c!c1999.
! 300 $a!xvi,!78!p.!:!$c!15!cm.
RDA
! 130 $a!Bible.!$p!Matthew.!$l!English.!$s!Authorized.!$f!1999.
! 245 $a!The!Gospel!according!to!Matthew!:!$b!authorized!King!James!version!/!$c!
with!an!introduction!by!Francisco!Goldman.
! 260 $a!New!York!:!$b!Grove!Press,!$c![1999]!1999.
! 300 $a!xvi,!78!pages :!$c!15!cm.

Name!of!the!testament!is!no!longer!recorded!!in!RDA

The List!of!changes!to!AACR2!instructions!is!available!
at!the!JSC!website:
http://www.rda"jsc.org/docs/5sec7rev.pdf

18

9/9/2014

Examples of RDA records

!

Examples of MARC RDA record (JSC) authority

records
Examples of MARC RDA record (JSC)
bibliographic records

Visit this link:

http://www.rdatoolkit.org/examples/MARC

To learn more about the RDA tool kit,

URL: go to
http://www.loc.gov/aba/rda/pdf/ToolkitCourse.pdf

19

9/9/2014

The!RDA!Policy!Statement!!and!
Guidelines!for!Philippine!
Libraries!(RPSGPL)

What!led!to!the!adoption!of!RDA!in!
local!libraries?!BFL!Initiative
The!Professional!Regulatory!Board!for!Librarians!
(BFL)issued!Resolution!no.!1,!Series!of!2012,!entitled:!
Prescription!and!Adoption!of!International!Cataloging!
Principles!and!Resource!Description!and!Access!(RDA)!
as!the!Technical!Standards!for!Organizing!Resources,!
Items,!and!Objects!for!Philippine!Libraries.!!This!paved!
the!way!for!the!adoption!of!RDA!as!a!cataloging!
standard!in!Philippine!libraries.

20

9/9/2014

What!led!to!the!adoption!of!RDA!in!Local!
Libraries?!" 1st Salon!on!RDA
!

The!Director!of!the!National!Library!of!the!
Philippines,!Atty.!Antonio!Santos,!!spearheaded!the!
1st Salon!on!RDA,!which!was!held!on!July!23,!2012!at!
the!National!Library.!

The!general!objective!was!to!harmonize,!streamline,!
and!simplify!knowledge!on!matters!pertaining!to!
RDA.

What!led!to!the!Adoption!of!RDA!in!Local!
Libraries?!" 1st Salon!on!RDA!(2)
The!specific!objectives!were:
! to!!provide!a!venue!and!to!share!knowledge!
on!RDA;!
! to!examine!the!impact!of!RDA!on!local!
catalogers;
! to!come!up!with!a!timetable!for!the!
implementation!of!RDA!in!the!Philippines

21

9/9/2014

Composition!of!the!!National!Committee!
on!RDA!(NCRDA)
The!NCRDA!was!created!during!the!1st Salon!on!RDA,!
and!!is!composed!of!:!
Chair
:!Prof.!Ruben!Marasigan,!PNU
Co"Chairs :!Hon.!Corazon!M.!Nera,!former!BFL!Chair
Prof.!Rodolfo!Tarlit,!UP!Diliman

Members of the NCRDA

!
!
!
!
!
!

!
!
!

Helen!C.!De!Castro!!
Geraldine!De!Leon!!!!Adamson!U!!
Bernadette!Velasco
Ana!Maria!Fresnido DLSU
Annabelle!Aliwalas Manila
Sonia!M.!Gementiza " DLSU!
Dasmarias
Estrella S.!Majuelo
Narcelita Lane!T.!Olamit UST
Susan!O.Pador ADMU

!
!
!

Teresita C.!Moran!!!!!!!!!!!FEU
Jacquelyn!Joy!L.!Llave
Mila!M.!Ramos! Former!BFL!Member,!
Cataloging Consultant

Secretariat!(NLP!Staff)
! Arlene S. de Castro
! Chona F. San Pedro
! Narissa C. Young
! Romnick Henric Henry M. Gayanilo

22

9/9/2014

NCCA"NCLIS/PAARL/NCRDA!!Collaboration!in!
Capacity!Building!for!RDA!Readiness
!

A!Training!the!Trainors Workshop!was!organized!at!
the!De!La!Salle!University!Learning!Commons!on!!
April!3"5,!2013!with!no!less!than!Dr.!Barbara!Tillett,!
Chair!of!the!Joint!Steering!Committee!for!the!
Development!of!RDA,!as!resource!person.!
More!than!60!participants!committed!themselves!to!
echo!the!RDA!training!in!their!respective!institutions!
via!a!Memorandum!of!Agreement.

NCCA"NCLIS/PAARL/NCRDA!!Collaboration!in!
Capacity!Building!for!RDA!Readiness!!(2)
!

3!Training!Workshops!on!RDA!were!conducted!to!reach!out!to!
Librarians!in!the!3!major!islands!of!the!country:!!Lyceum!of!
Cavite!in!Luzon,!Montebello!Villa!Hotel,!Cebu!City,!in!the!
Visayas,!and!Grand!Men!Sheng Hotel,!Davao!City!in!
Mindanao.
NCRDA!experts!served!as!resource!persons!in!the!training!
workshops!organized!by!PAARL.
A!good!number!of!local!librarians!received!training!and!have!
since!!started!using!RDA!in!mid"2013

23

9/9/2014

RPSGPL:!Beginnings
Aside!from!capacity!building,!one!of!the!major!
objectives!of!the!NCRDA!is!to!come!up!with!a!Policy!
Statement!on!Cataloging!and!the!Use!of!RDA!in!
Philippine!Libraries.
!

Policy!is!defined!as!the!set!of!basic!principles!
and associated guidelines,!formulated!and enforced by!
the!governing!body!of!an organization,!to!direct!and!
limit!its actions in!pursuit!of long"term goals.
!

(Source:!http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/policy.html)

Why do we need to have policies

and guidelines in cataloging?
Policies!embody!patterns!of!standard!and!
good!practices!that!would!enhance!library!
services
! Standard!practices!facilitate!exchange!of!data!
(interoperability)!
! Moreover,!standards!would!enable!efficient!
information!storage!and!retrieval
!

24

9/9/2014

Why do we need to have policies

and guidelines in cataloging? (2)
RDA!offers!options!for!the!cataloger!and!
the!policies!will!help!him/her!decide!
which!to!choose,!i.e.!the!best!option!for!
local!libraries!in!general
! Example:!Whether!to!record!all!authors!
in!excess!of!3!or!just!to!use![and!four!
others]
!

RPSGPL!Goal
The!RPSGPL,!therefore,!aims!to!set!forth!!the!general!
principles!!and!guidelines!to!help!(but!not!to!limit)!the!
Filipino!cataloger in!achieving!his/her!goal!of!effectively!
linking!information!with!users.
!

As!every!library!is!expected!to!formulate!its!own!
cataloging policy,!a!certain!level!of!flexibility!!is!allowed,!
depending!on!!specific!needs.!IN!DOUBTFUL!SITUATIONS,!
THE!CATALOGERS!JUDGMENT!WILL!PREVAIL.
!

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Formulation of the RPSGPL

!

NCRDA!members!looked!closely!into!the!various!RDA!
elements!and!how!authoritative!libraries!deal!with!
them
The!benchmark!libraries!are!:!the!US!Library!of!
Congress,!National!Library!of!Australia,!and!that!of!
Library!and!Archives,!Canada
After!examination!of!the!RDA!elements!and!!
prolonged!discussion!and!brainstorming!the!RPSGP!
came!to!be

RPSGPL Contents
!

general!policies!and!guidelines!that!cover!basic!
elements!in!the!bibliographic!record!to!be!
adopted!in!local!libraries!!
"specific!rules!are!found!in!the!RDA!Tool!Kit!or!
the!RDA!print.
Examples!of!RDA!elements;!!others!may!be!
consulted!at!the!RDA!web!site!at!this!link!!

http://www.rdatoolkit.org/sites/default/files/6jsc_rda_complete_example_bibliographic_apr0913_rev.pdf!

26

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The RDA Policy Statement and Guidelines

for Philippine Libraries (RPSGPL): Text

Introduction
!

Cataloging!is!a!very!vital!and!critical!aspect!of!Library!and!
Information!Science.!!This!highly!technical!operation!makes!
the!life!of!an!information!seeker!easier!through!the!timely!
production!of!effective!information!searching!and!retrieval!
tools.
Librarians!in!the!Philippines!are!committed!to!the!creation!
and!management!of!searchable!and!reliable!electronic!
databases/catalogs,!carrying!high!quality,!internationally!
accepted!bibliographic!records,!through!systematic!and!
effective!cataloging!and!classification.

27

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I.!General!Cataloging
Policies!

I.1. Policy Statement on Catalogers

Catalogers!shall!possess!the!competencies!necessary!in!the!
organization!of!print,!non"print!materials!and!multimedia.!!
I.1.a.!Paraprofessional!catalogers!shall!!be!skilled!in!searching,!
selecting,!downloading,!or!copying!metadata!from!
authoritative!sources!(databases!or!library!catalogs).!
I.1.b.!Professional!catalogers!!are!licensed!librarians;!they!
shall!be!capable!of!training!paraprofessional!catalogers!and!
performing!original!cataloging!of!information!resources!in!a!
wide!variety!of!formats.!!

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9/9/2014

I.1. Policy Statement on Catalogers (2)

I.1.c.!All!catalogers!shall!engage!in!continuing!
professional!development!(CPD).
I.1.d.!Libraries!shall!have!at!least!one!cataloger!on!
the!Librarys!staff
I.1.e.!In!the!absence!of!a!full"time!cataloger,!
outsourcing!of!cataloging!jobs!shall!be!an!
option.!

I.2.!Policy!Statement!on!Standards
I.2.a.!Catalogers!shall!be!familiar!with!and!shall!be!capable!
of!utilizing!the!latest!internationally!accepted!standards!
for!cataloging!such!as!Resource!Description!and!Access!
(RDA),!Library!of!Congress!Subject!Headings!(LCSH),!!
Sears!List!of!Subject!Headings,!Library!of!Congress!
Classification,!Dewey!Decimal!Classification,!MARC21,!
etc.

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9/9/2014

1.2.!!Policy!Statement!on!Standards!(2)
I.2.b.!For!copy!cataloging,!!catalogers!shall!use!
internationally"recognized!authoritative!Online!Public!
Access!Catalogs!(OPACs),!such!as!those!of!the!Library!of!
Congress,!the!British!Library,!National!Library!of!
Australia,!Library!and!Archives!Canada,!OCLC!WorldCat,!
the!online!catalogs!of!the!National!Library!of!the!
Philippines,!Ateneo de!Manila!University,!De!La!Salle!
University,!Far!Eastern!University,!!University!of!the!
Philippines,!etc.!for!copying!metadata.

I.2.!!Policy!Statement!on!Standards!(3)
I.2.c.!Consistent!access!for!users!shall!be!provided!through!
authority!control.!!Catalogers shall!refer!to!standard!
authority!files!such!as,!but!not!limited!to!the!Library!of!
Congress!Authorities!(http://authorities.loc.gov/)!,!
Corazon!Lims!!Filipino!authors'!name!in!AACR2!headings,
to!establish!a!single!preferred!form!for!personal,!corporate!
and!meeting!names,!uniform!and!series!titles,!and!subject!
and!geographic!headings.

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1.2.!Policy!Statement!on!Standards!(4)
!

I.2.d.!Each!Library!shall!develop!and!maintain!
its!own!Authority!Files!which!embody!derived!
authority!records!and!those!created!by!local!
catalogers.!!!Content!of!authority!records!will!
be!determined!by!policies!of!individual!
libraries

I.3. Language
The!cataloger!shall!use!American!English!in!
cataloging!library!resources.

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Comments,!please.!!Thank!you.
The!specific!RDA!guidelines!will!be!
discussed!by!the!other!resource!persons.

References
Joint!Steering!Committee!for!the!Development!of!RDA.!2012.!
http://www.rda"jsc.org/
OCLC. 2012.!!About!RDA.!http://www.oclc.org/uk/en/rda/about.htm
Oliver,!C.!!2011.!RDA:!a!quick!introduction.!!PowerPoint!presentation.!Feb!2.!
http://rdaincanada.wikispaces.com/file/view/ola_rda_oliver_2011feb.pptx

RDA!Tool!kit:!Resource!Description!and!Access.!2012.!
http://www.rdatoolkit.org/
Tillett,!B.!!2013.!!RDA!background!and!structure.!!PowerPoint!
presentation!RDA!Training!the!Trainors Workshop,!Manila.!

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