SAIDAI SA.

DURAISAMYS
MANIDHA NAEYAM FREE IAS ACADEMY

TNPSC GROUP II
PART II - INTERVIEW NOTES
CURRENT GOVERNORS OF STATES
STATE

NAME

TOOK OFFICE

Andhra Pradesh

E. S. L. Narasimhan

28 December 2009

Arunachal Pradesh

Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa

01 June 2015

Assam

Padmanabha Acharya

12 December 2014

Bihar

Keshari Nath Tripathi

27 November 2014

Chhattisgarh

Balram Das Tandon

25 July 2014

Goa

Mridula Sinha

31 August 2014

Gujarat

Om Prakash Kohli

16 July 2014

Haryana

Kaptan Singh Solanki

27 July 2014

Himachal Pradesh

Kalyan Singh

28 January 2015

Jammu and Kashmir Narinder Nath Vohra

25 June 2008

Jharkhand

Draupadi Murmu

18 May 2015

Karnataka

Vajubhai Vala

1 September 2014

Kerala

P. Sathasivam

5 September 2014

Madhya Pradesh

Ram Naresh Yadav

8 September 2011

Maharashtra

C. Vidyasagar Rao

30 August 2014

Manipur

Syed Ahmed

16 May 2015

Meghalaya

V. Shanmuganthan

20 May 2015

Mizoram

Nirbhay Sharma

26 May 2015

Nagaland

Padmanabha Acharya

19 July 2014

Odisha

S. C. Jamir

21 March 2013

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Punjab

Kaptan Singh Solanki

22 January 2015

Rajasthan

Kalyan Singh

4 September 2014

Sikkim

Shriniwas
Patil

Tamil Nadu

K. Rosaiah

31 August 2011

Telangana

E. S. L. Narasimhan

2 June 2014

Tripura

Tathagata Roy

13 May 2015

Uttar Pradesh

Ram Naik

22 July 2014

Uttarakhand

Krishan Kant Paul

8 January 2015

West Bengal

Keshari Nath Tripathi

24 July 2014

Dadasaheb 20 July 2013

CURRENT LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS AND ADMINISTRATORS OF

UNION TERRITORIES
OFFICE AND UNION TERRITORY

NAME

Lieutenant Governor of Andaman and A. K. Singh

Nicobar Islands
Administrator of Chandigarh

Kaptan
Solanki

TOOK OFFICE
8 July 2013

Singh 22 January 2015

Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Ashish Kundra

Haveli

18 August 2014

Administrator of Daman and Diu

Ashish Kundra

18 August 2014

Lieutenant Governor of Delhi

Najeeb Jung

9 July 2013

Administrator of Lakshadweep

H. Rajesh Prasad

7 November 2012

Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry

A. K. Singh

18 July 2014

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CURRENT CHIEF MINISTERS

STATE

NAME

TOOK OFFICE

Andhra Pradesh

N. Chandrababu Naidu

8 June 2014

Arunachal Pradesh

Nabam Tuki

1 November 2011

Assam

Tarun Gogoi

17 May 2001

Bihar

Nitish Kumar

22 February 2015

Chhattisgarh

Raman Singh

7 December 2003

Delhi

Arvind Kejriwal

14 February 2015

Goa

Laxmikant Parsekar

8 November 2014

Gujarat

Anandiben Patel

22 May 2014

Haryana

Manohar Lal Khattar

26 October 2014

Himachal Pradesh

Virbhadra Singh

25 December 2012

Jammu and Kashmir

Mufti Mohammad Sayeed

1 March 2015

Jharkhand

Raghuvar Das

28 December 2014

Karnataka

Siddaramaiah

13 May 2013

Kerala

Oommen Chandy

18 May 2011

Madhya Pradesh

Shivraj Singh Chouhan

29 November 2005

Maharashtra

Devendra Fadnavis

31 October 2014

Manipur

Okram Ibobi Singh

2 March 2002

Meghalaya

Mukul Sangma

20 April 2010

Mizoram

Lal Thanhawla

7 December 2008

Nagaland

T. R. Zeliang

24 May 2014

Odisha

Naveen Patnaik

5 March 2000

Puducherry

N. Rangaswamy

16 May 2011

Punjab

Parkash Singh Badal

1 March 2007

Rajasthan

Vasundhara Raje

13 December 2013

Sikkim

Pawan Kumar Chamling

12 December 1994

Tamil Nadu

Jayalalithaa

23 May 2015

Telangana

K. Chandrashekar Rao

2 June 2014

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Tripura

Manik Sarkar

11 March 1998

Uttar Pradesh

Akhilesh Yadav

15 March 2012

Uttarakhand

Harish Rawat

1 February 2014

West Bengal

Mamata Banerjee

20 May 2011

LIST OF OFFICE-HOLDERS IN INDIA

CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICES
OFFICE

NAME

President of India

SINCE

Pranab Mukherjee

Vice President of India / Chairman of Mohammad

the Rajya Sabha
Ansari
Chief Justice of India

25 July 2012

Hamid 11 August 2007

H. L. Dattu

28
September
2014

POLITICAL OFFICES
OFFICE

NAME

SINCE

Prime Minister of India

Narendra Damodardas Modi

26 May 2014

Speaker of the Lok

Sabha

Sumitra Mahajan

6 June 2014

POLITICAL OFFICIAL
OFFICE

NAME

Minister of Defence

Manohar Parrikar

Minister of External Affairs

Sushma Swaraj

Minister of Finance

Arun Jaitley

Minister of Home Affairs

Rajnath Singh

Minister of Agriculture

Radha Mohan Singh

Minister of Human Resource Development Smriti Irani

(India)
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HEADS OF GOVT APEX WING

NO

OFFICE

NAME
Syed Nasim Ahmad Zaidi

Chief Election Commissioner of India

Chairperson,
Commission

Chief Commissioner, Central Information Rajeev Mathur

Commission

Chairman,
Minorities

Chairman, National Commission for SC

P. L. Punia

Chairman, National Commission for ST

Rameshwar Oraon

Chairperson,
Women

Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission

Ratan Kumar Sinha

Chairman, ISRO

A S Kiran Kumar

10

Chairman, Union Public Service Commission

Deepak Gupta

11

Chairman, National Knowledge Commission

Sam Pitroda

12

Chairman, University Grants Commission

Ved Prakash

13

Chairman, Central Water Commission of Ashwin B. Pandya

India

National

National

Human

Rights Justice K. G. Balakrishnan

Commission

National

Commission

for Naseem ahamad

for Lalitha Kumaramangalam

HEADS OF FINANCIAL BODIES

OFFICE
Chairman,
14th
Commission of India

NAME

Finance Y.Venugopal Reddy 3 January 2013

Governor of Reserve Bank of India

Raghuram Rajan

Chairman, Securities and Exchange Upendra

Board of India (SEBI)
Sinha
Chairman, Insurance Regulatory T. S. Vijayan
and Development Authority
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SINCE

4 September 2013

Kumar 18 February 2011

23 February 2013

BUREAUCRATS
NO

OFFICE

NAME

Cabinet Secretary of India

Ajit Seth

National Security Adviser

Ajit Kumar Doval

Secretary-General of the Rajya Sabha

Shumsher K. Sheriff

Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha

Anoop Mishra

Attorney General of India

Mukul Rohatgi

Comptroller and Auditor General of Shashi Kant Sharma

India

Solicitor General of India

Ranjit Kumar

Principal Scientific Adviser

R. Chidambaram

Permanent Representative of India to Asoke Kumar Mukerji

the United Nations

10

Chairman, Railway Board

AK Mittal

11

Foreign Secretary

Subrahmanyam Jaishankar

11

Union Home Secretary

LC Goyal

12

Finance Secretary

Rajiv Mehrishi

DEFENCE AND SECURITY

NO

OFFICE

NAME

Chief of Army Staff

General Dalbir Singh Suhag

Chief of Air Staff

Air Chief Marshal Arup

Raha

Chief of Naval Staff

Admiral Robin K Dhowan

Chief of Integrated Defence Staff

Air Marshal PP Reddy

Director General, Border Security Force

D K PATHAK

Director General, Central Reserve Police Force

Prakash Mishra

Director General, Central Industrial Security Arvind Ranjan

Force

Director-General of Military Intelligence

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Lt. Gen K G Krishna

Director, Central Bureau of Investigation

ANIL KUMAR Sinha

10

Director, Intelligence Bureau

Dineshwar Sharma

11

Director
Agency

12

Secretary (Research)

Rajinder Khanna

13

Member (Investigation CBDT)

Anita Kapur

General,

National

Investigation Sharad Kumar

TAMIL NADU
ESTABLISHED

26 January 1950

Tamil Nadu is bounded by Andhra
Pradesh

Karnataka on West

Kerala on the East

The Bay of Bengal and on South by the
Indian Ocean.

BOUNDED BY

CAPITAL

Chennai

LARGEST CITY

Chennai

DISTRICTS

32

TOTAL AREA

130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi)

AREA RANK

11th

TOTAL
(2011)

72,138,958

POPULATION

POPULATION RANK

6th

DENSITY

550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)

LITERACY

80.3 per cent (2011 census)

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE

Tamil

FLOWER

Kandhal

TREE

Palmera Palm

BIRD

Emerald Dove

ANIMALS

Nilgiri Tahr

IMPORTANT FACTS

i. It was one of the first of British settlements in

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India.
ii.Tamil Nadu is home to man natural resources,
Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hi
stations, beach resorts multi-religious pilrime
sites an UNESCO world heritage sight.
iii. Its economy depends largely on agriculture.
iv. Chennai, Tuticorin and Ennore are the major
ports in the State Tamil Nadu.
v. Major industries in Tamil Nadu are cotton
textiles, chemical fertilizers, paper and its
products, diesel engine, iron and steel, railway
wagons and coaches etc
NEIGHBOURING
STATES

Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry

(UT)

SEA

Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean

NEIGHBOURING
COUNTRY

Sri Lanka

TELANGANA
ESTABLISHED

2 June 2014

CAPITAL

Hyderabad

LARGEST CITY

Hyderabad

DISTRICTS

10

TOTAL AREA

114,840 km2 (44,340 sq mi)

AREA RANK

12th

TOTAL POPULATION 35,193,978

(2011)
POPULATION
(2011) RANK

12th

LITERACY

66.50%

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE

Telugu, Urdu

EMBLEM

Kakatiya Toranam, Charminar

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LANGUAGE

Telugu and Urdu

SONG

Jaya Jaya He Telangana Janani Jayakethanam

ANIMAL

Deer

BIRD

Palapitta (Indian Roller)

FLOWER

Tanged Puvvu

TREE

Jammi tree (Prosopis cineraria)

JUDICIAL APPOINTMENT COMMISSION BILL

2014
 Judicial independence is an absolute necessity for maintaining the rule of law
and fair judicial administration in the country.
 The independent judiciary plays an important role in controlling the arbitrary
act of the administration. The passing of the National Judicial Appointment Bill
abolishes the collegium system.
COLLEGIUM SYSTEM

 The collegium is a system under which judges of the Supreme Court and High
Court are appointed and transferred by a forum comprising of the Chief Justice
of India, along with four senior-most judges of the Supreme- Court.
 The collegium system came into force based on three different judgements of
the Supreme Court, popularly known as the "Three Judges Case".
 The 1981, S.P. Gupta vs. Union of India case is the first one and is popularly
known as the "First judges Case". In this case it was held that the opinion of the
executive should have primacy regarding appointment of judges to higher
judiciary.
 But in S.C. Advocates on-record Association Vs. Union of India 1993 case, also
known as "Second Judges Case", the decision in 'S.P. Gupta case' was overruled
and was held that, the opinion of Chief Justice of India has primacy in the
appointment of judges.

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 In this case the Supreme Court has made it clear that, the appointment has to
be done in consultation with a collegium of judges of the Supreme Court. The
collegium should consist of the Chief Justice of India and two senior-most
judges of the Supreme Court.
 However, in the third judgment, which is exactly not a case but a presidential
reference, the apex court has held that the collegium should consist of the Chief
Justice of India and four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.
 It is made dear that, in the appointment of judges of Supreme Court and High
Court, primacy is given to the opinion of the Chief Justice of India which
should reflect the opinion of judiciary i.e, opinion of plurality of judges.
 The court has observed that the expression "consultation with the Chief Justice
of India" in Article 217(1) and 222(1) requires consultation with a plurality of
judges in formation of the opinion of the Chief Justice of India. This reference
made by the President is known as the "Third Judges Case".

ADVANTAGES OF COLLEGIUM SYSTEM

 The judges of the High Court and Supreme Court are better aware of the
performance of the lawyers and lower judiciary. Therefore they are better
placed to recommend names for appointment to higher judiciary.
 The performance of the lawyer or judge of the lower judiciary is the sole
consideration for recommending or selecting a name.
 The delay in the selection process is minimal.
 It guarantees independence to judiciary. It does not have room for political
interference.
DRAWBACK OF COLLEGIUM SYSTEM

 Like all other good things, this system has some pitfalls too, like lack of
transparency in selection of judges etc.
 A series of events were recently revealed by Justice Markandey Katju, a former
Supreme Court judge that compelled everyone to question the transparency of
the collegium.
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 Katju revealed that a politically connected Madras High Court judge was
allowed to stay in the bench despite having corruption charges against him. He
also explained the unreliability of the collegium system by referring to the
recommendation of an eminent lawyer to the bench.
BACKGROUND OF NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS COMMISSION BILL

 Interestingly, the National Judicial Appointments Commission Bill is a

legislation that is intended to give effect to a broader Government plan of
changing the mode of appointment of judges to the High court and the
Supreme Court.
 The Constitution that already deals with appointment of judges to the Supreme
Court and to the High Courts had never envisaged any such commission in the
first place.
 So, the Constitution itself had to be first amended before any such Commission
could be put into place. The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty First
Amendment) Bill, 2014(' Amendment Bill') was therefore introduced in the
Parliament for the purpose of amending certain provisions of the Constitution.
 This Amendment Bill is required to be first passed by three quarters of the
membership of both.
 Houses of the Parliament. The Lok Sabha passed this Amendment Bill on 13August-2014 and the Rajya Sabha passed this Amendment Bill on 14-August2014.
 However, because this Amendment Bill seeks to modify certain provisions of
the Constitution that deal with the appointment of judges to the Supreme
Court and of appointment, elevation and transfer of judges to the High Courts,
this Amendment Bill should also be ratified by half of all state legislatures in
the country in order to become a valid amendment to the Constitution.
 Essentially, the Legislatures of not less than fifteen of the twenty nine States
must now individually and separately pass a resolution by majority to support
this Amendment Bill.

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121ST CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT BILL, 2014

 According to the Statement of Objects and Reason of the Bill, there is a need for
a broad based National Judicial Appointment Commission (NJAC), for making
recommendations for selection of judges.
 The Bill seeks to enable equal participation of Judiciary and Executive, ensure
that the appointments to the higher judiciary are more participatory,
transparent and objective.
CREATION OF THE NJAC:

 Article 124 (2) of the Constitution provides that the President will make
appointments of Supreme Court (SC) and High Court(HC) judges after
consultation with the Chief Justice of India and other SC and HC judges as he
considers necessary.
 The Bill amends Article 124 (2) of the Constitution to provide for a
Commission, to be known as the National Judicial Appointments Commission
(NJAC). The NJAC would then make recommendations to the President for
appointments of SC and HC judges.

COMPOSITION OF THE NJAC:

 A new Article, Article 124A provides for the composition of the NJAC. The NJAC would
consist of:

 Chief Justice of India (Chairperson)

 Two senior most Supreme Court Judges
 The Union Minister of Law and Justice
 Two eminent persons (to be nominated by a committee consisting of
the Chief Justice of India, Prime Minster of India and the Leader of
Opposition in the Lok Sabha)
 Of the two eminent persons, one person would be from the SC/ST/OBC/minority
communities or be a woman. The eminent persons shall be nominated for a period of three
years and shall not be eligible for re-nomination. .
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FUNCTIONS OF THE NJAC:

 A new Article, Article 124B, provides for the functions of the NJAC which include:

 Recommending persons for appointment as Chief Justice of India, Judges of

the Supreme Court, Chief Justices of High Courts and other Judges of High
Courts; The NJAC shall not recommend a person for appointment if any two
of its members do not agree to such recommendation.
 Recommending transfer of Chief Justices and other Judges of High Courts
from one High Court to any other High Court; and
 Ensuring that the persons recommended are of ability and integrity.
REFERENCE TO COMMISSION FOR FILLING UP OF VACANCIES

 When a vacancy arises in the SC or HCs, the central government will make a
reference to the NJAC.
 Existing vacancies will be notified to the NJAC within thirty days of the Act
entering into force.
 When a vacancy arises due to the completion of term, a reference will be made
to the NJAC, six months in advance.
 For vacancies due to death or resignation, a reference must be made to the
NJAC within thirty days of its occurrence. Power of Parliament to make law on
procedures: A new Article, Article 124C, enables Parliament to pass a law to:
 Regulate the procedure of appointments, and
 Empower the NJAC to lay down the procedure for its functioning, and manner
of selection of persons for appointment, through regulations.
POWER OF THE PRESIDENT TO REQUIRE RECONSIDERATION

 The President may require the NJAC to reconsider the recommendations made
by it.

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 If the NJAC makes a unanimous recommendation after such reconsideration,

the President shall make the appointment accordingly.
ADVANTAGE OF NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS COMMISSION BILL

 transparency in selection
 more accountability in judiciary
DISADVANTAGE OF NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS COMMISSION BILL

 It gives enough scope for political interference which is a threat to judicial

independence.
 It also violates the basic structure of the constitution and concept of separation
of powers.
 Procedural delay in appointment, tampering with IB reports of a candidate not
having good rapport with political parties.
 The Bill allows two members of the commission to scuttle the appointment of
an individual. Such a provision can be misused. Judges will have to devote
extra time for discussing the issues in commission which will hamper the
normal judicial process thereby increasing the pendency of cases.
 So, to maintain its full-fledged freedom and uprightness, the judiciary should have
predominant role in the commission. The role of executive should be limited to transparency
only. In absence of these features, the survival of democracy would be in peril.
 SC dismisses all the PILs challenging 121st Amendment and National Judicial Commission
Bill 2014
 A Three Judges Bench of the Supreme Court dismissed a batch of PILs challenging the 121st
Constitutional amendment and National Judicial Commission Bill 2014 which provides for a
new mechanism for appointment of lodges in higher Judiciary and for scrapping the
collegium system prevalent for the past two decades.
THE PETITION IS FILED ON THE FOLLOWING MAIN GROUNDS

 The proposed Constitution (One hundred and twenty first Amendment) takes
away the primacy of the collective opinion of the Chief Justice of India and the
two senior most Judges of the Supreme Court of India, next to the Chief Justice
of India i.e. even" if all three senior most judges of the Supreme Court of India
14 | P a g e

collectively recommend an appointee, the appointment is liable to be vetoed by

the other three members, one of whom is part of the executive (Minister in
government) and the other two ("eminent persons") not selected unanimously
but amongst the Prime Minister, CJI and leader of the Opposition in Lok
Sabha.

 As per the law laid down by this Court, it would not be possible to challenge
any law made under the proposed Article 124C on the ground that it results in
the erosion of the Independence of the Judiciary thereby damaging the Basic
Structure of the Constitution. Article 124C leaves open enormous scope for the
Parliament, by ordinary legislation, to give primacy to the Executive or Veto
powers to the Executive or other unchecked powers to the Executive for the
appointment of Judges to the higher Judiciary.
 If any two Members of the Commission do not agree to the recommendations
of the three senior most Judges of the Supreme Court of India for appointment,
the appointment is not to be made.
 The criteria of suitability for appointment as a Judges is to be specified by
"regulations" and these Regulations are to be made by "the Commission" where
the three senior most judges do not have a predominate vote. This again is a
total negation of the concept of the 'independence of the judiciary" and is
violative of the basic structure of the constitution.

JUVENILE JUSTICE BILL

- 2014

 The Union Cabinet approved amendments to the Juvenile Justice Act. The Bill
will open pathways to treat minors above 16 years of age, who are accused of
heinous crimes like rape and murder, as adults.
 The proposed amendment come against the backdrop of outrage over the
lighter punishment of three years given to a minor convicted in the December
16, 2012 Delhi gangrape case.
THE AMENDMENTS

 The amendment will pave the way for 16 to 18 year olds to be treated as adults
when involved in heinous crimes such as rape, acid attack.
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 The proposal will empower the Juvenile Justice Board to decide whether a
minor above 16 years involved in heinous crimes is to be sent in observation
home or tried in a regular court.
 According to the Bill, juvenile cannot be given death sentence or life
imprisonment under any circumstance. The Bill also makes corporal
punishment and ragging criminal offences which the existing JJ Act did not
cover.
 Corporal punishment could invite a maximum jail term of three years. Ragging
will invite up to three years imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 10,000.
 The proposed amendments also include facilitating faster adoption of children
and setting up foster care homes.
 The Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) has been proposed as the
statutory body, now it will have powers to regulate inter-country adoptions
along with issuing guidelines on adoption and related matter.
JUVENILE

 A "Juvenile" or "Child" means a person who has not completed 18 years of age.
Section 2 (k) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000
defines "juvenile" or "Child" as a person who has not completed eighteenth
year of age.
WHAT PRESENT LAW STATES?

 Last time, the juvenile justice legislation was overhauled was in 2000. The
present law allows a maximum sentence for any crimes of three years of
confinement in a youth reformatory.
 The law fails to express the minimum age, lacks concept of parental
responsibility. It also fails to provide for procedural guarantees like right to
counsel and right to speedy trial.
 It does not take into account the orders and directions of the Supreme Court
and High Courts relating to determination of the age of the child.
 It empowers the Juvenile Justice Board to give a child in adoption; even
though, it is the Child Welfare Committee that deals with children in need
have care and protection.
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 The Act is also silent on issues like child labour, primary education, sexual
abuse, adoption, disabilities and health.

HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVISTS CRITICIZING THE BILL

 Human-rights activists and experts have criticized the new Bill, saying that the
nature of a crime does not establish the mental maturity of juveniles. Experts
say that the amendment violates basic child rights.

BILL DRAFTED BY MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT

 The Bill was drafted in June by the Ministry of Women and Child
Development to change the country's juvenile justice law.
 It will now be submitted to Parliament for approval. According to the National
Crime Records Bureau, in 2012, 1,175 minors were booked for rape in India, up
from 1,149 in 2011.
 The number of juveniles held for rape in 2013 is 1,388. Owing to the rise and
brutality of sexual assaults particularly by juveniles on young girls and
women, there was an increasing sense of urgency to create legal avenues for
some deterrence to warn off the under-age perpetrators.
 However, India being a signatory to the United Nations Standard Minimum
Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules) that came
into effect on 29 November 1985 had so far refrained from making any changes
to its Juvenile Justice laws.
 For purposes of these Rules, the following definitions shall be applied by
Member States in a manner which is compatible with their respective legal
systems and concepts:
 A juvenile is a child or young person who, under the respective legal systems,
may be dealt with for an offence in a manner which is different from an adult;
 An offence is any behaviour (act or omission) that is punishable by law under
the respective legal systems;
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 A juvenile offender is a child or young person who is alleged to have committed or who has
been found to have committed an offence.
 But following the Delhi gangrape incident, BJP leader Subramanian Swamy had approached
the Supreme Court seeking changes in the laws for those juveniles who willfully commits
heinous crimes.

A REAL STEP BACK

 The United Nations International Children's Education Fund (UNICEF) has
termed the decision as a "real step back" - apprehending that the new JJ Bill
could be a significant deviation from the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection
of Children) Act, 2000, which was promulgated in compliance with the Child
Rights Convention of 1989 (CRC).
 The CRC provided in Article 40.1 that the children accused of offences should
be tried separately from adults 'in a manner consistent with the child's sense of
dignity and worth. (In 1992, India was a signatory to the Child Rights
Convention 1989).
 Without any attempt to sidetracking the UNICEF concerns, it is important to
understand the necessity of the new laws to discourage teenaged delinquents
from committing heinous crimes such as rape and murder.

EBOLA
 The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the Ebola outbreak in
West Africa to be a public health emergency of international concern. A WHO
committee of experts is calling for a coordinated international response to stop
this deadly disease at its source and prevent it from spreading to other
countries.
 The Director-General of the World Health Organization," Margaret Chan, says
recommendations issued by the committee aim to contain existing outbreaks in
Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia and to prevent further international spread.
The Ebola outbreak in West Africa is the largest and worst in history.
 Latest WHO figures put the number of cases at more than 1,700, including 932
deaths. WHO notes it is particularly difficult to bring the disease under control
18 | P a g e

because the three heavily infected West African countries are all emerging
from civil conflicts that have left them with weak, fragile health systems.
 The movement of people should be stopped in the so-called hot spot for the
disease, the cross-border area of Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia. The
countries having no cases of Ebola Virus should have good surveillance that
can pick up suspect Ebola cases.
 In a globalized world, that people can travel anywhere, so all countries should
be prepared to identify potential cases and, they should also make sure that
they have access to proper laboratory, diagnostic laboratory testing.
 The WHO committee recommends the screening of all people at international
airports, seaports and major land crossings for unexplained fevers consistent
with Ebola infection. It says countries infected with the virus should not hold
mass gatherings, such as football matches, until the disease is under control.

EXPERIMENTAL EBOLA DRUG CURED 100% OF MONKEYS TESTED

 In what scientists are calling a "monumental achievement," an experimental
medication called ZMapp, given on a compassionate basis to a handful of
Ebola victims in the current outbreak, cured 100% of monkeys treated with it.
 ZMapp, made by Mapp Biopharmaceuticals of San Diego, is in the early stage
of development and has never been formally tested in humans. The drug
allowed all 18 rhesus macaques infected with a lethal dose of Ebola to recover.
 The drug worked even when given five days after infection. In monkeys given
ZMapp, however, the drug reversed severe symptoms, including severe
bleeding, rashes and elevated liver enzymes, a sign of liver failure.
 Three weeks after infection, tests showed the surviving animals had no
detectable Ebola virus in their blood. Doctors used a different strain of Ebola
virus in their study than the one that's currently circulating in West Africa
 However, they tested ZMapp in test tubes against the current strain and found
that it blocked infection. Although ZMapp hasn't been tested for safety in
humans, its manufacturer shared a handful of doses with Ebola victims as a
last-ditch effort to save their lives.
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 Four of those patients including two Americans and two Liberian health
workers survived after taking the drug. A fifth aid worker, who is now being
treated in London, also has begun treatment with ZMapp.
 A Spanish priest and Liberian doctor given ZMapp died. Ebola has infected
more than 3,000 people in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria and Senegal,
killing half of them, according to the World Health Organization. Senegal
reported its first case of Ebola on 29th August.
 In a worrying development, researchers reported that the Zaire strain of Ebola
virus, the type now circulating in West Africa, appears to have mutated from
its original form. The virus appears to be changing as it moves across Africa.

KEY FACTS ABOUT EBOLA

 Ebola first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, in Nzara. Sudan,
and in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter was in a village
situated near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
 Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhage fever is a
severe, often fatal illness in humans.
 EVD outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 90%.
 EVD outbreaks occur primarily in remote villages in Central and West Africa,
near tropical rainforests.
 The Virus is transmitted lo people from vv ild animals and spreads in the
human population through human-to-human transmission.
 Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are considered to be the natural host of
the Ebola virus.
 Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care. No licensed specific
treatment or vaccine is available for use in people or animals
 EVD is a severe acute viral illness often characterized by the sudden onset of
fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat, this is
followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and in
some cases, both internal and external bleeding.
20 | P a g e

HOW DOES ZMAPP WORK

 Antibodies are proteins used by the immune system to mark and destroy
foreign, or harmful, cells. A monoclonal antibody is similar, except it's
engineered in a lab so it will attach to specific parts of a dangerous cell.
 Monoclonal antibodies are used to treat many different types of conditions.
The medicine given to a three-mouse monoclonal antibody, meaning that mice
were exposed to fragments of the Ebola virus, and then the antibodies
generated within the mice's blood were harvested to create the medicine.
 However the drug can also be produced with proteins made from tobacco
plants found in Australia. The plants are altered specifically for the serum and
then harvested and ground into the green mix used in the serum doses.
 The plants serve as an ideal place to grow the massive amounts of the
antibodies needed for the treatment. The genes of the antibodies are fused to
the tobacco genes, infecting the tobacco with the virus. The plant produces
antibodies that are subsequently separated from the plant when it is ground
up.
EBOLA IN INDIA
 International airport are constantly receiving passengers travelling from Ebolaaffected West African countries. State governments have been requested to
screen all passengers coming from those areas.
 They are being categorized as low risk, medium risk and high risk individuals.
As of now, about 821 passengers are being tracked for the deadly Ebola virus,
confirmed by the health ministry. According to the statement of the health
ministry, most of these travellers belong to the states of Maharashtra, Kerala and
Tamil Nadu.
 In an attempt to protect the population of India, the Supreme Court issued
notice to the central government on a PIL (Public Interest Litigation) seeking
direction that passengers coming on international flights from Ebola-affected
countries in African be screened to ensure that they are free of deadly virus.

21 | P a g e

 The bench urged for direction that the government should take immediate steps
for the screening of passengers on the flights from affected countries and to take
adequate steps to prevent and cure the deadly epidemic. Petitioner Vineet
Dhanda also sought putting in place all the facilities at the airports to isolate and
treat the possibly-affected travellers from these countries to avoid infection.
 He also sought the direction that the central as well as the Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Delhi governments to take steps to
maximise the spread of information about deadly epidemic to create awareness
throughout the country.
 Dhanda, in his PIL, told the court that the epidemic has been declared as Global
Health Emergency by the World Health Organisation, as the outbreak of virus is
moving faster than it can be controlled.
THE REASONS WHY EBOLA IN INDIA HAVE A VERY SCARY SCENARIO:
HIGH RATE OF SPREAD:
 The virus seems to spread very quickly from one human to another and it can
spread through body fluids like blood, saliva, stool, urine, sweat, etc. This
makes it extremely dangerous in a densely populated country like ours where
it's easy to catch the virus while travelling, in offices or in any other public
area. The disease can also spread through soiled clothing, bed linen or used
needles.
HIGH FATALITY RATE:
 According to the WHO, EVD (Ebola Virus Disease) outbreaks have a fatality
rate of 90%. Currently, there is no licensed treatment or vaccine for the disease,
either for humans or animals. The only way to treat patients is to place them in
ICUs and that too is very dangerous for healthcare workers or anyone coming
in contact with the victims.
NO NATURAL IMMUNITY:
 Unlike the African countries where Ebola outbreaks have occurred before, the
disease, if it arrives is completely new in India, which means that we have no
natural immunity against the virus. Our internal body system has never
experienced anything like the Ebola virus and won't know how to fight it.
LACK OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES:
22 | P a g e

 Healthcare services in our country are abysmal to say the least. The doctorpatient ratio is skewed beyond belief; most rural areas have no access to
healthcare services, many can't afford quality healthcare and around 2.1
million deaths per year are avoidable. So imagine the damage a completely
unknown, non-indigenous virus could do to our lands.
HUGE, VULNERABLE POPULATION:
 India is the second-most populated country in the world, where many people
don't have basic access to healthcare services. People live together in huge
masses, in cities; public transport is cramped beyond belief. Another potential
epidemic, HIV/AIDS, which can spread through unprotected sex, intravenous
drug use or blood transfusions never, became a huge problem in India because
apparently as a nation, we don't sleep around that much or use intravenous
drugs. The Ebola virus on the other hand can spread through saliva and sweat
which makes it that much more worrying.

vNghyh itu]; ,e;jpahtpy; guthky; ,Ug;gjw;F

muR Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; eltbf;iffs;
 n[dpthitj; jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L ,aq;Fk; cyf Rfhjhu
epWtdj;jhy; (WHO - World Health Organisation) cyfg; NguopT Nehahf
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s vNghyh vd;w ,uj;jf; frpT Nehapd; jhf;fk; ehSf;F
ehs; mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ.
 fle;j brk;gh; 2013y; Nkw;F Mg;gphpf;f ehlhd fpdpahtpy; Njhd;wp
ie[Phpah> nfd;ah> INuhg;gpah kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fk; gutpAs;sJ.
fle;j mf;Nlhgh; 15> 2014 md;iwa epytug;gb 9200 Ngiuj; jhf;fpAs;s
,e;Neha; 4555 Ngiu gypnfhz;Ls;sJ.
Favipiravir - itu]; vjph;gG
; kUe;jhd ,J [g;ghd; tpQ;Qhdpfshy;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
/g;S (Influenza) Neha;fF
;
vjpuhf rpwe;j
kUe;jhd ,J jw;nghOJ vNghyh itui] fl;Lg;gLj;JtjpYk;
rpwe;J tpsq;Ftjhf Kjy; fl;l Nrhjidapy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
Lamivudine - vr;.I.tp itu];> va;l]
; ; Neha;fF
;
vjpuhd rpwe;j
kUe;jhd
,J
jw;nghOJ
vNghyh
itu];
tsh;rr
; piaAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

23 | P a g e

Zmapp - NkhNdhf;Nshdy; jLg;g+rpahd ,J vNghyh itu];

jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhd ghpNrhjidapy; Kjy; fl;l epiyapNyNa
cs;sJ.
VSV - EBOV - fdlh ehl;L tpQ;Qhdpfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s
,e;jj; jLg;g+rpahdJ 18 Fuq;FfSf;F mspj;J ghpNrhjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jpy;
Fuq;Ffs;
vNghyh
NehapypUe;J
Fzkhfp>
KO
MNuhf;fpaj;Jld; ,Ug;gJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jd; mLj;j
fl;lkhf kdpjh;fsplj;jpy; ,j;jLg;g+rpia ghpNrhjpf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
Triazovesin
u~;a
tpQ;Qhdpfshy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ljhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jj; jLg;g+rp> 2015y; ghpNrhjidf;F tUk; vd
vjph;ghh;ff
; g;gLfpwJ.

muR Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;

tpiuT nray;gL mzp (Rapid
Respondants))
(
 vNghyh Neha; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shdth;fis ,dk; fz;lhy; mth;fis
cldbahf jdpikg;gLj;jp jPtpu rpfpr;irf;F cl;gLj;jp Fzkhf;fTk;
vNghyh Neha;fF
; vjpuhd kUj;Jt rpfpr;irfis xUq;fpizf;Fk; xU
mzpahfTk; nray;gLk; tifapy; tpiuT nray;gL mzp xd;W
xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Neh;a njhw;W Fwpg;ghf
vNghyh Neha; njhw;W njhlh;ghd rpfpr;irapy; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;w
kUj;Jth;fs;> Ez;Zaphpay; ty;Yeh;fs;> njhw;WNehapay; epGzh;fs;>
nrtpypah;fs;> cs;spl;Nlhh; ,e;jf; FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gh;.
 vNghyh itu]; ghjpf;fg;gl;ljhf re;Njfpf;fg;gLk; egh;fsJ ,uj;j
khjphpiag; ghpNrhjid nra;tjw;fhd Njrpa ghpNrhjidf; $lq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if 2y; ,Ue;J 16 Mf cah;jj
; g;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rh;tNjr tpkhd epiyaq;fs; midj;jpYk;
gazpfs; ghpNrhjid epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;L jPtpu ghpNrhjidf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL mth;fsJ mbg;gilj; jfty;fs; midj;Jk;
Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 khepyj;jpy; cs;s nghJ kUj;Jtkidfs; kw;Wk; jdpahh; fhh;gg
; Nul;
kUj;Jtkidfs; midj;jpYk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 15 gLf;if trjpAld;
$ba jdp thh;L xd;iw mikf;f kj;jpa Rfhjhuj;Jiw mikr;rfk;
cj;jutpl;Ls;sJ.

vNghyh itu]; Neha; (Ebola

Virus disease EVD)
(
24 | P a g e

 vNghyh itu]; Neha; (EVD) my;yJ vNghyh FUjp frpT fha;rr

; y;
(Ebola hemorrhagic fever-EHF) vNghyh itu];fshy; kdpjUf;F Vw;gLk;
Neha; vd fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Xh; caph; nfhy;yp & NfL
tpistpf;Fk; fLikahd itu]; Neha;. ,e;j FUjp frpT fha;rr
; y;
fz;lth;fspy; 90%f;F Nky; caphpof;ff;$Lk;.
 vNghyh itu]; 1976Mk; Mz;L Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; irah; (m) fhq;Nfh
ehl;bd; vNghyh vDk; Mw;wq;fiuapy; Kjd; Kjyhf fz;lwpag;gl;ljdhy;
,t;itu];-f;F vNghyh itu]; vdg; ngahplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j itu]; Neha;
IthpNfh];l>; irah;> #lhd;> rpahuh ypNahd;> fpdP> iygPhpah kw;Wk; Nkw;F
Mg;gphpf;fh ehLfspy; ,e;Neha; guTtjw;F vg;nghOJk; tha;gG
; s;sJ.
 Xh; mwpa tif Ml;nfhy;ypahd vNghyh itu]; njhw;W clypDs;Sk;>
clYf;F ntspapYk; ,uj;j frpit Vw;gLj;Jk;.

vNghyh itu]; guTk; tpjk;:

 vNghyh itu]; Neha; fz;l Nehahspapd; Neub njhlh;G kw;Wk; cly;
ePhk
; q;fshy; gutf;$baJ. Mdhy; jLkd; (Common cold) ,d;gSd;]ah
kPry;]; Nghd;w itu];fisg; Nghy; vspjpy; guTtjpy;iy.
 EV cly; topNa gutp> clypd; Neha; vjph;g;G Mw;wy; (Immune
system) kz;lyj;ijAk; & cly; cWg;Gfis ghjpf;fpwJ. Kbtpy; ,uj;j
ciwjYf;fhd nry;fis ghjpj;J mit Fiwar; nra;fpwJ. ,jd;%yk;
clypDs;Sk;
ntspNaAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jhj
mstpw;F
,uj;j
frpT
Vw;gLfpwJ.
 vNghyh itu]; Neha;> vNghyh ,uj;j frpT fha;rr
; y;
mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,e;Neha; fz;lth;fs; 90% ,wf;ff;$Lk;.

vdTk;

 vNghyh
itu];
ghjpf;fg;gl;l
kdpjh;fs;
clNyhL
njhlh;G
Vw;gLtjpdhNyh my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l tpyq;fpd; cly; ePhk
; k; %yNk
guTfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf Fuq;F> rpk;gd;]
; p kw;Wk; gok; jpd;Dk; ntsthy; (fruit
bat) Nghd;witfshy; guTfpd;wJ.
 Crp %ykhfTk; guTtjw;fhd tha;gG
; s;sJ.
 vNghyh itu]; Neha; (m) ,uj;j frpT fha;rr
; y; fhw;W> ePh; my;yJ
czT %ykhf guTtjpy;iy.

Neha; mwpFwp (Symptoms)

25 | P a g e

 vNghyh itu]; Neha; Kjypy; /GS vdTk; kNyhpah vdTk; vz;zg;gl;L

te;jJ.
 vNghyh Nehapd; mwpFwp Neha;fz;l 2 21 ehspy; ntspg;gLk;
mitahtd>
 cah; fha;rr
; y;
 jiytyp
 %l;L & jir typ
 njhz;il Gz;
 Nrhh;T
 tapw;W typ
 grpapd;ik Nghd;wit njd;gLk;
 Nehapd; tPhpak; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ clypDs; fz;> fhJ kw;Wk;
%f;fpypUe;J ,uj;j frpT Vw;gLk;. rpyUf;F the;jp kw;Wk; ,Ukypd; NghJ
,uj;jk; ntspg;glyhk; & ,uj;jg; Nghf;F Nehplyhk;.
 Nkw;F Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; vNghyh itu]; Neha; kpf Ntfkhfg; gutp tUfpwJ
vd;Wk;
Mdhy;
mjidf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j
vLf;fg;gLk;
Kaw;rpfs;
ke;jfjpapNyNa efh;fpd;wd vd;Wk; cyf Rfhjhu fofj;jpd; jiyik
,af;Feh; khh;fnul; rhd; $wpAs;shh;.
 vNghyh itu]; Nehapdhy; Nkhrkhd ghjpg;Gfisr; re;jpj;Js;s fpdP>
iygPhpah> rpahuh ypNahd; (Guinea, Liberia, Sierra, Leone) mfpa
ehLfspd;
mjpgh;fis
re;jpj;jg;gpd;
,e;Nehapd;
guty;
mjid
jLg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; ,e;j Vo;ikahd ehLfspy; kpf ke;jkhf cs;sJ
vd;W cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) $wpAs;sJ.
 vNghyh itu]; Neha; ,jd; tuyhw;wpy; ,jw;FKd; ,t;tsT tpiuthf
gutpaJ fpilahJ.
 2013 Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthpapy; Nkw;F Mg;gphpf;fh ehLfSk; cyfpd; kpf
Vo;ikahd ehLfSkhfpa ,k;%d;W ehLfspy; vNghyh itu]; Neha;fF
;
700f;Fk; mjpfkhNdhh; caphpoe;jdh;.
 ,e;j Mz;Lk; ,e;Neha; tpiuthf gutp tUtjhy; ,jid jLf;Fk;
Kaw;rpf;F cyf Rfhjhu mikg;G $100 kpy;ypad; (mnkhpf;f lhyh;)
jpl;lj;jpidf; nfhz;L tu cs;sJ.

Neha; fz;lwpjy;:

26 | P a g e

 rpy Neuk; Neha; mwpFwpia itj;J kl;LNk vNghyh itu]; Neha; vd

nrhy;yptpl KbahJ. mJ fbdkhdJ. lhf;lh;fs;> ,uj;jk; jpRf;fis
Nrhjpg;gjpdhy; vNghyh itu]; fz;lwpaf;$Lk;.
 xUth; vNghyh itu];]py; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuhapd; mtiu jdpikg;gLj;jp
Neha; gpwUf;Fg; guthky; ,Uf;Fk; gb mtUf;F rpfpr;ir mspf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

itu]; Nrhjid (Viral Test))

 itu];fshy;
Vw;gLk;
Neha;fisf;
fz;lwpa
itu];
Nrhjid
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. itu];fs; capUs;s nry;fspy; kl;LNk thof;$baJ.
nry;iyj; njhw;wp mr;nry;ypid rpijj;J mjd; Neha; jLg;ghw;wiy
rPuopj;J kuG nghUshd DNA it khw;wp nry;iy njhw;wp clYf;F
Neha; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.

itu]; Nrhjid nra;ag;gLk; rpy itu]; Neha;fs;:

1. n`h;g]
; ; rpk;y];
2. nghpak;ik (Chicken Pox) Nthpnry;yh N[h];lh; itu]; (VZV)
3. nu];gNulhp rpd;irbfy; itu]; (RSV)
4. vgp];ild;-ghh; itu]; (Epstein- Barr Virus)
5. irNlh nkfhNyh itu]; (Cyto Megalo Virus CMV)
6. NuhNlh itu]; (Rota Virus) (Foe;ijfspd; czT kz;ly njhw;W
itu];)
7. n`g;ghbb]; (Hepatitis)
8. `pA+kd; ghg;gpNyhkh itu]; (Human Pailloma Virus)
9. va;l]
; ; (Aids)
10. ,d;/GSypad;rh
11. B.K. Virus rpWePufk; & rpWePh; Fohia njhw;Wk; itu];. nghJthf
kf;fs; jq;fs; tho;ehspy; ,e;j itu]; njhw;Wf;F xU KiwNaDk;
Ml;gLth;. Fwpg;ghf cWg;G khw;wpg; nghUj;Jk; NghJ ,j;njhw;W
itu]hy; ghjpf;fg;gl mjpf tha;gG
; s;sJ.
12. vjph; caphp (Antibody test) Nrhjid
13. ituy; Mz;bn[d; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid
27 | P a g e

14. itu]; tsj;jy; (Viral Tissue)

15. itu]; b.vd;.V (m) Mh;.vd;.V. fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid

kq;fs;ahd; jpll
; k;
 kq;fs;ahd; vd;gJ nrt;tha; fpufj;jpw;F ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;T
ikaj;jhy; Jut epiy nraw;iff;Nfhs; (Jizf;Nfhs;) VTfyd; rp 25
(gp..v];.vy;.tp-rp 25) =`hpNfhl;lhtpypUe;J Nkw;nfhz;l jkJ nts;sptpoh
gazj;jpd;NghJ> ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa rhjid jlj;ijg;
gjpj;jJ.
 nrt;thia Muha ehl;bd; KjyhtJ tpz;fyk; kq;fs;ahid gp.v];.vy;.tprp-25) vDk; JUtepiy nrYj;J thfdk; %yk; etk;gh; 5>2013 md;W gfy;
2.38 kzpastpy; ntw;wpfukhf nrYj;jpaJ. ,J Xh; Mspy;yh tpz;fyd;
MFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; nrt;tha; tpz;fyk; nrYj;jpa ntw;wpapd; %yk;
cyfstpy; ,Nj Nghy; nrt;tha; fpufz Ma;tpy; fskpwq;fpAs;s ehLfs;
thpirapy; 4-MtJ ,lk; ,e;jpah ngw;Ws;sJ.
 tpz;zpy; nrYj;jg;gl;l 18 epkplq;fspy; uhf;nfl;Lfs; mjDila
nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis mjDila Rw;Wg;ghijapy; nrYj;JtJ thbf;if
MFk;. Mdhy; nrt;tha; fpufz tpz;fyk; kq;fs;ahd; nry;y Ntz;ba
J}uk; mjpfk; vd;gjhy;> mjid Muk;gj;jpNyNa mjpf cauj;jpw;F
vLj;Jr;
nry;y
Ntz;baJ
,d;wpaikahjJ.
vdNt
Gwg;gl;l
Neuj;jpypUe;J rhpahf 44 epkplj;jpy; G+kpapd; Rw;Wg; ghijapy;
epWj;jpaJ.

jpl;lkjpg;gL
P :
 gjpide;J fpNyh vilnfhz;l Ma;Tf; fUtpfisAk;> Mapuj;J Kd;D}w;W
Kg;gj;njO (1337 fp.fp) Ra vilnfhz;l nrt;tha; fpuf tpz;fyk;
kq;fshadpd; nkhj;j nryT Rkhh; 450 Nfhb ,e;jpa gzkjpg;G MFk;.
Ma;Tf;F ,j;jpl;lk; ntw;wpg; ngw;why; cyfpy; Fiwe;j nrytpy;
nrt;tha;fF
;
mDg;gg;gl;l nraw;iff; Nfhs; jpl;lk; vDk; Gfo; ,e;jpa
tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp ikaj;jpw;Ff;fpl;Lk;.

kq;fs;ahd; jpl;l Nehf;fk;:

 nrt;tha; fpufj;ij nrd;wilAk; mstpw;F ,e;jj; jpl;l njhopw;El;gj;jpwd;
nfhz;ljh
vd;gjid
cWjp
nra;tjw;Fk;>
nrt;tha;
fpufj;jpd;
tspkz;lyj;jpy; kPjN
; jd; thA njd;gLfpwjh vd;gjid Muha;tjw;Fk;>
kPjN
; jd; ,Ue;jhy; xU nry; caphpdq;fshtJ cs;sdth vd;gij
MuhaTk; ,e;jj; jpl;lk; cjTk;.
28 | P a g e

 caphpdq;fs; ,Ue;jhy; kPjN

; jd; thA ntspg;gLtJ ,ay;G. Mdhy;
fhpkNrh;kq;fspd;
(Organic Compound) Ntjptpidahy;$l
kPjN
; jd;
cUthff;$Lk;. kq;fs;ahdpd; kPjN
; jd; czh; fUtp ,ijg;gw;wpj; jfty;
mspf;Fk;.
 NkYk;>
 tpz;ntspg;
gazj;jpy;
Rke;J
nry;Yk;
uhf;nfl;
jpwid
cWjpg;gLj;j>
 tpz;Zstp mikg;G> ,af;f newpfisr; nrayhf;f Kw;gLtJ.
 mz;lntspj; Njly; gzp jpl;lkpl;L epiwNtw;wpl>
 tpz;ntspj; njhlh;Gfis NkYk; Nkk;gl nra;tjw;F>
 nrt;tha;f; Nfhs; Rw;Wstpis mikg;gJ> ePzl
; J}ug; gazj;jpw;F
Maj;jk; nra;tJ> nrt;tha; fpufj;jpy; ,wq;fr; nra;tJ>
 nrt;tha; fpufj;ijr; Rw;wpte;J glk; vLg;gJ>
 nrt;tha; Nfhspy; Kd;gpUe;j #o;ntsp thA kz;ly ,og;gpid
Muha.

kq;fs;ahdpd; Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs;:

 kq;fs;ahd; nrt;tha; fpufj;ij 377 fpNyh kPll
; h; J}uk; Fiwe;j MuKk; 80
Mapuk; fpNyh kPl;lh; J}uk; mjpfgl;r MuKk; nfhz;l ePst
; l;lg; ghijapy;
Rw;wptu cs;sJ.
 ,jd; gpd;G mtw;wpy; cs;s 5 Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs; ,af;fg;gLk;.
,j;Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs; 15 fp.fp. vilf; nfhz;lit.
 iykd; My;/gh xspkhdp (Lyman Alpha Photometer)
 nrt;tha;ff
; hd kPj;Njd; czhp (Mars Methane Sensor)
 ntg;g mfr; nrq;fjph; gbkkhf;fy; epiwkhdp (Thermal Infrared
imaging Spectrometer)
 nrt;tha; Gwf;fhw;W kz;ly eLepiy nghjpT gFg;gha;tp (Mass
Enospheric Composition analyser)

iykd; My;/gh xspkhdp:

 nrt;thapd; Nkw;gug;gpd; kPJ gy Nfhb tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G ,Ug;gjhf
fUjg;gl;l
jz;zhP >;
mjd;
tspkz;ly
Nkw;gFjpf;F
nrd;wjhff;
$wg;gLtjw;F vd;d fhuzk; vd Ma;T nra;a> ,f;fUtp top nra;Ak;.

kPjN
; jd; czhp:
 tspkz;lyj;jpy; kPjN
; jd; thA njd;gLfpwjh vd Muha.
29 | P a g e

ntg;g mfr;rptg;Gf; fjph; epwkhdp:

 nrt;tha; Nfhspd; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s fdpkq;fisg; gw;wp jfty; jpul;l
cjTk;.

nrt;tha; tz;z xspg;glf; fUtp:

 nrt;thapd; Nkw;gug;igAk;> jd;idr; Rkf;Fk; kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyj;jpd;
fUtpfisAk; glnkLj;J mDg;Gk;.

nrt;tha; Gwf;fhw;W kz;ly eLepiy nghjpT gFg;gha;tp:

 ,it nrt;tha; Nfhspd; tspkz;ly NkyLf;if Muha cs;sJ. ,f;fUtp
nkd;fh vdg;gLfpwJ.

kq;fs;ahd; nray;ghL:
 1337 fpNyh fpuhk; vil nfhz;l kq;fs;ahd; tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;L 10
khjq;fs; fopj;J nrt;thia nrd;wilAk;. Rkhh; 6 khjfhyNk ,J
nrt;thiar; Rw;wp tUk; vd vjph;ghh;ff
; g;gLfpwJ.
 kq;fs;ahd; mjpfgl;rkhf 60 Kiw nrt;tha; Nfhis tyk; tUk;.
kq;fs;ahd; Rke;J nrd;w 15 fpNyh fpuhk; vil nfhz;l Jiz Ma;Tf;
fUtpfs;
midj;Jk;
,e;jpahtpDilaNj
(Indegineous).
Mdhy;
re;jpuhad; $l rpy ntspehl;L epWtdf; fUtpfisr; Rke;J nrd;wJ.
 kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; caNu nrd;wile;j NghJ mjDila Ntfk;
kzpf;F 27>000 fp.kP (27,00/km ph) tpz;fyj;jpd; Ntfj;ij mjpfhpf;fr;
nra;a Gtpapd; <h;gG
; tpid cjTfpwJ.
 kq;fs;ahid
Gtpapd;
Rw;Wk;gb
nrYj;jpdhy;
mjDila
Ntfk;
mjpfhpf;fg;Nghtjpy;iy. vdNt ePst
; l;lg; ghijapy; mij nrYj;jpdh;.
Gtpia mJ 6tJ Kiw Rw;wp Kbe;jgpd; mjDila Ntfk; kzpf;F
38>000 fp.kP (38,000/Km ph) cah;e
; j
; J.
 ,t;thW xU Nfhspd; <h;gG
; tpiriag; gad;gLj;jp tpz;fyj;jpd; Ntfj;ij
mjpfhpf;fr; nra;Ak; nlf;dpf; - fpuhtpb mrp];l; (<h;gg
; hw;wy; Jizik)
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

fpuhtpb mrp];l; (Gravity Assist))

30 | P a g e

 xU Nfhis mjDila ePst

; l;lg; ghijapy; Rw;wptUk; nghUs; (object)
(m) tpz;fyj;jpd; Ntfk; kw;Wk; topia khw;Wtjw;fhf Fwpg;ghf tpz;fy
GNuhg;gyd;l>; Neuk; kw;Wk; nryitf; Fiwf;f ,e;j <h;gG
; tpir Jizik
top nra;fpwJ.
 Fwpg;ghf fpuhtpb mrp];l; - xU tpz;fyj;jpd; Ntfj;ij Neh;jpir kw;Wk;
vjph;jpirapNy (Positively & Negatively) (m) kWjpirg;gLj;jNth
gad;gLk;. mnkhpf;fhtpd; ehrh ,e;j Af;jpia mjDila nkhpdh;
(Mariner) than[h; (Voyager-1) Nghd;w tpz;fyd;fis tpz;Zf;F
mDg;gpaNghJ ifahz;lJ. ,Nj Af;jpia jw;NghJ ,e;jpah kq;fs;ahd;
tpz;fyj;jpy; cgNahfpj;Js;sJ.
 nkhpdh; jhd; fpuhtpb mrp];l; jj;Jtk; Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
tpz;fyk; MFk;.
 ,uz;lhtJ than[h;-1 vDk; tpz;fyk; ,jidj; njhlh;eJ
;
rpy
tpz;fyq;fs; ,e;j Af;jpia gad;gLj;jpa thpirapy; ,e;jpahtpd;
kq;fs;ahd; jw;NghJ ,jidg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
 nrt;tha; kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; tpz;zpy; nrYj;jg;gl;lgpd;
tphpFlhtpy; Vw;gl;l n`yd; Gaiyg;glk; vLj;J mDg;gpaJ.

tq;fhs

kq;fs;ahdpd; jw;Nghija epytuk;:

 etk;gh; 5> 2013 md;W kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; gp.v];.vy;.tp-rp 25d;
cjtpAld; tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; Gtpr;Rw;W
epiy (Geocentric phase) apy; xt;nthU epiyapYk; mjid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
eilngWk; mit:
etk;gh; 5> 2013
etk;gh; 6> 2013
etk;gh; 7> 2013
etk;gh; 8> 2013
etk;gh; 10> 2013
etk;gh; 11> 2013
31 | P a g e

VTjy; (2.38 gpw;gfy;)

Rw;Wg;ghij
28>825 fp.kP
Rw;Wg;ghij
40>186 fp.kP
Rw;Wg;ghij
71>636 fp.kP
Rw;Wg;ghij
78>276 fp.kP
Rw;Wg;ghij
118>642 fp.kP

Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 23>550

Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 28>825
Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 40>186
Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 71>636
Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 78>276

etk;gh; 15> 2013

etk;gh; 30> 2013

Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 118>642

192>874 fp.kP
ntw;wpfukhf #hpa Rw;Wg;ghijapy;
nrYj;Jjy;

2tJ epiy N`ypNahnrd;bf; epiy:

 brk;gh; 2013 nrg;lk;gh; 2014 tiu nrt;tha; NfhSf;F nry;Yk; top
mg;nghOJ vhp nghUs; ghij #hpaid 484 iky; (m) 780 kpy;ypad; fp.kP
J}uj;jpy; tyk; te;J nrt;thia milAk;.
 mjpy; Kjy; vhpnghUs; ghij rhpnra;jy; brk;gh; 11> 2013y; ntw;wp
 2 MtJ vhpnghUs; ghij rhp nra;jy; Vg;uy; - 2014
 3MtJ vhpnghUs; ghij rhpnra;jy; Mf];l; - 2014
 4tJ vhpnghUs; ghij rhpnra;jy; nrg;lk;gh; - 2014

%d;whk; epiy:
 Kbthf nrt;tha; Nfhspd; gug;ghsT (Areocentric Phase) epiyia
kq;fs;ahd; 24 nrg;lk;gh; 2014,y; mila Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ khh;]; Mh;gpl;
,d;rh;~d; (nrt;tha; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; nrYj;Jjy;) eilngWk;.
 ,];Nuhtpd; epytug;gb 16 etk;gh; 2013Mk; Mz;L epytug;gb kq;fs;ahd;
1>92>874 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; 217 fp.kP ePst
; l;l ghijapy; nehbf;F 101 fp.kP
Ntfj;jpy; kq;fs;ahd; Rw;wp te;jJ. 3> etk;gh; 2013 ,y; Gtpapd; tl;lg;
ghijapypUe;J tpz;fyk; nrt;tha; fpufk; Nehf;fpg; gazpf;fj; Jtq;fpaJ.
 ,e;jpa tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpy; 100f;F Nky; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis Vtp
ntw;wpg; ngw;wpUe;jhYk; ,e;jp tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpd; fdTj; jpl;lq;fshd
re;jpuahd; (k) kq;fs;ahd; ,uz;Lk; gyuhy; tpkh;rpf;fg;gl;l NghJ jpl;lk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
 2008> mf;Nlhgh; 22 Mk; ehs; mDg;gg;gl;l mwptpay; Ma;Tf;fhd
re;jpuahd; tpz;fyk; jkJ gzpia ntw;wpfukhf Kbj;J epytpd;
Nkw;gug;gpy; ePh; %yf;$Wfs; cWjp nra;jJ. ,J cyf muq;fpy;
,e;jpahtpd; Gfo; NkYk; Nkk;gl;L> ghuhl;ilg; ngw;wJ.
 kq;fs;ahd;
tpz;fyk;
ehl;bd;
tpz;ntsp
njhopw;El;gj;
jpwid
Nrhjpg;gijNa Kjd;ik Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd ,];Nuh jiyth;
Nf. ,uhjhfpU~;zd; $Wfpd;whh;. NkYk; kq;fs;ahid nrt;tha; Nfhspd;
Rw;Wg;ghijapy; epiy epWj;jpdhNyNa jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; 85 rjtPjk;
ntw;wpg; ngw;wjhfptpLk; vdf; $wpaJ epidTf; $wj;jf;fJ.

32 | P a g e

 Kbthf kq;fs;ahd; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; gyhpd; ghuhl;ilg; ngw;wNghjpYk;

gyhpd; tpkh;rdq;fSk; te;Jjhd; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf Kd;dhs; ,];Nuh
jiyth; [p.khjtd; ehah; kq;fs;ahd; jpl;lk; gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ
vjph;kiwahd $w;Wr; nrhy;fpwhh;.
 Mth; kq;fs;ahd; gpugykhtjw;fhd rz;il (gg;sprpl;b ];lz;l); vdf;
$Wfpwhh;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; kq;fs;ahd; jpl;lk; re;jpuahd; jpl;lk; ehl;by;
,isQh;fs; kw;Wk; tsUk; khzth;fs; kj;jpay; mwptpay; kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;gj;jpd; kPjhd fhjiy mjpfhpf;fr; nra;J> ehl;bd; kPJ kjpg;G>
ngUkpjk; nfhs;sr; nra;J> mth;fis mjpf mstpy; mwptpaiyg; gw;wp
mwpa Xh; ce;Jjiy cUthf;Fk;.
 kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; nrt;tha; Rw;Wtl;lg; ghijia tyk; tuj;
njhlq;fpdhy;> cyfpy; ,Jtiu ,jid ntw;wpfukhf nra;j ehLfs;
thpirapy;>
1. mnkhpf;fh (USA)
2. u~;ah (Russia)
3. INuhg;gpa tpz;ntzp epWtdk; ) (ESA)
4. ,e;jpahTk; ,lk; ngw;W kw;nwhU rpwg;igg; ngWk;.
1. nrd;lh; pf; (ikak; - Centric)) tifg;ghL:
 Nfsf;Nlhnrd;lh; pf; (Glalactocentric): (mz;l Rw;Wg;ghij)
mz;lj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;l> #hpadpd; Rw;Wg;ghij vdg;J ,t;tifNa.

2. N`ypNah nrd;lh; pf; ( Helio centric): #hpa Rw;Wg;ghij)

 #hpaid ikakhf nfhz;l Rw;Wg;ghij #hpaid ikakhf Nfhs;fs;>
thy;el;rj;jpuk;> M];lu; ha;fs;> tpz;ntsp cile;j gFjpfs;> epyitj;jtpu
fhuzk; epyT mjDila Nfhis ikakhff; nfhz;L Rw;WfpwJ.

3. [pNahnrd;lh; pf; (Geocentric)

(
 Gtpia ikakhff; nfhz;l Rw;Wg;ghij (epyT> nraw;iff;Nfhs;)

4. VhpNahnrd;
VhpNahnrd;lh; pf; (Areocentric)
 nrt;tha; ikar; Rw;Wtl;lg; ghij (mjd; epyT)

5. Y}dhh; Mh;gpl; (m) nryNdh nrd;lh; pf; (Selenocentric)

(
 (epyT ika Rw;Wg;ghij)

6. n`h;Nkh nrd;bhpf; (Hermocentric)

)
(
 Gjd; - (Mercury)
33 | P a g e

7. mg;NuhbNah nrd;lh; pf; (Aphrodiocentric)

 nts;sp (Venus)

8. N[htpf; nrd;lh; pf; (Jovic Centric))

 Tpahod; (Jupiter)

9. FNuhNdhnrd;lh; pf; (Cronocentric)

 rdp (Saturn)
10. ANuhNdh nrd;lh; pf; (Uranocentric)
(
 ANud]; (Uranus)

11.

neg;bANdh nrd;lh; pf; (Neptunocentric)

(

 neg;bA+d; (Neptune)
nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspd; ntt;NtW tifahd mh;gpl;fs; (Rw;Wg;ghij)
 nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs; mjDila Rw;Wg; ghijapy; G+kpia
tUtjw;fhf Njitahd ghijNa Rw;Wg;ghij vdg;gLfpwJ.

tyk;

1. jho;J}u Gtpr; Rw;Wg;ghij (Low

Earth Orbits)
(
 mNdfkhd nraw;if Nfhs;fs;
 rh;tNjr tpz;ntsp ikak;
 tpz;fyk;
 `g;gpy; ];Ng]; nly]; Nfhg; Nghd;w midj;Jk; jho;J}u Gtpr; Rw;Wg;
ghijapy; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.
2. kpf ePzl
; tl;l Rw;Wg;ghij (Highly
Elliptical Orbits)
(
 ,J nfg;shpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia epidT $WfpwJ. mjhtJ Gtpf;F
mUfpy; mjd; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; tUk;NghJ NtfkhfTk; njhiytpy;
nry;Yk;NghJ nkJthfTk; Rw;WfpwJ. (v.fh) [pgpv]; (GPS)
3. [pNahrpd;fu; id]; Mh;gpl;]; Geosynchronous Orbits) (Gtp xj;jpirT
Rw;Wg;ghij)
 nfg;shpd; %d;whk; tpjp ,jidg; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ. ,t;tifr;
Rw;Wg;ghijapy; Rw;Wk; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspd; cauk; 36>000 fp.kP MFk;.

EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES OF INDIA AT A GLANCE

34 | P a g e

S.No Programme/Plan/
Year of Objective/Description
Institution
beginning
1

Community
Development
1952
Programme (CDP)
Intensive
Agriculture
Development
1960-61
Programme (IADP)
Intensive
Agriculture
Area
Programme 1964-65
(IAAP)
High Yielding Variety
Programme (HYVP)
1966-67

Indian
Tourism
Development
Oct. 1966
Corporation (ITDC)

Green Revolution

1966-67

8.

35 | P a g e

Nationalisation
Banks

of

14
19 July, 1969

Twenty
Point
Programme
1975
(TPP)
National Institution of
Rural
1977
Development (NIRD)

Overall development of rural

areas
with
people's
participation.
To provide loans, seeds,
fertilizers, tools to the
farmers.
To develop special harvests.

To increase the productivity

of food grains by adopting
latest varieties of inputs for
crops.
To
arrange
for
the
construction of Hotels and
Guest Houses at various
places of the country.
To increase the production of
food grains, specially wheat
(The architects were Dr.M.S.
Swaminathan in India and
Nobel
laureate Dr. Norman Borlaug
in the world).
To
provide
loans
for
agriculture,
rural
development
and
other
priority sectors.
Poverty
eradication
and
raising the standard of living.
Training,
investigation
and
advisory organisation
for rural development.

10

Antyodaya Yojana
1977-78

To make the poorest of the

poor
of
the
villages
economically
independent
(only in Rajasthan State).
Programme
for
training
15,
rural
youth
for selfemployment.

11

Training Rural Youth

Aug.
for Self Employment
1979
(TRYSEM)

12

National
Rural
1980
Employment
Programme (NREP)
National Fund for Rural
Development (NFRD)
Feb. 1984

To
provide
profitable
employment opportunities to
the rural poor.
To grant 100% tax rebate to
donors and also to provide
financial assistance for rural
development projects.

14

Formation of Securities
and
Exchange
Board
of April 1988
India
(SEBI)

To safeguard the interest of

investors in capital market
and to regulate the share
market.

15

National Renewal Fund

1992

For the employees of the

public sector.

16

Mahila
Yojana

Oct. 2, 1993

To encourage the rural

women to deposit in Post
Office Savings Account.

Aug.
1994

15,

To shift child labour from

hazardous
industries
to
schools.

Aug.
1997

15,

13

Samridhi

17

Child
Eradication
Scheme

Labour

18

Kasturba
Education
Scheme

Gandhi

36 | P a g e

To establish girls schools in

districts having low female
literacy rate.

19

20

Swarna Jayanti Shahari

Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)
Dec. 1997

To
provide
gainful
employment
to
urban
unemployed
and
under
employed poor through self
employment
or
wage
employment.

March 1999

To provide 10 kg food grains

to senior citizens (who do
not get pension).

Annapurna Yojana

21

Swarna Jayanti Gram

Swarozgar
Yojana April 1999
(SJGSY)

22

Jan Shree Bima Yojana

23

24

Pardhan
Gramodaya
Yojana
Antyodaya
Yojana

Aug.
2000

Providing
Insurance
10, Security to people living
below the poverty line.

2000

To fulfill basic requirements

in rural areas.

Mantri

Anna

For eliminating rural poverty

and unemployment and
promoting self employment.

To provide food security to

Dec. 25, 2000 the poor.

25

Pardhan Mantri Gram

To connect all villages with
Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Dec. 25, 2000 nearest pucca road.

26

Swajaldhara Yojana
2002

27

Hariyali Pariyojana
2003

37 | P a g e

Started in Dec. 2002, for

ensuring drinking water
supply to all villages by 2004.
Inaugurated on January 27,
2003 by the Prime Minister.
It aims
at tackling the
problems of irrigation and
drinking water, along with
boosting
tree
plantation
programme and fisheries

developments in rural areas.

28

Janani Suraksha Yojana

29

Bharat Nirman Yojana

30

Rajeev
Gandhi
Grameen Vidyutikaran
2005
Yojana

Electrification of all villages

and habitations.

31

National
Rural
Employment Guarantee
Programme (NREGP)

The provisions are the same

as for food for work
programme. The scheme was
enforced in 200 districts of
the country to begin with.
To provide atleast 100 days
wages employment in rural
areas in a year. The scheme is
100% centrally sponsored.
Health Insurance to all
workers
in
unorganized
sector

Takes
the
place
of
April
12, National Maternity Benefit
2005
Scheme. It will be a part of
the National Rural Health
Mission (NRHM).
Development
of
Rural
infrastructure including six
components
:
Irrigation,
Dec. 16, 2005
Water
supply,
Housing,
Road,
Telephone
and
Electricity.

Feb. 2, 2006

32

33

38 | P a g e

Rashtriya
Bima
Yojana

Swasthya

Aam
Aadmi
Yojana

2007

Bima 2007

Insurance cover to the head

of the family in rural landless

households.
34

Rajeev Awas Yojana

2009

To make India slum free in 5

years.

35

Pradhanmantri Adarsh
Gram
2010
Yojana

Integrated development of
scheduled castes dominated
villages in the country.

36

Dilli Annashree Yojana

It is a food security programme

that aims to ensure people do
not go hungry.

2013

KAVERI DELTA COAL-BED METHANE

PROJECT

The Kaveri delta coal-bed methane extraction project is currently undertaken
by Great Eastern Energy Corporation Ltd (GEECL), a private company based
in Gurgaon, Haryana.

The project aims to extract methane gas from coal-bed using hydraulic
fracturing method of hydraulic fracturing in the Kaveri river basin. The
company received licence to explore and extract CBM from Nagapattinam,
Thanjavur and Thiruvarur districts which are the major rice cultivating area of
Tamil Nadu.

Farmers, environmentalist and experts are opposing the project and hence it is
currently suspended by the Government of Tamil Nadu.
PROJECT DETAILS AND APPROVAL

On 29 July 2010 GEECL won CBM-IV type licence in a biding to explore and
extract methane gas and coal deposit in Mannarkudi block of Thiruvarur
district in the Kaveri basin from the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas,
Government of India.

Subsequently then the DMK government of Tamil Nadu issued petroleum
exploration licence (PEL) for area covering 667 km2 comprising Nagapattinam,
Thanjavur and Thiruvarur districts.
39 | P a g e


The company has a plan to drill 50 crore production wells of 150-450 metre
deep in the ground. In September 2012 the Union Ministry for Environment
and Forests (uMOEF) issued environmental clearance to the project.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND OPPOSITIONS

From the time the public become aware of this project, it is fervently opposed
by the farmers of Kaveri delta region as well as agricultural and environmental
experts. Organic farming expert G. Nammalvar was spearheading the
opposition until his death due to brief illness in the demonstration field
CURRENT STATUS

Present ADMK government of Tamil Nadu suspended the project citing issues
raised by the farmer.

Also the Tamil Nadu government constituted an expert committee comprising
representatives from Anna University, the Indian Institute of Technology,
Madras, the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University and the MS Swaminathan
Research Foundation, and officials from the Public Works Department, the
Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and Tamil Nadu Industrial Development
Corp.

The union ministry responded to Mrs.kanimozi DMK rajyashaba M.P's
question about the project,stating that the government had canceled the license
to the company and the project had stopped.

INDIA-BASED NEUTRINO
OBSERVATORY

India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is a proposed particle physics
research project to primarily study atmospheric neutrinos in a 1,300 meters
(4,300 ft) deep cave under Ino Peak near Theni, Tamil Nadu, India. This project
is notable in that it is anticipated to provide a precise measurement of neutrino
mixing parameters. The project is a multi-institute collaboration and one of the
biggest experimental particle physics projects undertaken in India.

The project was expected to be completed in 2015 at an estimated cost of 1,500
crores, has been cleared by the Ministry of Environment (India) for
construction in the Bodi West Hills Reserved Forest in the Theni district of
Tamil Nadu. When completed, the INO will house the world's most massive
40 | P a g e

magnet, four times larger than the 12,500-tonne magnet in the Compact Muon
Solenoid detector at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.
HISTORY AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PROJECT

The possibility of a neutrino observatory located in India was discussed as
early as 1989 during several meetings held that year. Since then this question
comes up, off and on, in many discussions. The issue was raised again in the
first meeting of the Neutrino physics and Cosmology working group during
the Workshop on High Energy Physics Phenomenology (WHEPP-6) held at
Chennai in January 2000 and it was decided then to collate concrete ideas for a
neutrino detector.

Further discussions took place in August 2000 during a meeting on Neutrino
Physics at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, when a small group
of neutrino physics enthusiasts started discussing the possibilities. The
Neutrino 2001 meeting was held in the Institute of Mathematical Sciences,
Chennai during February 2001 with the explicit objective of bringing the
experimentalists and theorists in this field together.

The INO collaboration was formed during this meeting. The first formal
meeting of the collaboration was held in the Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research, Mumbai, during 6 and 7 September 2001 at which various subgroups
were formed for studying the detector options and electronics, physics goals
and simulations, and site survey.

In 2002, a document was presented to the Department of Atomic Energy,
(DAE) which laid out an ambitious goal of establishing an India-based
Neutrino Observatory, outlining the physics goals, possible choices for the
detector and their physics. Since then many new and fast paced developments
have taken place in neutrino physics. The award of the Nobel Prize in Physics
(2002) to the pioneers in neutrino physics is a measure of the importance of this
field.

As a result of the support received from various research institutes,
universities, the scientific community and the funding agency, the Department
of Atomic Energy, a Neutrino Collaboration Group (NCG) was established to
study the possibility of building an India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO).
The collaboration was assigned the task of doing the feasibility studies for
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which funds were made available by the DAE. A memorandum of

understanding (MoU) was signed by the directors of the participating
institutes on August 30, 2002 to enable a smooth functioning of the NCG
during the feasibility period.

The NCG has the goal of creating an underground neutrino laboratory with the
long-term goal of conducting decisive experiments in neutrino physics as also
other experiments which require such a unique underground facility.

On 20 November 2009, Ministry of Environment (India) Minister Jairam
Ramesh in a letter to Anil Kakodkar, Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy
and Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission of India, denied permission for the
Department of Atomic Energy to set up the India-based Neutrino Observatory
(INO) project at Singara in Nilgiris, as it falls in the buffer zone of the
Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR).

Jairam Ramesh said that based on the report of Rajesh Gopal, Additional
Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF) and Member-Secretary of the
National Tiger Conservation Authority (MS-NTCA), the Ministry cannot
approve the Singara site.

The report says:

"The proposed project site falls in the buffer zone of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve
and is in close proximity to the core/critical tiger habitats of Bandipur and
Mudumalai Tiger reserves. It is also an elephant corridor, facilitating elephant
movement from the Western Ghats to the Eastern Ghats and vice versa. The
area is already disturbed on account of severe biotic pressure due to human
settlements and resorts and that the construction phase of the project would
involve transport of building materials through the highways passing through
the core area of the Bandipur and Mudmulai Tiger Reserves.

Instead, he suggested an alternate site near Suruli Falls, Theni District in Tamil
Nadu. The Minister said this site did not pose the same problems that Singara
posed and environmental and forest clearances should not be a serious issue.
He also assured the DAE that the Ministry would facilitate necessary approvals
for the alternative location. Dr Naba K Mondal of the Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research, who is the spokesperson for the INO project said:

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"But Suruliyar too is in a reserved forest area that is dense and would require
cutting down of trees, something that was not required at Singara. Can the
government assure us that forest clearance for this site will be given," he asks.
"Alternatively, we can move to the nearby Thevaram, which is about 20-30 km
away from the Suruliyar falls. This forest area has only shrubs but there is no
source of water here and water will have to be piped over a distance of 30 km,"

On 18 October 2010, the Ministry of Environment & Forests approved both
environment and forest clearance for setting up the observatory in the Bodi
West Hills Reserved Forest in the Theni district of Tamil Nadu.

As of February 2012, the land was allocated to the INO collaboration by the
government of Tamil Nadu and the excavation work was about to start. Naba
K Mondal, chief spokesperson of INO project and a senior scientist at the Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, told The Hindu that the preproject work will start in April 2012 and 66 crores has been sanctioned for the
work. The first task will be to have a road connectivity from Rasingapuram to
Pottipuram village. The project is expected to be completed in 2015 at an
estimated cost of 1,500 crores.

On 18 September 2012, Keralas octogenarian Opposition leader and CPI(M)
central committee member VS Achuthanandan expressed anxiety over
establishing a neutrino observatory on the Theni-Idukki border between Tamil
Nadu and Kerala, citing environmental and radiological issues. Soon the INO
collaboration clarified on all the issues raised by him and the responses are on
the INO website.

On 5 January 2015, Union Cabinet headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
approved to set up the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO).

On 20 February 2015, The southern bench of National Green Tribunal ordered
notices to the central and state governments on a petition challenging the
environmental clearance granted to the India-based Neutrino Observatory
(INO) project.

On 26 March 2015, The Madurai bench of the Madras high court restrained the
central government from commencing the work on the proposed India-based
Neutrino Observatory (INO).The court directed the government to get
permission from the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) before
commencing the work.

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Participating Institutes

Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) spelling out the operational aspects
of the project and the mode of utilisation of available funds was signed by
seven primary project partners: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
(TIFR), Mumbai, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, Institute
of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
(SINP), Kolkata, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata, Harish
Chandra Research Institute (HRI), Allahabad and Institute of Physics (IOP),
Bhubaneswar.

Thirteen other project participants include: Aligarh University, Aligarh,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Calcutta University (CU), Kolkata, Delhi
University (DU), Delhi, University of Hawaii (UHW), Hawaii, Himachal
Pradesh University (HPU), Shimla, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
(IITB), Mumbai, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR),
Kalpakkam, North Bengal University (NBU), Siliguri, Panjab University (PU),
Chandigarh, Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, Slim Ali
Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Tamil Nadu and
Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim.
Design

The primary research instrument will consist of a 50,000 ton magnetised iron
particle physics calorimeter with glass Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC)
technology as the sensor elements.

The INO design is mostly based on the monolith experiment that could not go
beyond the proposal Stage. The detector was expected to start collecting data
in the year 2012. The location of INO has attracted a lot of attention from the
neutrino physics community as the distance between INO and CERN is very
close to "Magic Baseline" - a distance at which the effect of the CP phase on
the measurement of is minimal.

The project has been hit by lack of skilled man power and opposition by
environmentalists. In 2008, INO started a graduate training programme
leading to PhD Degree in High Energy Physics and Astronomy to deal with
the shortage of particle physicists.

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The Primary goals of the INO are the following

1. Unambiguous and more precise determination of Neutrino oscillation
parameters using atmospheric neutrinos.
2. Study of matter effects through electric charge identification, that may lead
to the determination of the unknown sign of one of the mass differences.
3. Study of charge-conjugation and charge parity (CP) violation in the leptonic
sector as well as possible charge-conjugation, parity, time-reversal (CPT)
violation studies.
4. Study of Kolar events, possible identification of very-high energy neutrinos
and multi-muon events.

The INO detector consists of 6 centimeters (2.4 in) thick Iron plates as
passive material, with RPCs in between as active material.

A prototype of the INO detector with 14 layers, measuring 1 m 1 m 1 m
is already operational in the VECC, Kolkata. The 35 ton prototype is set up
over ground to track cosmic muons.
Location

The location of the site was supposed to be at Singara 5.5 kilometers (3.4 mi)
south-west of Masinagudi in the Nilgiri Hills of South India. The site has
been changed due to protests from environmental groups. The INO will now
be built Bodi West Hills in Theni district, southern India.

NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 2014

 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced its decision to award the
Nobel Prize for Physics to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji
Nakamura "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has
enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources".
Isamu Akasaki
 Isamu Akasaki is a Japanese citizen. He was born in 1929 in Chiran, Japan and
educated in Japan. He is currently a Professor at Meijo University, Nagoya,
and Distinguished Professor at Nagoya University, Japan.
Hiroshi Amano
 Hiroshi Amano is also a Japanese citizen. He was born in I960 in Hamamatsu,
Japan and educated in Japan. He is a Professor at Nagoya University in Japan.
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Shuji Nakamura
 Shuji Nakamura is an American citizen. He was born in 1954 in Ikata, Japan
and educated in Japan. He is currently a Professor at University of California in
the USA.

NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2014

 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has announced that the Nobel Prize
for Chemistry for the year 2014 is being awarded to Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell
and William E. Mocrncr for the development of "super-resolved fluorescence
microscopy".
 For years, it was assumed that the resolution that could be achieved by optical
microscopy was limited to half the wavelength of light.
 These three-scientists overcame this received limitation with the help of
fluorescent molecules.
 Their work has made it possible to study molecular processes in real, time",
according to the Nobel Committee Chair. The winners will share the prize
money of 8 million kroner.
 Eric Betzig is an American citizen who born in 1960 in the USA. He is a Group
Leader at the Janelia Research Campus at the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute in USA.
 Stefan W. Hell is a German citizen who was born in Romania in 1962. He is
Director at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Gollingen,
and Division head at the German Cancer Research Centre in Heidelberg
Germany.
 William E. Moerner is an American citizen who was born in the USA in 1953.
He is the Harry S. Mosher Professor in Chemistry and Professor of Applied
Physics at Stanford University in the USA.

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NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE 2014

 John OKeefe and Norwegian couple May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser have
won the 2014 Nobel Prize for Medicine for their work which has led to
discovering the brain's internal positioning system.
 The Nobel Assembly, made the announcement at Sweden's Karolinska
Institute saying that the discovery had provided a solution to an issue that has
plagued the mind of researchers and philosopher alike for centuries : "How
does the brain create a map of the space surrounding us and how can we
navigate our way through a complex environment?"
John O'Keefe
 John O'Keefe is a 74 yr old American-British Professor of Cognitive
Neuroscience at University College in London. In 1971, Dr. O'Keefe was
studying the hippocampus, when during an experiment on rats he discovered
that certain nerve cells got activated when the rat was in a particular spot.
 If the rat changed its place, in different nerve cells in the rat's brain got
activated. This led to conclusion that the cells weren't just registering the
location h. they appeared to be making circuits that constituted an inner ma or
GPS of the place. He realised that the hippocampus was a spatial system where
the memory of a certain place gets stored a particular combination of the nerve
cells!
May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser
 May-Briti Moser aged and Edvard Moser aged are a married team. of
neuroscientists working at the Norwegian University of Science and
Technology in Trondheim. In 2005, the Mosers' worked with O'Keefe to further
his work.
 They conducted similar experiments on rats, where they discovered that nerve
cells in entorhinal cortex which is near the hippocampus got activated when
the animals passed certain places. These nerve cells together laid out a grid like
pattern enabling the rat to navigate spatially.
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NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE 2014

Patrick Modiano
 Jean Patrick Modiano [born 30 July 1945] is a French novelist and recipient of
the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature.
 He previously won the 2012 Austrian State Prize for European Literature, the
2010 Prix mondial Cino Del Duca from the Institut de France for lifetime
achievement, the 1978 Prix Goncourt for Rue des boutiques obscures, and the 1972
Grand Prix du roman de l'Acadmie franaise for Les Boulevards de ceinture.
 His works have been translated into more than 30 languages and have been
celebrated in and around France, but most of his novels had not been
translated into English before he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

NOBEL PRIZE IN PEACE 2014

Kailash Satyarthi
 Kailash Satyarthi (born Kailash Sharma; 11 January 1954) is an Indian
children's rights advocate and an activist against child labour. He founded the
Bachpan Bachao Andolan (lit. Save the Childhood Movement) in 1980 and has
acted to protect the rights of more than 83,000 children from 144 countries.
 It is largely because of Satyarthi's work and activism that the International
Labour Organization adopted Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child
labour, which is now a principal guideline for governments around the world.
 His work is recognized through various national and international honours
and awards including the Nobel Peace Prize of 2014, which he shared with
Malala Yousafzai, making him the only Nobel laureate born in Madhya
Pradesh.

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Malala Yousafzai
 Malala Yousafzai was born on July 12, 1997, in Mingora, Pakistan. As a child,
she became an advocate for girls' education, which resulted in the Taliban
issuing a death threat against her. On October 9, 2012, a gunman shot Malala
when she was traveling home from school.
 She survived, and has continued to speak out on the importance of education.
She was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in 2013.
 In 2014, she was nominated again and won, becoming the youngest person to
receive the Nobel Peace Prize.

NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS 2014

JEAN TIROLE
 Jean Tirole (born 9 August 1953) is a French professor of economics. He
focuses on industrial organization, game theory, banking and finance, and
economics and psychology. In 2014 he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize
in Economic Sciences for his analysis of market power and regulation.

HELMET COMPULSORY FOR TWO-WHEELER

RIDERS IN TN FROM JULY 1

Tamil Nadu government announced that wearing of helmet by motorists will
be compulsory from July 1, with violators facing the risk of their vehicle
documents being impounded.

This is to inform the public that wearing of helmet by two-wheeler driver and
rider is compulsory from 01.07.2015, failing which, all the documents of the
two-wheeler including the driving licence of the driver shall be impounded
under section 206 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, a government release said.

The impounded documents would be released only on production of new ISI
certified helmet with purchase receipt, it added.

On June 8, the Madras High Court observed that it was disheartening to note
that a number of precious lives were lost due to non-wearing of protective
headgear and made wearing of helmets compulsory.
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CHENNAI METRO

The Chennai Metro Rail is a rapid transit system in Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India. Phase I of the project, which consists of two corridors covering a length
of 45.1 kilometres (28.0 mi), of which, first line of, phase 1, is completed. .

About 55% of the corridors in Phase I are underground and the remaining
corridors are elevated.

Upon full completion, Chennai Metro Rail will be the first metro project in the
country that will integrate other public transportation systems. The project is
expected to reduce the commuting time by 75 per cent from one end of the city
to another.

The state and central governments are also working together for the CMRL to
takeover the Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) so that the latter
would get a makeover with modernized stations, integrated ticketing systems,
better facilities for passengers, increased frequency of services taking into
consideration passenger demands, and also lead to better maintenance.

The first stretch of Chennai Metro Rail, a distance of 10 Kilometers from
Koyambedu to Alandur started functioning from June 29, 2015. Chief Minister
of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalitha flagged off Metro service where Preethi, one of the
women drivers of Chennai Metro drove the train out of Alandhur station.

Chennai became seventh Indian city with metro rapid transit system in India,
after Kolkata, Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Gurgaon and Jaipur.

KISHOR SWASTHYA KARYAKRAM

 Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) on 7th January, 2014. The
programme will comprehensively address the health needs of the 243 million
adolescents, who account for over 21% of the country's population.
 He said that so far the efforts have been partial, confined to sexual and
reproductive health, that too at select government facilities.

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 The Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) will bring in several new
dimensions, which he listed as mental health, nutrition, substance misuse,
gender based violence and non-communicable diseases
OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROGRAMME:







Improve Nutrition
Improve Sexual and Reproductive Health
Enhance Mental Health
Prevent Injuries and violence
Prevent substance misuse
Non communicable Disease

THE 12TH FIVE YEAR PLAN HAS DENIED THE NATIONAL HEALTH OUTCOMES AND
THE 3 GOALS THAT ARE RELEVANT TO RMNCH +A STRATEGIES APPROACH AS
FOLLOWS:
 Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate to 25/1000 live birth by 2017.
 Reduction in Maternal Mortality Ratio to 100/100000 live birth by 2017.
 Reduction in Total Fertility Rate to 2.1 by 2017.
 RMNCH + A initiative comprising interventions and a robust communication
campaign is to be implemented in all the States with specific focus on 186 High
Priority Districts (HPD) selected on the basis of the health and social indicators
for Children and their mothers. The Consultants are to provide the following
specific support aimed at building capacity of the State and Districts health
Managers.
 Contribute to evidence-based planning and budgeting of NRHM PIPs
including appropriate budget allocations for High Priority Districts (HPD).
 Provide technical inputs for guiding state in roll out and scale up of key
RMNCH+A interventions being supported by UNICEF along Continuum of
Care.
 Identify capacity gaps and facilitate on-the-job capacity-building of RMNCH
+A
 Coordinate periodic joint review and analysis of data received from District
and Block levels including validation.
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 Coordinate supportive supervision and concurrent monitoring initiative and

undertake field monitoring to the Districts.
 Establish and coordinate linkages related with other Department and other
professional bodies.

PRADHAN MANTRI JAN DHAN YOJANA

 In his maiden Independence address from Red Fort, Prime Minister, Narendra
Modi had announced the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana which was
launched on August 28. Many government owned banking entities have also
geared up to ensure that the targets set by the government are achieved within
the stipulated time. With the slogan "Mera Khata Bhagya Vidhaata" the scheme
is a financial inclusion scheme covering all households in the country with
banking facilities, ensuring a bank account for each household.
PM JAN DHAN YOJANA
 The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana is an ambitious scheme that will provide
a host of benefits including a bank account, insurance and a debit card for all.
 It is a mega financial inclusion plan under which bank accounts and RuPay
debit cards with inbuilt insurance cover of Rs 1 lakh will be provided to crores
of persons with no access to formal banking facilities. The ambitious scheme
aims to bring poor people into the ambit of the Government's financial
programme. It will cover both urban and rural areas and those who open
account would get Domestic Debit.
 The long term vision of the Jan Dhan Yojana is to lay the foundation of a
cashless economy and is complementary to Narendra Modi's Digital India
Scheme.

AIM OF THE JAN DHAN YOJANA

 The scheme intends to accomplish the objective of housing for all by providing
basic banking accounts with a debit I card with inbuilt accident insurance.

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 The government aims to open as many as 1 crore bank accounts on the first
day itself.
 The main features of the PMJDY scheme include Rs 5,000 overdraft facility for
Aadhar-linked accounts.
 RuPay Debit Card with inbuilt Rs 1 lakh accident insurance cover.
 One of the salient features of this scheme is that after remaining active for 6
months the account holder will become I eligible for an overdraft of up to Rs
2,500.
 This will further be enhanced by the bank to Rs 5000 over time.
 The PMJDY has set an ambitious target of bringing in more than 7,5 crore unbanked families into India's banking I system by opening more than 15 Crore
bank accounts (two bank accounts per household).
OBJECTIVE OF PRADHAN MANTRI JAN DHAN YOJANA
 Achieving universal financial inclusion is a global objective and has several
dimensions like increasing economic activity and employment opportunities
for the marginalized sections of the society which will have a multiplier effect
on the economy.
 Banking the unbanked population is one of the most formidable challenges
and a prerequisite to reach out to the poor and needy population by making
available various public services through the banking channel.
 To integrate the poorest of the poor with bank accounts with Pradhan Mantri
Jan Dhan Yojana. Today, there are crores of families which have mobile phones
but no bank accounts. This has to be changed.
 The economic development must benefit poor and it should start from here.
Under the Jan Dhan Yojana, the scheme hopes to accomplish the objective of
housing for all by providing basic banking accounts with a debit card with inbuilt accident insurance of Rs 1 lakh. This will help the family to deal with any
unforeseen eventuality.

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WHEN WILL IT BE LAUNCHED

 Prime Minister Narendra Modi's ambitious financial inclusion plan set off on
28th August. The scheme will be launched in two phases:
FIRST PHASE
 The first phase of the mission, starting this month, would end in August next
year,
 The first phase will be focused on opening a bank account and providing
credit facilities to those who are outside the banking system in urban and
rural India.
 Financial Literacy Programme.
SECOND PHASE
 The second phase will start from 2015 till 2018.
 It will cover aspects such as micro insurance and pension schemes like
'Swavalamban'.
 Micro Insurance.
 Creation of credit guarantee fund for coverage of default in overdraft
A/c.
 In this phase the coverage of household in hilly, tribal and difficult area would
be carried out. Moreover, this phase would focus on the coverage of remaining
adult in the household and students.
 All the rural and semi urban area of the country is proposed to be mapped in
Sub Service Area (SSA) comprising 1000-1500 household with an average of 3
to 4 village with a relaxation in NE/hilly states.
 All the 6 lakhs villages across the Country are to be mapped according to the
Service Area of each bank to have at least one fixed point Banking Outlet
catering to 1000-1500 household called as Sub Service Area (SSA).
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 In order to achieve "Demand side Pull Effect", it would be essential that there is
a branding and awareness of Business Correspondent (BC) model for
providing basic banking service, banking product available at BC outlet and
RuPay cards. Gram Dak Sevak in rural area is proposed as Business
Correspondent of bank.

VARISHTHA PENSION BIMA YOJANA

 The Union Finance Minister Aran Jaitley said that Varishtha Pension Bima
Yojana (VPBY) will benefit the vulnerable section of society with limited
resources as it will provide monthly pension ranging from Rs 500/ to Rs 5,000/
per month to senior citizens of the country.
 He re-launched the Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY) on the eve of the
68th Independence Day of the country.
 He said VPBY is like reverse of a normal insurance policy as in case of VPBY,
the beneficiary gets an income at the overall rate of 9.38 % per annum on their
deposits as they are being paid on monthly basis. 3.16 Lakh annuitants who
had applied under that earlier window are being benefitted today with pension
payments ranging from a minimum of Rs.250 per month to a maximum of
Rs.2000 per month based on their subscriptions, and the associated corpus
amounts to Rs. 6,095 Crore.
 The revived scheme will be open during the window stretching from 15th
August, 2014 to 14th August, 2015 for the benefit of citizens aged 60 years and
above, and will provide financial security by ensuring regular income during
their advancing years.
 This initiative reflects the commitment of the government to the welfare and
well-being of the senior citizens of the country, which is especially important in
light of the increasing longevity in India, which has gone up substantially.
 The subscription to the scheme is likely to create a corpus of more than Rs.
10,000 crore, and would thus also be a significant source of resource
mobilization for the development of the country. Life Insurance Corporation
(LIC) of India is targeting to cover about 5 lakh senior citizens under this
Scheme during the current year 2014-15.
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SOME KEY FEATURES OF THE SCHEME ARE:

 Available to citizens aged 60 years and above.
 Pension would be on immediate annuity basis in monthly, quarterly, halfyearly or annual mode, varying, respectively, between Rs. 500 to 5000
(monthly), Rs. 1500 to 15,000 (quarterly), Rs. 3000 to Rs. 30,000 (half-yearly)
and from Rs. 6,000 to Rs. 60,000 (annually), depending on the amount
subscribed and the option exercised.
 The payout implies an assured return of 9% on monthly payment basis, which
amounts to an annualized return of 9.38%.
 Loan (up to 75% of subscribed amount) can be availed after 3 years from the
Date of Commencement.
 On death, the full purchase price will be refunded to nominee.
 Exit/surrender would be allowed after 15 years or earlier in special
circumstances like critical / terminal illness of self or spouse,
 Payment will be through ECS or NEFT
PROMISE

 Varishtha Bima Yojana is a single premium pension policy for senior citizens,
with pension starting to flow in immediately.
 One can opt to receive the pension either monthly, quarterly, half yearly or
annually.
 Based on the frequency in which you choose to receive the pension, there are
ceilings on the maximum and minimum amount of investment. But say you
want a yearly pension; the maximum amount that can be invested is only Rs.6,
39,610.
 This will give you a pension of Rs.60, 000 a year, a return of 9.38 per cent. If
two or more senior people in a family want to invest jointly in this policy, they
can. But together, their total investment cannot exceed the limits specified.
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 The invested amount (also termed as purchase price) will be returned on the
death of the policyholder or on surrender of the policy.
BACKDROP

 Varishtha Bima Yojana promises a high return, but the ceiling on maximum
investment makes it unattractive.
 The pension of Rs. 5,000 a month will not be sufficient to support a normal
lifestyle, given inflation in the cost of healthcare and cost of living.
 Also, with restrictions on surrender of the policy before completion of 15 years,
there is low liquidity under the policy.
 Further, one can't claim a tax deduction under Section 80C on the amount
invested in the policy and the pension received will be taxable if the
individual's income falls in the tax net.
 However, given that this policy promises a high 9.38 percent annual return,
you may consider it

NATIONAL AYUSH MISSION

 The government approved launching of National Ayush Mission (NAM) to
address gaps in health services in vulnerable and far-flung areas of the
country.
 The decision to launch the mission was taken in a meeting of the Union
Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
 Through the Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and
Homoeopathy (Ayush) mission, the Centre seeks to address gaps in health
services by supporting the efforts of state governments for providing Ayush
health services and education in the country, particularly in vulnerable and
remote areas.
 Under NAM, special focus will be given on specific needs of such areas and for
allocation of higher resources in their Annual Plans. The Mission will help
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improve Ayush education through enhancement in the number of upgraded

educational institutions and provide better access to Ayush services through
increase in number of Ayush hospitals and dispensaries.
 The mission will also help provide sustained availability of quality raw
material for Ayush systems of medicine and improve availability of quality
drugs through increase in number of pharmacies and drug laboratories.
 The Mission would ensure that special focus is given to specific needs of such
vulnerable areas through allocation of higher resources. India has a rich history
of using traditional systems of medicine, both to treat diseases and to prevent
them.
 But the practice now faces problems ranging from lack of raw material to make
the drugs to loss of traditional knowledge. These medicines cost less and do
not have side effects.
 The proposed Mission will address the gaps in health services through
supporting the efforts of State/UT Governments for providing AYUSH health
services/education in the country, particularly in vulnerable and far-flung
areas. Under NAM special focus will be given for specific needs of such areas
and for allocation of higher resources in their Annual Plans. The Mission will
help in:
 the improvement of AYUSH education through enhancement in the
number of upgraded educational institutions;
 better access to AYUSH services through increase in number of AYUSH
hospitals and dispensaries, availability of drugs and manpower;
 providing sustained availability of quality raw material for AYUSH
systems of medicine; and
 improving availability of quality Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani and
Homeopathy (ASU&H) drugs through increase in number of pharmacies,
drug laboratories and improved enforcement mechanism of ASU&H
drugs.

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DDU ANTYODAYA YOJANA

 Indian Govt on 25th Sept 2014 launched Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya
Yojana for urban and rural poor.
 The Yojana aims at alleviating urban and rural poverty through improvement
of livelihood opportunities through skill development and other means. Deen
Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana has two parts 1st for urban India and 2nd
for rural India.
 The Urban part will be implemented by the Union Ministry of Housing and
Urban poverty Alleviation while rural part named as Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
Grameen Kaushalya Yojana will be enforced by the Union Ministry of Rural
Development.
 Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana (DAY) will reach out to the poor in all statutory
urban habitations. In the case of the National Urban Livelihood Mission
(NULM) that was launched last year, only 790 cities and towns were included
in the scheme.
 An outlay of Rs. 1,000 crore has been provisioned for urban poverty alleviation
during 2014-15. Half of the allocated amount will be spent on skill
development of over 500,000 urban poor.
 DAY will focus on imparting skills with an expenditure of Rs. 15,000 -18,000 on
each person in the case of the urban poor, promotion of self-employment and
providing training to the beneficiaries to meet the demands of the market.
 The scheme was announced on the 98th birth anniversary of Deendayal
Upadhyaya, who was a leader of the Bhartiya Jana Sangh, a forerunner of the
Bhartiya Janata Party.
 The announcement was made by M.Venkaiah Naidu, Minister of Housing &
Urban Poverty Alleviation and Shri Nitin Gadkari, Minister of Rural
Development at a National Convention on Skills for Rural and Urban Poor.

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DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAYA GRAMEEN KAUSHALYA YOJANA

 Under the Yojana, the Union Ministry of Rural Development will launch skill
development training centres on a large scale to deal with the problem of
unemployment significantly in rural part of India. Earlier the Yojana was
known as Aajeevika Skills Development Programme (ASDP).
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE RURAL SCHEME

 The Yojana aims at training ten lakh (1 million) rural youths for jobs in 3 years,
that is, by 2017.
 The minimum age for entry under the Yojana is fifteen years compared to
eighteen years under the Aajeevika Skills Programme.
 Skill development training centres to be launched so as to address the
unemployment problem in the rural India.
 The skills imparted under the Yojana will now be benchmarked against
international standards and will complement the Prime Minister's make in
India campaign.
 The Kaushalya Yojana will also the address the need for imparting training to
the differently-able persons and chip in private players including international
players to impart the skills to the rural youths.
 Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana for urban areas

 Under the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana (DAY) for urban areas
extends the coverage to all the 4041 statutory cities and towns, there by
covering nearly the whole urban population. Currently, all the urban poverty
alleviating programmes lined only 790 towns and cities.
THE SCHEME WILL FOCUS ON

 imparting skills with an expenditure of 15000 rupees to 18000 rupees on every

urban poor.
 Promotion of self-employment through setting up individual micro-enterprises
and group enterprises with interest subsidy for individual projects costing
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21akhs rupees and ten lakhs rupees for group enterprises. Subsidized interest
rate will be 7 %.
 Training urban poor to satisfy the massive demand from urban citizens by
imparting market oriented skills through city livelihood Centres. Each Centre
would be given a capital grant often lakhs rupees.
 Enabling urban poor form self-help groups for meeting monetary and social
wants with a support often thousand rupees per each group who would in
turn would be helped with bank linkages.
 Development of vendor markets besides promotion of skills of vendors
 Construction of permanent shelters for urban homeless and provision of other
essential services.
The rationale for launching the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya
Yojana
 The Yojana was launched in the light of giant problem of unemployment
among the rural youths despite the actual fact that they need merits. So as to
correct this match, Union government determined to launch skill development
scheme.
STATUS OF SKILLED WORKERS IN INDIA

 In India as against twelve million people getting into the work force each year
during the last ten years only one million youths were trained. Further out of
twelve million people, only 10 % were skilled ones, while the proportion in
European Union is seventy five and in China it is fifty percent.
 Also, as compared to 4500 skills in China, India only has 1600 skills, an
enormous gap indeed.
AAJEEVIKA SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (ASDP)

 Aajeevika Skills Development Programme (ASDP) was launched in June 2011

as a sub-mission under the National Rural livelihood Mission (NRLM). It had
been launched to cater to the occupational aspirations of the rural youth who
are poor and to diversify incomes of the rural poor.
 The ASDP aimed at skilling and putting fifty lakhs youth in the formal sector
by 2017.
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UNIQUE HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME

 The minister said that the new government has attached special importance to
empowering the states so as to enable them to find solutions to localised health
problems.
 He said India will strive to become a world leader in research through
optimum usage of cutting edge technologies like molecular medicine and
bioengineering. Three new bills to regulate health research and facilitate
clinical practices in areas like surrogacy and new systems of medicine have
been finalized.
 The highlights of the proposed UHAM are: Fifty essential drugs (in generic
form) with a package of diagnostics and about 30 Ayush drugs will be made
available to all citizens at government hospitals and health centres across the
country; a solid package of preventive and positive health information will be
made available to all citizens; the Universal Health Insurance component in
UHAM is poised to become the world's largest public health insurance
programme which would be free for those below the poverty line and lowpremium for the rest of the population

GOVERNMENT'S EARLY ACHIEVEMENTS IN HEALTH

 Dr Harsh Vardhan, Union Health Minister, laid out his objective of giving 1.2
billion Indians a health system that is at once accessible, affordable and
equitable.
 On July 3, the Prime Minister announced the expansion of India's Universal
Immunisation Programme (UIP) to cover-Rotavirus, diarrhoea,Rubella, Polio
and adult cases of Japanese Encephalitis. This will cover 2.7 crore children and
give momentum to India's aim of achieving Millennium Development Goal
(MDG-4) targets that include reducing child mortality.
 On September 18, India followed up by launching the India Newborn Action
Plan, a package of measures and interventions, to reduce the number of
neonatal deaths from 29 per 1,000 live births at present to a single digit by 2030
-well ahead of the global deadline set for the country, 2035.
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 Concerned by the high mortality rate of child diarrhoea (about 2 lakh per year),
government launched for the first time the Intensified Diarrhoea Control
Fortnight (IDCF) for the period covering July 28 to August 14. It had the
slogan, "Zero child death due to diarrhoea" and comprised a set of activities to
prevent deaths due to childhood diarrhoea across the country. These included
the intensification of advocacy programmes, awareness generating activities,
providing diarrhoea management services, establishing ORStZuic corners and
organising their distribution through ASHA volunteers, etc.
 The past eight weeks have seen the Ministry launch extraordinary steps for
combating the Encephalitis outbreaks in Bihar and West Bengal. Earlier, in the
third week of June, the Health Minister personally went to parts of Bihar where
encephalitis had broken out and supervised a large-scale immunization drive.
 A Kala-azar detection test procedure developed" by Indian Council for Medical
Research (ICMR) was dedicated to the nation in Patna on September 2 as part
of a Revised Kala-azar Elimination Strategy.
 Heightened surveillance and tracking systems were put in place at India's air
and sea ports after World Health Organisation (WHO) put out an international
alert in the last week of August against the dreaded Ebola Virus Disease. The
Health Minister personally inspected New Delhi and Bangalore international
airports to supervise the systems. Till date not a single Ebola case has been
found in India

BHARAT RATNA 2013

 Legendary cricketer Sachin Tendulkar and eminent Scientist Prof. CNR
Rao have received the Bharat Ratna on February 4, 2014 from president of
India Pranab Mukherjee in New Delhi.
 Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian honour given for the exceptional
service towards advancement of Art, Literature and Science and in
recognition of public service of the highest order. The provision of Bharat
Ratna was introduced in 1954.

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BHARAT RATNA 2014

MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA
 Madan Mohan Malaviya (18611946) was an Indian educationist and

politician notable for his role in the Indian independence movement and
as the four time president of Indian National Congress. He was
respectfully addressed as Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya and also
addressed as 'Mahamana'.
 Malaviya is most remembered as the founder of Banaras Hindu

University (BHU) at Varanasi in 1916, which was created under the

B.H.U. Act, 1915.
 The largest residential university in Asia and one of the largest in the

world, having over 35,000 students across arts, sciences, engineering,

medical, agriculture, performing arts, law and technology. Malaviya was
Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University from 19191938
 Malaviya was the President of the Indian National Congress on four

occasions (1909 & 1913,1919,1932) he left congress in 1934 and also one of
the initial leaders of the Hindu Mahasabha.
 Malaviya was one of the founders of Scouting in India. He also founded a

highly influential, English-newspaper, The Leader published from

Allahabad in 1909.
 He was also the Chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946. His

efforts resulted in the launch of its Hindi edition named Hindustan

Dainik in 1936.
 Malaviya was posthumously conferred with Bharat Ratna, India's highest

civilian award, on 24 December 2014, a day before his 153rd Birth

Anniversary

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ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE

 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (born 25 December 1924) is an Indian statesman
who was the eleventh Prime Minister of India, first for 13 days in 1996
and then from 1998 to 2004.
 A leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), he is the first Prime Minister
from outside the Indian National Congress party to serve a full five-year
term.
 A parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected to the Lok
Sabha (the lower house of India's Parliament) nine times, and twice to the
Rajya Sabha (upper house). He also served as the Member of Parliament
for Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, until 2009, when he retired from active
politics due to health concerns.
 Vajpayee was one amongst the founder members of erstwhile Bharatiya
Jana Sangh, which he had also headed. He was also the Minister of
External Affairs in the cabinet of Morarji Desai. When Janata government
collapsed, Vajpayee restarted the Jana Sangh as the Bharatiya Janata Party
in 1980.
 On 25 December 2014 the office of President of India announced the
Bharat Ratna award, India's highest civilian honour, to Vajpayee. In a
special gesture, President of India conferred Bharat Ratna to Atal Bihari
Vajpayee in his residence on 27th March 2015. His birthday, 25 December,
was declared "Good Governance Day".

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