Chapter 8: Energy Balances on

Non-reactive Processes
Lecture 01
ChE 11

Hypothetical Process Path

both and are independent of the path
taken from the first state to the second state.
hypothetical process path consists of several
step based on our convenience, as long as we
reach to the final state starting from their
initial/reference state.

Example

Ws (kJ/s)

Q (kJ/s)

4 mol/s H2O

4 mol/s H2O

(s, -5C, 1 atm)

(v, 300C, 1 atm)

Method to calculate and associated

with certain process
1. Change in P, at constant T & constant phase. (Sec. 8.2
for calculation of H and U)
2. Change in T, at constant P & constant phase. (Sec. 8.3)
3. Phase changes at constant T & constant P
(Sec. 8.4)
4. Mixing at constant T & constant P
(Sec. 8.5 for Hmixture )
5. Chemical reaction at constant T & constant P
(Chapter 9 for Hrxn )

 Determine H for each step in the

process path
( H ) overall
Ht
Calculate
steps
Substitute in energy balance to calculate
Q-W

Hypothetical Process Path

from Phenol (s, 25C, 1 atm) to
Phenol (v, 300C, 3 atm)
Cannot determine directly form enthalpy table must use hypothetical process
path consist of several step.
Check Table B.1 : P= 1 atm; Tm= 42.5C and Tb= 181.4C
True Path

Ph (s, 25C, 1 atm)

H 1

Change T, Constant P & Phase

Ph (s, 42.5C, 1 atm)

Ph (v, 300C, 3 atm)

H
6

H 2

Change Phase, Constant P & T

Ph (l, 42.5C, 1 atm)

H 3

Change T, Constant P & Phase

Ph (l, 181.4C, 1 atm)

Change P, Constant T & Phase

Ph (v, 300C, 1 atm)

H 5

H 4

Change T, Constant P & Phase

Ph (v, 181.4C, 1 atm)

Change Phase, Constant P & T

H 1

H 2

H 3

H 4

H 5

H 6

Work on this as a group:

Draw a hypothetical path in order to calculate
for acetone at (v, 65 C, 1 atm) using a
reference state of acetone at (l, 25C, 5 atm).
Determine the specific enthalpy of n-hexane
vapor at 200C and 2 atm. (Taking n-hexane
liquid at 20C and 1 atm as the reference
state).

Work on this as a group:

Calculate the specific enthalpy of carbon
monoxide at 450C
Calculate the specific enthalpy of carbon
monoxide at 50C
Calculate the rate of cooling, Q required to
bring 300 kg/min of carbon monoxide from
450C to 50C using a) Table B.2 b) Table B.8.

Change in P at Constant T & Constant

Phase
1.Solid & Liquid
- specific internal energy nearly independent
of pressure
U 0
2.Ideal Gases
H V P
-both specific internal energy and enthalpy
independent of pressure (unless undergo very
large pressure changes)

0
0

Heat capacity
Cp (at constant pressure)/Cv (at constant volume) of a
substance are physical properties of material.
Specific Heat. Unit: energy per unit amount per unit
temperature. (J/mol.K), (Btu/lbm. F).
Function of temperature and expressed in form of Cp= a +
bT+ cT2 + dT3 . Values of a, b, c and d are given in Table B.2.
Relationship Cp and Cv:
Cp

Cv

Cp

Cv

Liquid & Solid

R

Ideal Gas

Heat capacity, Cp for a mixture

calculate the total enthalpy change as the sum of the
enthalpy changes for pure components.

(C p ) mix (T )
Cpi
yi

yi C pi (T )

= Cp for ith component

= mass or moles fraction

Change in T at Constant P & Constant

Phase
Sensible heat Heat that must be transferred
to RAISE or LOWER the temperature of
substance or mixture of substance.
We already know that:

Both the specific internal energy and specific

enthalpy of substance is strongly dependent
on temperature.

 Specific internal energy change:

T2

Cv (T )dT

T1
where Cv- heat capacity at constant volume
Ideal gas
: exact
Solid or Liquid : good approx.
Nonideal gas : valid only if V is constant

 Specific enthalpy change

T2
T1

C p (T )dT

where Cp- heat capacity at constant pressure

Ideal gas
: exact
Non-ideal gas : exact only if P is constant
Solid & Liquid
T2

V P

T1

C p (T )dT

Try this

Calculate (kJ/mol) for H2O(v, 30C, 0.0424

bar) H2O(v, 350C, 1 bar)
a. Using the steam tables
b. Using Eq (8.3 10a)
c. Which calculated value is most accurate and
why?

Phase changes at constant T & constant

P
Usually accompanied by large changes
in internal energy and enthalpy.
Latent heat: Specific enthalpy change
associated with the phase at constant
temperature and pressure.

2 most common latent heat

a.

a.

Solid to Liquid: A (s, Tm, 1 atm) A (l, Tm, 1 atm), =

m
where
Tm = normal melting point (Table B.1) m = heat of
fusion at Tm (Table B.1)
m m (8.4-1)
Liquid to Vapor: A (l, Tb, 1 atm) A (v, Tb, 1 atm), =
v
where
Tm = normal boiling point (Table B.1)
m = heat of vaporization at Tb (Table B.1)
v v PV v - RTb (8.4-2)

Procedure Energy Balance

Calculations
1. Perform all required material balance calculations.
2. Write the appropriate form of the energy balance
(closed or open system) and delete any of the terms
that are either zero or negligible for the given process
system.
Open system:
Closed system:

Q Ws

E k

Q W

Ek

E p
Ep

Procedure Energy Balance

Calculations-cont.

3. Construct inlet-outlet enthalpy table of each species for

close system or open system. Species with few phases
are considered a separately.
For closed (open) system, construct a table with
columns for initial and final amounts of each species (mi
or ni) and specific internal energies () [specific
enthalpies ()] relative to the chosen reference states.

Procedure Energy Balance

Calculations-cont.

4. Choose a reference state phase, temperature, and

pressure for each species involved in the process.
(Choose the reference state used in the standard
table (Table B.8) or choose one either inlet or outlet
states as reference state so that at least or can
be set to zero.)

Inlet-Outlet Enthalpy Table (Ex. 8.1-1)

References: Ac (l, 20C, 5atm); N2 (g, 25C, 1atm)
Substance
Ac (v)
Ac (l)
N2

nin

Inlet

66.9
33.1

H in
H 1

H 3

n out

Outlet

3.35
63.55
33.1

H out
H 2

0
H 4

Example of Inlet-Outlet Enthalpy Table

References: Hexane (l, 20C, 5 atm); Benzene (v, 25C, 1 atm)

Substance

Inlet
nin

Hexane (v)
Hexane (l)
Benzene (v)
Benzene (l)

Outlet
H in
H 1

n1
-

n4
n6

n out

n2 H
n3

0
H 4

n5
n7

H out
H 2

0
H 3

Constructing an enthalpy table

n2 mol/s

y (mol H2O(v)/mol satd

(1-y) (mol DA/mol)
15 C, 1 atm
100 mol/s

CONDENSER

0.100 mol H2O (v)/mol

0.900 mol D.A./mol
110 C, 2 atm
n1 mol H2O (l)/s

15 C, 1 atm

Procedure Energy Balance

Calculations-cont.
5. Calculate all required values of or and insert
the values in the appropriate places in the table.
Then calculate the overall or for the system.
Q

ni H i

H
out

ni H i
in

niU i

U
out

niU i
in

6. Calculate any work, kinetic energy, or potential

energy terms ( if you have not dropped from the
energy balance).
7. Solve the energy balance,

Calculate the Q required (Ex. 8.4-4)

An equimolar liquid benzene (B) and toluene (T) at
10C and 1 atm is fed continuously to a vessel which
the mixture is heated to 50C at constant pressure.
The liquid product is 40 mole% benzene and the
vapor is 68 mole% benzene. Calculate heat that must
be transferred to the mixture.

Calculate the Q required

An equimolar liquid mixture containing benzene and
toluene at 20C and 1 atm is fed continuously into a
single-stage evaporator. The vapor and liquid phases
are separated and discharged as separate streams at
75C at constant pressure. 60% of the benzene fed to
the evaporator is recovered as vapor and the liquid
product leaves the unit contains 54 wt% toluene.
Determine the heat required by the evaporator in
kilowatts (kW).