Carrier Schemes
Lesson 09
EEE 352 Analog Communication Systems
Mansoor Khan
EE Dept.
CIIT Islamabad Campus
Carrier Acquisition
2 cosc t
• therefore we have errors in frequency and phase
Carrier Acquisition (cont)
eo (t ) m(t )cos t
Carrier Acquisition (cont)
• Let’s consider two cases. First 0
• PLL works just like feedback system, the signal fed back tends
to follow the input signal to minimize the error. The quantity
to compare is the phase in this case
(t ) c ceo (t )
• Where “c” is a constant and wc is the free running frequency
of the VCO. This is the one when the input signal is zero
PLL Operation
A sin c k t i
A sin ct ˆi
• Where ˆi kt i
• Thus the increase in frequency causes θi to increase thereby
increasing θe which in turn increases input voltage to the VCO
PLL Operation (cont)
• The PLL tracks the input sinusoid. The two signals are said to
be phase coherent or in phase lock
PLL Operation (cont)
• The frequency range over which the input will cause the loop
to lock is called the Pull-in or Capture range
Carrier Acquisition in DSB-SC
m t k (t )
1 2
2
• Where t is a zero mean baseband signal minus its dc
component
• Where t is a zero mean baseband signal minus its dc
component
m t k cos 2wct t cos 2wct
1 2
2
• First term of x(t) is suppressed by Narrow BPF centered at 2ωc
• Third term has zero dc value at 2ωc thus only residue of third term
passes through Narrow BPF having pass band << 4B.
• x(t) consists of pulses of k located at ωc which are passed along
with the residue of third term which will be suppressed by the PLL
which tracks kcos2 ωc t.
• PLL output after passing through frequency divider yields the
desired carrier.
Costas Loop
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Multiplexing Principles
time
M1
M2 BL
BL M3 M5
M4 M3 M4
B M5 M1 M2
BH t
BH
freq freq
t
BH
BL
M1
M2
B M3 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
M4
M5
BL
BH
t t
FDM TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDM: all signals are
transmitted at the
same time (all the
time) but in different
frequency bands
Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDM
FDM(Frequency-Division Multiplexing)
is an analog technique that can be applied when the bandwidth of a link
(useful bandwidth of the medium excess) is greater than the combined
bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted
Composite
signal
FDM signal generation
FDM multiplexing process, frequency-domain
FDM signal generation
Demultiplexing
separates the individual signals from their carries and passes them to the
waiting receivers.
FDM signal generation
FDM demultiplexing process, time-domain
FDM signal generation
FDM demultiplexing, frequency-domain
FDM: Composite signal spectrum
WHY???? BW signal << BWmedium
FDM: Composite signal spectrum
For telephony, the physical line is divided (notionally) into 4kHz bands or channels, i.e.
the channel spacing is 4kHz. Thus we now have:
Guard Bands
Bandlimited
Speech
f
4kHz
t
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Example : Cable Television
coaxial cable has a bandwidth of approximately 500Mhz
individual television channel require about 6Mhz of bandwidth for
transmission
How many channels it will carry??
Solution
Shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a
different bandwidth
Example 1
Example 2
Five channels, each with a 100-KHz bandwidth, are to be
multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz
between the channels to prevent interference?
Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands.
This means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz
Example 2
Multiplexing Hierarchy
Example: analogue carrier system for
telephony
Analog Carrier Systems
• Hierarchy of FDM schemes
• Group
— 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
— Range 60kHz to 108kHz
• Supergroup
— 60 channel
— FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz
• Mastergroup
— 10 supergroups
Time Division Multiplexing
Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
• Very popular
• Line will require as much bandwidth as all
the bandwidths of the sources
Statistical Time Division Multiplexing
• A statistical multiplexor transmits only the data from active
workstations (or why work when you don’t have to).
• [example]
voice - 64 Kbps link
data - 128 Kbps link
video - 1,544 Mbps link