2.

Schematic Diagram: Client Based Pathophysiology:

Precipitating/Modifiable
Non Modifiable / Any Chest Injury
factors
Predisposing Factors
• Environment
• Age
• Exposure to
• Immunocompromised Allows air to enter Pathologic
• Common Colds the pleural space Microorganism
• aspiration of foods or
fluids
• Lung Disease
Manifestations:
Depends on its size and the
integrity of the underlying lung.

Pneumothorax
Penetration into the pleural Internal Mechanism (such as broken
space by an object external to rib or bleb rupture of the lung) air or
the chest wall (such ash Increase intrathoracic blood enters the pleural space.
knife/needle) pressure and reduction in
vital capacity

Open Pneumothorax Closed

Pneumothorax

Large Pneumothorax

Penetrating Injury to the chest Air filled bleb/blister

/Non or respiratory Hypoxemia on the lung surface
penetrating structures ruptures
injuries 36
Vasoconstriction of the
blood vessels in the
affected lung.
 Manifestations:
Aug. 24,09
Fractured/ • CHEST: (+) rales and retractions
dislocated Chest Medical Cardio August 27, 09
ribs Trauma Procedure pulmonary • (+) nasal flaring
that such as resuscitation • RR= 96
penetrates intra (CPR) • diminished breath sounds on right lung field
the pleura thoracic Aug. 28,09
Air enters the
needle • (+) nasal flaring
pleural space but
aspirations,
Other does not leave • RR=92
intubation,
Complication • diminished breath sounds on right lung field
and
Hemothorax positive
Rapid increase of
pressure
pressure in chest
ventilation Spontaneous
with compression
atelectasis of Pneumothorax
unaffected lung

Unknown cause Lung Disease History of

Traumatic Shift in mediastinum to the endometriosis
Pneumothorax opposite side of the chest and
Air filled Trapping
compression of the vena cava
blebs rupture of gases &
with impairment of venous Air may gain access
on TOP of Destruction
return to the heart to the peritoneal
the lungs. of lung Cavity during
tissue menstruation and
Intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure. then enter the pleural
Primary Secondary cavity through
Spontaneous Spontaneous diaphragmatic
Pneumothorax Pneumothorax Defect.
Tension
Pneumothorax
Catamenial
Partial/total Pneumothorax
loss of lung
Manifestations: function
• Structures in the mediastinal space shift toward
the opposite side of the chest. Hypoxemia
• Distention of neck veins
37
• Subcutaneous emphysema Life threatening
Intrapleural pressure
• Clinical signs of shock
exceeds atmospheric
pressure.