SOILS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Q-
How will you prepare sample for proctor if there are soft particles in the sample?
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
By equation :
Where
Q-
W=dxvxA
A = AREA OF MOLD.
W = Actual surcharge weight
d = Density of material,
V = Thickness of Layers.
What is the difference between a standard proctor test & a modified proctor test ?
:
A-
Aside from the compactive energy which is 5 times greater than in the standard test, the
maximum density and optimum water content obtained from the two compaction test is
greater in fine-grained that for a coarse-grained soils.
Q-
A-
6.
Q-
Define liquid limit and plastic limit. How do you calculate plasticity index ? How many
strokes are specified for rolling the thread of soil when determining plastic limit ? and
How many revolution per second when determining liquid limit ?
A-
Liquid limit is the % water content in which the soil mass has a capacity to flow as a
liquid. It is in between the liquid and plastic state. The rate is 2 revolution per second.
Plastic limit is the % water content in which the soil mass can be molded without
crumbling. It is in between the plastic and semi-solid state. The rate is 80 to 90 strokes
per minute.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Q-
A-
Yes, (by plating) it is a method of covering or confining of unstable fills with a suitable,
stable material.
Q-
A-
Because wadi sand are free from clay and other organic matters and also meet grading
requirements for fineness modulus.
Q-
What are the test you run to determine the suitability of a sub grade material ?
A-
a) Sieve analysis
b) Atterberg test
c) Proctor test
d) C.B.R. test
e) Field Density test.
What are the basic test normally carried out to determine soil characteristics and
conditions ?
Q-
Soil
A11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Q-
a) C.B.R. test
b) Sieve analysis
c) Atterberg test.
How do you determine the shear strength of a soil ?
A-
By tri-Axial test: The basic principle is that a cylindrical soil specimen is first encased
in a thin rubber membrane and subjected to fluid pressure around the cylindrical
surface. The lateral pressure is held constant while an axial load is applied and
increased until failure occurs.
Q-
Why and when C.B.R. value needs adjustment ? What is the rate of loading ?
A-
When the curve is concave upward shape because of swell, adjustment is made by
adjusting the point of origin by extending the line of stress-strain curve downward until
it intersect the abscissa. Rate of loading is 0.05 inch per minute.
Q-
A-
Q-
How would you carry-out in-situ density test on prepared sub grade ?
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
A-1 materials is a well-graded gravel or sand or a mixture of sand and gravel with or
without non-plastic soil binder. Whereas, A-7 material is a clayey soil.
Q-
What is C.B.R. ?
A-
Q-
A-
In a plunger, to determine the accurate relationship between the load and penetration.
Q-
A-
Soils are classified as coarse-grained and fine-grained soils. Materials passing the 3
inches sieve and retained #4 sieve are considered coarse-grained while material passing
#4 sieve and retained #200 sieve are fine-grained soils.
Q-
A-
80 psi.
Q-
A-
Maximum thickness
Maximum unit of weight for
Of Free Layer (cm.)
Vibrating (kg./unit of width,m.)
40
2,300 2,900
60
2,900 3,600
80
3,600 4,300
100
4,300 5,000
* For multi vibrating, unit of weighing shall be limited in accordance with unit of axial
weight.
Q-
What is the construction procedure for preparing natural ground to receive the
embankment layers ?
A-
Removal of undesirable materials such as logs, tress, stumps, weeds, heavy grass, etc.
Soil
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Q-
What is the allowable tolerance of the top of sub grade layer and how it can be
measured ?
A-
Q-
A-
A-3 soil is a fine-beach or desert blown sand without fines or with a small amount of
non-plastic silt. This kind of material cannot be used for subgrade because of the
following reasons;
Q-
A-
Either by spraying sand stabilizer or by using vibratory roller with high frequency low
amplitude.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
This materials consist of clean, tough, durable, sharp angle fragments free of soft,
disintegrated or decomposed stone and free from any deleterious matter. Max. size of
agg. Is 2, LL = 25 max., P.I = 6 max. (Look Q-55).
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Type A
Type AA
Type AAA
Q-
A-
It is the state of compactness of a soil with respect to the loosest and densest state at
which it can be placed.
% R.D. =
31.
32.
Q-
What is the maximum allowable percentage of friable particles for aggregate base
coarse mix ?
A-
0.25%
Q-
What is the proportion of natural sand to dunes sand to minimize the phenomena of
rutting ?
A-
The proportion of natural sand should not exceed 155 of the percentage passing a #4
sieve. The natural sand should not contain more than 50% of the dunes sand, for
instance : if per the design mix, the percentage passing a #4 sieve is 50% of all the
quantity of aggregates, the allowable percentage of dune sand will be 7.5%, it could
also reach 1.2 of this proportion or 4%.
Soil
33.
34.
Q-
A-
To meet the gradation requirements of the specification and yield a mix design to the
criteria of the design method. The gradation should be made up to the most economical
proper aggregates to be found.
Q-
A-
It is a numerical number, which outlines the grain size of the material by fineness point
of view. It is determined through sieve analysis by adding total percentage retained on
sieve , 3/8, #4, #8, #16, #30, #50, #100 and dividing the sum by 100.
F.M. = 3.58 is coarser than F.M = 1.63
35.
36.
Q-
In sand equivalent why the heavy particles goes down, what is the reason ?
A-
Those particles whose specific gravity is heavier than water will go down and those
particles whose specific gravity is lighter than water will be in the upper portion due to
sedimentation process.
Q-
A-
37.
Sieve at 60%
Sieve at 10%
Q-
A-
a) Relative volume of solid and void spaces : The greater the volume of solids or the
less the volume of voids, the greater is the density.
b) Specific gravity of soil particles : The greater the specific gravity of solids, the
greater is the density, all other factors being equal.
c) Amount of water is void spaces: This factor affect only the wet density. It is obvious
that the amount of water the greater is the wet density.
38.
39.
40.
Q-
A-
Is that hydraulic property of a soil which indicates the case with which water will flow
through the soil mass. It is significant on numerous engineering problems such as
seepage through dams and irrigation canals, lowering the water table to improve
stability of foundations, selecting capacity of pumps for lowering the ground-water
level during excavations, and settlement of structures resting on compressible soils.
Q-
A-
A- highest water content at which a soil mass attained a minimum volume but continue
to loose weight.
Q-
A-
It is the escape of water and a gradual transfer of stress from the water to solid in a soil
mass.
* It is not synonymous with compaction which is artificial compression of a soil by rearrangement of its particles aided by lubricating effect of water.
41.
Q-
A-
It is the determination of the amount of mixing water that a soil mass can be compacted
to higher density.
Soil
42.
43.
Q-
What is scalping ?
A-
Q-
A-
It is useful in evaluating subgrade soils and sub-base & base coarses material containing
a small amount of material retained on 3/4" sieve.
* The higher the C.B.R. value, the greater the bearing capacity of the soil and thereby
lesser the thickness of the pavement.
44.
45.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
1. In in-situ:
a) Loading test
b) Plate bearing test.
2. In laboratory:
a) California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R)
b) Tri-axial test
c) Hveem Stabilometer test
3. Estimation based on classification of soil.
46.
Q-
A-
It is an emperical value used to evaluate the kind/type of soil to be use for subgrade
material. It could be determine by equation:
G.I. = (F-35) (0.2 0.005 (LL-40)) 0.001 (F-15) (PI 10)
Where :
G.I. Group Index
F - % passing 0.074mm (#200) sieve.
LL Liquid Limit
PI Plasticity Index.
47.
Q-
Soil
A-
1. Granular Soils:
a)
b)
Permeable
c)
d)
2. Fine-Grain Soils:
a)
b)
Highly impermeable
c)
d)
3. Organic Soils
Inferior than fine-grained soils with
properties stated under the latter group.
48.
Q-
A-
1. Disturbed sampling
respect to the
2. Undisturbed sampling.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Lime stabilization is the most economic and effective with clay soils, where pH = 12.30
added to soil by about 3% to 7% by weight of dry material.
Q-
A-
QA-
The standard and modified proctor test give result nearly closed together for granular
soil, but for plastic clay soil modified gives higher results than standard.
Q-
A-
Energy is equal to the number of layer multiplied by the number of blows, Weight of
Hammer and height divided by the volume of the mold.
Q-
A-
1. Jaw Hammer
2. Fan Hammer
3. Conical Hammer.
55.
Q-
Soil
A-
Hard
2.
Durable
3.
4.
Shall obtain not more than 85 of flat elongated, soft, disintegrated pieces.
5.
90% by weight of particles with at least two fractured faces and 100% by weight
of particles at least one fractured face.
6.
7.
Soundness loss by sodium sulphate not more than 12% subjected to 5 cycles.
8.
Liquid Limit not more than 25 and Plasticity Index not more than 6 for material
passing sieve #40.
9.
The amount of material passing sieve #200 not more than one half of the material
passing sieve no. 40.
10.
The maximum size of aggregate not more than 2/3 of the thickness of the layer.
Plant Mix:
1.
2.
Traveling plant.
2.
The layer should not be less than 7 cm. Nor more than 15 cm. Of compacted
thickness.
3.
The aggregate shall not be spread more than 2,000 sq.m. in advance of the rolling.
4.
After the course has been completely compacted the surface shall be tested for
smoothness and accuracy of grade and crown.
5.
The finished surface shall not vary more than 9 mm from a 5 m straightedge when
applied to the surface parallel with and at right angles to the centerline.
Thickness:
56.
57.
58.
59.
1.
2.
When the difference is more than 12 mm, the contractor shall correct such areas
by scarifying, adding base mixture, rolling, reshaping and finishing.
Q-
A-
Yes, we can use A6, A7 in embankment after stabilization by lime and run the tests
required to know the actual required classification.
Q-
In Sabkh area did we can use rock fill? And if rock fill not available what type of soil
we use ?
A-
Yes, we can use rock fill or soil type A-1a, A-1b, A-2-4 for the first 1.5 m from the
natural ground.
Q-
A-
Min. 5 times.
Q-
Soil
61.
Q-
AQ-
A-
62.
Q-
Decrease settlement
Increase resistance to shear stresses and erosion.
Decrease swelling and shrinkage of soil when exposed to water.
Increase soil resistance against seepage of water and absorption of water by
capillarity rise.
e) Increase density of soil.
State four factors affecting density of soil?
A-
63.
Q-
Can pure clay be used as an embankment material? If not, why not? If yes, under what
conditions?
A-
Clay soils are poor soils having higher plasticity index 11 minimum. Shrinkage is likely
to take place in such soils. Materials which expands and contracts a great deal such as
clay offers an undesirable base for supporting surfaces.
Soils may be fully compacted, but as water penetrates, the materials expand and as the
water evaporates, the materials contract, attain the flexibility and damage to the surface
area. This is extremely critical on rigid surfaces such as concrete highways or buildings.
Such clayey soils are compacted at their OMC which happens to be higher than
shrinkage limit. So clayey soils should be avoided to use in the embankment.
If any better material is not available than clayey soils can be used provided it is
compacted with sheep foot roller.
The typical sheep foot roller can be self-propelled or towed, and compacts with a
kneading action on the soil. These units generally range in weight from 2 tons to 20
tons and vary in coverage width normally between 30 and 100 inches. The feet or pads
can be of various shapes and are normally less than 10 inches in length.
The sheep foot compactor is operated on the theory that the feet will compact the lower
layers of the soil first and work towards the surface in successive passes.
64.
65.
66.
Q-
If you find loss material on top of sub grade about 1 cm, what your action?
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
Soil
A-
67.
QA-
68.
69.
70.
Q-
Wc PL
or (Liquidity Index).
P.I
A-
When we have materials such as clay, chalk or sand shall be spread in alternate layers
over the full width of embankment.
Q-
What is the meaning of reinforcement layer and what are its uses ?
A-
Q-
A-
71.
Q-
A-
72.
73.
Q-
What is the time elapse bet. Two embankment layers to get proper compaction?
A-
Not more than 3 days prior to the application of subsequent layers or prime coat, should
be retested.
Q-
A-
74.
Compression:
The loss in external volume under sustained load.
Consolidation:
The loss in volume with time.
Shrinkage:
The loss in volume resulting from capillary stresses during drying soil.
Compaction:
The loss in volume due to artificial temporary loads as rolling, tamping, vibration.
Rebound:
The increase in volume due to remove sustained load.
Expansion:
The increase in volume with time.
Swelling:
The increase in volume resulting from increasing of water content.
Loosening or scarifying:
The increase in volume due to artificial operations.
Q- What are the ideal soils for road?
Soil
A75.
should be dense, free from excessive moisture, high in internal friction and cohesion
and possess low compressibility and capillarity.
Mechanical stabilization.
Soil cements stabilization.
Lime stabilization.
Chemical stabilization.
10
Soil
ASPHALT
1.
2.
3.
Q-
A-
25*C 1'C
Q-
How will you get the specific gravity of molded specimen if voids are present in the
sample ?
A-
Coat the specimen with paraffin by chilling the specimen in a refrigerating unit to a
temperature of approximately 4.5 'C for 30 minutes and then dipping the specimen in
warm paraffin (5.5'C above melting point).
Q-
A-
4.
Q-
What is the method normally used for preparing asphalt mix design ? Describe the
essential steps and procedures.
A-
2.
3.
4.
Procedures:
1.
2.
Preliminary calculation
a)
b)
100
% agg.
% asp.
c)
d)
e)
5.
Dd
x 100
D
Q-
How would you adjust the mix if air void and stability is low ?
A-
Asphalt
7.
Q-
How would you classify cutback asphalt and their respective spraying temperature ?
A-
b) Medium curing
c) Rapid curing
Q-
What are the tests you should run on a compacted asphalt pavement ?
A-
8-
Q-
A-
It is the channel-like grooves that occur in the wheel track of a pavement. The main
causes are;
a) Poor compaction
b) Fine-graded mix
c) Excessive asphalt content, Low air voids.
d) High temperature
e) Excessive wheel and traffic loads
f) Natural aggregates
g) Dune sand more than 7.5% of fine aggregates
h) Low softening point.
9.
Q-
On the mixing plant, How can you say the hot mix is okey or not okey ?
A-
10.
11.
Q-
When do you put the flow meter to determine the flow of an asphalt mix ?
A-
Q-
How many blows will you apply on each face of asphalt specimen ?
A-
*75 blows for heavy loads (Use by M.O.C. in all type of traffic.
50 blows for medium loads
35 blows for light loads.
12.
Q-
What are the requirements for bituminous coarses in respect of the following;
a) Voids in mineral aggregates
b) Percent air voids
c) Marshall stability
d) Hveem stability
e) Marshall flow
A-
Limits
Wearing course
Base course
Asphalt
13.
Q-
a) V.M.A.
15
b) Percent air voids
47
c) Marshall stability (min.)
1000
d) Hveem stability (min.)
40
e) Marshall flow (mm)
2 3.5
What is the Marshall mixing and compacting temp. of hot mix?
A-
13
58
1000
40
2 3.5
Q-
Where will you get asphalt sample during production and paving operation ?
A-
During production, samples should be taken from that him, One sample consisting of
four soil samples taken in a small sample units to form a composite sample.
During paving, samples should be taken behind the paver, sample units taken from
different locations constituting of minimum of four sub-samples to make one composite
asphalt samples for grading, Marshall and extraction.
* M.O.C. circular 513, section 1.4.3.
15.
Q-
A-
16.
Q-
A-
17.
Q-
A-
18.
Q-
A-
It is a test to estimate the coated area as above 95% or below 95% by static-immersion
in water.
Its purpose is to determine the retention of a bituminous film on an aggregate
surface in the presence of water.
19.
Q-
What is the reason for some spots appear after every 20 meter behind the paver ?
Asphalt
A-
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Q-
A-
1 inch, inch.
Q-
What is the rang eof temperature for bituminous mixture delivered to the paver at site ?
A-
140'C 150'C.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
0.30%.
Q-
What is the minimum capacity of power unit and pump distribution system of a bitumen
distributor ?
A-
950 liters/minute.
Q-
A-
4,000 liters.
Q-
AQAQ-
Q-
25%
What is the min. temp. required for applying prime coat ?
15'C
What is the max. plasticity index for combined mineral aggregated of B.B.C. and
B.W.C. ?
B.B.C. = 6 & B.W.C. = 4
How do mineral filler improve properties of mix ?
When voids is high but stability is satisfactory in the mix, it leads to higher permeability
resulting in premature hardening of the asphalt. To reduced voids, filler is increased
which improves the properties of the mix.
What will happen if we over-used the filler ?
Over-used of filler may bring the voids low in the mix, consequently instability or
flushing after the pavement is exposed to traffic.
During paving operation if there is much fine particles, what will happen ?
Excessive fines can cause a mix to have a lean, brown, dull appearance like a mix too
little asphalt.
If soundness is higher, stability is equal to 1000 kg. Exactly, would you let the
contractor to proceed ?
A higher soundness not allowed but it does not help in the longer stability and
durability of the pavement in general. So, it is better to adjust the mix to achieved
higher stability than just to trust on soundness of aggregate alone. The contractor should
be instructed accordingly.
What factors affecting the compaction of asphalt mix ?
A-
a) Mix properties:
AQA-
30.
QA-
31.
QA-
32.
QA-
33.
Asphalt
1. Aggregate,
2. Asphalt,
3. Mix temp.,
b) Environmental conditions:
Ambient temperature, humidity, wind and the temp. of the surface under the mix also
affects the compaction.
c) Layer (lift) thickness:
Generally, it is easier to achieved target density in thicker layers of asphalt concrete
than in thinner ones, because of the difference in rate of cooling.
34.
35.
Q-
What produces a workable mix and non-workable mix ? Do you have to adjust bitumen
content or agg. ?
A-
Q-
A-
36.
Q-
During production of aggregate what do you look for the stockpiled materials ?
A-
37.
Q-
As asphalt inspector, what important properties you are looking for and what is your
target on site ?
Asphalt
A-
"
"
"
"
"
free asphalt
f)
"
"
not be burned
g) "
"
h) "
"
i)
"
"
j)
"
"
Q-
A-
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
Q-
A-
Q-
It is the method that covers the measurement of the resistance to plastic flow of
cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixtures loaded on the lateral surface by
means of Marshall apparatus. The method outlines are as follows;
a) Bulk specific gravity determination
b) Stability and flow test
c) Density and voids analysis
d) Loss of stability
What is the rate of loading of test machine in the Marshall stability test ?
A-
Q-
A-
a) Penetration
b) Viscosity
c) Flashpoint
d) Thin-film oven test
e) Rolling thin-film oven test
f) Ductility
g) Solubility
h) Specific gravity, etc.
If asphalt sample in laboratory is cooled then reheated for 2 or 3 times (for a breakdown
in equipment), what will heating do to the sample ?
QA-
Q-
Why not to use high penetration asphalt say 100 120, Do air voids affected ?
Asphalt
44.
A-
Harder asphalt cements are recommended for heavy duty pavements and for hot
weather construction. Generally asphalt of penetration grade 60 70 is used in medium
to heavy types of pavements. Higher penetration grade like 100 120 will not produce
a thick film of coating around the particles. This will turn the mix instable, indurable
and low in voids. This will filled the air voids more comparatively, making the mix
more brittle and easily disintegrated when exposed to traffic.
Q-
If stability is low say 400 which is less than the specification, what is the problem ?
A-
Stability of asphalt pavement is its ability to resist shoving and rutting under loads
(traffic). Stability depends on internal friction and cohesion. Inter-practical friction is
related to shape and surface texture of the aggregate.
Following are the possible causes and their effects for the instability of pavement:
Causes
45.
46.
47.
Q-
Effects
A-
0.02.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Asphalt
48.
QA-
49.
Q-
How to determine the maximum theoretical specific gravity without using rice method ?
A-
By equation:
Gmm =
W
Vsb Vb Vab
Where:
W- Weight of compacted mix (grans)
Vsb Vol. Of agg. (by bulk sp. gr., g/cc)
Vb Volume of bitumen, cc.
Vab Volume of absorbed bitumen, cc.
50.
QA-
Wet stability
x 100 (loss of stability)
Dry stability
Q-
A-
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
No
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
57.
58.
Q-
A-
Q-
Asphalt
A-
59.
60.
Q-
A-
1. Consistency:
2. Purity:
Refined asphalts are almost pure bitumen and are usually more
than 99.5% soluble in carbon disulfide (Solubility test).
3. Safety:
Q-
A-
61.
Q-
A-
1) Penetration -
Asphalt
9) solubility -
62.
QA-
63.
QA-
64.
Q-
A-
65
66.
Q-
A-
Blast-furnace slag is the most commonly used artificial aggregate, have unusual
resistance to wear and use in bridge deck & roof deck.
Q-
10
Asphalt
Stripping -
67.
Separation of the asphalt film from the aggregate through the action
of water, such material is referred to as (Water Loving) such as
siliceous aggregates (quartzite & some granites).
Aggregates that exhibit a high degree of resistance to film stripping
in the presence of water are usually most suitable in asphalt paving
mixes, such material is referred to as (water hating) such as
limestone, and dolomite usually high resistance to asphalt film
stripping.
Q-
A-
a) Stability -
b) Durability -
c) Flexibility -
11
Asphalt
68.
Q-
A-
a) Gradation of aggregate
b) Hardness
c) Shape and surface texture of aggregate
d) Quantity of asphalt
e) Degree of compaction : at least 95% compacted
69.
Q-
A-
70.
Q-
A-
71.
Q-
A-
a) Quality of asphalt
b) Surface texture of the aggregate
72.
Q-
A-
a) Graduation of aggregate
b) Consistency of the asphalt
c) Temperature of the mix
73.
74.
Q-
A-
Hydrated Lime which is highly alkaline starts a chemical reaction to change the
character of the aggregate surface and neutralized any acidic properties present in
asphalt. It improves the coatability and bonding process of asphalt without reveling or
bleeding with durable surface. It is usually added to aggregate at the pugmill.
Q-
A-
1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
: 7% - 12%
3. Nitrogen
4. Sulphur
5. Oxygen
75.
76.
70% - 85%
:
:
0% - 1%
1% - 7%
0% - 5%
Q-
A-
QA-
1. Gravel should be scalped on at least 1.5" screen before feed to the crusher.
2. Natural sand limited to 15% from fine aggregate and should not contain more than
50% dune sand.
3. Trial section should be made to determine the maximum density in the field and air
voids in the mix at that density.
4. Filler to asphalt cement ratio should be between 1.3 to 1.5 to get softening point of
85'C to 95'C maximum.
5. Use asphalt 40/50 instead of 60/70 penetration in the desert areas.
6. Follow the M.O.C Circular 2401 & 2403.
12
Asphalt
77.
Q-
7. The total thickness of the asphalt layers shall not exceed 15 cm. Or as shown on the
drawings not more than 20 cm.`
What are the types of asphalt cracks ?
A-
1. Alligator Cracks:
Causes:
Repair:
2. Edge Cracks:
Causes:
Repair:
Repair:
Causes:
Repair:
5. Reflection Cracks:
Causes:
Repair:
1.
2.
3.
6. Shrinkage Cracks:
Causes:
Repair:
13
Asphalt
7. Slippage Cracks:
Causes:
1. Lack of a good bond between the surface layer beneath, may be due
to dust, oil, rubber, dirt, water, or other non-adhesive material
between the two courses.
2. Mixture having a high sand content.
3. Can occur whether the sand is sharp or rounded.
4. Improper compaction during construction causes the bond layers to
be broken.
Repair:
Remove the surface layer from around the crack to the point where
good bond between the layers is found, then fill the area with plant
mixed asphalt material.
8. Widening Cracks:
78.
Causes:
Repair:
Q-
A-
79.
Q-
A-
1. Grooves or ruts
2. Shoving
3. Corrugations
4. Depressions
5. Upheaval
Ruttin
g:
(Mentioned before)
Repair:
14
Asphalt
Causes
:
Repair:
Grade
Depressions:
Repair:
Upheaval:
Depressions should be filled with hot plantmixed asphalt material and compacted to bring
them up to the same grade as the surrounding
pavement.
Repair:
80.
QA-
15
Asphalt
Repair:
Raveling:
Repair:
81.
Q-
A-
82.
Q-
A-
83.
QA-
Repair:
84.
Q-
A-
16
Asphalt
Causes:
Repair:
85.
QA-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cold mix
Too dusty aggregate
too wet aggregate
Poor compaction
When steel-wheeled roller alone is used for compaction, aggregate
may be lost from low spots that are bridged over by the roller.
6. Too cool the weather
7. Too soon of fast traffic
8. Surface which absorbs part of the asphalt leaving too little to hold the
aggregate.
Hot coarse sand, spread over the affected areas.
1. Spray bar on the asphalt distributor not set at the correct height for the
spray fans to overlap properly.
2. Spray bar rising as load in distributor lightens.
86.
87.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
1. They provide a more uniform degree of compaction than steel wheel roller.
2. They improve the seal near the surface thus decrease the permeability of layer.
3. They orient the aggregate particles for greatest stability, as high pressure truck tires
do after using the asphalt surface for some time.
4. Pneumatic rollers not increase density but increase stability which assures minimum
distortion under heavy traffic.
88.
89.
Q-
A-
Clean surface shall be given a light application of water and allowed to dry to a surfacedry condition.
Q-
A-
1. Too Hot:
2. Too Cold:
17
Asphalt
a) It has a lean
b) Granular appearance
c) Improper coating
d) Brown appearance.
5. Non-uniform mixing :
a) Spots of lean
b) Brown dull appearance.
a) Poor workability
b) Coarse appearance
8. Excessive moisture :
9. Segregation:
a) Improper handling
b) Loads have become contaminated.
90.
Q-
A-
91.
92.
Q-
Why the contractor start the rolling operation on the low side of spread ?
A-
The reason for these is that the asphalt mixture when hot, tend to migrate towards
the low side of the spread under the action of the roller.
Q-
A-
1. Rolling shall begin as soon as the mixture will bear the roller without undue
displacement.
2. Rolling shall be longitudinally, beginning at the low side of the spread of material
and proceeding toward the high side.
3. Slow and uniform speed, 3 mph for steel rollers and 5mph for pneumatic rollers.
4. Roller wheels should kept moist with only enough water to avoid picking-up the
material.
93.
QA-
94.
QA-
What are the types of roller required for compacting hot mix asphalt ?
Function
Types
Breakdown
Steel
Intermediate
Pneumatic
Finishing
Steel
Weight
In tons
Number of
passes
10 12
10
8- 12
58
95.
Q-
18
Asphalt
96.
97.
98.
A-
A2-4 material because it absorbs more prime coat due to more surface area.
Q-
If while performing the test of coating and stripping of bitumen aggregate mixture,
it is observed that the estimated coated area is below 95%. What to do ?
A-
Antistripping agent to be used to promote coating and adhesion. Additives are used
to aid the coating of aggregates, particularly when in a damp or wet condition. They
are also used to increase the resistance of asphalt film to stripping by the action of
water.
Q-
A-
Silicones are added to asphalt under certain conditions to reduce the effects of
moisture or other conditions. For example, silicones may be added to hot asphalt
to prevent foaming while in storage. Silicones in asphalt mixes have been used to
prevent hardening of asphalt concrete in storage, to prevent slumping and
segregation of the mixture during transportation, and tearing of the mix during lay
down.
Q-
A-
Hydrated lime is added to some low grade aggregates to render them suitable for
use in asphalt mixture in highway construction. Sometimes it is difficult to coat
certain aggregates with asphalt because of their siliceous or acidic surfaces.
Hydrated lime, which is highly alkaline, starts a chemical reaction that changes
the character of aggregate surfaces and neutralizes any acidic properties present in
asphalt. Adding hydrated lime often improves the coatability and bonding
properties of asphalt to these aggregates. Hydrated lime may serve as a filler in
the aggregate material.
With the addition of hydrated lime, up to (1) percent additional asphalt over the
normal asphalt content can be used in the mix without raveling or bleeding of the
finished pavement. This produces a firmer, denser pavement with a more durable
surface.
99.
Q-
A-
Natural synthetic and reclaimed rubber in the form of powder, crumbs, pellets and
latex has been used in asphalt to alter certain properties. Studies have shown that
adding rubber in amounts as little as 0.1 percent but usually in amounts ranging
from 1 to 5 percent, materially changes the properties of asphalt.
The purpose of using rubberized asphalt has been to obtain a material possessing
improved elasticity, increased adhesion and greater resistance to fracture at low
temperature.
100.
101.
102.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
(Filler/Bit.) for getting highest softening point are zero:1, 1:1, 1.5.1, 2.3:1
(Zero/100%, 50/50%, 60/40%, 70/30%)
103.
104.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
19
Asphalt
105.
Q-
A-
Penetration by mm/10
Ductility by cm.
106.
Q-
What do you mean by dense graded mix in asphalting work ? How it differs from
open graded mix ? When it is used ?
A-
Open graded asphalt mix differ from dense graded ones in that they (1) Contain
much little no fine aggregates/dust (2) Asphalt content of open graded mixes
generally is set as high as possible. (3) Open graded mixes are often applied in a
thin inch. Overlay over old pavements (4) Open graded mixes better resist the
reflection of cracks from the old pavement upward to the surface.
Definitions:
107.
108.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
109.
110.
Q-
What is the precautionary measure taken if a hot mix results in excessive voids?
A-
The percentage of air voids can be decreased by increasing asphalt content. Voids can
also be reduced by increasing the mineral filler contents. Care should be taken that
asphalt content may be increased upto a certain limit to avoid further problems of
rutting and bleeding.
Q-
A-
The same meaning, Gap Graded means some sizes are deleted we have only more fine
and more coarse, it will be harsh mix.
20
Asphalt
111.
QA-
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
Q-
What is the difference between sand equivalent and material passing No 200 sieve?
A-
Sand equivalent gives the proportion of clay and dust percentage by volume, while
gradation determines the same percentage by weight.
Q-
Who gives more sand equivalent and fineness modules natural sand or crushed sand?
Why?
A-
Natural sand gives more sand equivalent and fineness modulus because less filler and
clay.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
As per curve.
Q-
A-
Q-
Can bitumen absorption be higher than the water absorption in asphalt mix design?
A-
121.
Q-
In case bitumen absorption is higher than the water absorption in your asphalt mix
design?
What does it mean?
A-
It means either Gse is abnormally higher or Gsb Is lower in case Gse is higher value
of Gmm is also.
So both G.s.e. and G.s.b need to be rechecked. This is all due to the experimental
error.
21
Asphalt
effective Bulk.
Q-
what is the rigidity or stiffness how it is caused in asphalt mix and what does it harm?
A-
Rigidity or stiffness is caused in hot mixes where low penetration asphalt is used.
Cause the volume changes making the pavement ridge and give higher value of
marshal stability and low flow values.
Pavement of such hot mix is cracked under heavy volume of traffic.
Rigidity
123.
QA-
stability
(kg/m m )
flow
124.
125.
126.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
t
w
thin
) and elongated pieces?
flat
w1
= 1/3
L
w 2 w1 (width)
L (Length)
T (thickness)
127.
128.
129.
130.
Q-
A-
Q-
What is the difference in temperature allowed bet. aggregate and asphalt cement.
A-
Asphalt temperature not less than 14oc from the aggregate temperature at Time of
entrance to bug mill.
Q-
A-
Asphalt plank consists of asphalt, finder and mineral aggregate to produce uniformly
dense mass.
Q-
A-
22
Asphalt
CONCRETE
1.
2-
Q.
AQ.
A-
In construction, what are the main problems we can face in Saudi Arabia?
Cracks on concrete due to hot whether condition.
In slab, the drawing shows certain bars and their spacing, suppose that particular bar size is
not available at site, what will you do?
Calculate the areas of steel bars available at site against the area of steel bars on the
drawing by equation;
A 1 = D 2 ; N1 = N2
D12
D 22
N1 x
N 2x
4
4
N1 (D1)2 = N2 (D2)2
N 1 ( D1 ) 2
(D 2 ) 2
N2
3.
4-
QAQA-
5-
QA-
6-
QA-
Q-
Where:
: Diameter of steel bar on the drawing
D1
D2
: Diameter of steel available on site
N1
: No. of bars required on the drawing
N2
: Calculated No. of bars using steel bars available at site.
What is the maximum spacing of bars for slab?
Max. Spacing = 20cm. (5 bars in one meter)
How to make a dense concrete?
a)
Proper proportion of water-cement ratio.
b) Aggregate must be well-graded.
c)
Concrete should be air-entrained.
d) Good vibration, etc.
e)
Use plasticizer.
What is tremie in concrete?
It is a method of placing concrete underwater. A tube called tremie about 10" 12" in
diameter, rigid and watertight are held vertically in water during pouring operation to
avoid washing-out of concrete mix.
What is the use of plasticizer and super plasticizer in concrete?
Plasticizer:
Primary Action
Practical Effect
Reduction of the force of attraction between Increasing plasticity; reduction of w/c ratio
the cement particles and/or reduction of the by up to 10%; resultant 15% increase in
strength; possibility for reduction of cement
surface tension of the water.
content.
Reduce W/C ratio
Super Plasticizer:
Primary Action
Practical Effect
Extreme lowering of the force of attraction Extreme increases in workability or
between the cement particles.
reduction of water content by 20-30%;
strength can increase by 50% owing to
lesser water demand.
What is the function of calcium chloride in hot weather concreting?
Concrete
A-
8-
910-
Q-
QAQA-
11-
QA-
12-
QA-
13-
QAQA-
14-
15-
QA-
16-
QA-
When added to concrete mixtures impart as an accelerating agent. Increasing the rate of
hydration; speeding up the setting, and early strength development. (Never use in Hot
Weather).
What is the effect of chloride and sulfate in concrete?
Chloride attack:
a)
When the lime in cement react with carbon dioxide (CO2) it will produce calcium
carbonate.
b) The presence of calcium carbonate in water, increases the amount of alkalinity up to
11%, thereby the water will attack the reinforcement which lead to corrosion.
c)
While rust increases, the volume of the bars also increases leading to produce cracks
in concrete.
Sulfate attack:
a)
When tricalcium aluminate (C3A) in cement react with sulfate due to the presence of
moisture, it produces gel expansion in concrete and the volume will also increases
leading to cracks in concrete.
b) Also contribute to disintegration of the aggregates.
What type of cement are you going to use in sulfate area?
Type V or sulfate resisting cement.
What are the methods for curing concrete?
a)
Water curing method
b) Membrane curing method
c)
Steam curing method
d) Cold weather curing method
When do you start curing concrete?
Right after the final placement of concrete mix, when the water sheen or mixing water just
begun to disappear.
What is the rate of application of curing membrane?
One (1) liter /5 sq. m. ; If applied by hand spray.
One (1) liter /3 sq. m. ; If mechanically applied.
What is the initial and final setting time of concrete?
45 minutes ; 8 hours
What are the types of admixtures?
a)
Plasticizer
b) Retarder
c)
Accelerator
d) Plasticizer with retarding agent Type D
e)
Plasticizer with accelerating agent
f)
Superplasticizer
g) Superplasticizer with retarding agent
What is the effect of retarded in concrete mix?
To delay the setting time of about 1 4 hours over normal setting time and reduces the
mixing water by about 3-9 kg/cu.m. and increased the compressive strength by about 1015%. The common chemical used is Lignosulfic acid.
What are the precautionary measures during cold weather concreting?
a)
Avoid overheating of fresh concrete
Concrete
17-
QA-
18-
QA-
19.
QA-
20-
QAQAQ-
2122-
A-
2324-
QAQA-
Concrete
2526-
QAQA-
27-
QA-
28-
QA-
29-
QA-
30-
QA-
31-
QA-
wt. of F.A. x
32-
QA-
% absorption % moisture
100
% absorption % moisture
100
How will you calculate the Saturn Survey Drag aggregate with 1.5% absorption?
By equation:
CORRECTED WT. OF AGG. = Uncorrected wt.
33-
QA-
34-
QA-
35-
Q-
1 % absorption
100
How do you reduce water content in a mix design and what are the advantages of reducing
water in a concrete mix?
By using water reducing admixture. The advantage are less cracking, possibilities and
increase compressive strength.
What is alkali reactivity? What type of cement are you going to use if aggregate is
susceptible?
It is the reaction of certain aggregate containing silica or silica alumina which react alkali
is cement producing "gel" which lead to cracking due to osmatic pressure. The type of
cement to be used are;
a)
Low alkali cement;
having less than 0.6% alkali by weight of cement.
b) Pozzolanic cement
What are the different types of cement?
Concrete
A-
36-
3738394041-
QA-
QAQAQAQAQA-
42-
QA-
43-
QA-
44-
QA-
45-
QAQ-
46-
Concrete
A47-
QA-
48-
QA-
a)
Every 3 months ; if cement stored in bags.
b) Every 6 months ; if cement stored in bulk.
What are the types of cracks before hardening of concrete?
a)
Plastic settlement cracks
b) Plastic Shrinkage cracks
c)
Early Frost Damage cracks
d) Constructional Movement cracks
What is pH?
a)
A scale of numbers 0-14 which indicate the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Numbers below 7 indicate acidity and numbers above 7 indicate alkalinity.
b)
The pH value of the solution is the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (H)
in moles per liter
pH = log
49.
1
H
Q-
A-
b)
c)
5051-
52-
QAQA-
QA-
a)
Excessive bleeding
b)
Concrete
53-
QA-
54-
QA-
55-
QA-
56-
QA-
57-
QA-
Cold joints:
When the placement of concrete is delayed for any reason and the concrete takes
it initial set, a cold joint is said to be occurred. When this happens, the contractor
shall have to removed the previously partially placed-concrete from the forms
immediately.
Where to provide metal beam guardrail?
aIn the sharp curve.
b- In the hilly area.
cIn the steeper slopes
d- To structural location
What are the necessary precautions to be taken while applying thermoplastic paint?
aPavement shall be free from foreign matters and dust.
b- Should dry and clean.
cShould have good weather condition.
d- Barricades should be installed, etc.
What is to be done if shifting of box culvert is required?
aSelect the low lying areas.
b- Locate catch main area.
cDetermine the level of water.
d- Calculate actual vent dimension.
eCalculate velocity or discharge of water by equation:
Q = VA
where :
Q : is the discharge, m3/hr.
V : is the velocity, km/hr.
A : cross-sectional area, m2
Cores are taken for what purpose?
aIf the samples failed from the required strength.
b- To determine the actual thickness of the structure.
cTo determine the formation of harden concrete, etc.
What criteria as to spacing of stirrups be followed in a beam?
1- Put the maximum spacing in the center of the beam.
2- Put the minimum spacing at both ends, to resist the maximum shear, using equation;
qst =
58-
QA-
59-
Q-
A x f
x n
exb
where :
qst =
Allowable stresses carried by stirrups.
AS =
Cross-sectional area of bar.
fS =
Steel stresses (working stress)
n
=
Number of legs
e
=
Spacing between stirrups
b
=
Width of concrete section
How many times do you apply curing membrane?
Two (2) times, first application is parallel to the pavement, and the second application is
perpendicular to the first application or vice versa.
What is the minimum and maximum slope of chutes during pouring concrete?
Concrete
A-
60-
Q-
61-
AQ-
62-
AQA-
Minimum slope is 1: 3
Maximum slope is 1 : 2
Maximum height of chute : 1.5 meters
Typical height not less than 1.0 meters
What is the minimum compressive strength of concrete cylinders after 28 days for prestressed concrete?
At least 350k 3/cm2
What should be the minimum strength of concrete before applying the force for posttensioning?
300 kg/cm3
When do you start counting the mixing time of concrete and what is the mixing time for a
stationary or central batching plant?
Mixing time shall be measured from the time all materials except water are in the drum.
Mixing time should not less than 50 seconds nor more than 90 seconds.
63.
6465-
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
How many cylinder or cube samples are you going to get in every pouring?
A66-
QA-
67-
Q-
One (1) set or six (6) pieces for every 50 cu.m. of concrete mix or fraction thereof in each
days pouring.
Why do we cure concrete samples while structure has a different curing procedures?
In sample, volume is less comparing to surface area. So the water needed for hydration
will be easy to loss. Whereas, in structure the volume is bigger comparing to area. So,
losing of water of hydration is minimal.
How will you choose or specify the maximum size of the aggregate?
A-
a)
b)
3/4 of the minimum clear spacing between the reinforcing bars and forms and
between adjacent bars.
c)
6869-
707172-
73-
Q-
A-
0.20
Q-
A-
a)
b)
Q-
A-
To accelerate strength-gain.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
Concrete
7475-
7677-
A-
Q-
According to ASTM, what is the temperature for storing concrete cylinders in laboratory?
A-
16'C to 27'C
Q-
A-
No individual samples should be less than 75% of the required compressive strength and
their average strength should not lesser than 85% of the required compressive strength.
QAQ-
As per ACI standard, what is the temperature of cement allowed to be used for concrete?
77oC maximum
What is the pumping pressure of the standby flushing grouting equipment used for prestressed concrete?
Pumping pressure not more than 20 kg/sq.cm. (2Mpa) and capable of pumping at a
pressure of at least 10 kg/sq.cm.
(1 Mpa).
What are the methods used to check air content of fresh concrete in the laboratory?
1- Gravimetric method
2- Pressure method
3- Volumetric method
What are the usual test for Portland cement?
1- Chemical test:
a) Chemical composition
b) Loss on ignition
c) Insoluble residue
2- Physical test:
a) Initial and Final setting time
b) Compressive strength of the mortar
c) Air content of the mortar
d) Fineness
e) Autoclave expansion
If you have a ready mix design, how to inspect batch plant?
1- Calibration of plant
2- Accurate weighing as per mix design
3- Dry mixing of aggregate prior to adding of water
4- Wet mixing of mix should be sufficient
5- Dozes of admixture should be controlled
6- Temperature of concrete should be (15oC 33oC)
7- Should meet slump requirement
8- Rate of batching should meet rate of pouring at site.
9- Avoid segregation of stockpiles, etc.
On what basis is the adjustment of water on batch plant according to mix design?
Appropriate adjustments should be made in the mixing water if the slump is incorrect, or
in water/cement ratio if the required strength is not achieved. Then new batch weights
must be calculated.
A78-
QA-
79-
QA-
80-
QA-
81-
QA-
83-
Q-
A-
After 24 hours, samples should be brought to laboratory for proper curing until the time of
test.
Q-
Concrete
A-
84-
The term workability is difficult to define precisely but it could be defined in at least three
separate properties:
1-
Compatibility or the ease with which the concrete can be compacted and the air
voids removed.
2-
Mobility - or the ease with which the concrete can flow into moulds, around steel,
and be re molded.
3-
Q-
A-
No, because this kind of water carries carbon dioxide (CO2) that when this element react to
lime in cement will lead to cracking of concrete by the action of carbon oxide (CO). It also
produces erosion on the mix during the flow of water thereby carrying away the sand in
the mix.
Q-
A-
In the process of cement hydration, soluble calcium hydroxide is formed. The leakage of
water through cracks or joints or porous concrete may carry the calcium hydroxide in
solution through the concrete structure. The reaction between the calcium hydroxide and
carbon dioxide will cause precipitation of calcium carbonate in the surface will form of a
white deposits, that over along period of time it will cause disintegration.
86-
QA-
87-
QA-
88-
QA-
85-
10
Concrete
2389-
QA-
It is the effect in bore cast in-situ piles during removal of casing due to suction effect of
entrapped air.
To avoid necking, casing are being removed by tamping it twice in every lifting.
909192-
93-
94-
95-
96-
Q-
If a choice is given, where will you start pouring concrete for your ordinary beam?
A-
Q-
For lifting, were will you put the hook to lift the beam?
A-
Q-
What is wrong with the steel beam under a concrete slab with no connection except
surface contact?
A-
It must possess SHEAR CONNECTRS, which are in the shape of studs, welded at beam
top flange.
Q-
A-
The spacing of shear connectors (studs) should be lesser towards the ends of the beams as
compared to beam center, because of horizontal shear intensity.
Q-
A-
The spacing should be closer towards ends and at the mid supports in case of simple and
continuous beams respectively.
Q-
Did you do any precaution to shutters of precast pre-stressed beams while dimensioning ?
A-
Yes, the side shutters were folded outside and the end shutters removed completely so as
to provide free movement without any restrictions while the transfer of pre-stress would be
completed and the beams will slide along the bed and bow upwards to develop Initial
Camber.
Q-
When will you start steam curing of precast pre-stressed pre-tensioned beams, incase the
steam is used ?
After final finishing, beams were immediately covered with thick polyethylene sheeting to
maintained the temperature of 10C in the curing chamber by low pressure steam. After
waiting ? 2-3 hours, the temperature will be raised at he rate of 10C/hr. until the
temperature at concrete surface is 71C. An average of 13-16 hours was taken in attaining
28 days required strength.
In pre-stressed concrete, How will you transfer the force to the beam ?
By accomplishing a slow gradual detensioning by releasing jacks instead of cutting the
strands.
What will be the strength required for pre-stressed concrete at transfer of prestress and the
28 days ultimate strength ?
At transfer ---------------- 300 kgs/cm2
At 28 days ---------------- 360kgs/cm2
What is stopping distance ?
A-
97-
QA-
98-
QA-
99.
Q-
11
Concrete
A-
100.
QA-
101.
QA-
102.
QA-
103.
104.
105.
QAQA-
Q-
12
Concrete
A-
108.
QA-
109.
Q-
Tricalcium Silicate (C-S) Hardens rapidly and is mainly responsible for the initial
sot and early strength.
(2)
Dicalcium Silicate (C2S) Hydrates slowly and is the main source of increased
strength after the first wok of hardening.
(3)
Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A) reacts very quickly and adds a small amount of
strength. (heat of hydration).
(4)
Tetracalcium Alumina Ferrate (C4AF) reacts slowly, and reducing clinking
temperature.
What chemical affect the strength?
Tricalcium Silicate (C3S).
If a mix is prone to segregate, How would you overcome it ?
By reducing the water content or increasing the overall specific surface by :
a)
Adding more cement
b)
Adding more sand
c)
Adding the same weight of sand out of a finer sand.
d)
Decrease the maximum size of aggregate.
e)
Use of admixtures or additions.
What the 2 basic states of properties of concrete?
(1) Plastic State:
a) Water / Cement ratio
b) Workability
c) Segregation
d) Bleeding
(2) Hardened State:
a) Strength, both compressive & tensile
b) Durability
c) Shrinkage and Creep
d) Surface finish
What is the advantages of reducing water?
A-
a)
Increase strength
b)
Increase impermeability
c)
d)
Increase Water-tightness
e)
f)
106.
107.
110.
QAQA-
(1)
Q-
A-
These includes certain types of soils, certain ground rocks, and fly ash that react with
calcium hydroxide to form weak cementing compounds. They may be used to help control
temperature rise in concrete, to aid in controlling potential expansion due to reactive
aggregates, to improve workability or to provide economy, with the pozzolan replacing
some of the Portland cement (at the expense of strength, of course).
111.
QA-
112.
Q-
How will you compare steel grade 40, 60, and 75?
Ultimate Strength
Yield Strength
70,000 psi
40,000 psi
Grade 40
90,000 psi
60,000 psi
Grade 60
270,000 to 300,000 psi
75,000 psi
Grade 75
What are the methods used to accelerate curing of concrete cylinder samples?
13
Concrete
A-
113.
114.
115.
QAQAQA-
116.
QA-
117.
QA-
118.
QA-
119.
QA-
120.
Q-
a)
b)
14
Concrete
A-
121.
QA-
122.
QA-
123.
QA-
124.
QA-
125.
QA-
It is a volume change due to cement hydration but not due to variation in moisture
temperature or stress. This may be either an expansion or contraction.
Normal rate of evaporation is 0.8 kg/m2/hr. at 20oC air, 60% humidity, 25oC concrete
temp., 20 km./hr. wind velocity. The maximum rate of evaporation is 4 kg./m2/hr.
What is the effect of sewage on concrete?
Hydrogen sulphide formed by bacteria above 10oC and combines with oxygen to form
sulfuric acid.
To Prevent: 1. Keep the sewage at low temp. 2- Ventilation.
3- Running the sewer. 4Use of high alumina cement
What is standard deviation
Is the average disportion of each individual test result, regardless of the sign, from the
arithmetic mean, and is calculated from the formula:
S.D.
x x
n 1
where:
x
= Mean
= Number of results
= Summation of
15
Concrete
126.
QA-
127.
QA-
128.
QAQA-
139.
130.
QA-
131.
QA-
132.
QA-
133.
QA-
16
Concrete
1.
2.
134.
QA-
135.
QA-
136.
QA-
137.
QA-
138.
QA-
139.
QA-
140.
Q-
17
Concrete
A-
141.
QA-
142.
QA-
143.
QA-
144.
Q-
1.
Abutments.
2.
Piers.
3.
Debris on beam scats and bearings.
What are the factors causing deterioration of steel ?
1.
Air (oxygen) and moisture rust.
2.
Rust from carbonation effect in moist concrete.
3.
Rust from chloride-ion attack in moisture.
4.
Industrial fumes (e.g. presence of hydrogen sulphide causes traces of sulphuric acid
when mixed with dioxidc and moisture).
5.
De-icing salt (chloride attack).
6.
Yield/Buckle/Crack.. due to
a. Thermal strain & restraint.
b. Overloads.
7.
Fatigue from pulsating loads.
8.
Fatigue from stress concentrations (at re-entrant corners, insufficient bearing
width).
9.
Fire-extreme heat will cause deformation and prior to that there will be loss of
strength if it is steel higher than grade 40.
10. Collision & Kinks by live load etc. may bend / buckle / break steel elements.
11. Animal Waste can cause rusting (chemical attack)
12. Welds where welding is poor, technique is improper, the weld may crack.
13. Galvanic Action: Other metals that are in contact with steel may cause corrosion
similar to rust.
What are the minimum requirements for concrete exposed to sea water ?
1.
Minimum cement content not less than 350kg/m3
2.
Minimum cover not less than 10cm.
3.
Portland Blast Furnace slag cement or Sulphate Resistant cement.
4.
Dense mix.
5.
Vibration.
6.
Minimum strength 300kg/cm2
What are the construction procedure for Post-tensioning ?
1.
All tendons are free to move between jacking points.
2.
No application of tensions before the concrete reach to the required compressive
strength.
3.
Arrange datum point to measure extension and jack pressure.
4.
Add jack losses and friction due to duct alignment and curvature.
5.
the stresses in tendons shall not exceed 70% of their ultimate tensile strength, not
more than 80%.
6.
If the measured extension differs by more than 5% from the estimated extension,
corrective action shall be taken.
7.
Stressing shall be from both ends.
8.
After applying the force, the tendons shall be anchored and jack pressure shall be
released to avoid shock to the anchorage of tendons.
9.
The tendons shall not be cropped less than 3 days after grouting.
Are Grade 40 & Grade 60 steel could be welded ?
18
Concrete
A-
145.
146.
QAQA-
147.
QA-
148.
Q-
149.
AQA-
150.
151.
152.
Q-
Grade 40 steel:
Grade 60 steel:
could be welded.
welding is in a special process involving special
electrodes (otherwise its properties will change
and its yield strength reduce.. nearly becoming
Grad 40).
What is the minimum temperature of forms and steel in cold weather concreting ?
5' C
What is the significance of Tricalcium Aluminate in manufacturing of cement ?
1.
It reduces the temperature of fusion.
2.
Facilitates the combination of lime and silica.
What are the important steps for grouting ducts ?
1.
Water-cement ratio should be low as possible, not higher than 0.45.
2.
Admixture containing chlorides or nitrates shall not be used.
3.
Efflux time immediately after mixing = 11 seconds.
4.
The grout consist of only ordinary Portland Cement (Type I) and water.
5.
Bleeding not exceed more than 2% after 3 hours and 4% maximum.
6.
The water caused by bleeding should be re-absorbed after 24 hours.
7.
Grout shall be mixed for 2 minutes (minimum)
8.
Grout should be tested for (longitudinal change)
9.
The grout mixer shall produce the grout under pressure or 7 kg/cm2.
10. Grout temperature shall not be above 32'C during mixing and if necessary the mixing
water should be cooled.
11. Grout shall be injected in one continuous operation and allowed to flow from the
vents until the consistency is same as injected.
If you have two (2) cylinders, one is six (6) inches in diameter and twelve (12) inches
height and the other is four (4) inches in diameter and eight (8) inches height (length:
diameter ratio same), Is there a difference if they are to be compressed ?
The cylinder with smaller size always has greater compressive strength.
Do you think it is justified to crush the cylinders immediately after taking them out from
the water tank ?
No, the cylinders should be dried first for a few hours at room temperature, not directly
under the sun before crushing. Even if they are not fully dried then they can be
capped in moist condition.
Does the use of a pozzolan increase mixing water requirement ?
A-
In general, flyash pozzolans (the by-product from power plant burning of powdered coal)
reduce water requirement a few percent, whereas other pozzolans (made from certain
clays, shales, and other earth materials) increase it a few percent.
Q-
Is it preferable to minimize the percentage of fine aggregates in the mix and why ?
A-
Yes, fine aggregates should be kept at low percentage. It is better to keep them within the
range of 37 to 42%. The concrete mix if towards the coarser side will give better results
like higher strength and durable structure.
Q-
Why excess quantities of magnesium oxide, free lime, or sodium oxide in cement are
considered undesirable ?
A-
The uncombined or free lime should not exceed 1.02% of silica, alumina and iron oxide,
since large quantities of it will cause an expansion and a disruption of the concrete at
some later period.
19
Concrete
20
Concrete
153.
Q-
If the maximum size of aggregates is 2" how will you measure the compressive
strength of concrete?
A-
If the maximum size of aggregates is 2 inches then we can use the cylinder of
concrete having dimension 6" x 12".
The diameter of the cylinder should be three times as compared to the maximum size
of the aggregate. If the maximum size of aggregate is 2" then concrete cylinder
should be prepared with 7" diameter and 15" in length.
154.
155.
Q-
After taking out the cylinder from the pond what precautionary measures you will
take before crushing ?
A-
The cylinders are kept in the shade for drying till there is no sputtering when they are
capped. Even after capping the cylinder are kept moist till they are crushed. The
cylinders should be capped on both sides and the thickness of capping should not be
more than 8 mm.
Q-
What is water reducing and retarding admixture, What are its affects?
A-
156.
Q-
A-
Sea water concrete develops higher early strength than normal water concrete but at
later ages the strength is slower than normal. Sea water concrete increases the risk of
corrosion of steel reinforcement. If sea water is used as mixing water, the strength of
concrete is weakened and cracks occur because of crystallization of salt which
increases cracking pressure if there are no enough air voids in the mix.
If not avoidable, sea water containing up to 35,000 PPM or 3.5% of salt is generally
suitable as mixing water for non-reinforced concrete (concrete without steel).
Sea water should not be used for making pre-stressed concrete where pre-stressing
steel is in contact with concrete.
157.
158.
Q-
A-
Either heats the mixing water or aggregates. Heat the equipment and forms by steam
heating to equal or greater than 5'C.
Q-
A-
Ratio of length
To diameter L/D
Strength correction
Factor
1.75
0.98
1.50
0.96
1.25
0.93
1.00
0.87
Q-
A-
Workability
Durability
Economy
21
Concrete
160.
161.
Q-
A-
Weight method
Q-
A-
32oC at 60%
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
24 C at 30%
"
"
Q-
A-
By reducing aggregate temp. 1oC will reduce concrete temp. 0.5oC, because
aggregates are 80 to 85% from the hole mix.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Clay and silt break the adhesive bond between cement paste and aggregates, lead to
less strength and increase water requirements.
Q-
A-
1-
2-
Steel Grade 60.000 P.S.I. at yield point and 90.000 ultimate strength.
3-
4-
5-
Es = 2 x 106 kg/cm2.
6-
7-
Elongation =
8-
9-
7xL
1000
=
Q-
A-
The contractor shall submit calculations, shop working drawings and manufactures
specifications to the engineer which include all details about bearing.
Q-
State five main situations where you are allowed to stop concreting ?
A-
b)
22
Concrete
c)
Truck transit time is more than 30 minutes for non agitating equipment, one
hour for truck agitator or truck mixer.
d)
e)
f)
g)
23
Concrete
169.
Q-
What chlorides and sulphates attack in concrete? What is their effect on strength and
what do you do to overcome this effect?
A-
Chlorides attack steel bars while sulphates attack the cement. Both increase early
strength of concrete but later strength decreased.
To overcome this effect the following are
a)
170.
Q-
What is pleasticizers ? And super plasticizers ? When do you use ? and what is its
good & bad effects on concrete ?
A-
Plasticizer is a type of admixture used usually for low water cement ratio concrete to
increase its workability. They plasticize the mix by reducing friction between the
ingredients and hence give better workability of concrete, i.e., water content can be
reduced and this can permit higher strength.
Super plasticizers can give highly increased workability, and permit flowing concrete
of high strength i.e. of considerable reduction in water content ratio. They may be
used with retarders in hot weather concreting or where long hauls are involved. The
bad effect of plasticizer is that their effect is of relatively short duration 30 to 60
minutes and is followed by rapid loss in workability, also effect on other properties of
concrete as shrinkage is unpredictable. Increase air content and bleeding.
171.
Q-
What are the general test according to AASHTO required to check the suitability of
water for concrete ?
A-
The test required to check the suitability of water for concrete are:
1) Chemical Analysis: Acidity and alkalinity.
If the hydrogen ion concentration is determined and PH value is less than 4.5 or
more than 8.5 the water is refused. PH value shall be determined either by
electrometric or colorimetric method.
2) Total solids and inorganic matter (Water containing less than 2000 PPM of
dissolved solids can be used for concrete).
3) Action on setting time by using a cement paste tested by vicat needle apparatus:
Any marked change in setting time is sufficient to reject the water under test.
4) Strength of the same cement paste: A reduction more than 10 percent in strength
from paste mixed with distilled water is sufficient to reject the water under test.
172.
Q-
A-
Quality assurance: The activities that have to do with making sure that the quality of a
product is what it should be.
Quality control: The activities that have to do with making the quality of a product
what it should be.
173.
Q-
A-
24
Concrete
174.
Q-
A-
175.
Q-
A-
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
Q-
A-
Calcium chloride, aluminum chloride, sodium chloride, the sulphate of sodium and
potassium, caustic soda, caustic potash certain silicates and carbonates.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
If we face broken-down in concrete trucks and can not be discharge what is your
action ?
A-
Q-
What are the difference between air entrainment and air entrapped ?
A-
181.
182.
183.
184.
Q-
A-
1)
2)
3)
Q-
A-
1)
2)
Q-
A-
1)
Water content.
2)
Size of aggregate.
3)
4)
Admixtures.
5)
Q-
A-
1)
2)
Calcium chloride.
25
Concrete
185.
3)
4)
Rich mixes.
5)
Q-
A-
1)
Age of concrete.
2)
Coarse aggregate.
3)
4)
Curing of concrete.
5)
Temperature of concrete.
6)
W/c ratio.
7)
Surface texture.
8)
Percentage of cement.
9)
Fineness of cement.
QA-
Standard deviation
x 100
mean strength
Coeefficient of variation
Degree of control
20%
Very poor
Fair
Very good
15%
105
187.
188.
189.
Q-
A-
1) Screeding
2) Floating
3) Trowelling
1) Screeding:
2) Floating:
3) Trowelling:
Q-
A-
1)
Q-
A-
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Use of admixtures.
6)
7)
8)
Internal vibrator
2) External
(form)
26
vibrator
3)
Surface vibrator
Concrete
190.
Q-
A-
1)
2)
3)
Q-
A-
192.
193.
194.
Q-
Which is prefer within the specification limits, the higher the fineness modulus or the
lower the fineness modulus ?
A-
The higher the fineness modulus is superior and better to use in cold and hot weather.
Q-
A-
1)
2)
3)
Curing of specimen.
4)
5)
Q-
If for concrete the fineness modulus is not within the specified limit but passing 200
is according to specified requirement, what action will be taken ? is the concrete
acceptable.
A-
195.
196.
Q-
What is the difference between truck mixed and transit mixed concrete ?
A-
1)
2)
Transit mixed concrete : Partially mixed in a central plant and partially in transit
mixer.
QA-
Q-
27
Concrete
A-
198.
1-
2-
3-
4-
Rich mixes.
5-
Q-
A-
1-
2199.
200.
Q-
A-
Show the reaction bet. agg. and alkalies in cement as indicated by the amount of
reaction during 24 Hr. at 80oC bet. sodium hydroxide solution and agg. that has been
crushed and sieved to pass a No 50 sieve retained sieve No 100.
Q-
A-
2-
3-
201
202.
203.
204.
Q-
If the contractor decided to use a different prestressing system. What are the required
?
A-
2-
3-
4-
The required extension in each cable according to Es Value of the strand given
in the test certificate.
Q-
A-
Q-
How to pass the water in out let of Box culvert in case of cut section ?
A-
Q-
A-
Pult.
Qult. x A + F x S
Where
205.
Q-
Pult.
Qult.
Area of pile.
Friction stresses
28
Concrete
A-
206.
207.
208.
219.
210.
1-
To protect from disentegration and sulphate and chloride attack by adding 10%
without additional payment.
2-
3-
Q-
What is the sequence of adding water during mixing concrete in patching plant ?
A-
1-
2-
3-
All water must be in drum after 15 seconds from the required mixing time.
Q-
A-
1-
Differential settlement.
2-
Slide failure.
3-
Bearing failure.
4-
Consolidation.
5-
Seepage effect.
6-
7-
Scouring.
Q-
A-
1-
Soil consolidation.
2-
3-
Pile Group.
4-
Type of soil.
Q-
A-
1-
2-
3-
Q-
A-
1-
H.Z.
4000/250
(4000KN, 250mm strock)
2211.
H.Z.
1750/150
Q-
A-
1-
Q-
29
Concrete
A-
Ft =8 10
Fc'
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
Ft
1
10
1-
Strength of concrete.
2-
Cover.
3-
Fc where Fc Kg/cm2
Q-
A-
1-
Over loads.
2-
Over stresses.
3-
Dynamic load.
4-
Impact load.
5-
Fire.
6-
Foundation movement.
7-
Superstructure movement.
8-
Bearing failure.
Q-
A-
1-
Bleeding.
2-
Plastic settlement.
3-
Segregation.
Q-
A-
1-
2-
Pipe culvert.
3-
Arch culvert.
Q-
A-
1-
Drainage area.
2-
Slope factor.
3-
4-
5-
Design discharge.
6-
Slope of channel.
7-
8-
Hydraulic radius.
Q-
A-
Type A, B, C, D
A
Q-
30
Concrete
A-
1- Slump Test.
2- Bleeding Test.
3- Ball Test.
4- Compacting factor.
5- % of air in fresh concrete. (entrapped air).
219.
220.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
L = F average x Es
Where
L = Elongation cm
L = length cm, Es = 2x 106 kg/ cm2
F
F jacking Fx
2
Modulus of elasticity of
steel = Es
221.
Q-
A-
222.
Q-
A-
223.
Q-
A-
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
0.03
Q-
A-
On pier.
Q-
31
Concrete
A-
1-
Slope protection.
2-
Irrish crossing.
3-
4-
Gabions.
5-
Borrow ditch.
6-
7-
Retaining walls.
8-
Dykes.
9-
231.
232.
233.
234.
Q-
If the boundary of road limited and no chance to make proper embankment slope.
What to do ?
A-
Provide any type of protection to prevent movement of side slope due to internal
friction.
Q-
A-
We calculate the deflection, if within the tolerance O.K. the more the deflection than
specified use in camber.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
70oC.
Q-
A-
Type D
235.
236.
Q-
How to approve the water source without checking in lab. To give direct action to the
contractor ?
A-
Q-
A-
Fx
Fj x e (d + Kx)
Where:
Fx
FJ =
237.
238.
Q-
A-
Q-
32
Concrete
239.
240.
241.
A-
Q-
A-
1-
2-
Admixtures.
3-
Ambient temperature.
4-
5-
Q-
A-
Unnecessary abrasion.
Q-
A-
242.
243.
Q-
A-
2-
3-
P.I Max 6.
4-
Q-
A-
As per AASHTO
Fine agg. = 1.121 gm/cm3
Coarse agg. = 0.881 gm/cm3
244.
Q-
A-
1-
2-
Live loads
a. Truck (per lane) 600 KN (61.2T) -Axle- Truck.
Axel loads:
Design has been carried out by the load factor method according to AASHTO
1983.
33
Concrete
4-
b.
Reinforcing steel.
- High bond, high yield strength, deformed bars having the following
characteristics. (Grade 60).
-
5-
6-
Concrete cover.
Deck slab Top 4 cm
Dec slab Bottom 2.5 cm.
Beams 4 cm.
Columns and piers 4 cm.
Concrete walls in concrete with earth 5 cm.
7-
8-
Splice length.
9-
Foundation.
All foundations shall be placed on undisturbed soil of allowable Bearing
capacity not less than 40 t/m2 (4 kg/cm2) and shall be subject to the approval of
the engineer.
Prior to commencing construction the contractor shall perform at least 1 plate
Bearing test at each bridge location.
The plate Bearing test shall be executed at the depth of foundation of the
footing.
The location at which the test shall be made shall indicated by the resident
engineer.
= 331 t.
= 160 t.
Horizontal displacement
34
= 5.1 cm.
Concrete
35
Concrete
TECHNICAL QUESTIONS
1.
2.
Q-
If the contractor get the strength of concrete more than the specified, with lesser cement
factor than the required will you pay him? Why?
A-
Q-
If you are to select any one of the following for control, which one you will select?
General Specification
Special Specification
Bill of Quantities (B.O.Q.)
Drawing
A-
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Q-
Based on your experience, what is your opinion about the works in the climate in Saudi
Arabia?
A-
Q-
What will be the number of trucks with a capacity of 30 tons are required in an asphalt
plant producing 180 tons/hour, if the truck takes 2 hours in going and coming from the
pavers?
A-
12 trucks. Hence, for 2 hours asphalt plant produces 360 tons of mix. 6 trucks will load
180 tons while the remaining trucks will load another 180 tons while 6 trucks (early
batch) are coming back from the pavers for continuous operation of the plant.
Q-
If in cut section the 20 cm. material are okay but below it the soil has natural compaction
of 90% and the contractor are asking for a payment, are you going to pay?
A-
No
Q-
A-
Q-
Supposing there are many activities going on that day, and same day request for next day
activities was submitted by the contractor, what will be the flow of those request and such
request be acted?
A-
Distribute the request to fieldsman and instruct them to finish first the previous request by
doing overtime work if necessary, so that so that new request will be acted immediately
the following day.
Technical Questions
8.
9.
10
Q-
If the contractor request to use salty water for concreting, is it possible to used such for
concrete?
A-
If potable water is not available, salty water could be used for non-reinforced slab. To
reinforced structure, concrete must be dense and proper and strict supervision to be
adopted. For pre-stressing, salty water cannot be used.
Q-
what Back Slopes you would adopt in the rocky area and sandy area?
A-
Q-
Steps taken in the preparation of a monthly certificate. what deduction are usually
applied?
A-
11
12.
13.
Q-
what is C.P.M. ?
A-
CPH or Critical Path Method for making program for a construction project. It consist of
a series of Line inter-connected each indicate an activity. The project is divided into a
number of such activities and a time duration is determined. Keeping in mind the number
of manpower and equipment.
Q-
A-
Q-
A-
14.
Q-
What are the procedure for payment in Common Excavation, Bock Excavation, Borrow
Excavation & Unclassified Exc. ?
Technical Questions
A-
15.
QA-
16.
17.
Q-
A-
Only one.
Q-
If the contractor submit his schedule or program for work. How will you deal with it?
A-
As per special specification we check his staff and people and all equipments.
Check the program as per actual activities.
Correct the program and send to the contractor for. Revise it for approval.
Technical Questions