Earth:
A Written Report
reignman2000@yahoo.com.ph
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Geographical coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Earth’s Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Introduction
land and under the oceans. The biosphere encompasses all living
Weather changes, rain falls, soil washes away, and plants take
in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, all through the properties
from the center of the sphere. Lines joining points of the same
poles.
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Speculations …….
• Once believed that the Earth is flat and that ships could sail
• The Flat Earth Society still alive and well and describe
miles and a diameter of 24900 miles. The sun and moon are both
above the Earth, and the stars about 100 miles above the sun and
moon. The Flat Earth Society also maintains that the Earth is
itself. However, other planetary bodies such as the moon and the
Historical perspective
• Early Greek view was that the world was surrounded by Oceanus,
celestial sphere.
point. All meridians are halves of great circles, and are not
123d30.0')
decimal numbers.
Geodesic height
To completely specify a location of a topographical feature
on, in, or above the Earth, one has to also specify the vertical
named point. Each country has defined its own datum. In the
Earth's centre can be used both for very deep positions and for
positions in space.
Cartesian coordinates
movement caused by the Moon and the tides. The daily movement
cm a year, or 10 m in a century.
Geostationary coordinates
Toomer, G. J
Ptolemy's Almagest.
Princeton University Press, 1998.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
http://www.sciencenews.org/
http://www.gri.msstate.edu/
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Earth was a sphere. These included (1) the fact that the shadow
of the moon is
south.
• The moon looks like a disk. Is the Earth the same shape?
Alexandria.
km
Earth’s Division
journey to the center of the Earth. There are many books and
the Earth’s core, or even all the way to the other side of
world! It’s fun to pretend that we can tunnel to other side, but
through the center of the Earth. The Earth has three very thick
layers, and the center is so hot that humans could never survive
there.
The Core
of two parts: the inner core and the outer core. At the very
kilometers thick.
Inner Core
14
18
core, iron and nickel are solid. Although the inner core is
very hot, pressure from the weight of the rest of the Earth
Outer Core
4000oF – 9000oF.
liquid state.
The Mantle
core, the mantle has two layers, the upper and lower mantle.
15
the mantle, it can flex and move out of the way to make room.
Once the load lessens, the mantle can return to its original
position.
The Crust
The top layer of the Earth is called the crust. The crust is the
layer upon which we live and build our cities. The crust is the
layer that can sustain life, yet it is the thinnest layer of the
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Non-spherical Earth
13
eclipses, which take place at the same time [for all observers],
the places.
west.
east-west.
12
Aristotle):
B. Astronomical evidence:
longitudes.
latitudes.
local times.
north or south.
eclipse.
6. Macrocosm-microcosm analogy: Circumpolar stars (and
spherical.
11
as the sun sets, he jumps to his feet and enjoys a few extra
seconds of sunlight
10
(a)
(b)
Ellipsoid Semi-major axis Semi-minor axis b Inverse flattening (1/f)
reference a
Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust
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Summing Up
journey to the center of the Earth, but each day scientists make
which we live.
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structure from its surface to its very center. Since the cenetr
is nearly 6,000 kms. from the surface, most of this model is
the inner core is the outer core about 2250 kilometers thickmade
and silicon. This layer called the mantle reaches almost the
rocks called the crust. The crust ranges in thickness from about
below the continents. Mines and well go deep into the crust, but
5
References
Science
Scientific Publications,
1989.
1991).
A readable biography of Columbus by a noted Columbus scholar.