DIPLOMA IN PHYSIOTHERAPY

HDP 112
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2
JUN 2015
QUIZ 2

1. Describe structure of stomach and it functions.

(5marks)
2. Write short notes on phase of digestion.
marks)

(5

3. What is glial cell? List function for any 2 of the cell.

(5 marks)
4. Draw and label structure of neuron.
marks)
5. Define the following term
marks)
a)Tidal volume
b) Inspiratory reserve volume
c) Expiratory reserve volume
d) Residual volume

(5
(5

ANSWER SCHEME
Questi
on
No

Solution

STOMACH
Structure:
The stomach is a hollow, J- shaped muscular organ
of the digestive tract. It is involved in the second
phase of digestion, following mastication (chewing).

It is on the left upper part of the abdominal cavity

while the top of the stomach lies against the
diaphragm.

Sub
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k

Total
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k

2
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ks

5
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The stomach is located between the esophagus and

the small intestine. It is separated from the
oesophagus by the cardiac sphincter and separated
from the small intestine by the pyloric sphincter.
The stomach wall is made up of four layers:
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

The inner layer has irregular folds called rugal folds

(1

marks x2 point)
Function of stomach
The stomach releases proteases( protein-digesting
enzymes such as pepsin) and hydrochloric acid, which kills
or inhibits bacteria and provides the acidic pH for the
proteases to work
The stomach enzymes are specially useful for the
digestion of proteins

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Temporary store food

(
1 point x1 marks)

Phases of digestion:

Cephalic phase :
This phase occurs before food enters the stomach
and involves preparation of the body for eating and
digestion.
Sight and thought stimulate the cerebral cortex.
Taste and smell stimulus is sent to the
hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. Gastric
secretion at this phase rises to 40% of maximum
rate.

The saliva serves to clean the oral cavity and

moisten the food, and contains digestive enzymes
such as salivary amylase, which aids in the
breakdown of carbohydrates. It also contains
mucous, a glycoprotein which helps soften the food
into a bolus. Swallowing transports the chewed food
into the oesophagus, passing through the
oropharynx

Gastric phase This phase takes 3 to 4 hours. Food

enters the stomach through the cardiac orifice
where it is further broken apart and thoroughly
mixed with gastric acid, pepsin and other digestive
enzymes to break down proteins.It is stimulated by
distention of the stomach, presence of food in
stomach. Distention stimulates the release of more
gastric juices.

Intestinal phase Partially-digested food fills the

duodenum. This triggers intestinal gastrin to be
released.

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Enterogastric reflex activates sympathetic fibers

causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent
more food from entering. Nutrients and water from
the food are absorbed and converted into solid
waste material to be excreted out from the body.

3
Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia are non-neuronal
cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide
support and protection for the brains neurons.
(1 marks)
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
(0.5marks X 4
points)

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Oligodendrocytes
- produce myelin sheath
- hold the axons together
Microglia
- Responsible for removing foreign matter and cellular
debris
Ependymal cells
- form a cellular barrier between nervous system and the
fluid in its cavities.
- Involved in the production of CSF
Astrocytes
- They function to hold cell bodies and axons in place, also
helps in regulating the exchange of chemicals between
themselves and blood vessels, contributing to overall
nutrition and metabolic activities of neurons
(1 marks x
2)

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4
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5
Tidal volume (TV)
It is the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs
during quiet breathing at rest.
TV=500ml
ii) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
It is the volume of air additional to TV that can be inspired
during a maximum inspiration.
IRV=2500ml
iii) Expiratory Reserve volume (EVR)
It is the volume of air additional to TV that can be expired
during a maximum expiration.
ERV=1000ml
iv) Residual volume (RV)
It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs
after a maximum expiration.
RV=1500ml
v) Vital capacity (VC)
t is the maximum volume of air that can be expired after
a maximum inspiration
VC= IRV + TV + ERV = 4000ml
(1 marksx1 point)
\

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