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INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

Foreign Policy, National Interest and National


Security
-Kent Alvin Guzman

Kaye Elianne Barbero


General Application
FOREIGN POLICY defined;
-The term foreign policy is the pattern of behavior that one country adopts
while pursuing its interests in relation with other states.
-It consists of a set of guidelines articulated by the government of a country
in order to promote its national interests through the conduct of its relations
with other countries.
-it is a part of the general program of government.
PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE SELECTION OF AIMS AND GOALS IN FOREIGN
POLICY
The objectives of a nations foreign policy are varied depending upon the
states field of interests; but it is assumed that the common denominator of
all policy goals is the obligation of any politically organized group to maintain
the state as an unimpaired entity.
1. Maintaining the Integrity of the State.
The concept of international unity includes the management, control,
and governance of the territory, including the general welfare of its
citizens both at home and abroad. The jurisdiction over land and
people must be maintained in any situation at all times.
Principle of geographic unit, in relation to the maintenance of titles
of all areas claimed by the state, cession of certain areas and
acquisition of new territories and possessions must be upheld.
2. Promoting Economic Interests. Another principle underlying the
selection of the goals of foreign policy is the obligation of the
government to promote the welfare of the state. The prosperity of a
state is contingent upon many complex and related factors; e.g. the
states assets which include geographic location in relation to the
industrial centers of the world: natural resources, climate, and the size
and character of the population, and the manner in which assets are
exploited.
3. Providing for National Security. The third principle underlying the
determination of policy goals is focused on the security of a nation. It is
assumed that all nations have certain devices to protect their
government from attack and possible dangers.
The framers of policy should provide a defense mechanism in case
an attack may arise. Governments which would retain their territorial
boundaries intact are said to follow status quo policies. On the other
hand, governments with designs on new territory develop revisionists
policies. The two methods by which revisionist policies may be
executed is either by peaceful negotiations or by force.

Because of the experiences of World War II, the definition of security has
undergone overhaul revision and now involves at least three phases of
preparedness--- political, economic and military.
POLITICAL Preparedness may be achieved in part by employing some
strategies; e.g
1. creating a treaty network that will serve the dual purpose of forming
strong alliance and commitments with strong allies and, consequently,
isolating any potential enemy;
2. utilizing international tensions to implement policy;
3. framing and prosecuting a positive, popularly supported, and vigorous
foreign policy;
4. avoiding, by negotiation, the precipitation of an overtly hostile act that
might cause war;
5. using international machinery for collective security.
ECONOMIC preparedness involves;
1. the possession of essential minerals, foodstuffs, and other raw
materials or access to them;
2. industrial capability
3. administrative, industrial, scientific know-how necessary to create the
weapons and other equipment and facilities needed by the military
services
4. financial capability or national wealth to undermine all the foregoing
activities without incurring internal economic collapse.
MILITARY requirements for maintenance of national security include;
1. a long-range strategic plan of attack and defense, supplemented by
constant study of possible tactical situations that might develop in
encountering potential enemies;
2. the organization and training of a fighting service that can efficiently
utilize the modern engines of land, sea, and air power;
3. plans for coordinating civilians, personnel and facilities to meet a war
situation;
4. the provision of adequate and proper logistical support, such as
transportation and supply.
Political Scientists include psychological preparedness as a final factor in
national security. Whether it has been artificially induced by propaganda, the
morale of the population can become a vital element in the maintenance of
national security.
Protecting National Prestige
The fourth principle used in guiding the formulation of policy goals is the
maintenance of national prestige. Inasmuch as individuals are concerned
with their personal reputation in the community in which they live, the state,
by the same token, is obliged to consider its reputation in the international
affairs. A state must conduct its international affairs with pride and selfrespect as a sovereign political entity.
Developing Power

This is the last important interest that constitutes the guiding principle in the
formulation of policy goals, the acquisition of power. Power is a leverage. It is
the ability to initiate and control events to obtain results.
Kings, dictators and presidents are symbols of power. Winning a war is, in
effect, the result of the virtual application of power. In any society, one group
possesses the political, social, economic, and cultural affairs of the
government, which another group tries to control. Power in politics is the
capacity control or command over others to influence the peoples thoughts
for the attainment of political goals. It is in this context that power may be
inferred as the most universal of all principles that condition foreign policy
goals.
FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS CONDITIONING FOREIGN POLICY
When experts in government devise the foreign policy of a particular
country, there are certain requirements that must be considered. It is
important that the goals it purports to achieve are in line with the basic
tenets of existence in the international sphere that affect its status. These
are the geographic strategic situation, population potential,
economic endowment, and ideological environment.
1. The Geographic-Strategic Requirements
The characteristics of the size, climate, topography, and shape are
important requirements of the physical environment.
-the size should be large enough to provide an adequate standard of
living for a population.
-the climate should be conducive to physical vigor, either temperate
or tropical.
-the topography of the physical environment offers boundaries with
natural defense barriers such as rivers, lakes, oceans, swamps,
deserts, mountains, and forests.
-the shape should be relatively easy to defend in conventional
warfare.
These advantages are not present in all states.
2. The Population
This variable is reflected in the multi-facets of a states foreign policy.
The size, the socio-economic status and the dynamics of growth and
decline of a nations population come into play in the formulation of its
foreign policy. Other factors that are considered are the degree of its
social integration in the national community and the adequacy and
ability of its political institutions to cope with crises.
3. The Economic Endowment / Resources
The status of a states economic resources inevitably influence the
shape of its foreign policy. The health of a states economic resource is
an indicator of the vigor and viability it displays in its relation with
other states. Economic analysts describe the function of an economic
system as the utilization of land, labor, capital, and enterprise for
production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Normally, if the economic system comes up with expectations, the
standard of living of the people is better. A powerful state is usually
described as one possessing a well-integrated and highly industrialized
economy. It is endowed with human and natural resources which are
useful in the production of goods for consumption at home and for
export abroad. The states foreign trade can meet adequately domestic

needs and contribute toward the establishment of a favorable balance


of trade with the rest of the world. A country that is rich in economic
resources will play an important role in world affairs.
4. The Ideological Environment/ Component
Political thinkers generally agree that a nations ideology plays an
important role in influencing the shape and direction of its domestic
affairs; however, the extent of the impact of ideology upon foreign
policy becomes a subject of debate. Ideology, as a body of doctrines
and theories of the socio-political system of a social movement or
institution reflects the belief and attitude of a people- the values they
consider important and the goals they want to achieve, individually or
collectively. The ideology of a nation serves to legitimize the existing
political system and the scope of government authority. The people are
socialized through customs, and traditions and education to accept
ideological goals in justification for domestic policy decisions.
To a certain extent, foreign policy is the statement of a nations aspiration
and the purpose of its goals truly reflects its domestic needs.
OFFICIAL AGENCIES THAT FORMULATE FOREIGN POLICY
The executive department assumes primary responsibility for the
formation of the foreign policy of a state. The President, as chief of state, is
the official spokesman of the government in its relations with other states. As
head of the administration of he is in charge of the supervision of policymaking machinery.
i.e. in the Unites States, the President can wield tremendous power in
shaping foreign policy. His public utterances characterize the policy for the
American citizenry. In some cases, their views become policies bearing their
names; e.g. the Monroe Doctrine and the Truman Doctrine. He negotiates
treaties, enters into executive agreements and appoints ambassadors. As
commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces, he may plan and direct military
operations.
The President may implement policy by political intervention.
i.e. military intervention resorted to by President Harry Truman in Korea in
1950; President John F. Kennedy in Vietnam in 1966; and President Nixon in
Cambodia in 1969. It will be noted that the Chief Executive of the United
States is responsible for the expenditure of billions of dollars in the foreignaid programs that constitute a vital part of the post World War II foreign
policy. While these powers are not unlimited, the treaties must be approved
by the Senate and the House, and ultimately, sanction executive
agreements. The Presidents authority is also under the scrutiny of the
opposition party and the vigilant and assertive public opinion.
THE DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
The Secretary of Foreign Affairs is in charge of administering his department.
He also supervises the diplomatic and consular services of the state and
maintains contact with the legislative body. He is directly responsible for the
policy-making on foreign matters that will redound to the welfare of the
people. He also acts as the official adviser to the executive in matters of
foreign relations.
THE PROCESS OF FORMULATING POLICY

Foreign Policy is the outcome of a deliberate and intricate decision-making


process. There are certain procedures in the formulation of policy and these
include the following important functions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Information and intelligence gathering


Data analysis
Translation of information into alternative courses of action
Planning
Decision-making

An effective foreign policy is based in part upon the accuracy and


comprehensiveness of the description of the international environment and
being available to the decision-makers. With the requisite facts on hand, an
important variable is the ability to analyze and interpret them correctly.
Information is an important instrument of power. It forms the subject of
conversations between the elite and decision-making groups who are
conducting diplomacy between states. The problems involved in foreign
policy should be looked into by the decision-makers. These cover commerce,
trade, agriculture, labor, science, and technology, as well as political and
military matters, and must considered in the agenda when negotiating a
treaty.
Our primary source of gathering information is the diplomatic and consular
corps. Generally, consuls gather economic information, while diplomats
interpret political developments.
Diplomatic missions vary in importance and this depends upon significance
of the relations between particular states. A distinction between missions is
reflected in the ranks of the diplomatic staff. The highest diplomatic ranks
are those of ambassador (comparable papal officials are the nuncios and
legates), envoy extraordinary, and minister plenipotentiary, all of equal
status. Lesser ranks are minister resident, and charges d affairs. The other
personnel perform specialized tasks and variously designated as agents,
attaches and consular.
THE EMBASSY
Generally, it includes political and economic departments: consular, public
affairs, military attaches service and administrative section, and other
related attached agencies operating in a particular country. These offices
have the function of representing the state in its relations with the foreign
governments to which they are accredited, and they provide adequate
information on vital statistics of that states political, economic, and cultural
life.
The ambassador is constantly, involved in the business of diplomacy.
o He communicates messages from this government and responds to
requests from the host country.
o He attends meetings and conferences, many of them of a social
nature, representing his government in a public-relations role.
o He assists or conducts negotiations for treaties or commercial
agreements.
o Listen and act on current negotiations between nations and the host
country.
o He has to be ready with critical questions on current economic and
political problems of his country.

ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE
The information with regard to the compilation of economic intelligence is
vital through a separate network of consulates.
A consulate is staffed by senior officials of varying ranks designated as
consul general, consuls, and consular agent are assigned various tasks.
The consul;
o Generally in charge of providing information on economic conditions of
the country to which he is accredited
o Business and trade opportunities are carefully studied and analyzed,
and enforcement of any existing commercial agreements is supervised.
o He is also responsible to nationals of his country who are travelling to
the country in which he is stationed and are domiciled there.
o He reports to his superiors all information, political or otherwise, that
he believes to be og significance.
FOREIGN POLICY AND POLITICAL DYNAMICS
Policy planners on foreign policy usually cooperate within the
framework of reference provided by past experiences.
New policy stems from traditions deeply embedded in a nations history.
It is an extension of past policy projected in the light of new
developments and recent experiences.
One of the most important elements in this process is the impact of public
opinion as channeled through different parties and interest groups.
INSTRUMENTS AND TACTICS IN THE EXECUTION OF FOREIGN POLICY
The final stage of the process of formulating policy is reaching a decision to
adopt a course of action. The success hinges on the carefully designed plans
and the efficacy of its implementations. The execution of foreign policy
involves the skillful utilization of tactical instruments as an integral part of
the strategic approach to policy formulation.
The widely used instruments employed as policy device are categorized as
(1) political-legal; (2) economic-financial; (3) military ; and (4)
propagandistic-ideological.
1. Political-legal.
This device includes the use of recognized channels of negotiation such
as good offices.
This is done when one state offers to do the role of intermediary
between two countries in dispute.
Another case is adjudication wherein a dispute of two parties is
submitted to a judicial tribunal, with prior agreement of the
parties involved and they abide by its decision.
Others are negotiations of treaty, a declaration of neutrality and
the recall of instrumentalities which play a significant role when
applied to specific political situations.
2. Economic-financial.
The economic-financial instruments relate to the raising or lowering of
tariff barriers or the use of cartels.

The embargo and boycott strategies were utilized effectively as


part of Hitlers economic program to achieve self-sufficiency.
3. Military.
This military instrument of policy was almost perfected in between the
two world wars. The announcements of a plan to increases or decrease
the size of armed services may serve to implement policy.
i.e mobilization, pacific blockade and a show of military struggle.
The ultimate military instrument is war.
4. Propaganda
This instrument includes activities categorized under the general
designation of propaganda. The use of mass communication through
print and broadcast, motion picture and television are propaganda
vehicles used in the execution of foreign policy. The art of propaganda
is accepted by the leaders of the world.
i.e. Hitler is particularly skillful in propaganda strategies. One of
the most effective propaganda instruments of policy is a
NATIONS IDEOLOGY. (This ideology includes a wide variety of
accepted symbols that are virtually manipulated in defending or
disputing policy issues)
In the United States, democracy is symbolized by the Statue of
Liberty, the American Eagle, or the blindfolded goddess holding
the scale of justice.
On the other hand, the communist symbol indicates the hammer
and sickle.
The struggle for power between the United States and the Soviet
Union is often referred as the battle of ideologies.

N.B. the execution of foreign policy may be hampered because of faulty


planning, poor timing, poor judgment, vacillation and sheer inconsistency.
Philippine Situation
The most important provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitution which
pertain to the framing of Philippine foreign policy are as follows:

Article II, Section 2: "The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of


national policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of international
law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy of peace,
equality, justice."
Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy.
This is the first aspect above declaration. It is in accordance with the
principle in the United Nations Charter binding all members to refrain in
their international relations from the threat or use of force against the
territorial integrity or political independence of any state. The declaration
refers only to the renunciation by the Philippines of aggressive war, not war
in defense of her national honor and integrity. Men and nations cannot waive
in advance the basic right of self-preservation.

Under Article VI, Section 23 (1) of the Constitution, Congress with the
concurrence of 2/3 of all its members, voting separately, may declare the
existence of a state of war.
Adoption of the generally accepted principles of international
law as part of our law.
International law refers to the body of rules and principles which governs the
relations of nations and their respective peoples in their intercourse with one
another.
The second portion of the declaration binds the Philippines to enforce or
observe within its jurisdiction, generally accepted principles of international
law, whether customary or by treaty provision, as part of the law of the land.
There is here an automatic adoption of international law as part of the law of
the Philippines under what is known as the doctrine of incorporation.
(1)When international usage to be applied. International usages or the
customs of civilized nations are given effect by our courts in the
absence of any treaty, executive order, legislative act, or judicial
decision. An example of a principle established by international usage
is that fishing boats belonging to an enemy are not subject to seizure
in time of war.
(2)A treaty has force of a statute. The constitution gives a treaty the
same weight and value as a statute of Congress. In case of conflict
between a treaty and a statute, the prior act superseded by the later
one in point of time.
When a treaty is superseded by a subsequent statute of Congress, the
treaty is repealed or abrogated as [art of the law of the land but it still
subsists as an engagement of the Philippines, although it may not be
enforceable by our courts. The other State may only present its
complaint to the political organs (i.e. President and Congress) of our
government.
(3)Constitution prevails over a treaty. the phrase law of the nation in
the 1935 Constitution was changed to law of the land in the 1973
Constitution in order to avoid any conjecture that the generally
accepted principles of international law are incorporated into Philippine
law with the force of constitutional provisions. The change is retained
in the new constitution. Thus, should a conflict arise between the
Constitution and a treaty, the former prevails.
Adherence to the policy of peace, equality, justice with all nations
The third aspect is a corollary to the foregoing portions of the above
declaration of principle. It shows a positive attitude on the part of the
Philippines toward the observance of the principles of the United Nations
Charter and to universally accepted rules and principles of international law.
In line with the objectives of the United Nations, the Philippines seeks only
peace and frienship with her neighbors and all countries of the world,
regardless of race, creed, ideology and political system, on the basis of
mutual trust, respect and cooperation. It supports the right of all nations,
big and small, to equality, freedom, and justice in their relations with one
another and the policy of non-interference and peaceful settlement of
international disputes and opposes the use of force, or the threat of force, in
relations among nations.

Article II, Section 7: "The State shall pursue an independent foreign


policy. In its relations with other states the paramount consideration
shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and
the right to self-determination."
Foreign Policy of the Philippines
Foreign Policy is the basic direction underlying the conduct by a State of its
affairs vis--vis those of other States. It is a set of guidelines followed by a
government of a country in order to promote its national interest through
the conduct of its relations with other countries.
(1)Formulation and conduct of foreign policy.
The President is the chief architect of Philippine foreign policy.
Under our constitutional system, Congress shares with the
President the responsibility of formulating the countrys foreign
policy although the conduct thereof is primarily reposed in the
executive department. The President formulates our foreign
policy principally with the help of the Department of Foreign
Affairs.
(2)An instrument of domestic policy.
Its importance is the survival and progress of a country cannot
be over-emphasized.
It is the sole weapon of a State for the promotion of national
interest in international affairs. Thus, foreign policy is but a
reflection and an instrument of domestic policy, the former being
related to and dictated by the latter. They are not only mutually
consistent but complementary.
(3)Pursuit of an independent foreign policy
The Constitution mandates the State to pursue an independent
foreign policy, aware of the unwelcome consequences of a policy
characterized by excessive dependence on another country.
An independent foreign policy simply means one that is not
subordinate or subject to nor dependent upon the support of
another government.
-an independent nation rejects foreign dictation and decides
for itself what the national interest is and how it is to be
promoted and protected.
(b) An independent foreign policy, however, it is not one that
completely rejects advice or assistance from without. Neither does it
mean abandoning traditional allies or being isolated from the
international community.
-to be realistic, a foreign policy must have a global outlook in
view of the deleterious effect on the countrys relations with other
countries of a foreign policy that revolves only on our relations with
select members of the international community. Being a small
developing nation, we must make no enemy if we can make a friend.
(4) Basic Foreign Policy Objective.

In general, our basic foreign policy objective is to establish


friendly relations with all countries of the world regardless of
race, religion, ideology, and social system and to promote as

much beneficial relations with them particularly in economic


and trade activities.
(5) Paramount consideration

The Constitution recognizes that in the pursuit of an


independent foreign policy in an interdependent world, new
realities and new situations may require the Philippines to
make a reappraisal of the conduct of its foreign relations.
Independence in the making and conduct foreign policy is
relative.
The National interest will not be served by trying to deal with
the regional and international issues in absolute terms.
Ours must be a policy of flexibility and pragmatism guided
only by the welfare of our people and the security of our
Republic.

In its relations with other states, the paramount consideration of the


Philippines shall be:
1.
2.
3.
4.

National Sovereignty
Territorial Integrity
National Interest
Right to self-determination
Principles of Independence and Self-determination
The state shall manifests general sovereignty of the people over their
territorial integrity, and over their wealth and natural resources.
It shall be the duty of the state to promote mutual respect for
sovereignty and equality among other states.
In the spirit of friendship and co-existence, the State shall foster
peaceful settlement of conflicts and the establishment of system
control for national security, capable of promoting peace and justice in
relations with other independent states. As such, the country shall
strengthen ties of friendship with neighboring territories in the region,
at the very least.

Republic Act No. 7157, otherwise known as "Philippine Foreign Service Act of
1991", gives mandate to the Department of Foreign Affairs to implement the
three (3) pillars of the Philippine Foreign Policy, as follows:
1. Preservation and enhancement of national security
2. Promotion and attainment of economic security
3. Protection of the rights and promotion of the welfare and interest of
Filipinos overseas.
UPDATES ON PHILIPPINE FOREIGN POLICY UNDER THE PNOY ADMINISTRATION
(President Benigno Aquino)
The purpose of PHILIPPINE FOREIGN POLICY is to secure the NATIONAL
INTEREST
in
our
dealings
with
FOREIGN
NATIONS,
REGIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL BODIES, this has been done through
its three long-established pillars as stated above.
1. Preservation and enhancement of national security

- The Philippines is necessarily working to secure and protect our territorial


integrity, which includes our maritime domains.
The West Philippine Sea remains a core national interest for the country and
diplomatically we are working to ensure that what is ours is ours.
-Build a safe and strong regional neighborhood. We should consider the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) as the bedrock of Philippine
Foreign Policy for the 21st century.
-Prepared to address both traditional and Non-traditional security threats
possibility of confrontation, invasion, and war with neighboring countries on
territorial disputes and non-traditional security concerns climate crisis,
epidemic diseases, maritime piracy, etc. we should focus on our foreign
policy more than ever. Our military capabilities are undeniably limited, even
by regional standards, and that means our diplomatic efforts, in the
meantime, are central to compensating for such crucial capability-gap.
-Through ASEAN and on our own, we must engage China, India, Japan, and
other major regional powers such as Republic of Korea, Australia, New
Zealand, and Indonesia in mutually beneficial security and defense
dialogues.
-strong defense partnership with the United States, built upon our bilateral
PH-US Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT), which will remain crucial for our defense
modernization.
-Bilateral relation with Australia, with whom we have increasingly strong
defense cooperation, also supports our Coast Watch Project.
We have been receiving assistance from them in terms of expert advice and
guidance, establishment of links with the Australian Customs Service, and
the development of command and control systems.
We also continue to benefit from education and training opportunities
provided by Australia and New Zealand for the officers and personnel of the
DND and the AFP. Thus far, over 150 AFP officers have availed of various
courses on maritime security, defense studies and systems engineering
offered by the institutions from Australia and New Zealand.
-maintain close cooperation with Japan in strengthening the Philippine Coasts
Guards capacity in maritime security through provision of equipment and
human resource development.
We are currently in discussions for the acquisition of additional vessels to
patrol the countrys 36,000 nautical mile coastline.
-With South Korea, we also entered into framework agreement last year for
the provision of $ 500 million in soft loans to finance the upgrading of our
Coast Guards information and communication systems.
-With Italy, we signed a five-year defense agreement in January that would
expedite the procurement by the AFP of defense articles from Italian
Suppliers.

-From Poland, we procured helicopters. The first delivery of four (4) Sokol
Helicopters were made and the balance of another 4 units are expected to
arrive.
-We also signed similar defense cooperation agreements with Israel, Spain,
and Vietnam.
-Our country must also continue its vibrant relations with the countries of the
Middle East in resolving the Mindanao problems, the Palestinian issues, and
global terrorism.
-We should also remain active in the United Nations in promoting global
peace and development.
Last May 2011, the Philippines successfully chaired the 2010 Review of the
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which is the cornerstone of the global nuclear
non-proliferation regime.
-The Philippines should also continue its involvement in peacekeeping and
humanitarian assistance. (In this manner, the Philippines is doing its part as
a responsible member of the international community of nations).
Why must the Philippines continue to be engaged on the regional
and global stage?
-It is because we seek stability not just for its own sake, but also for our own
reasons. We want to avoid foreign problems spilling over into our homeland
or our region. We want to pursue national development for which access to
prosperous world markets and safe maritime routes is essential. We want our
Filipinos overseas to be safe and secure in their host nations.
2. Promotion and attainment of
diplomacy enhancement

economic security economic

PNOYs twin goal of economic development:


-Job Creation and Poverty Alleviation
a. various economic diplomacy activities that are closely aligned with the
Presidents priorities of poverty alleviation and job creation such as
promotion of TRADE, INVESTMENT AND TOURISM should be undertaken.
b. manage the reality of globalization with greater aggressiveness and skill if
we do not want the Philippines to be left further behind in the global
development race.
3. Protection of the rights and promotion of the welfare and interest of
Filipinos overseas.
-pursue or enhance migrant worker related bilateral agreements, regional
arrangements and international standards and consultations. The latter
includes the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All
Migrant Workers and the Global Forum on Migration and Development
(GFMD), both of which the Philippines helped to realize.

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