Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

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Applied Mathematical Modelling

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apm

Two-temperature GreenNaghdi theory of type III in linear

thermoviscoelastic anisotropic solid
Ahmed S. El-Karamany a,, Magdy A. Ezzat b
a
b

Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Nizwa University, Nizwa -611, P.O. Box 1357, Oman
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 3 February 2013
Received in revised form 11 July 2014
Accepted 16 October 2014
Available online 28 October 2014
Keywords:
Constitutive equations of
thermoviscoelasticity
Variational principle
Uniqueness and reciprocal theorems
Two-temperature theory
GreenNaghdi theory of type III

a b s t r a c t
The reciprocal theorem is proved and the variational principle is established for the linear
two-temperature GreenNaghdi theory of type III in an anisotropic and inhomogeneous
thermoviscoelastic solid. A proof of a uniqueness theorem for thermoviscoelasticity, without
restrictions imposed on the relaxation or thermal conductivity tensors, except symmetry
conditions, is given. The constitutive equations are derived for the linear two -temperature
GreenNaghdi thermoviscoelasticity theory of type III, and the time-independence of

the conductivity tensors kij and kij is proved. An application is given for isotropic
thermoviscoelastic solid and the results are presented graphically. The curves of the stress
and temperature distributions are more uniform and the thermodynamic temperature is
smaller in magnitude relative to the one-temperature case.
2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The two-temperature themoelasticity theory was formulated by Chen and Gurtin [1], Chen et al. [2,3]. They introduced a
heat conduction theory for deformable bodies, which depends upon two distinct temperatures, the conductive temperature
and the thermodynamic temperature. It is assumed that the conductive temperature deviations u and its rst two gradients
are small. In addition, for linearized theory the displacement u, its rst three gradients and the velocity gradient are small.
The linearized constitutive relations are mechanically simple in the sense that there is no dependence on rE and rrE, where
E the strain tensor [3].
The temperature deviations is given for an isotropic solid by the relation u  h aDu, so the two temperatures coincide if
a 0 or D/ 0, in both cases the constitutive equations of the two-temperature thermoelasticity are just the classical
equations of the linearized thermoelasticity. The temperature discrepancy a P 0 represents a singular perturbation on
the eld equations [4]. The uniqueness, reciprocity theorems and variational principle of the two-temperature coupled
thermoelasticity theory, for homogeneous isotropic solid were given by Iesan [5]. The two-temperature theory for
generalized thermoelasticity theory has been obtained by Youssef [6]. Puri and Jordan [7], extending the work of Chakrabarti
[8] investigated the propagation of harmonic plane waves in a media described by the two-temperature theory. Twotemperature Magneto-Viscoelasticity theory with one relaxation time in a Medium of Perfect Conductivity was established
by Ezzat and El-Karamany [9]. Theoretical aspects of two-temperature thermoelasticity theory such as existence, stability,
convergence and spatial behavior, were given by Quintanilla [10]. Banik and Kanoria [11] establish the solution of the
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: aelkaramani@yahoo.com (A.S. El-Karamany), maezzat2000@yahoo.com (M.A. Ezzat).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2014.10.031
0307-904X/ 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

Nomenclature
a; b
Aij
bi
Gijkl
fi
^f
i
Fi
hi
h
kij

kij
ni
Q
qi
q
^
q
S
T
t
T0
U
ui
^i
u
x

a
a^
b
bi
b_ i

cij
h
^
h
n

q
rij
W
/

u
eij
2

non-negative constants
temperature discrepancy tensor
mass force
relaxation tensor
rji nj surface traction
prescribed surface traction
pseudo-mass force
entropy ux vector
hi ni
thermal conductivity tensor
conductivity rate tensor
the outer unit vector normal to the surface
intensity of applied heat source per unit volume
heat ux vector
qi ni
prescribed heat ux on boundary
entropy per unit volume
thermodynamic temperature
time
u0 > 0, reference temperature Tjh0j  1
internal energy per unit volume
components of displacement vector
prescribed displacement on boundary
position
thermal displacement a_ u
prescribed temperature displacement
relaxation function
a;i
u;i
thermo-elastic relaxation tensor.
T  T 0 , thermodynamic temperature deviation.
prescribed temperature deviation from T 0 u0
internal rate of production of entropy per unit volume
mass density
components of stress tensor
free energy density
conductive temperature
/  u0 ; juuj  1
0

components of strain tensor

internal energy per unit mass

problem for the two-temperature thermoelasticity theory in context of the three-phase lag generalized heat conduction law.
Two-temperature theory in linear micropolar thermoviscoelasticity was investigated by El-Karamany [12]. Kar and Kanoria
[13] investigated the generalized three-phase-lag thermo-visco-elastic problem of a spherical shell.
The heat transport equations of the two-temperature and the classical thermoelasticity theories are of a mixed parabolichyperbolic type predicting innite speeds of propagation for thermal waves contrary to physical observations. The generalized thermoelasticity theories in which the heat transport equation is hyperbolic do not suffer from this paradox. One can
refer to Ignaczak [14], to Chandrasekharaiah [15], Hetnarski and Ignaczak [16] for reviews of different generalized theories.
Many works were devoted to the generalized thermoelasticity theories e.g. [1719]. Green and Naghdi [2022] developed
different theories labeled type I, type II, and type III. The GreenNaghdi theory of type I in the linearized theory is equivalent
to the classical coupled thermoelasticity theory. The GreenNaghdi thermoelasticity theory of type II does not admit energy
dissipation. The two-temperature thermoelasticity admits dissipation of energy and the theory of elasticity without energy
dissipation is valid only when the two-temperatures coincide [23]. The GreenNaghdi theory of type III admits dissipation of
energy and the heat ux is a combination of type I and type II.
The linear viscoelasticity remains an important area of research not only due the advent and use of polymers, but also
because most solids when subjected to dynamic loading exhibit viscous effects. The stressstrain law for many materials
such as Polycrystalline metals and high polymers can be approximated by the linear viscoelasticity theory. Many works were

A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

2157

devoted to the viscoelasticity and thermoviscoelasticity theories, e.g. Gurtin and Sternberg [24], Christensen [25], Fabrizio
and Moro [26].
The importance of reciprocity relations and the variational principles stems from the fact that these principles provide a
theoretical basis for the modern numerical techniques such as nite-element methods [27] and boundary element methods
[28].
Variational principles for the elasticity and viscoelasticity theories have been derived by Gurtin [29], Leitman [30], Nickell
and Sackman [31], Carlson [32], and Lebon [33]. Uniqueness theorems for linear viscoelasticity and thermoviscoelasticity
were proved by various authors, assuming positive deniteness or strong ellipticity of the relaxation tensors or/and positive
deniteness of thermal conductivity tensor; e.g., Edelstein and Gurtin [34], Oden and Tadjbakhsh [35]. El-Karamany and
Ezzat [36] introduced two general models for thermoelasticity theory, where the fractional derivatives and integrals are used
to modify the Cattaneo heat conduction law and in the context of the two-temperature thermoelasticity theory, uniqueness
and reciprocal theorems are proved, the convolutional variational principle is given for fractional thermoelasticity. For fractional thermoelasticity not involving two temperatures, El-Karamany and Ezzat [37] established the uniqueness, reciprocal
theorems and convolution variational principle. El-Karamany and Ezzat [38] established the constitutive laws for the threephase -lag micropolar thermoelasticity theory. The uniqueness and reciprocal theorems are proved and a variational principle is established for a linear micropolar anisotropic and inhomogeneous thermoelastic solid. A continuous dependence
result is given for isotropic solid.
Ezzat et al. [39] constructed a mathematical model of two-temperature magneto-thermoelasticity where the fractional
order dual-phase-lag heat conduction law is considered.
In this work, in the frame of the GreenNaghdi theory of type III, a reciprocal theorem is proved for the linear anisotropic
and inhomogeneous thermoviscoelastic solid without the use of Laplace Transforms, and the Gurtin variational principle [29]
is given for thermoviscoelastic solid. Based on the variational principle a uniqueness theorem is established without

restrictions on the relaxation tensors Gijkl ; b, and cij or thermal conductivity tensors kij , and kij except symmetry conditions.
An isotropic thermoviscoelastic homogeneous semi-space x P 0 is considered, with quiescent initial state and thermal shock
applied to the traction-free boundary plane x 0. The exact solution in the Laplace transform domain is obtained using state
space approach. The thermodynamic temperature h, the conducive temperature u and the stress component r are obtained
by numerical inversion of Laplace transforms and presented graphically. In the Appendix, the constitutive equations are
derived for the linear two -temperature GreenNaghdi thermoviscoelasticity theory of type III, and the time-independence

of the conductivity tensors kij and kij is proved.
2. The mathematical model
2.1. The assumptions of the model
(1) A linear thermoviscoelastic material that occupies a regular region V with a piecewise smooth boundary surface @V
in the three-dimensional Euclidian space is considered. The rectangular coordinate system x1 ; x2 ; x3 is employed.
x is the position and t is the time, and all the variables in this paper are considered to be functions of x, and t

dened in V
V [ @V  0; 1. A superposed dot denotes differentiation with respect to time, and the comma
followed by subscript denotes partial differentiation with respect to the space variables xi . The summation notation
is used.
(2) We consider the usual linear theory in which the components of displacement vector and temperature deviations
from some reference temperature, their space and time derivatives are small.
2.2. The governing equations
The system of governing equations of the linear thermoviscoelasticity theory consists of
(i) The continuity equation

dq
qu_ j;j 0:
dt

(ii) The kinematical relations

1
2

eij ui;j uj;i in V  0; 1:

 are
(iii) The initial conditions in V

ui x; 0 u0i x u_ i x; 0 v 0i x:

ax; 0 0 a_ x; 0 u0 x;

where the functions u0i ;

v 0i , and u0 are prescribed functions of x in V

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A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

(iv) The boundary conditions on @V  I, where I ft : t 2 0; 1g are

^i
ui x; t u

on @V u

rji nj ^f i x; t on @V r ;

and

ax; t a^ on @V a and qi ni q^x; t on @V q :

The partitions of the boundary surface @V : @V u ; @V r , and @V a ; @V q are such that @V @V r [ @V u @V q [ @V a and
@V u \ @V r @V a \ @V q .
^ i and u
^ are prescribed functions of x; t on @V v  I where (v u and a. The functions
Where ni ni x@V . The functions u
^f and q
^ are prescribed functions of x; t, on @V vc  I; where vc r and q.
i
(v) Laws of thermodynamics
It is required that the rst law of thermodynamics [40]

d
dt

1
q 2 u_ i u_ i dV
2

qbi u_ i dV

f i u_ i dA

@V

QdV 

qi ni dA

@V

and the local eld equation for balance of entropy [1,20,23]

 
Q
q
S_ n  i ;
T
/ ;i

hold at every x and every t.

Taking into consideration that rij rji and using the divergence theorem and Eqs. (1) and (2), the rst law of thermodynamics (7) yields

q2_ U_ rji e_ ij Q  qi;i ;

rji;j qbi qui :

10

Following Green and Naghdi [20], we introduce the thermal displacement in the two-temperature GreenNaghdi theories, assuming that there exists a reference time t0 such that

Tx; t0 /x; t0 T 0 u0 ;
where T 0 u0 and

/x; sds s0

and

sx; t0 s0 ;

11

t0

s0 are constants; and

ux; sds; a_ u; ax; t0 0; bi x; t

t0

t0

u;i x; sds;

12

s a u0 t  t0 s0 ; s;i a;i bi ; b_ i u;i :

Considering t 0 0 we obtain

ax; 0 0; bi x; 0 a;i x; 0 0:

13

(vi) For the theory of heat conduction involving two temperatures we have [41]

T /  Aij u;j ;i :

14

The conductivity tensor kij and the temperature discrepancy tensor Aij are linearly dependent and both are positive semi-definite [1]:

Aij akij :

15


So, it is natural to assume in the GreenNaghdi theories involving two temperatures that the conductivity rate tensor kij and
Aij are linearly dependent and both are positive semi-denite. Therefore, we assume that [23]


Aij bkij ;

16

where a P 0 and b P 0 are two constants.

(vii) The constitutive laws for the linear thermoviscoelasticity theory [42]

where

rij x; t rji x; t reij x; t G_ ijkl  ekl  c_ ij  h;

17

Sx; t Se x; t b_  h c_ ij  eij ;

18

A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

2159

reij x; t reji x; t Gijkl x; 0ekl x; t  cij x; 0hx; t;

19

Se x; t bx; 0hx; t cij x; 0eij x; t

20

and

f  g

f x; t  sgx; sds;

 f

f x; sds;

21

@f t  s
@f t  s
f_ t  s
;

@t  s
@s

@
f  g f 0gt f_  g:
@t

The heat conduction law is [21,23]



qi kij u;j kij a;j kij b_ j kij bj :

22

The energy equation is written as follows

u0 S_ Q  qi;i ;

23

where Gijkl x; t; cij x; t, and bx; t are fourth order, second order and zero order relaxation tensors.
We assume that the following symmetry relations hold [24,43]

cij cji ; in V  0; 1;

Gijkl Gklij Gjikl Gijlk ;

kij x kji x;

kij x kji x in V:

24
25

Using the properties of convolution, we get

t  f_  g t  f_  g  f  g  f 0t  g:

26

Eqs. (10), (17)(20) and the initial conditions (3), using the preceding equation, lead to [44]

t  rij;j qF i qui ;

27

F i t  bi t m0i u0i ;

28

t  rij  Gijkl  ekl   cij  h;

29

t  S  b  h  cij  eij :

30

where

Eq. (23) can be written in the form

0
1
t  S t  u1
0  Q S  t  u0  qi;i :

31

In view of Eqs. (12), (13) and (21), we can write Eq. (14) in the form

 h a  Aij bj ;i :

32

Introducing the entropy ux vector hi x; t [45] where

qi u0 h_ i :

33

Then, Eqs. (22) and (31) take the form



1
hi u1
0  qi u0 kij bj  kij bj ;

34

t  S hi;i  R 0;

35

where
0
R u1
0  Q S ;

S0 Sx; 0;

^ u1  q
^:
h
0

Using Eqs. (18), (20), (22) and (23) one obtains the following heat transport equation

_
_
_
_
u1
0 kij a;j kij a;j ;i a  b eij  cij   R1 ;

_e
_
_
_
R1 u1
0 Q  S x; t  bx; tax; 0  cij x; teij x; 0:

36

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A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

2.3. Denitions
Denition 1 (the mixed initial-boundary value problem N). On the basis of the governing equations given in (i)(vii) we
denote by N the mixed problem constituted by the fundamental system of the eld equations, boundary and initial
conditions satisfying the symmetry relations; i.e., N is given by the kinematical relations (2), the equations of motion (27),
the constitutive relations (29), (30), (32), (33) and (35), in addition to the symmetry conditions (24) and (25); and the initial
conditions (3), (4) and the boundary conditions (5), (6).
Denition 2 (the admissible process). We mean by the admissible process an ordered array [32,46] p ui ; eij ; rij ; h; a;
u; S; hi ; qi ; Where: (a) The set fui ; a; hg is a dynamically admissible state in V  0; 1 assuming ui 0; a 0; h 0 on
  1; 0. h being once and ui and a twice continuously differentiable functions of x and t (b) The set frij ; S; q g is an
V
i

  0; 1 assuming its elements vanish on V

  1; 0 and are continuously differentiable functions
admissible system in V

  0; 1 so
of x and t on V  0; 1 (c) Gijkl ; cij and b are assumed to be continuously differentiable functions of x and t in V
that Gijkl 0; cij 0; b 0 for t 2 1; 0 and each component is of bounded variation [24]. (d) The symmetry relations (24)

and (25) hold. (e) u0 T 0 is a strictly positive constant and qx > 0 is a smooth function in V.
Denition 3 (solution of the mixed problem). By a solution of the mixed problem, we mean any admissible state fui ; a; hg,
which satises the fundamental system of the eld equations, given boundary conditions and given initial conditions, in
addition to the symmetry relations.
Denition 4 (the thermoviscoelastic process). A thermoviscoelastic process corresponding to the external system of loads

1 fQ ; bi ; ^f i ; q^; u^i ; a^ g is dened as an admissible process p ui ; eij ; rji ; h; a; u; S; hi ; qi  that complies with the mixed problem
^g are prescribed
^ g are prescribed continuous functions on @V v  0; 1 and f^f i ; q
^i ; a
N provided that: (a) The functions fu
piecewise regular functions in @V vc  0; 1.
  0; 1 and vanish in V
  1; 0.
(b) The functions fbi ; Q g are prescribed continuous functions in V
Denition 5. We denote by A the linear space of all admissible processes endowed with addition and scalar multiplication
~ are two different admissible processes and x is a scalar, then p1 p p
~ ui u
~ i ; eij ~eij ; . . . ;
[29,47]. In particular, if p and p
~i  and p xu
~
~
~
h
hi h
;
x
e
;
.
.
.
;
x

are
admissible
processes.
i
ij
i
2
3. Reciprocal theorem
Consider two problems where applied mass forces, heat sources, surface tractions, assigned surface displacements, surface temperature and surface heat ux are specied differently under different initial conditions. The actions start at t 0
and produce in the body displacements ui , temperature increment h and thermal displacement a.
Let the variables involved in these two problems be distinguished by superscripts in parentheses. Thus, the causes are:
Pm m 1; 2 [48]
m
m
m 0m
^m ; a
^ m ; h^m ; u0
^ i m ; q
Pm : fF i ; Rm ; ^f i ; u
; v i ; u0m g:
i

37

The results

pm fui m ; am g

38

are assumed to be the solutions to the mixed problems, given by Denition 1and corresponding to the causes (37). The two
systems of causes Pm and results pm are assumed to satisfy the conditions given in Denitions 2 and 3; then they are connected by the following reciprocal relation
Theorem 1. Assume that the symmetry relations (24) and (25) hold, then

@V

t  f i  ui

dA

Z 
V

2
dV 
qF 1
i  ui

Z 

Z

t  R1  h2 dV

u1
t  q1  a2 dA S12
0
21 ;

39

@V

where S12
21 indicates the same expression as on the left-hand side except that superscripts 1 and 2 are interchanged [49].
Proof. for the thermoviscoelastic material we have

Z 
V

Z 


 b  h1  h2 dV
 b  h2  h1 dV:
V

Using the symmetry relations (24) we get

40

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A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

Z 
Z 


1
2
2
1
 Gijkl  ekl  eij dV
 Gijkl ekl  eij dV:
V

41

Using the constitutive Eqs. (29) and (30) we get from Eqs. (40) and (41)

Z 
Z h

 
i
1
2
t  S1  h2  t  S2  h1 dV
 cij  eij  h2   cij  eij  h1 dV;

42

Z 
Z 


1
2
2
1
1
2
t  rji  eij  t  rji  eij dV
 cij  h2  eij   cij  h1  eij dV:

43

Eliminating  cij  hm  eij

from Eqs. (42) and (43) we nd that

Z 

1
2
t  rji  eij dV 
t  S1  h2 dV S12
21 :

44

Substituting from Eqs. (2) and (35), one obtains

Z
V

t  rji  ui;j dV 

t  R1  h2 dV
V

t  hi;i  h2 dV S12
21 :

45

Applying the divergence theorem and substituting from Eq. (27) one obtains

Z
@V

Z 
Z 
Z 





1
1
2
2
1
2
t  f i  ui dA
qF 1

u
t

R

h
t  hi;i  h2 dV S12
dV

dV

21 :
i
i
V

46

Substituting from Eq. (32) into the last integral of the preceding equation we get

Z 
Z 
Z 
Z 
Z 






1
1
1
2
2
dV S12
t  f i  ui dA
qF i1  u2
t  R1  h2 dV
 hr;r  a2 dV 
 hr;r  Aij bj
dV 
21 :
i
V

@V

;i

47
Then, we have

Z 
Z

1
 hr;r  a2 dV
V

@V

Z 



1
1
2
 h  a2 dA 
 hi  bi dV:

48

Using Eq. (34) and the symmetry relations (25) it follows that

Z 
Z 


1
2
2
1
 hi  bi dV
 hi  bi dV:
V

49

Using Eqs. (15), (16), (25) and (34) we obtain

Z
V

 Aij bj ;i  hr;r dV u1

0
u1
0

Z
V

f  Aij bj ;i  krs bs ;r Aij bj ;i   krs bs ;r gdV



f  akij bj ;i  krs bs ;r bkij bj ;i   krs bs ;r gdV:

50

Eq. (50) leads to

Z 
Z 




1
2
2
1
dV
dV:
 hr;r  Aij bj
 hr;r  Aij bj
;i

51

;i

Substituting from Eq. (48) into Eq. (47), taking into consideration Eqs. (49) and (51), we get

Z
@V

Z 
Z 
Z




1
2
2
1
2
t  f i  ui dA
qF 1

u
t

R

h
dV

dV

i
i
V



1
 h  a2 dA S12
21 :

52

@V

Using that hi u1

h
0  qi , the Reciprocity Relation (39) results.
In the particular case of an innite thermoviscoelastic medium, assuming that only the body forces and heat sources act
in the unbounded region, the surface integrals are absent and the reciprocity relation (39) takes the form

Z 
V

qF i1  ui2 dV 

Z 

t  R1  h2 dV S12
21 :

53

4. Variational principle
We establish the convolutional variational Principle [29] for the linear two- temperature GreenNaghdi thermoviscoelasticity theory of type III, assuming that the equilibrium thermoviscoelastic modulus b1 is positive [26].

2162

A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

b1 > 0 where b1 x lim bx; t:

54

t!1

Using Denition 5, we dene the functional Gt fpg in the linear space A for each p ui ; eij ; rji ; h; a; /; S; hi ; qi  and each
t 2 0; 1 by:

Gt fpg

1
2

 Gijkl  ekl  eij qui  ui

1
t  S   b  h   cij  eij  S
b1

o


1
1
 b  h  h u1
0  kij bj kij  bj  bi  u0 t   kij u;j kij  u;j  u;i   u0 t  qi  bi dV
Z
Z
Z
Z
t  rij;j qF i  ui dV
 hi  bi dV  t  S hi;i  R  hdV u1
0 t   qi  u;i dV 
V
V
V
V


Z
Z
Z
Z
1
^  adA
^  adA 
 h  a
 h
 t  rij  eij dV  a  Aij a;j ;i  hr;r dV
2
V
V
@V a
@V q
Z
Z
^i dA
t  f i  u
t  f i  ^f i  ui dA:

@V u

55

@V r

Theorem 2. Assume that the relaxation tensors and the thermal conductivity tensors satisfy the symmetry relations (24) and (25)
in V  0; 1 and in V respectively. Then,

~g  dGt fpg 0 t P 0:
dp~ Gt fp

56

If and only if p is a solution to the mixed boundary-value problem N.

Proof. We will present the proof in two parts, (a) and (b) [50]
(a) We assume that p is a solution to the mixed boundary value problem. If p ui ; eij ; rji ; h; a; u; S; hi ; qi  and
~ ;q
~; u
~ u
~ i ; ~eij ; r
~ ji ; ~
~;~
~ 2 A for every scalar x. Calcuh; a
p
S; h
i ~ i  are two admissible processes belonging to A, then p xp
lating the rst variation, we obtain

Z
Z 
1
~g dGt fpg  Gijkl  ekl   cij  h  t  rji  ~eij dV
dp~ Gt fp
t  S   b  h   cij  eij  ~S dV
V
V b1
Z
Z


~
~
f  hi u1
u1
0 kij bj kij  bj   bi gdV
0 t   qi kij u;j kij  u;j  u;i dV
V
V
Z
Z
Z
~
~i dV
t  u1
t  R  hi;i  S  ~hdV qui  t  rij;j  qF i  u
0  u;i  bi  qi dV
V
V
V




Z
Z
Z
1
~i dV f  a  Aij b   h  h
~ gdV
~ ij  eij  ui;j uj;i dV  bi  a;i  h
tr

k;k
j ;i
2
V
V
V
Z
Z
Z
Z
~
^ a
^  a  hdA
~ dA:
^ i  ui  ~f i dA
~ i dA

t  u
 a
t  f i  ^f i  u
 h  h
@V u

@V a

@V r

57

@V q

If p is a solution to the mixed boundary- value problem, then using Denition 1 of the mixed problem N we get

dGt fpg 0 t P 0:

58

(b) Let dGt fpg 0 t P 0. We must show that p 2 A is a solution to the mixed problem N whenever Eq. (58) holds [50].
~ u
~ i ; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0 and let u
~ i , together with all its space derivatives, vanish on @V  0; 1. Then from
Choose p
Eqs. (57) and (58) follows

~ i dV 0 t 2 0; 1:
qui  t  rij;j  qF i  u

59

~ i with the foregoing properties. But this fact together with the
And Eq. (59) must hold for every dynamically admissible u
~ u
~ i ; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0 but this time
fundamental lemma of calculus of variation implies the validity of Eq. (27). Next, let p
~ i vanish on @V u  0; 1. Then, Eqs. (57), (58), and (27) yield
requires merely that u

t  f i  ^f i 0 on @V r  0; 1:

60

And this result implies the boundary condition given by the second equation of (5).
~ and applying the fundamental lemma of calculus of
Then, iterating this procedure by making suitable choices of p
variation we see that p is a solution to the mixed boundary-value problem N given in Denition 1.

2163

A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

Now, we use a convolutional variational problem to prove a uniqueness theorem without restrictions on the elastic
moduli tensor or thermal conductivity tensors, except symmetry conditions.
5. Uniqueness theorem

V [ @V  0; 1 at most one dynamically admissible state p fui x; t; ax; tg solution to the
Theorem 3. There exists in V
mixed problem N given by Denition 1; provided that u0 > 0; qx > 0 , and the symmetry conditions (24) and (25) hold in
  0; 1 and in V respectively.
V
2
1
2
p1 fu1
fui ; a2 g. We denote the set of the difi ; a g and p

Proof. We assume that there are two sets of solutions

ference solution by

2
1
pd ud
ui  ui ; ad a2  a1 :
i

61

Taking into consideration the kinematical relations (2), the constitutive laws (29), (30), (22), and the relation (32) between
the conductive and the thermodynamic temperatures, one obtains

n
o
d
2
1
hd h2  h1 ; ud u2  u1 ; eij eij  eij ; . . . :
All elements of the external system of loads Pd are zeros, and the set of the difference solutions pd ui ; eij ; rji ; h; a;
u; S; hi ; qi  satises the fundamental system of the eld equations with null supplies, null initial and boundary conditions.
Using Denitions 5, we dene the following functional Xt fpg in the linear space A for each p ui ; eij ; rij ; h; a; S; hi  and each
t 2 0; 1 by:

Xt fpg


1
2

Z
V

1
2
Z

ft  Gijkl  ekl  eij qui  ui gdV

 hi  bi dV 

t  rij  eij dV

^ dA
 h  a  a

@V a

1
2

 b  h  hdV 

t  rij;j  ui dV 

t  S hi;i  hdV

1
t  S   b  h   cij  eij  SdV
2b1

^ i  ui  f i :
t  u

62

@V u

Then,

~g  dp Xt fpg 0 t P 0:
dp~ Xt fp

63

~ 2 A, then p xp
~; ~
~ i ; ~eij ; r
~ ij ; ~
~ 2 A for every scalar x. Calculating the rst
h; a
For p ui ; eij ; rij ; h; a; S; hi 2 A and p u
S; h
i
variation on obtains

~g  dp Xt fpg
dp~ Xt fp

Z
V

 Gijkl  ekl   cij  h  t  rij  ~eij dV

~i dV 
qui  t  rij;j  u
V

t  S hi;i  ~hdV
V



Z

Z
1
1
~ ij  eij  ui;j uj;i dV
tr
t  S   b  h   cij  eij  ~SdV
2
V
V b1
Z
Z
~
^  hdA:
^ i  ~f i dA 
tu
a

@V u

64

@V a

The surface integrals are equal to zero for the difference solutions.
Clearly, if pd is the solution to the mixed boundary value problem with null initial and boundary conditions and zero
supplies, then Eq. (63) is satised identically.
Taking into consideration Eqs. (2), (29), (30), the symmetry relations (24), (25) and applying the divergence theorem, we
get from the preceding equation for the difference solution

dp Xt fpg

t  rij  ~eij dV
V

~ i dV
qui  u

~ dV 
 bi  h
i
V

t  S  ~hdV 0:

65

where we have used that  h a, Eq. (34) and the symmetry relations (25) in obtaining the following identities

t  hi  ~hdV

~i  hi dV
 b

~ dV:
 bi  h
i

66

~i g 2 A, we choose p
~i ; ~eij ; h
~d fu
~i ; ~
~d u
~ i ; 0; 0; 0; 0 2 A and we obtain
h; b
Since dp Xt fpg 0 where p

~ i dV 0;
qui  u

t 2 0; 1:

67

2164

A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

d

Eq. (67) leads to ui

0 and consequently

~ dV 0;
 bi  h
i

~  2 A , we nd that
~d 0; 0; 0; 0; h
ed
i
ij 0. Choosing p

t 2 0; 1:

68

V
d

Eq. (68) leads to bi

0, since the initial and boundary conditions are homogeneous for the difference solution we get
d

0. Eq. (32) for the difference solution:  hd ad  Aij bj ;i leads to hd 0. Therefore, all the elements of the dif-

ference solutions set are zeros. And the solution is unique. This completes the proof. In this proof, no restrictions are
imposed on the relaxation tensors or thermal conductivity tensor except symmetry.
6. Application
In order to show the effect of the two-temperature theory we consider an isotropic semi-space homogeneous viscoelastic
medium occupying the region x P 0 with quiescent initial state and the following boundary conditions
(i) Thermal boundary condition:
A thermal shock is applied to the boundary plane x 0 in the form

u
 0; s 0 ;
u0; t u0 Ht; or u

69

where u0 is a constant and Ht is the Heaviside unit step function.

(ii) Mechanical boundary condition:
The bounding plane x 0 is taken to be traction-free, i.e.

r0; t 0; or r 0; s r 0 0:

70

(iii) The regularity conditions:

lim r 0:

lim h 0;

x!1

71

x!1

All the state functions are depending only upon the variable x1 x and the time t.
The displacement vector has components:

u1 ux; t;

u2 u3 0:

72

The strain component takes the form:

e ejj

@u
:
@x

73

The constitutive equation yields [51]:

^

r rxx kRk 2lRl e  aT 3kRk 2lRl h:

74

The heat transport equation is written as follows

^

qC E h T 0 aT 3kRk 2lRl e k
where
^

R f g

Rf t  s

@gx; s
ds;
@s

2
@3u
@ u
k
;
2
@x @t
@x2

75

f k; l;

76

where k; l-the Lame constants, q-the density, C E -the specic heat at constant strains, aT -the coefcient of linear thermal

expansion, k-the thermal conductivity, and k -the thermal conductivity rate (a specic constant in GreenNaghdi theories)
Eq. (14) for one-dimensional isotropic solid takes the form

u h a

@2u
:
@x2

77

We introduce the following non-dimensional variables

x0 C 0 gx;
C 20

k 2l

t 0 C 20 gt;

u0 C 0 gu;
;

0

qC E C 20

s0 C 20 gs; r0ij rij =k 2l; h0 hc=qC 20 ; u0 uc=qC 20 ;

qC E
k

1=j:

A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

2165

Thus, in the preceding non-dimensional variables we get the following system of equations (Suppressing the primes for
convenience):

r Re  h;

!
2
^ @2e
@3u
@2h
@ u
;
k
2 eR
@x2 @t
@x2
@t
@t2

@ 2 rxx @ 2 e
2;
@x2
@t

u  h b0

@2u
;
@x2

78

!
@2u
 @u
k
:
@x@t
@x

q_ x 

79

The calculations will carried out for the case:

Rk t Rl t Rt 1  A

f t dt;

80

0


f t f 1 t eb t ta

 1

where a ; b ; A are non-dimensional empirical constants [52]



a

0 < a < 1;
where

b > 0;

b
;
Ca

0 6 A <

dRt
< 0;
dt

Rt > 0;

e qc2 C/2 0C E , b0 aC 0 =j2 , and j-the diffusivity.

0

Performing Laplace transforms we get

e


@u
;
@x

s k


@2u
 2 e;
s2 h esRs
@x2

@2r
s2 e;
@x2

 e  h;
r r xx sR
where f s

R1
0

  h b0
u

s b


@2u
;
@x2

81

82

est f tdt. From the preceding system of equations we get


@2u
;
 L2 r
L1 u
@x2
L1

 1  A
sR


@2r
;
 M2 r
M1 u
@x2


s2 1 esR
 ;
2
s k b0 s 1 esR

L2

M1 s2 1  b0 L1 ;

M 2 s2

83

es2

 ;
s k b0 s2 1 esR



1
 b0 L2 :
sR

84

Hence, by using state space approach [53], one can get under the above boundary conditions, the exact solution in the
Laplace transform domain in the following forms:

 x; s
u

uo k1  L1 e

u0 M1 e

k1 x

ex; s

uo M1 s2  k2 e

k2 x

s3 k1
h

k1 x

86

sk1  k2

u0 M1 k1 e

85

p 
 e  k2 x

 x; s
H

k2 x

sk1  k2
 p

r x; s

p i
 k2  L1 e k1 x

p i
k1 x

 k2

 k2 e

s3 k1  k2

 s2  k1 e

87

p i
k2 x

88

Inversion of Laplace transforms

In order to invert the Laplace transform in the above equations, we adopt a numerical inversion method based on a Fourier series expansion [54]. In this method, the inverse gt of the Laplace transform gs is approximated by the relation

"
!#
1
X
ect 1
ik
p
t=t
1
gc Re
gc ikp=t 1 ;
gt
e
t1 2
k1

0 6 t 6 2t 1 :

89

2166

A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

For numerical purposes this is approximated by the function

"
!#
N
X
edt 1
ik
p
t=t
1
g N t
e
gc Re
gc ikp=t 1 ;
t1 2
k1

90

where N is a sufciently large integer representing the number of terms in the truncated innite Fourier series. N must be
chosen such that

ect Re eiNpt=t1 gc iN p=t1  6

e1 ;

where e1 is a persecuted small positive number that corresponds to the degree of accuracy to be achieved. The parameter c is
s. The optimal choice of c was
a positive free parameter that must be greater than the real parts of all singularities of g
obtained according to the criteria described in [54].

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.5

1.5

2.5

2.5

Fig. 1. The conductive temperature distribution.

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.5

1.5

Fig. 2. The thermodynamic temperature distribution.

2167

A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

1.5
1
0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

-0.5

-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
Fig. 3. The stress distribution.

Table 1
Values of the constants.
k 386 W/mK,

aT 1:78  105 K1 ;

C E 383:1 m2 =s2 K;

g 8886:73 s=m2
q 8954 kg=m3 ;
e 0:0168:

l 3:86  1010 N=m2 ;

T 0 u0 293 K; C 0 4158 m=s; b0 0:075;

k 7:76  1010 N=m2 ;


k 10

a 12 ; b 0:05; A 0:106:

7. Numerical results
A copper-like material was chosen for purposes of numerical evaluations and the constants of the problem were taken
from Ezzat et al. [9] as given in Table 1.
The computations were carried out for t = 0.1. Formula (90) was used to invert the Laplace transforms in Eqs. (85)(87)
giving the thermodynamic temperature h, the conducive temperature u and the stress component r. The results are
presented graphically at different x. In Figs. 13, it is noticed that the temperature discrepancy bo has a signicant effect
on all the elds, where bo 0 indicates the one temperature case and bo 0:075 indicates the two-temperature case. In
these gures we noticed that the curves are smaller in magnitude in case bo 0:075. The absolute value of the maximum
stress decreases when bo 0:075 relative to the case when bo 0. Previously, the discontinuity of the stress distribution
was a critical situation and no one has explained the reason physically, while in the context of the two-temperature theory
of thermoelasticity the stresses function is continuous. This paper indicates that the two-temperature theory in the generalized thermo-viscoelasticity describes the behavior of the viscoelastic body more real than the theory of one-temperature
thermo-viscoelasticity. Therefore, the conductive heat wave and the thermodynamical heat wave may be separated.
8. Conclusions
(1) The convolutional variational principle and the reciprocal theorem are established for the linear two-temperature
dynamic thermoviscoelasticity theory in context of the GreenNaghdi theory of type III, in an anisotropic and
inhomogeneous solid.

(2) We assume in the GreenNaghdi theory of type III involving two temperatures that the conductivity rate tensor kij and
the temperature discrepancy tensor Aij are linearly dependent and both are positive semi-denite.
(3) The thermodynamic temperature T h u0 and the conductive temperature / u u0 coincide when Aij 0 or
D/ 0 , and we get from the given model the equations and the variational principle for the GreenNaghdi
thermoviscoelasticity theory of type III not involving two temperatures, replacing u and u0 by h and T 0 respectively.
(4) The effect of separating the thermodynamic temperature and the conductive temperature is signicant in generalized
thermoelasticity and thermoviscoelasticity. The absolute value of the maximum stress decreases relative to the case
when the two temperatures coincide. The curves of the stress and temperature distributions are more uniform and the
thermodynamic temperature h is smaller in magnitude relative to the one-temperature case.

2168

A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

(5) Although the two-temperature theory was proposed since 1968 (see [15]), in the last decade there is an increasing
interest in this theory, especially when it is combined with one of the generalized thermoelasticity theories (see for
example [6,7,911,41]). This is due to the decreasing in magnitude of stresses and thermodynamic temperature,
the continuity and uniform distributions of all the state variables obtained in context of this theory.
(6) Uniqueness theorems for anisotropic viscoelasticity and thermoviscoelasticity were proved by various authors,
assuming positive deniteness or strong ellipticity of the relaxation tensors. In this work, one of our points is to prove
uniqueness of solution without restrictions except the symmetry conditions. Using the variational principle a uniqueness theorem is proved with no restrictions imposed on relaxation and thermal conductivity tensors, except symmetry
conditions. This result can be used in thermoelasticity. The elasticity tensor, in case of pre-stressed thermoelastic
bodies fails to be positive-denite [41]. So, it is worthwhile to propose the method used in this work.

Appendix
The constitutive equations for two-temperature GreenNaghdi thermoviscoelasticity theory of type iii
A (i) We introduce the free energy density dened by

WY U  TS;

A1

where Y feij ; T; bi ; u;i g is the set of the independent variables.

From Eqs. (8) and (9) one obtains the reduced energy equation [23]


Tqi u;i
T
q
0:
/ i;i
/2

A2







@W
@W
@W
@W
S h_
 rij e_ ij
pi b_ i
u_ ;i Tn /  Tpi;i 0;
@h
@ eij
@bi
@ u;i

A3

_ TS
_ Tn  rij e_ ij 1 
W

h
u
1
1
T
1
For the linearized theory we set 
; 2
and introducing h T  u0 and u /  u0 where  1, and  1,
/ u0 /
u0
u0
u0
we obtain

where pi u1
0 qi [20].
Taking into consideration the energy equation (A2) and representation theorem [25], we consider kij kij x, and


kij kij x are time-independent (the proof is given in
A (ii). Then, W can be expressed in the form

@ ekl s @ eij g
dsdg 
@s
@g
1
@hs @hg
1

dsdg u1
k bb:

@s
@g
2 0 ij i j

1
2

Gijkl t  s; t  g

1

cij t  s; t  g

@ eij s @hg
1
dsdg 
@s
@g
2

bt  s; t  g

1

A4

Carrying out the differentiation with respect to t using Leibnitzs rule, we get

Z

Z t

Z t

@ ekl s
@ eij t
@hs
@ eij t
@ e s
@ht
ds

cij t  s; 0
ds

cij t  s; 0 ij ds
@s
@t
@s
@t
@s
@t
1
1
1
Z t

@hs
@ht

_

bt  s; 0
ds
u1
0 kij bj bj  K;
@s
@t
1

_
W

Gijkl t  s; 0

A5

where

Z
1 t
2 1
Z
1 t

2 1

K

We get from (A3)

rij

@
@ ekl s @ eij g
Gijkl t  s; t  g
dsdg
@t
@s
@g
@
@hs @hg
bt  s; t  g
dsdg:
@t
@s
@g

1

@
@ e s @hg
c t  s; t  g ij
dsdg
@t ij
@s
@g
A6

@W
0 and
@ u;i

1

Gijkl t  s

@ ekl s
ds 
@s

1

cij t  s

@hs
ds;
@s

A7

2169

A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

cij t  s
1

@ eij s
ds
@s

bt  s

1

@hs
ds;
@s

A8



@W
pi b_ i Aij u;j ;i pk;k Tn  K 0;
@bi

A9

where

Gijkl t  s Gijkl t  s; 0; cij t  s cij t  s; 0;

and bt  s bt  s; 0:

By Denition 2 it is assumed that eij t 0; rij t 0; ht 0; b 0; cij 0, and Gijkl 0 for t < 0. The equilibrium
thermoviscoelastic moduli are positive and nite [26]: limt!1 Gijkl t > 0; limt!1 cij t > 0, and limt!1 bt > 0. Integrating
by parts the integrals in Eqs. (A7) and (A8), we arrive at the constitutive Eqs. (17) and (18).
We expand pi pi eij ; h; bi ; u;i to get [21]

_
pi u1
0 kij bj kij bj :

A10

Using Eqs. (15), (16) and (A10), we get for the GreenNaghdi theory of type III


_
_
_
Aij u;j ;i pr;r u1
0 akij bj ;i krs bs ;r bkij bj ;i krs bs ;r :
For the linearized theory Eq. (A9) yields

u20

n1 u0 K:

A11

The internal rate of production of entropy n for the Green Naghdi theory of type III should be positive [20,21]

n > 0;

A12



n1 kij u;j u;i akij u;j ;i krs /s ;r bkij b_ j ;i krs bs ;r  > 0:

A13

where

Since
_
ft



ft kij bj ;i krs bs ;r
_

2kij bj ;i krs bs ;r > 0.

> 0 and from Eqs. (13) we have f0 0 then ft is increasing function of t, therefore

Eqs. (A11)(A13) lead to K P 0 which agrees with [25].


A (iii) Now, we prove that kij and kij are time-independent

Let Pi u1
0

Z

1

kij t  s

@bj
ds
@s

kij t  s

1

@ u;j
ds :
@s

A14

Then,

1
2

1
2

Gijkl t  s; t  g

1
t

bt  s; t  g
1

@ ekl s @ eij g
dsdg 
@s
@g

@hs @hg
1
dsdg u1
@s
@g
2 0

1

1

cij t  s; t  g


kij t  s; t  g

@ eij s @hg
dsdg;
@s
@g

@bi s @bj g
dsdg:
@s
@g

Carrying out the differentiation with respect to t using Leibnitzs rule we get

Z

where: K 

1
2

_
W

t
1

@
@ ekl s @ eij g
Gijkl t  s; t  g
dsdg
@t
@s
@g

Z
@
@ e s @hg
1 t @
@hs @hg
cij t  s; t  g ij
dsdg
bt  s; t  g
dsdg
@t
@
@
2
@t
@s
@g
s
g
1
1
Z t
1
@ 
@b s @bj g
k t  s; t  g i
 u1
dsdg:
2 0 1 @t ij
@s
@g


Z t
Z
@bj
@W
@W

_ i b_ i
And:

u1
k
t

s

d
s
.
Thus,
Eq.
(A14)
takes
the
form:

p
b
i
0
ij

Z t

Z t

@ ekl s
@ eij t
@hs
@ eij t
@ e s
@ht
ds

cij t  s; 0
ds

cij t  s; 0 ij ds
@s
@t
@s
@t
@s
@t
1
1
1
Z t



Z t
@b

@hs
@ht

j
bt  s; 0
ds
u1
kij t  s; 0
ds b_ i  K;

0
@s
@t
@s
1
1
Gijkl t  s; 0

@bi

1

@s

Eqs. (15) and (16), Eq. (A9) yields n

@bi

n2 u0 K, where
2

u0

1

u1
0 kij t  s

@ u;j
ds. Using
@s

2170

A.S. El-Karamany, M.A. Ezzat / Applied Mathematical Modelling 39 (2015) 21552171

n2 b_ i

kij t  s

1

@ b_ j
ds akrs b_ s ;r
@s

1

kij t  s

@ b_ j
ds
@s

!


bkrs b_ s ;r

Z

;i

1

kij t  s

@bj
ds
@s


:
;i

And n2 > 0. For xed value of t the instantaneous values of b_ i ; krs b_ s ;r and
Z t



Rt
Rt
@bj
@ b_ j
@ b_ j


krs b_ s ;r and the functionals 1 kij t  s
ds;
kij t  s
ds
and
k t  s
ds
respectively, may in
1 ij
@s
@s
@s
1
;i
;i
general be of opposite signs since the functionals depend on the entire past history of the temperature and thermal displace
ment gradients [25]. In fact, for a given values of t, b_ i ; krs b_ s k b_ s and the functionals will have the same signs only if the
;r

rs

;r

_
tensors kij , and kij are time-independent, in which case pi u1
0 kij bj kij bj .
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]

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