COMAPANY PROFILE
1) Civil Works
3) Jib Cranes
4) Interior designing
7) Roller conveyers
8) Manufacturer of gutters
History
2
Managing Director - Shane Summers celebrates 33 years in the building and construction
business.
Shane Summers joined the workforce with a privately owned building company on the Gold
Coast as an apprentice carpenter and joiner in 1977. Shane worked on commercial and industrial
sites for many years and studied building at the Gold Coast Institute of Technical and Further
Education.
From 1993 2000, SS Constructions oversaw the construction of luxury homes at Sanctuary
Cove, Sovereign Island and the Gold Coast. From the year 2000, the company branched out and
began building commercial and industrial buildings throughout south east Queensland.
Shanes clients benefit from his proactive engagement with the building industry and the
community by having superior access to industry issues and information.
Chairman (Gold Coast) Queensland Master Builders Association (QMBA) - 2005 - 2008
Current Councilor (Gold Coast Representative) for Queensland Master Builders Association
(QMBA) - 2004 - 2009
Shane has a passion for the trade and supports the training and development of the next
generation of skillful tradesmen and quality builders.
Chairman (Gold Coast) - Construction Training Queensland (CTQ) - 2003 - 2004
Development of Apprenticeships Expo - to promote apprenticeships and training 2004
Master Builders panel representative for the development and selection of the technical courses
for builders and builders licensing at Construction Training Australia- 2002
New member of the Australian Industry Trade College- 200
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3 business categories
Home
SS Constructions specialize in the building and construction of luxury homes, commercial and
industrial buildings in South East QLD. SS Constructions is an award winning, privately owned
Australian company based on the Gold Coast.
Formed in 1993 by Shane Summers, SSC provides building and construction services for
commercial, industrial and residential projects in South East Queensland and the Northern Rivers
area of New South Wales.
From project planning, scheduling, legal certification, material selection and support after
completion SS Constructions offers a complete building solution. You can take comfort in SS
Constructions wealth of experience, underpinning knowledge to perform work professionally
and to your satisfaction.
The company employs exceptional staff with diverse backgrounds and experience, not only in
construction but also in the support services.
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Awards
SS Saib Constructions has been recognized by the building and construction industry for its
success in building and residential construction. SS Saib Constructions has received the
following building awards:
Testimonials
I needed someone to build a prestige home on our prime waterfront property at Sanctuary Cove
on the Gold Coast. SS Constructions did more than just build the home. They managed the
project so I could concentrate on my business. SS Constructions managed and co-ordinated the
whole process with such competence that I didnt have to worry about if the job was being done
properly. The finish of the home is of very high standard. We have been in the home for several
8
years now and the house is good as the day it was built, which is testimony in itself to the skill
and experience available from the builder.
Greg Matthews
SS Constructions built a commercial factory for us at Logan home. We are based in New
Zealand and as such required more of a project manager than a standard construction company.
SS Constructions, and more specifically Shane Summers co-ordinated the building from concept
design, consent and construction. We would not hesitate to use SS Constructions again, with
them having successfully completed our building project and would highly recommend them.
Brian Blanchard
"Since 1994, SSC has completed a number of projects for me to my complete satisfaction.
Shane has a highly developed ability to understand his clients needs and to work effectively with
or without an architects involvement, to produce high quality outcomes in sometimes difficult
and demanding situations. I have no hesitation and much pleasure in giving this endorsement to
a builder who in my opinion produces work of the highest possible quality."
Services in
Residential Building
SS Constructions has provided a premium building service to the luxury housing market since
1993. Building luxury homes on the Gold Coast, SS Constructions places a high priority on
attention to design, detail and finish that has resulted in building awards for design and
workmanship.
Not just builders- SS Constructions provide a complete management service that includes
employing and coordinating suitable local design consultants for custom projects, preliminary
budgeting and cost management, obtaining approvals, compliance and certification.
From past experience some of our clients may only see the project on a few occasions during the
building process. We understand that our clients are too busy with their core businesses and
lifestyles to attend to all of the organizing, so we work with our clients, and fill the gaps to
overcome the obstacles professionally.
SS Construction thrives on challenges and gets excited about difficult projects where other
builders waiver. Our approach to our work is to overcome problems based on experience and
underpinning technical knowledge and management skill.
Commercial Building
SS Constructions managing director Shane Summers spent 15 years managing commercial
construction projects before he built his first house. Whilst working for large building companies
when he was a younger man he developed his own successful systems of construction, site
management and cost control that always provided good results for the clients both in quality and
price.
Good projects just dont happen. The right people need to be sourced and the right conditions
need to be established to achieve the best results. SS Constructions likes to engage early on the
project and either project manage the design team on behalf of the client [the owners agent]
from the outset or alternatively become part of the team managed by the owners separate agent.
The client definitely benefits as we are not just builders and have a lot to offer in experience.
SS Constructions is an established reliable business and has superior access to the best personal,
trade contractors and tradesmen living in and around the district. We are not interested in just
doing a job; we take pride in our work and do the best job we can.
SS Construction provided a total management service to the owner of the facility. We employed
and coordinated the design consultants, authority negotiations, approvals and certification,
10
construction works and hand over. A special feature to the project was to pre manufacture the
1000m2 feature timber building off site at our factory at Coomera in order to compensate for
delays caused by council town planning negotiations. The initiative resulted in the facility being
operational for the Christmas trade which provided the owner the opportunity to recover some of
the building cost immediately.
Industrial Building
SS Constructions are a manufacturing company in the building industry. We are very interested
in manufacturing processes for other industries. It is so important to employ someone interested
and understands the importance of time and motion, manufacturing processes and equipment
installations. This is very exciting providing technical assistance and expertise to another
manufacturer.
Building the Tuscany Stone Facility
We achieved good results for the directors of the Tuscany Stone Co project in Ashmore on the
Gold Coast where they manufacture marble and granite products for the building industry. The
facility includes warehousing stock and handling equipment, wet sawing, moulding and
polishing equipment, office and administration facilities and worker facilities. SS Construction
project managed the design, construction and certification of the project.
Sustainable Building
New challenges are presenting themselves right now for the collection of water and recycling
water for manufacturing, conservation of energy for the operation of the buildings and thermal
control, and the operation of equipment, using sustainable methods and materials and providing a
good and safe environment for workers.
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SS Constructions are interested and active in using sustainable and suitable products and
materials and investigating the integration of the products into the project.
This year we have performed extensive investigated into structures made from plantation forest
pine being a 100% renewable material for commercial and industrial use. We have engaged with
Hyne Timbers, being the largest and most experienced manufacturer of timber products in
Australia. Our research indicates that we overlooking the advantages that timber can offer over
steel framed buildings under the right circumstances.
This year we also engaged with Ritek Building Solutions with their insulative roof and wall
systems and cladding materials where we can vastly improve the energy efficiency or energy
control for heating and cooling buildings.
SS Constructions are interested in researching products that are an advantage to our clients.
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14
Jib cranes.
Up to 1 4 Ton Capacities.
(Take 10 15 days to supply the Jib crane after getting a Confirm order)
Project Name Engine Assembly for JCB machines (Air Conditioned Building)
Project Features
Total Qty of steel 180 Ton
Mezzanine floor - 750 Sq.mt ( made of deck sheet and steel columns)
Precoated Sheets 2500 sq. Mt for Partition
15
16
17
18
CHAPTER-2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
20
Ratio Analysis
Ratio analysis is a powerful tool of financial analysis. A ratio is defined as the indicated
quotient of two mathematical expressions and as the relations between two or more things.
In financial analysis, a ratio is used as a benchmark for evaluating the financial position and
performance. The absolute accounting figures reported in the financial statement do not provide
a meaningful understanding of the performance and financial position of a firm. For example,
Rs.5 crores net profit may look impressive, but firms performance can be said to be good or bad
only when the N.P. figure is related to firms investment.
Ratio helps to summarize large quantities of financial data and to make qualitative judgment
about the firms performance.
Standards of comparison
The ratio analysis involves comparison for a useful interpretation of the financial statements. A
single ratio in itself does not indicate favorable or unfavorable condition. It should be compared
with some standards. Standards of comparison may consist of:
Past ratios, i.e., ratio calculated from past financial statements of the firm.
Competitive ratio, i.e., ratio of some selected firms, especially the most progressive and
successful competitor, at the same point of time;
Industry ratios, i.e., ratio of industry which the firm belongs; and
Projected ratios, i.e., ratios developed using the Projected, Performa, financial statements
of the same firm.
series analysis. It gives an indication of the direction of change and reflects of whether firms
financial performance has improved deteriorated or remain constant over time.
Cross sectional analysis
Another way of comparison is to compare ratio of the firm with some selected firms in the same
industry at the same point in time. The kind of comparison is known as the cross sectional
analysis. The kind of comparison indicates the relative financial position and performance of the
firm. A firm can easily report to such a comparison, as it is not difficult to get the published
financial statements of the similar firms.
Industry analysis
To determine financial condition and performance of a firm, its ratio may be compared with
average ratio of the industry of which firm is a member. The sort of analysis is known as
industrial analysis, help member to ascertain the financial standing and capabilities of the firm
vis-a-vis other firms in the industry. Industry ratios are important standard in the view of the fact
that each industry has its characteristics, which influence the financial and operating
relationships.
Practical difficulties:1. It is difficult to get average ratio for the industry.
2. Even if industry ratios are available they are average ratios of string and weak firms.
Some time difference is so wide that average is of small utility.
3. Averages may be meaning less and comparison will be futile if firm within the same
industry widely differ in their accounting policies and practices.
According to R.N. Anthony:
A ratio is simply one number expressed in terms of another. It is found by dividing one number
into the other.
Thus, we can say that the relationship between two figures expressed in arithmetical terms is
called a ratio.
22
To help in forecasting.
The extent to which firm has used its long term solvency by borrowing funds;
The efficiency to which firm is utilizing its assets in generating sale revenue; and
Performance analysis:
In fact, it has to be realised that the short and long term financial position and the profitability of
the firm are tested in every kind of financial analysis, but the emphasis would differ. Some ratios
are more important in one kind of analysis than other. If a short term creditor analysis only the
23
current position and find it satisfactory, he cannot be certain about the safety of his claim if the
firms long term financial position or profitability is unfavorable. The satisfactory current
position would become adverse in future if the current resources are consumed by the long term
financial condition. Similarly, the good long-term financial position is no guarantee for the long
term creditors claims if the current position or the profitability of the firm is bad.
Credit analysis:
In credit analysis, the analyst will usually select a few important ratios. He may use the current
ratio or quick-asset ratio to judge the liquidity or debt-paying ability; debt-equity ratio to
determine the stake of the owners in the business and the firms capacity to survive in the long
run and any one of the profitability. For example, return on capital employeed to determine the
firms earning prospects.
Security analysis:
The major focus of security analysis is on the long term profitability. Profitability is dependent
on number of factors. One would certainly be concerned with the efficiency with which the firm
utilizes its assets and the financial risk to which the firm is exposed. So along with the
profitability ratio one would also analyze the activity ratio and leverage ratio.
Competitive analysis:
The ratio of the firm does not revel by themselves do not reveal anything. For meaningful
interpretation, the ratio of firm should be compared with the ratio of similar firms and industry.
The comparison will reveal whether the firm is significantly out of line with its competitors.
Trend analysis:
The ratio analysis will reveal the financial condition of the firm more reliably when trend ratio
over time are analysed. The trend analysis of the ratio adds considerable significance to the
financial analysis because it studies rati
o of several years and isolates the exceptional instances occurring in one or two periods.
Although the trend analysis of companys ratio is itself informative, but it is more informative to
compare the trend in companys ratio with the trend in industries ratio.
Caution in using ratio analysis
24
The ratio analysis is widely used techniques to evaluate financial position and performance of a
business. But there are certain problems in using these ratios.
The following are certain limitations of using these ratios:
The price level changes make the interpretation of the ratios invalid.
The difference in the definition of items in the balance sheet and the profit and loss
statement make the interpretation ratios more difficult.
The ratios calculated at a point of time are less informative and defective as they suffer
short term changes.
The ratios are generally calculated from past financial statement and, thus are no
indicators of future.
Standards of comparison:
Ratios of a company have meaning only when they compared with some standards. It is difficult
to find out a proper basis of comparison. Usually it is recommend that ratios will be prepared
with industry averages. But industry averages are not easily available.
Compare differences:
Situations of two companies are never same. Similarly, the factors influencing the performance
of a company in one year may change in another. Thus, the comparison of ratios of the
companies becomes difficult and meaningless when they are operating in different situations.
Price level changes:
The accounting figures, presented in financial statements, are expressed in momentary unit
which is used to remain constant. The prices change over years, which effects accounting
earnings. At least three effects of inflation can be identified; first, nominal value of inventory
increase second, asset is stated at original cost (less depreciation) in the balance sheet. Because
of inflation, their current value or replacement cost will be much higher than book value, third,
25
inflation affects accounting profits of the firms, which borrow. If the interest rates is fixed,
shareholders gains at the cost of lenders.
Different definitions of variables:
In practice, differences exist as to the meaning of certain terms. Diversity of views exists as to
what would be included in the net worth or shareholders equity, current assets or liability.
Historical data:
The basis to calculate ratios are historical financial statements. The financial analyst is more
interested in what happens in future, while the ratios indicate in the past. Management of the
company has information about the companys future plan and policies and be able to predict
future happenings to a certain extend. But the outside analyst has to rely on the past ratios, which
may not necessarily reflect the firms financial positions and performance in the future.
Types of ratios
Usually ratios are calculated from the accounting data, can be grouped into various classes,
according to financial activity or functions to be evaluated.
Parties interested in the financial analysis are
Owners
Management
Short term creditors mainly interested in the liquidity and short term solvency of
the firm.
Long term creditors more interested in the solvency and profitability of the firm.
26
Liquidity ratios
Liquidity refers to the ability of the firm to meet its current obligations. It is also called as
short term solvency ratios. These ratios are used to assess the short-term financial position of
the concern. They indicate the firms ability to meet its current obligation out of the current
resources.
According to Saloman J.Flink
Liquidity is the ability of the firm to meet its current obligations as they fall due.
According to Herbert B.Mayo
Liquidity is the ease with which assets may be converted into cash without loss.
Liquidity Ratios are:
1. Current Ratio.
2. Quick Ratio.
3. Cash Ratio.
Leverage ratios
Long term creditor like the debentures holders financial institutions etc are interested in the
firms long-term financial strength. These ratios are calculated to assess the ability of the firm to
meet its long-term liability as and when they become due.
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To judge the financial position of the, financial leverage, or capital structure ratio are calculated.
These ratios indicate mix of funds provided by owners and lenders.
Leverage ratios are as:
1. Debt-equity ratio.
2. Debt to total funds ratio.
3. Proprietary ratio.
4. Interest coverage ratio.
Activity ratios
Activity ratios are employed to evaluate the efficiency with which the firm manages and utilizes
the assets. These are also called the turnover ratios, because they indicate the speed with which
assets are being inverted or turned over into sales. Higher turnover ratios indicate the better
utilization of capital or resources and in turn lead to higher profitability.
Several activity ratios are calculated to judge the effectiveness of assets utilization.
These are:1. Inventory Turnover Ratio.
2. Debtors Turnover Ratio.
3. Fixed assets Turnover Ratio.
4. Average collection Period.
Profitability Ratios
A company should earn profits to survive and grow over a long period of time. Profit is the
measurement of the efficiency of the business.
Generally there are two types of profitability ratios calculated:
Under this method the items of financial statements relating to two or more periods are kept side
by side so that they can be compared. By preparing comparative financial statement the nature and
quantum of change in different items can be calculated and it also helps in the future estimates. By
comparing with the data of the previous years it can be ascertained what type of changes in the
different items of current year have taken place and the future trend of business can be estimated.
31
CHAPTER-3
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
32
CHAPTER-4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
34
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Meaning of Research
Research is common parlance refers to search for knowledge. Once can also define research as a
scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. Infact, research is
an art of scientific investigation.
Types of Research
The basic types of research are as follows:
1. Descriptive Vs. Analytical: Descriptive research includes survey and fact finding
enquires of different kinds. In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to
use facts or information already available, and analysis there to make a critical evaluation
of the material.
2. Applied Vs. Fundamental: Research can either be applied or action research or
fundamental to basic or pure Research. Applied research aims at finding a solution for an
immediate problem facing a society or an business organization where as fundamental
research mainly concerned with Generalizations and with the formulation of the theory.
3. Quantitative Vs. Qualitative: Quantitative research is based on the measurement of
quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of
quantity. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative
phenomena, i.e. phenomena.
4. Conceptual Vs. Empirical: Conceptual research is that related to some ideas or theory. It
is generally used by philosophies and thinkers to develop new concept or to reinterpret
existing ones.
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5. Some other types of researches: All other type of research are variation of one or more
of the above stated approaches, based on either the purpose of research or the time
required to accomplish research, on the environment in which research is done or on the
basis of some other similar factors.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design specifies the methods and procedures for conducting a particular research study.
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of the data in a
manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.
Research design is broadly classified into three types which are as follows:
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37
SECONDARY DATA:Secondary data means that are already available i.e. they refer the data which have already been
collected and analysed by someone else when the researcher utilizes secondary data than he has
to look into various sources from where he can obtain them, in this case he is certainly not
confronted with the problems that are usually associated with the collection of original data.
38
Secondary data may either be published data or unpublished data. It was collected from internal
sources.
During my study I used both the sources of data collection i.e. primary and secondary source of
data. As far as secondary data is concerned, it included company profile, company records,
vouchers and various publication, internet etc.
Besides secondary data collection, primary sources like interview and observations are used for
understanding the study.
I used the various types of secondary data in my study:
Organisational file,
Official records,
Newspapers,
Magazines,
Management books,
ADVANTAGES:
Easy to collect.
DISADVANTAGES:
May not always answer the specific questions pertaining to your study.
Lack of availability.
39
CHAPTER- 5
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
40
41
Liquidity ratios
a) Current Ratio
b) Quick Ratio
2.
Leverage Ratios
a) Debt-equity Ratio
b) Current Asset to Proprietors fund Ratio
42
CHAPTER-6
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATIONS
43
Liquidity Ratios
Current Ratio Trends
This ratio explains the relationship between current assets and current liabilities of a business. The
formula of calculating the ratio is:Current Assets
Current ratio = _________________
Current liabilities
Current Assets include those assets which can be converted into cash within a years time.
Current Assets = Cash in hand + Cash at Bank + Short term investments + Debtors + Stock
+ Prepaid expenses + Bank Receivable.
Current Liabilities include those liabilities which are repayable in a years time.
Current Liabilities = Bank overdraft + Bank Payable + Creditors + Provision for taxation +
Proposed dividend + Loans Payable within a year.
This ratio indicates the availability of Current Assets in rupees for every one rupee of current
liability.
YEAR
C.A. / C.L.
CURRENT RATIO
110/31.74
3.47:1
135.56/29.31
4.79:1
44
6
5
4
Current Ratio 3
CURRENT RATIO
2
1
0
Year
45
to be sold before it converted into cash. Prepaid expenses are also excluded from it because they
are not expected to be converted into cash.
YEAR
L.A. / C.L.
QUICK RATIO
79.71/31.74
2.51:1
97.85/28.31
3.46:1
47
4
3.5
3
2.5
Quick Ratio
2
1.5
QUICK RATIO
1
0.5
0
Year
Significance:
48
Generally, the quick ratio of 1:1 is considered to be satisfactory. Quick ratio thus more rigorous
test of liquidity than the current ratio ands, when used together with current ratio, it gives a better
picture of short term financial positions of the firm.
Comments:
Since quick ratio is increasing over the years, it gives a better picture of firms short term financial
position so firm is in a position to pay its current liabilities immediately or within a month.
YEAR
C+M/S / C.L.
CASH RATIO
15.35/31.74
49
0.48:1
13.31/28.31
0.47:1
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
Cash Ratio
0.47
0.47
CASH RATIO
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.46
Year
50
Leverage ratios
Debt-Equity Ratio Trends
Several debt ratios may be used to analyse the long term solvency of the firm. The firm may be
interested in knowing the portion of the interest-bearing debt (also called funding debt) is the
capital structure. It indicates the proportion of funds which are acquired by long term borrowing
in comparison to shareholders funds.
Debt
OR
Equity
_________________
Shareholders Funds
Long Term Loans = Debentures + Mortgage Loans + Bank Loan + Loan from Financial
Institutions + Public Deposits.
Shareholders Funds = Equity Share Capital + Preference Share Capital + Share Premium +
General Reserves + Capital Reserves + Credit Balance of Profit and Loss Accounts
Accumulated Losses and Fictitious Assets.
YEAR
D/E
DEBT-EQUITY
RATIO
16.04/154.82
0.10:1
72/129.35
0.55:1
52
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.1
0
Year
53
54
Shareholders Funds (Equity) = Equity Share Capital + Preference Share Capital + Security
Premium + General Reserves + Capital Reserves + Credit Balance of Profit and Loss Accounts Accumulated Losses and Fictitious Assets.
YEAR
D / D+E
16.04/170.86
72/201.35
55
DEBT-TOTAL
RATIO
9%
35%
40%
35%
30%
25%
Debt-Total Ratio 20%
DEBT-TOTAL RATIO
15%
10%
5%
0%
Year
Significance:
Debt to total funds ratios of 0.67:1 (or 67%) is considered satisfactory. A higher ratio than this is
generally considered as the indicator of risk. Because it means that the firm depends too much on
outsides loans for the existence. Any withdrawal of funds by the lenders will put the company in
difficulties.
Comments:As we see that firm is able to make prompt payments since the debt-equity ratio shows a gradual
decrease and lastly firm has paid its debt in the current year. As it has a sound position and the
ratio was much lower compared to required standards which indicates a good payment system.
Now the company is free from any market liability.
________________
Debt + Equity
OR
Shareholders Funds
______________________________________
Shareholders Fund + Long-Term Loans
57
YEAR
E / D+E
PROPRIETARY RATIO
177.61/193.65
9%
194.07/266.07
35%
58
40%
35%
30%
25%
Proprietary Ratio 20%
PROPRIETARY RATIO
15%
10%
5%
0%
Year
Significance:
The ratio should be 33% or more than that. A higher proprietary ratio is generally treated as an
indicator of sound financial position from long term point of view. Because it means that firm is
less dependent on external sources of finance. On the other hand lower the ratio, the less secured
are the long term loans and face the risk of losing their money.
Comments:
Higher proprietary ratio is treated as the indicator of sound financial position from the long-term
point of view because it is less depended on external sources of finance. The companys
proprietary ratio is ranging between 92% to 100% which is quite good. As clearly depicted by the
calculations
Interest Coverage Ratio Trends
This ratio is also termed as debt service Ratio or Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio. This ratio is
calculated by dividing the net profit before charging interest and Income Tax by Fixed Interest
charges.
Net Profit before interest and taxes
Interest Coverage Ratio = __________________________________
Fixed Interest Charges
Net profit before interest and taxes is to be taken for the calculation of this ratio because this is the
amount of profit out of which interest and taxes are to be paid out. Fixed interest charges include
interest on fixed (long term) loans or debentures.
60
YEAR
NP/FIC
31.10/0.62
50.16 times
30.62/0.98
31.24 times
60
50
40
Interest Coverage Ratio 30
INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO
20
10
0
Year
61
Activity Ratio
62
YEAR
COGS/Av. Inventory
INVENTORY RATIO
178.95/24.73
6.22 times
211.93/34.08
6.21 times
63
6.22
6.22
6.22
6.22
Inventory Ratio
6.21
6.21
INVENTORY RATIO
6.21
6.21
6.21
6.2
Year
64
Significance:
This ratio indicates whether or not the stock has been efficiently utilized. It shows the speed with
which the stock is rotated into sales. The higher the ratio, the better it is, since it indicates that the
stock is selling quickly. In business where stock turnover is high goods can be sold at low margin
of profit and even then the profitability can be high.
Comments:
Inventory turnover ratio of the company is quite good earlier it means that there is proper outflow
of the stock and goods do not remain in the godown for a long time. As we can see that the
inventory turnover is decreasing which shows that there is overspending in stock which is left
unused.
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Bills receivable are added in debtors for the purpose of calculation of this ratio. While calculating
this ratio, provision for bad debt and doubtful debt is not deducted from total debtors, so that it
may not give a false impression that debtors are collected quickly.
Net Credit Sales = Total Sales Cash Sales.
Average Debtors = (Opening Debtors + Closing Debtors)/2
Average Bills Receivables = (Opening B/R + Closing B/R)/2
YEAR
SALES / D+B/R
DEBTORS RATIO
89.79/37.57
2.38 times
123.51/45.25
2.72 times
66
2.8
2.7
2.6
Debtors Ratio 2.5
DEBTORS RATIO
2.4
2.3
2.2
Year
67
This ratio indicates the speed with which the amount is collected from debtors. The higher the
ratio, the better it is, since it indicates that amount from debtors is being collected more quickly.
The less the risk from bad debt, and so the lower the expenses of collection and increase in the
liquidity of the firm.
Comments:
Debtor turnover ratio of the company is 2.72 which is quite good it means there is efficient credits
sales policy of the management. So there is less risk of bad debts but there is increase in the ratio
from the last year.
YEAR
365/SALES
AVERAGE PERIOD
68
365/2.38
153 days
365/2.72
134 days
155
150
145
140
Average Period
AVERAGE PERIOD
135
130
125
120
Year
69
YEAR
COGS/F.A.
178.95/120.86
1.48 times
211.93/168.45
1.27 times
71
1.5
1.45
1.4
1.35
Fixed Assets Ratio
FIXED1.3
ASSETS RATIO
1.25
1.2
1.15
Year
72
Profitability Ratios
Gross Profit Ratio Trends
This ratio shows the relationship between Gross Profit and Sales.
Gross Profit
Gross Profit Ratio = ________________________ * 100
Net Sales
Net Sales = Sales Sales Return
YEAR
G.P. / NS
73
27.58/59.79
31%
25.67123.51
21%
74
35%
30%
25%
20%
Gross Profit Ratio
GROSS
15%PROFIT RATIO
10%
5%
0%
Year
75
YEAR
N.P. / N.S.
10.35/89.79
12%
76
15.43/123.51
12%
77
14%
12%
10%
8%
Net Profit Ratio
NET PROFIT RATIO
6%
4%
2%
0%
Year
78
Operating Profit
Operating Profit Ratio = ________________________ * 100
Net Sales
Operating Profit = Gross Profit Operating expenses (efficient and administrative expenses
selling and distribution expenses, discount, interest on short-term debts
etc.)
79
YEAR
O.P. / N.S.
20.21/89.79
23%
22.72/123.51
22%
80
23%
23%
23%
23%
Operating Profit Ratio
22%
22%
OPERATING
PROFIT RATIO
22%
22%
22%
21%
Year
81
Significance:
This ratio measure the rate of net profit earned on sales. It helps in determining the overall
efficiency of the business operations. As increase in the ratio over the previous shows
improvement in the overall efficiency and profitability of the business.
Comments:
The net profit ratio also shows a decrease the operating expenses have increased in comparison to
net year. So they should keep a watch on their operating activities and try to reduce the
expenditure incurred on them.
To the figure clearly states that the revenue generated from sales is increasing but the profit is
going down by few digits because of increase in operational activities. But still the ratio of the
current year is quite significant but this continuous decrease in the ratio might be problematic.
Current year is quite significant but this continuous decrease in the ratio might be problematic.
Quantity is decreasing but rate increased that is why there is profit otherwise there would have
been loss.
Return On Investment (ROI) Trends
This ratio reflects the overall profitability of the business. It is calculated by comparing the profit
earned and the capital employed to earn it.
YEAR
82
RETURN OF INVESTMENT
20.21/52.85
38%
27.72/57.64
48%
83
60%
50%
40%
20%
10%
0%
Year
84
85
Equity Shareholders Funds = Equity Share Capital + All Reserves + Credit Balance of P&L
A/c Fictitious assets Debit Balance of P&L A/c.
YEAR
PROFIT / EQUITY
RETURN OF EQUITY
10.35/4.14
3%
15.43/4.14
4%
86
5%
4%
4%
3%
3%
Return f Equity
2%
RETURN OF EQUITY
2%
1%
1%
0%
Year
87
CHAPTER- 7
FINDINGS
88
89
FINDINGS
After collection and analyzing the data, the researcher has to accomplish the task of drawing
interferences. Its only through interpretation that researcher can expose relations and processes
that underlie his findings. Thus interpretations a device through which the factor that seems to
explain what has been observed by researcher in the course of the study can be understood better.
So for the simplification I have divided my findings in four parts.
Liquidity Ratio
Current ratio increases over the year which shows good sign on the part of management
functions as we notice that it is below the required standard. But idleness of assets has to be taken
care of. They should be utilized in some beneficial investment.
Quick Ratio also increases which shows that company is carrying enough amount of liquid
assets.
Cash ratio has also gone down which means debtors are not making prompt payments.
Leverage Ratio
Debt ratio of the firm is decreasing which indicates that the firm is able to pay its debts in time.
Debt to total funds ratio is also decreasing and firm is finally paid all of its debt in the current
years which tell that firm is free from all outside liabilities.
Proprietary ratio of the firm is also much higher than 33% which is the indicator of sound
financial position as firm is less dependent on external sources of finance.
90
Turnover Ratios
Fixed assets ratio revels how efficiently the fixed assets are being utilized in the business
indicated by an increase this shows proper utilization of assets.
Inventory turnover ratio is quite high which indicates that stock is regulated into business at
regular intervals and one can also measure the sales policies of the firm.
Debtor turnover ratio also shows an increase which indicates that the amount is regularly
collected by the debtor so there is less risk of bad debts and collection period also satisfies.
Profitability Ratios
Gross profit ratio compared with the previous years shows a gradual decrease which sounds
problematic for the company.
Net profit ratio decrease with the high volumes compared in the previous year. Thus is due to
depreciation and increase in manufacturing and operating expenses.
Operating profit ratio also shows a decrease in comparison to past years.
91
CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSIONS
92
CONCLUSIONS
In todays environment it becomes very important for organizations to retain their, becomes very
important for organizations to retain their employees. The top organizations are on the top
because they value their employees and they know how to keep them glued to the organization.
Employees stay and leave organizations for some reasons. The reason may be personal or
professional. These reasons should be understood by the employer and should be taken care of.
The organizations are becoming aware of these reasons and adopting many strategies for
employee retention. The project under study in the S.S.SAIB CONSTRUCTION PRIVATE
LIMITED FARIDABAD is having a large number of employees, but with the large number of
employees the organization is having moderately good communication, recruitment, and
performance appraisal system.
From the above study of employee retention system in S.S.Saib Construction Company I observe
that employee retaining techniques adopted by organization is moderately good. In S.S.Saib
Construction Company there are sufficient activities done to improve employee retention and
retain employees for longer time. But as in this competitive there are some limitations in the
organizations which the organization has to overrule to make their organizations better than
others like1. Lack of open communication.
2. Proper feedback is not given to employees which may demotivate the employees.
3. Lack of appropriate development opportunities given to employees.
4. Lack of transparent work culture
93
CHAPTER-9
LIMITATIONS
94
Since I did not have the privilege to work on a large scale, so many findings and
recommendation may not be as much in tune with their ground realities as may be
considered desirable.
Last but not the least, the time constraint faced is the project might have affected the
comprehensiveness of its findings.
95
CHAPTER-10
RECOMMENDATIONS AND
SUGGESTIONS
96
RECOMMENDATIONS
The liquidity ratio shows that the liquidators position of the company is quite
satisfactory. All the ratios such as the current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio show a
significant increase in comparison with past years. The company has to make full utilization
of its assets.
Leverage position of the company is good as we can see that the ratio continuously
decreases and lastly the firm is able to pay all its debt in current year. So the firm should try
to maintain it and should invest its money in some profitable activities.
Gross profit ratio of the company is declining, this could be due to:
Increase in the prices of raw material.
Increase in the manufacturing expenses.
There is full in the prices of unsold goods, there by reducing the value of unsold
goods.
Focused attention should be paid by including a special drive to expatiate recoveries from
sundry debtors.
The net profit ratio of the firm also decreases. It shows the inefficiency and unpredictability
of the business. This decline is because in expenses borne by operating activities.
97
Suggestion
1. The company may improve its current ratio by decreasing the current liabilities because
in the year 2008-09 current assets are decreased and it may also improve its quick ratio.
2. The company may decrease its total debt as there is increase in total debt the year 200809. The company may increase its investment in current assets.
3. Long terms solvency of the company has to be improved by limiting amount invested by
outsiders to the amount invested by the owner of the company . this can be achieved by
purchasing the shares gradually.
4. The proper management of the inventory can improve liquidity position and efficiency of
the company.
98
CHAPTER-11
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND
QUESTIONNAIRE
99
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:a) Gupta, Shashi K.&R.K. Sharma, Financial management, Kalyani publisher
(5 th edition)
b) Goel, D.K., Analysis of Financial Statements, Arya publications,
(5 th edition)
c) Kothari, C.R., Research Methodology, Sultan Chand publications,
(3 rd edition)
d) Pandey, LM, Financial Management, Vikas publications
(2 nd edition)
World Wide Web:
www.ssscpl.in
www.india-today.com
www.ssconstruction.net
www.ssconstruction.au
www.ssconstruction.com
100
Balance Sheet
Principal Groups
Working Capital
(Current Assets-Current
Liabilities)
Cash-in-hand
Bank Accounts
1-Apr-2011 to
31-Mar-2012
Principal Ratios
1,81,38,665.53 Dr
80,167.50 Dr
Quick Ratio
1.15 : 1
0.54 : 1
9.85 %
3,31,31,488.20 Cr
Nett Profit %
4.00 %
7,97,64,430.24 Cr
Operating Cost %
21,51,174.75 Dr
1,02,96,889.34 Cr
Sundry Debtors
2,87,86,865.82 Dr
10,78,69,339.08 Dr
Sales Accounts
16,55,09,012.32 Cr
Purchase Accounts
12,07,67,155.84 Dr
Stock-in-hand
Nett Profit
Wkg. Capital Turnover
(Sales Accounts / Working
Capital)
Inventory Turnover
1.50 : 1
Bank OD A/c
Sundry Creditors
Current Ratio
1-Apr-2011
to 31-Mar2012
1,26,89,560.00 Dr
66,16,325.77 Cr
9.12
56.66 days
34.91 %
13.04
96.00 %
101
36.48 %
Particulars
2010
2009
Inventory (A)
37.73
30.44
Debtors (B)
73.24
51.59
13.31
15.35
11.29
12.61
135.56
110
Liquid assets
97.85
79.71
Fixed Assets
167.45
120.86
Current Liabilities
28.31
31.74
9.19
9.19
184.88
168.42
Shareholders Funds
194.07
177.61
Long-term Debt
72
16.04
Net Worth
194.07
177.61
(A + B + C + D)
& Provisions
(E + F)
102
Years
2010
2009
Sales
237.60
206.53
Other Income
6.59
5.05
Operating Profit
26.88
28.73
30.62
31.10
Tax
12.09
8.28
18.53
22.80
Gross Profit
25.67
27.58
Cash Sales
114.09
116.74
103