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2 MARKS
1. What is meant by charge?
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles which matter
consists. The charge of an electron is so small. Charge in motion represents
current. The unit of charge is coulomb.
2. What is meant by Current?
The flow of free electrons in a conductor is called current. Unit is ampere
(A).
I = Q/t
3. What is meant by Voltage?
The poterntial difference between two points is called as voltage. Unit is
Volts (V).
V=W/Q , W=work done in joules & Q = charge in coulombs
4. State Ohms Law.
The potential difference across any two ends of a conductor is directly
proportional to the current flowing between the two ends provided the
temperature of the conductor remains constant.
5. State Krichoffs Voltage Law
KVL states that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed path is zero.
KCL is used.
KVL is used
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3Vph
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17. Give the phase value and line valued of a delta connected system.
IL=
3Iph
Voltmeter
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Hysteresis error
Temperature error
Frequency error
First use the highest range and then decrease the voltage range until
the sufficient deflection is obtained.
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Nr
= Slip
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6 MARKS
1. A 3 4 pole 50 hz induction motor runs at 1460 r.p.m. find its % of slip.
Solution
N s = 120f/p
= 120*50/4
= 1500r.p.m.
Running speed of motor
n= 1460r.p.m.
Slip S=( N sN)/ N s*100
=(1500-1460) x 100 / 1500
= 2.667%
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the
coils
or
windings.
3. Calculate the amount of resistance (R) in a circuit, given values of voltage (E) and
current (I):
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5. Calculate the electric power in the given circuit and discuss the effect of
increasing the battery voltage.
The formula for determining the power in an electric circuit: by multiplying the
voltage in "volts" by the current in "amps" we arrive at an answer in "watts." Let's apply
this to the given circuit.
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Now that we know the current, we can take that value and multiply it by
the voltage to determine power:
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i - current flowing
l - length of coil
u - number of turn
r - radius of coil
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=> R2 =100 - R1
R1R2/R1+R2 = 24
R1R2/100 = 24
R1R2 =2400
R1 (100-R1) = 2400
100 R1-R1^2-2400 = 0
R1^2-100 R1 + 2400 = 0
(R1-60)(R1-40) = 0
There Fore R1 = 60; R1 = 40
When R1 = 60
; R2 = 100 60 = 40
When R1 = 40
; R2 = 100 - 40 = 60
1/Req = 2+.85+4
Req = 7.2
10. Explain about Krichoffs voltage and current laws.
Kirchhoffs Current Law
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On the side of the conductor where the lines of flux oppose each other, the
magnetic field will be made weaker. On the side of the conductor where the lines of flux
are not opposing each other, the magnetic field will be made stronger. Because of the
strong field on one side of the conductor and a weak field or, the other side, the conductor
will be pushed into the weaker field.
The armature is connected to the commutator which rides along the brushes which
are connected to a DC power source. The current from the DC power source flows from
the positive lead, through the brush labeled A1 through one commutator section, through
the armature coil, through the other commutator section, through the brush labeled A2
and back to the negative lead.This current will generate lines of flux around the armature
and affect the lines of flux in the air gap. On the side of thecoil where the lines of flux
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oppose each other, the magnetic field will be made weaker. On the side of the coil where
the lines of flux are riot opposing each other, the magnetic field is made stronger.
Because of the strong field on one side of the coil and the weak field on the other side,
the coil will be pushed into the weaker field and, because the armature coil is free to
rotate, it will rotate.
The torque available at the motor shaft (turning effort) is determined by the
magnetic force (flux) acting on the armature coil and the distance from the renter of
rotation that force is. The flux is determined by the current flowing through the armature
coil and strength of the field magnets.
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From Faraday's law, this situation results in the induction of currents round the
rotor windings; the magnitude of this current depends on the impedance of the rotor
windings. Since the conditions for motor action are now fulfilled, that is, current carrying
conductors are found in a magnetic field, the rotor experiences a torque and starts to turn.
The rotor can never rotate at the synchronous speed because there would be no relative
motion between the magnetic field and the rotor windings and no current could be
induced. The induction motor has a high starting torque.
13. Explain the working principle of single phase induction motor.
Single phase induction motor has only one stator winding (main winding) and
operates with a single-phase power supply. In all single-phase induction motors, the rotor
is the squirrel cage type. The single-phase induction motor is not self-starting. When the
motor is connected to a single-phase power supply, the main winding carries an
alternating current. This current produces a pulsating magnetic field. Due to induction,
the rotor is energized. As the main magnetic field is pulsating, the torque necessary for
the motor rotation is not generated. This will cause the rotor to vibrate, but not to rotate.
Hence, the single phase induction motor is required to have a starting mechanism that can
provide the starting kick for the motor to rotate.
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10 MARKS
1. DETERMINE THE EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE BETWEEN
TERMINALS A & B
SOLUTION
50
& 12.5
ARE PARALLEL
50*12.5 / 50+12.5 = 10
STEP I
STEP II
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B
20*30/20+30 = 12
STEP III
A
35
60
60*20/60+20 = 15
STEP I V
STEP V
RAB = 50
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Solution:
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The solution of -1 amp for I2 means that our initially assumed direction of current was
incorrect. In actuality, I2 is flowing in a counter-clockwise direction at a value of
(positive) 1 amp:
In both type of these instruments, the current under measurement is passed through a coil
of wire. This current carrying coil set up the necessary field depending on the magnitude
of the current to be measured. The coil may be of a few turns of very heavy conductor or
of many turns of fine wire. The instrument to be used as an ammeter is provided with a
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coil of few turns of thick wire in order to have low resistance and carry large current and
that to be used as a voltameter is provided with a coil of large number of turns of wire in
order to have high resistance and draw as small current as possible.
4.
dw = Td d
Since change in energy dE = workdone, dw
Td d = I2dL
Td = I2dL/d
where I is in amperes, L is in Henry and is in Radians.
Thus toruqe is proportional to the square of the instrument current and to the rate
of change of inductance with deflection.
Answer.
Energy consumed in one hour = VI cos / 1000
= 210 x 20 x 0.8 / 1000
= 3.360 kwh.
The number of revolution the meter should make it is correct = 3.360 x
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the deflecting torque and increases with increase in deflection of the moving
system without controlling system the irrespective magnitude of current and
moreover, once deflected it would not return to its zero position on removing
the current.
In attraction type instrument it is produced by spring control and in PMMC
too it would be produced by spring control.
3. DAMPING TORQUE:- This torque is also necessary to avoid oscillation
of the moving system about it's final deflected position owing to the inertia of
the moving parts and to bring the moving system to rest in it's final deflected
position quickly.
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core is to make the field uniform and to reduce the reluctance of the magnetic
circuit. A low reluctance helps to retain permeance of magnet for a longer
period.
WORKING OF TORQUE EQUATION:- When the current to be measured
is passed through the coil, say in the direction as shown in fig. (a), deflecting
torque is produced. On account of relation between permanent magnetic field
and coil magnetic field, the direction of deflecting torque can be determined
by applying Fleming's left hand rule.
It is the current in amperes flowing through the coil of turns N and length l
meters B is flux density in test as in air gap:Then, deflecting force F = BilN newtons.
If r is the distance in meters in between the centers of the coil and force F.
Then deflecting torque Td = F x r = BilNr Nm
From the above expression it is obvious that if flux density B in the air gap is
constant, then
deflecting torque Td = i , Tc= Td
So, = i
And since q is directly proportional to current, the scale of the basic dc
PMMC instrument are usually linearly spaced. Hence scale is linear.
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THEORY:- Let us be the supply voltage, i the load current and R the load
resistance of the moving coil circuit.
Current through fixed coil, if = i
Current through moving coil, im = V/R
deflecting torque, Td if
im V/R
For a DC circuit the deflecting torque is thus proportional to the power and for
any circuit with fluctuating torque. The instantaneous to the instantaneous
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power.
Answer.
1. TORQUE HEIGHT RATIO:- Dynamometer type instruments have equal small
torque height ratio.
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10.
Answer.
Shunt is usually used in voltmeter and ammeter to extend the range of
voltmeter and ammeters.
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Rm = 5
Vm = 100mv
Im = Vm/Rm = 100mv/5 = 20mA
1. For measuring voltage upto 50V.
Series resistance is used with the instrument whose resistance is
R = V/Im - Rm = 50/(20 x 10-3) - 5
R = 2.5 x 10-3 - 5 = R = 2495
2. Such resistance of resistance Rf is used to be connected
Rf = Rm/[I/Im - 1]
= 5/[10/20 x 10-3 -1] = 5 x 2/998
Rf = 0.01002004
Answer. The earliest and simplest form of attraction moving iron instruments
uses a solenoid and moving oval shaped soft iron pinoted eccentrically. To
this iron a pointer is attached so that it may deflect along with the moving iron
over a graduate scale. The iron is made of sheet metal specially shaped to give
a scale as nearby uniform as possible. The moving iron is drawn into field of
solenoid when current flows through it. The movement of the iron always
from weaker magnetic field outside the coil into the stronger field inside the
coil regardless the direction of flow of current. When the current to be
measured is passed through the solenoid, a magnetic field is set up inside the
solenoid, which in turn magnetises the iron. Thus the iron is attached into the
coil causing the spindle and the pointer to rotate.
So much instruments normally have spring control and pneumatic damping
forces.
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1) Ns =120f/p
=120*50/4
= 1500 r.p.m.
2) speed when slip is 4% or .04
N=Ns (1-s)
=1500(1-0.04)
= 1440 r.p.m.
3) slip when motor runs at 600 r.p.m.
S=(Ns N)/Ns
=(1500-600)/1500
= 0.6
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13. Explain the method of temperature control in open loop and closed loop
systems.
Temperature controllers are needed in any situation requiring a given
temperature be kept stable. This can be in a situation where an object is required
to be heated, cooled or both and to remain at the target temperature (set point),
regardless of the changing environment around it. There are two fundamental
types of temperature control; open loop and closed loop control. Open loop is the
most basic form and applies continuous heating/cooling with no regard for the
actual temperature output. It is analogous to the internal heating system in a car.
On a cold day, you may need to turn the heat on to full to warm the car to 75.
However, during warmer weather, the same setting would leave the inside of the
car much warmer than the desired 75.
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14. Explain about open loop and closed loop control system.
Figure 1 shows an open loop system. A computed force is applied to the system
which is expected to respond based on the specifications. If the system fails to respond
correctly (because your estimates were off) or an unanticipated disturbance acted on it,
then there is no way to correct the course. On the other hand, figure 2 shows a feed-back
system. The response C(s) is measured using the sensor H(s) and the resultant is
compared with the input R(s). The resultant difference (error) is acted upon by the
controller which works on the actuator. The actuator then applies the required force on
the system.
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The closed loop thus contains the sensor dynamics, the controller dynamics, the
actuator dynamics in addition to the system we are interested in. It should be noted that
all measurements have to be done or converted if necessary into one unit so that
comparison with the target signal is possible. Usually, measurements result in currents
and voltages. Hence, this conversion from a mechanical input to an electrical output is
also included in the sensor, controller and actuator dynamics.
In designing the full control system the dynamics of all the components need to be
accounted for. If the controller is very slow compared to the system, it will not send the
right input at the right time. In this class, we will assume perfect sensor and actuator
dynamics, i.e., what goes into the sensor (it is commonly denoted by H(s)) and the
actuator comes out unmodified instantaneously. So we replace them with unity transfer
functions.
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relative between two points. For this reason, the quantities of voltage and
resistance are often stated as being "between" or "across" two points in a circuit.
To be able to make meaningful statements about these quantities in
circuits, we need to be able to describe their quantities in the same way that we
might quantify mass, temperature, volume, length, or any other kind of physical
quantity. For mass we might use the units of "kilogram" or "gram." For
temperature we might use degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius. Here are the
standard units of measurement for electrical current, voltage, and resistance:
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Yoke
In early days Yoke was made up of cast iron but now it is replaced by cast steel.
This is because cast iron is saturated by a flux density of 0.8 Wb/sq.m where as saturation
with cast iron steel is about 1.5 Wb/sq.m.So for the same magnetic flux density the cross
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section area needed for cast steel is less than cast iron hence the weight of the machine
too. If we use cast iron there may be chances of blow holes in it while casting. so now
rolled steels are developed and these have consistent magnetic and mechanical properties.
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current. The ammeter and voltmeter are both vulnerable to overheating - in case of an
overload, their pointers will be driven off scale - but in the wattmeter, either or even both
the current and potential circuits can overheat without the pointer approaching the end of
the scale! This is because the position of the pointer depends on the power factor, voltage
and current. Thus, a circuit with a low power factor will give a low reading on the
wattmeter, even when both of its circuits are loaded to the maximum safety limit.
Therefore, a wattmeter is rated not only in watts, but also in volts and amperes.
18. Explain the construction of transformer with neat diagram.
A transformer is an electrical device used to convert AC power at a certain
voltage level to AC power at a different voltage, but at the same frequency.
The construction of a transformer includes a ferromagnetic core around which
multiple coils, or windings, of wire are wrapped. The input line connects to the 'primary'
coil, while the output lines connect to 'secondary' coils. The alternating current in the
primary coil induces an alternating magnetic flux that 'flows' around the ferromagnetic
core, changing direction during each electrical cycle. The alternating flux in the core in
turn induces an alternating current in each of the secondary coils. The voltage at each of
the secondary coils is directly related to the primary voltage by the turns ratio, or the
number of turns in the primary coil divided by the number turns in the secondary coil.
For instance, if the primary coil consists of 100 turns and carries 480 volts and a
secondary
coil
consists
of
25
turns,
the
secondary
voltage
is
then:
The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic lines of flux.
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