Contents
Contents
1 System Architecture...................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Hardware Architecture ..................................................................................................................................1-2
1.1.1 Composition.........................................................................................................................................1-2
1.1.2 Cabinet .................................................................................................................................................1-2
1.1.3 Antenna Subsystem..............................................................................................................................1-6
1.1.4 O&M Subsystem..................................................................................................................................1-6
1.2 Software Architecture....................................................................................................................................1-7
1.2.1 Composition.........................................................................................................................................1-7
1.2.2 Signaling Processing Software.............................................................................................................1-8
1.2.3 Baseband Signal Processing Software .................................................................................................1-8
1.2.4 O&M and Transmission Device Control Software ..............................................................................1-8
1.3 Logical Architecture......................................................................................................................................1-9
1.3.1 Composition.........................................................................................................................................1-9
1.3.2 Common Subsystem ..........................................................................................................................1-10
1.3.3 DTRU Subsystem .............................................................................................................................. 1-11
1.3.4 DAFU Subsystem .............................................................................................................................. 1-11
1.3.5 Antenna Subsystem............................................................................................................................ 1-11
1.4 Bus Structure...............................................................................................................................................1-12
2 Common Subsystem..................................................................................................................2-1
2.1 Composition ..................................................................................................................................................2-2
2.1.1 BTS Common Subsystem ....................................................................................................................2-2
2.1.2 Cabinet Top Access Subsystem............................................................................................................2-2
2.2 Functions.......................................................................................................................................................2-3
2.3 DTMU...........................................................................................................................................................2-4
2.3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................2-4
2.3.2 Working Environment..........................................................................................................................2-4
2.3.3 Functions and Principles ......................................................................................................................2-5
2.4 DCCU............................................................................................................................................................2-6
2.4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................2-6
2.4.2 Working Environment..........................................................................................................................2-6
2.4.3 Functions and Principles ......................................................................................................................2-7
2.5 DCSU ............................................................................................................................................................2-7
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2.6 DEMU...........................................................................................................................................................2-8
2.6.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................2-8
2.6.2 Working Environment..........................................................................................................................2-9
2.6.3 Functions and Principles ......................................................................................................................2-9
2.7 DATU ..........................................................................................................................................................2-10
2.7.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................2-10
2.7.2 Working Environment........................................................................................................................2-10
2.7.3 Functions and Principles ....................................................................................................................2-10
2.8 DCMB......................................................................................................................................................... 2-11
2.8.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 2-11
2.8.2 Working Environment........................................................................................................................ 2-11
2.8.3 Functions and Principles .................................................................................................................... 2-11
2.9 DELC .......................................................................................................................................................... 2-11
2.9.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 2-11
2.9.2 Working Environment........................................................................................................................2-12
2.9.3 Functions and Principles ....................................................................................................................2-12
2.10 DMLC .......................................................................................................................................................2-12
2.10.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................2-12
2.10.2 Working Environment......................................................................................................................2-12
2.10.3 Functions and Principles ..................................................................................................................2-13
2.11 DSAC ........................................................................................................................................................2-13
2.11.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................2-13
2.11.2 Working Environment ......................................................................................................................2-14
2.11.3 Functions and Principles ..................................................................................................................2-14
2.12 DCTB ........................................................................................................................................................2-14
2.12.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................2-14
2.12.2 Working Environment......................................................................................................................2-15
2.12.3 Functions and Principles ..................................................................................................................2-15
3 DTRU Subsystem.......................................................................................................................3-1
3.1 Components...................................................................................................................................................3-2
3.2 Functions.......................................................................................................................................................3-2
3.3 DTRU............................................................................................................................................................3-3
3.3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................3-3
3.3.2 Working Environment..........................................................................................................................3-3
3.3.3 Functions and Principles ......................................................................................................................3-3
3.4 DTRB ............................................................................................................................................................3-4
3.4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................3-4
3.4.2 Working Environment..........................................................................................................................3-4
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4 DAFU Subsystem.......................................................................................................................4-1
4.1 Components...................................................................................................................................................4-2
4.2 Functions.......................................................................................................................................................4-2
4.3 DDPU............................................................................................................................................................4-3
4.3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................4-3
4.3.2 Working Environment..........................................................................................................................4-3
4.3.3 Functions and Principles ......................................................................................................................4-3
4.4 DCOM...........................................................................................................................................................4-4
4.4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................4-4
4.4.2 Working Environment..........................................................................................................................4-4
4.4.3 Functions and Principles ......................................................................................................................4-5
5 Antenna Subsystem...................................................................................................................5-1
5.1 Components...................................................................................................................................................5-2
5.2 Antenna .........................................................................................................................................................5-2
5.2.1 Working Principles...............................................................................................................................5-2
5.2.2 Types ....................................................................................................................................................5-3
5.2.3 Specifications.......................................................................................................................................5-4
5.2.4 Functional Principles of the RET System ............................................................................................5-7
5.2.5 Diversity...............................................................................................................................................5-8
5.3 Feeder............................................................................................................................................................5-8
5.4 TMA..............................................................................................................................................................5-8
5.4.1 Features................................................................................................................................................5-8
5.4.2 Working Principles...............................................................................................................................5-9
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Figures
Figures
Figure 1-1 Composition of the BTS3012 system ...............................................................................................1-2
Figure 1-2 BTS3012 cabinet under full configuration .......................................................................................1-4
Figure 1-3 Software architecture ........................................................................................................................1-8
Figure 1-4 Logical architecture of the BTS3012..............................................................................................1-10
Figure 2-1 Boards in the BTS3012 common subsystem ....................................................................................2-2
Figure 2-2 Boards in the BTS3012 cabinet top access subsystem......................................................................2-3
Figure 2-3 DTMU working environment ...........................................................................................................2-5
Figure 2-4 DTMU structure................................................................................................................................2-5
Figure 2-5 DCCU working environment............................................................................................................2-6
Figure 2-6 DCCU structure ................................................................................................................................2-7
Figure 2-7 DCSU working environment ............................................................................................................2-8
Figure 2-8 DCSU structure.................................................................................................................................2-8
Figure 2-9 DEMU working environment ...........................................................................................................2-9
Figure 2-10 DEMU structure..............................................................................................................................2-9
Figure 2-11 DATU working environment ........................................................................................................2-10
Figure 2-12 DATU structure.............................................................................................................................2-10
Figure 2-13 DCMB working environment ....................................................................................................... 2-11
Figure 2-14 DELC working environment ........................................................................................................2-12
Figure 2-15 DELC structure.............................................................................................................................2-12
Figure 2-16 DMLC working environment .......................................................................................................2-13
Figure 2-17 DMLC structure............................................................................................................................2-13
Figure 2-18 DSAC working environment ........................................................................................................2-14
Figure 2-19 DSAC structure.............................................................................................................................2-14
Figure 2-20 DCTB working environment ........................................................................................................2-15
Figure 2-21 DCTB structure.............................................................................................................................2-15
Figure 3-1 DTRU subsystem under full configuration.......................................................................................3-2
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Figures
vi
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Tables
Tables
Table 2-1 Mapping between the boards and the slot numbers in the common subsystem..................................2-2
Table 2-2 Mapping between the boards and the slot numbers in the cabinet top access subsystem...................2-3
Table 6-1 Functions of the BTS3012 O&M subsystem......................................................................................6-3
Table 8-1 Configuration principles .....................................................................................................................8-2
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1 System Architecture
System Architecture
Description
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1-1
1 System Architecture
Composition
Cabinet
1.1.1 Composition
Figure 1-1 shows the BTS3012 system and its relation with other relevant devices, such as the
Base Station Controller (BSC) and the Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC).
Figure 1-1 Composition of the BTS3012 system
Um
Antenna subsystem
MS
BSC
BTS3012
cabinet
Abis
MMI
Environment
monitoring equipment
Site maintenance
terminal system
Remote site
maintenance system
BTS3012 system
BTS3012 cabinet
Antenna subsystem
O&M subsystem
1.1.2 Cabinet
The BTS3012 cabinet is the core of the BTS system. It has the following subracks:
1-2
DAFU subrack
DTRU subrack
FAN subrack
Common subrack
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1 System Architecture
D
E
L
C
D
D
P
U
D
E
L
C
D
C
O
M
D
S
A
C
Power
and EMC
D
D
P
U
D
C
O
M
D
D
P
U
D
C
O
M
D
T
R
U
D
T
R
U
Wiring
D
T
R
U
D
T
R
U
D
T
R
U
D
T
R
U
Wiring
FAN
Air Inlet
D
T
M
U
D
T
M
U
D
E
M
U
DD D
CC A
SC T
UU U
1-4
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1 System Architecture
DAFU Subrack
The DAFU subrack consists of the DDPU and the DCOM.
Under full configuration, the subrack consists of maximum six boards. There are maximum
six DDPUs. The DCOM is used only when the cell is configured with more than four carriers.
The interfaces of the DDPUs and the DCOMs are on the front panel. The boards of the DAFU
subrack connect with other boards or units in the cabinet through cables.
The DAFU subrack performs the following functions:
z
DTRU Subrack
One DTRU subrack supports up to six DTRUs.
The DTRU performs the following functions:
z
FAN Subrack
The FAN subrack has only one FAN box inside it. The FAN box contains one fan monitoring
board and four fans. The fan monitoring board detects the temperature at the air inlets at the
bottom of the cabinet, and adjusts the speed and working status of the fans.
The rear part of the cabinet top and the air inlets at the bottom of the cabinet form a
ventilation circuit, cooling the entire cabinet. The fans take the N+1 redundancy backup
strategy. When one fan fails, the other fans run at full speed. In normal temperature, the fans
can meet the heat dissipation requirements.
Common Subrack
The common subrack is in the lower part of the cabinet. It consists of the following
components:
z
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1 System Architecture
The DATU feeds the TMA and transmits the remote electrical tilt unit (RET) control
signals.
z
BBU/Transmission Unit
Baseband Unit (BBU)/transmission unit is under the common subrack. The space for the BBU
is reserved. The built-in SDH and the microwave transmission device can be installed in the
reserved space.
Antenna
Feeder
Jumper
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1 System Architecture
The O&M software is the common control part of the BTS3012 software. It is the core of the
BTS3012 O&M. All the other BTS3012 software has interfaces with the O&M software.
The following are the functions of the O&M program:
z
Collecting alarms
Composition
1.2.1 Composition
The BTS3012 software is distributed in each module of the BTS.
The software performs the following functions:
z
RL hierarchical protocol
MMI management
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1 System Architecture
Signaling
processing software
Baseband signal
processing software
Coding and decoding of the voice, data and signaling on the radio channel
Processing the signals at the Um interface together with the hardware circuit of the
digital signal processing part on the DTRU
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Collecting alarms
1 System Architecture
The transmission device control software is a module of the O&M software. It controls the
transmission links between the BSC and the BTS.
The transmission device control software supports flexible link configuration between the
BTS and the BSC, through the star, tree, and chain networking.
Each site supports up to 36 TRXs. The transmission device control software also enables the
DTMU to perform the remote loopback test.
The O&M software runs on the DTMU.
1.3.1 Composition
The BTS3012 communicates with the BSC and the MS through the Abis interface and the Um
interface respectively. It processes the Um interface protocol and the Abis interface protocol
to perform information conversion between the BSC and the MS.
As shown in Figure 1-4, the logical architecture of the BTS3012 system has the following
subsystems:
z
Common subsystem
DTRU subsystem
DAFU subsystem
Antenna subsystem
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1 System Architecture
E1
Um
BITS
DATU
Protection
for signal
Abis
Monitor
Extension
cabinet/group
Electric tilt antenna
& TMA feed
TMA TMA
DTRU
DAFU
DTMU
TMA TMA
DTRU
E1
Fiber
MS
DAFU
Optical transmission
equipment (optional)
TMA TMA
DEMU
DTRU
DAFU
NFCB
Common
subsystem
DATU
DTRU
subsystem
DAFU
subsystem
Antenna
subsystem
The signal lightning protection part performs lightning protection of signals including E1 signals,
monitoring signals, and Boolean value signals. The DELC, DMLC, and DSAC perform this function.
Synchronizing clocks
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1 System Architecture
The baseband part consists of four modules: SCP, DSP, CUI, and power supply.
PBT
Detecting alarms and reporting antenna and feeder standing wave and low noise
amplification
Antenna
Feeder
TMA (optional)
RCU
SBT
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1 System Architecture
1-12
Control buses
CBUS3 between the DTMU and the DDPU, DEMU, NFCB, DATU, and the external
alarm box
Clock buses for the frame clock (FCLK), the 1/8-bit clock (OBCLK), the RF reference
clock (SREF), the frame number (FN), the DBUS clock (DBUSCLK), and the DBUS
frame header (DBUSFS)
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2 Common Subsystem
Common Subsystem
Description
2.1 Composition
2.2 Functions
2.3 DTMU
2.4 DCCU
2.5 DCSU
2.6 DEMU
2.7 DATU
2.8 DCMB
2.9 DELC
2.10 DMLC
2.11 DSAC
2.12 DCTB
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2-1
2 Common Subsystem
2.1 Composition
The BTS3012 common subsystem consists of the BTS common subsystem and the cabinet
top access subsystem.
DTMU
DEMU
DATU
DCSU
DCCU
Slot No.
DTMU
0, 1
DEMU
2, 3, 4, 7
DATU
2, 3, 4, 7
DCSU
DCCU
2-2
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DMLC
DELC
DSAC
2 Common Subsystem
Figure 2-2 shows boards in the BTS3012 cabinet top access subsystem.
Figure 2-2 Boards in the BTS3012 cabinet top access subsystem
D
C
1
C
0
Slot No.
DMLC
0, 1, 2
DELC
0, 1, 2
DSAC
2.2 Functions
The BTS3012 common subsystem provides interfaces for the primary reference clock, power
supply, transmission, maintenance, and external alarm collection. It controls and manages the
whole BTS.
The common subsystem performs the following functions:
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2 Common Subsystem
2.3 DTMU
2.3.1 Introduction
DTMU is the Transmission & Timing & Management Unit for the BTS3012.
It has the following features:
z
Backup between the clock modules of the active and standby boards.
Providing four or eight E1 transmissions between the active and the standby boards.
Supporting 8-route digital alarm input. Two routes are lightning arrester failure alarm
detection.
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2 Common Subsystem
MonitorBITS
MonitorBITS
DSAC
DTMU
E1
E1
DELC
Optical Fiber
DBUS
TBUS
CBUS
Common subsystem
MMI
CBUS2
MCU
OML
BSC
Abis
DBUS
BIU
DTRU
Clock
External
synchronized clock
MCK
Subrack number
and clock
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2 Common Subsystem
z
BIU
Four or eight-E1 backup between the active and the standby DTMUs
Provides clock source that synchronizes with the upper level clock
MCU
Supports multi communication protocols including the UART and the HDLC
Controls the BIU and provides communication between the BSC and the BTS
MCK
Transmits clock signals between the active and the standby DTMUs and the
synchronizes signals
2.4 DCCU
2.4.1 Introduction
The DCCU has the following features:
z
NFCB
DCMB
DCCU
Power
DCTB
2-6
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2 Common Subsystem
DCTB
Signal
conversion
NFCB
-48 V
D
C
M
B
EMI filtering
2.5 DCSU
2.5.1 Introduction
The DCSU provides DIP switches for configuration of other boards in the subrack. The DIP
switches are about 3 cm to 4 cm from the front panel, arrayed from top to bottom according to
the function areas.
For details about the DIP switches on the DCSU, see the BTS3012 Base Station Hardware Description
Manual Boards.
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2 Common Subsystem
DTRB
DCMB
DCSU
DCTB
To DTRB
D
C
S
U
D
C
M
B
To DCTB
2.6 DEMU
2.6.1 Introduction
The DEMU is placed in the common subrack. It provides 32-channel Boolean value input,
4-channel analog value input, and 6-channel Boolean value output.
The DMLC is required on the top of the cabinet if the DEMU is configured.
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2 Common Subsystem
DBUS/
TBUS/
CBUS
Monitor signal
CBUS3
DEMU
DMLC
Common subsystem
Power circuit
Power
circuit
24 V/12 V/5 V/3.3 V
MCU
control circuit
Analog signal
detecting circuit
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2 Common Subsystem
The DEMU monitors the environment in the equipment room and collects information on
environment monitoring and alarms. It maintains the environment in the equipment room to
ensure the normal operation of the equipment.
2.7 DATU
2.7.1 Introduction
The DATU is placed in the common slot of the common subrack. There are maximum two
DATUs under full configuration.
Extension
cabinet/group
TBUS CBUS
DBUS
CBUS3
DATU
TMA TMA
DTRU
DAFU
DTRU subsystem
MS
Bais Tee
DAFU subsystem
Bais Tee
Antenna
subsystem
DTMU
DATU
SMAoutput
DDPU
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2 Common Subsystem
Communicating with the DTMU through CBUS3 for control and alarm report.
2.8 DCMB
2.8.1 Introduction
The DCMB is the backplane in the BTS3012 common subrack with the DTMU, DCCU,
DCSU, DATU, and DEMU placed in it. The DATU and the DEMU are placed in slots 2, 3, 4,
and 7.
DTMU
DEMU
DCMB
DATU
DCSU
DCCU
Providing slots for two DTMUs, one DEMU, two DATUs, one DCCU, and one DCSU,
and connections between these boards.
2.9 DELC
2.9.1 Introduction
The DELC is placed in slots 0 to 2 of the cabinet top subrack with the DMLC.
The DELC is mandatory and there is one DELC in minimum configuration.
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2 Common Subsystem
Without the DMLC, there are maximum three DELCs, supporting up to 12 routes of protected
E1 signals. Each DMLC provides lightning protection for 4-channel E1 signals sent to the
DCCU.
E1
DELC
DCCU
DCTB
DTMU
DB25 connector
Lightning
4-routeE1 protection
circuit
DB37
E1
One DELC provides lightning protection for 4-route E1 signals. Three DELCs (under full
configuration) provide 12-route E1 signal lightning protection.
2.10 DMLC
2.10.1 Introduction
The DMLC and the DELC are placed in slots 0 to 2 of the cabinet top subrack. The DMLC
and the DELC can be placed in each other's slots.
The DMLC is optional with one card under full configuration.
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2 Common Subsystem
Monitor signals
CBUS3
DEMU
DMLC
Common subsystem
External
device
DMLC
Boolean value input
lightning protection
Boolean value output
DDF
Analog input
lightning protection
D
E
M
U
The DMLC provides lightning protection for various routes of input and output signals:
z
2.11 DSAC
2.11.1 Introduction
The DSAC is placed in slot 3 of the cabinet top subrack. The number of the DSAC under full
configuration is one.
The DSAC cannot be placed in the slots of the DMLC & DELC.
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2 Common Subsystem
DSAC
DCCU
DCTB
DTMU
CBUS32
Boolean value
alarm input
Failure
alarm
input
Control
signal
output
Signal
protection
DSAC
Backplane
signal input
DCTB
Six-route Boolean value input and four-route output of the main node.
2.12 DCTB
2.12.1 Introduction
The DCTB is placed in the cabinet top subrack. It is mandatory and has four slots in it.
z
2-14
The DMLC and the DELC can be placed in each other's slots in slots 0 to 2.
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2 Common Subsystem
DCCU
DCTB
DELC
DCSU
Monitor signal
E1 signal
CBUS3 signal
DSAC
DMLC
DCCU
DCTB
DELC
DCSU
DSAC
DEMU
Connecting signal cables between the cabinet top subrack and the boards, such as the
DCCU, DCSU, and the DEMU
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3 DTRU Subsystem
DTRU Subsystem
Description
3.1 Components
3.2 Functions
3.3 DTRU
3.4 DTRB
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3-1
3 DTRU Subsystem
3.1 Components
The DTRU subsystem consists of the Double-Transceiver Unit (DTRU) and the DTRU
Backplane (DTRB). The BTS3012 can be configured with up to six DTRUs, as shown in
Figure 3-1.
Figure 3-1 DTRU subsystem under full configuration
3.2 Functions
The DTRU subsystem performs the following functions:
z
3-2
Signaling processing
Channel coding
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3 DTRU Subsystem
3.3 DTRU
3.3.1 Introduction
The DTRU is placed in the DTRU subrack. One DTRU module can process two carriers. The
DTRU can also be configured in the BTS30 or BTS312 cabinets.
CBUS2
CBUS2
DCOM/
DDPU
DTRU
CBUS3
FH_BUS
DTRU
DCOM/
DDPU
CBUS3
CBUS2
DCOM/
DDPU
DTRU
CBUS3
DTRU subsystem
DAFU subsystem
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3-3
3 DTRU Subsystem
DTMU
DAFU
DBRU
DTPS
-48 V DC
DBRU
The DBRU is the main functional module of the DTRU. The DBRU performs
modulation/demodulation, data processing, and combining/dividing between the baseband
signals and the RF signals.
DPAU
The DPAU performs the following functions:
z
Amplifying the Tx signals transmitted from the DBRU to the required level.
Coupling the output power signals for loopback test and power detection.
DTPS
The DTPS is the power supply board of the DTRU. The DTPS converts the 48 VDC power
input into +28 VDC for the DPAU.
3.4 DTRB
3.4.1 Introduction
The DTRB is also placed in the DTRU subrack. The DTRB has six slots. Each slot has one
DTRU.
3-4
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3 DTRU Subsystem
DTRB
DTRU
DTRU
DTRU
DTRU
DTMU
DTRU
DCSU
DTRU
The connections between the DTRB, DCSU, DTRU, and DTMU are as follows:
z
The DTRU connects to the DTMU through the DTRB and the DCSU.
The DTRB connects to the DCSU and the DCSU connects to the DTMU.
The slot number and the rack number of the DTRU are determined by the DTRB. All the
in-position signals are transmitted to the DCSU through the DTRB.
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3 DTRU Subsystem
The clock signals of the BTS system are sent from the DTMU to the DTRB through the
DCSU. The DTRB then sends the clock signals to each DTRU.
The uplink or downlink control bus and the data bus of the DTRU connect to the DCSU
through the DTRB.
3-6
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4 DAFU Subsystem
DAFU Subsystem
Description
4.1 Components
4.2 Functions
4.3 DDPU
4.4 DCOM
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4-1
4 DAFU Subsystem
4.1 Components
The DAFU subsystem consists of the Dual-Duplexer Unit for the DTRU BTS (DDPU) and
the Combining Unit for the DTRU BTS (DCOM). The DDPUs and DCOMs are placed in the
DAFU subrack. They can be placed in each other's slots.
Figure 4-1 shows the DAFU subsystem under full configuration.
Figure 4-1 DAFU subsystem under full configuration
D
NBBI
4.2 Functions
Figure 4-2 shows the logical location of the DAFU subsystem.
Figure 4-2 Logical location of the DAFU subsystem
TMA TMA
DTRU
DAFU
TMA TMA
DTRU
DAFU
TMA TMA
DTRU
DTRU
subsystem
DAFU
DAFU
subsystem
Antenna
subsystem
4-2
Outputting transmit power after combing the signals from multiple TRXs
Detecting and reporting antenna VSWR alarms and the low noise amplifier alarms
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4 DAFU Subsystem
4.3 DDPU
4.3.1 Introduction
The DDPU sends multiple channels of RF Tx signals from the DTRU to the antenna through
the duplex. The DDPU also sends the signals from the antenna back to the DRTU after the
signals are amplified by the duplexer.
TBUS CBUS
DBUS
Um
TMA TMA
CBUS2
CBUS2
DTRU
MS
DDPU
CBUS3
FH_BUS
DTRU
TMA TMA
DDPU
CBUS3
TMATMA
CBUS2
DTRU
DDPU
CBUS3
DTRU
subsystem
DAFU
subsystem
Antenna
subsystem
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4-3
4 DAFU Subsystem
TX1
DDPU
Power coupling
Duplexer
RX1A
DDLC
RX2A
1/4
RX3A
RX4A
ATT
LNA
Communication
interface
BUS
Processing
the detected
alarms
DC -48V
RX1B
RX2B
1/4
RX3B
RX4B
TX2
ATT
Power coupling
Duplexer
TX/RX ANT B
The DDPU consists of the Dual-Duplexer for PGSM (DDUP) and the Dual LNA & Control
Unit for the DTRU BTS (DDLC).
The DDPU performs the following functions:
z
Sending multiple channels of the RF signals from the DTRU to the antenna
Sending signals from the antenna to the DTRU after amplification and quartering
4.4 DCOM
4.4.1 Introduction
The DCOM is placed in the DAFU subrack. It can be placed in the DDPU slot. The DCOM
combines two carriers into one channel (the 2-in-1 function). The DCOM is required when the
DTRU are not sufficient.
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4 DAFU Subsystem
TBUS CBUS
DBUS
Um
TMA TMA
DAFU
CBUS2
DTRU
DCOM
MS
DDPU
CBUS3
CBUS2
DTRU
FH_BUS
DTRU subsystem
DAFU subsystem
Antenna
subsystem
TX1+TX2
3-dB electrical
bridge
Load of large
power
The DCOM combines two channels of the Tx signals from the DTRU and sends them to the
DDPU. The Tx signals from the DTRU can be combined signals of the carriers with different
or same frequencies.
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5 Antenna Subsystem
Antenna Subsystem
Description
5.1 Components
5.2 Antenna
5.3 Feeder
5.4 TMA
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5-1
5 Antenna Subsystem
5.1 Components
As shown in Figure 5-1, the antenna subsystem consists of the following parts:
z
Antenna
Feeder
Jumpers
TMA
TMA
Feeder
Jumper
The antenna subsystem serves as a channel for transmitting and receiving the RF signals. It
transmits the RF signals after modulating them and receives signals from the MS.
5.2 Antenna
The antenna is the terminating point of transmission and the starting point of reception. The
type, gain, azimuth angle, and front-to-rear ratio of the antenna affect system performance.
Network planners can set these parameters based on the actual network requirements such as
capacity and coverage.
5-2
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5 Antenna Subsystem
Element
antenna
antenna
Feeding
network
Feeding
network
Feeding
network
Antenna
connector
Antenna
connector
Directional antenna
Omnidirectional antenna
The element antenna is a half-wave element. Feeding network is an equal power division
network.
The antenna connector is a DIN connector (7/16'') usually installed at the bottom or back
of the antenna.
An antenna cover encloses the element antennas and the feeding network to protect the
antenna from damage. The antenna cover is made of glass reinforced plastic. It has
higher intensity and smaller loss to waves.
The antennas work outdoors, so there is an exhaust outlet for drainage at the bottom of the
antennas.
5.2.2 Types
The types of the BTS3012 antenna are as follows:
z
By radiation features in horizontal directions, the BTS3012 antennas are classified into
omnidirectional antennas and directional antennas
By polarization features, the BTS3012 antennas are classified into single polarization
antennas and dual polarization antennas
Most omnidirectional antennas are single polarization ones. Directional antennas can be either
single polarization or dual polarization ones.
For an omnidirectional antenna, the wave energy is the same in all horizontal directions but
varies in vertical directions.
For a directional antenna, the wave energy varies in horizontal directions and vertical
directions.
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5-3
5 Antenna Subsystem
Single polarization antennas are vertical polarization antennas. The polarization of their
elements is vertical.
As shown in Figure 5-3, dual polarization antennas are usually 45 polarization antennas.
Their elements cross in pairs. In a pair, one element deviates rightward from the vertical by
45, and the other element deviates, leftward by 45.
Figure 5-3 Types of antenna
Omnidirectional
antenna
Single polarization
antenna
Dual polarization
antenna
A dual polarization antenna equals to the combination of two single polarization antennas.
Dual polarization antennas are being used widely as they are economical.
5.2.3 Specifications
Polarization
Polarization means the direction of the electric field vector in the maximum radiation
direction of the antenna.
The waves radiated from an antenna are made up of an electric field vector and a magnetic
field vector. The two vectors differ in special directions.
The polarization of an antenna refers to the direction of the electric field vector in the
maximum radiation direction of the antenna. It is usually identical with the direction of its
elements.
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5 Antenna Subsystem
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5-5
5 Antenna Subsystem
Gain
Gain refers to the power density ratio of a certain point in the maximum radiation direction to
the same point of the ideal point source antenna at the same input power. It indicates the
radiation capability of the antenna in a specific direction. In general, the higher the gain, the
smaller the lobe width and the more the concentrated wave energy.
Echo Loss
It refers to the ratio of the reflected power to the incidence power at the antenna connector. It
indicates the matching features of the antenna.
Front-to-Rear Ratio
This specification applies only to directional antennas. The front-to-rear ratio of an antenna is
the ratio of the power density in the forward maximum radiation direction to that in the
backward maximum radiation direction of the antenna. It reflects the suppression capability of
the antenna to backward interference.
Passive Inter-Modulation
Passive inter-modulation means the inter-modulation between passive components such as
connectors, feeders, antennas, and filters due to their non-linearity in high power conditions.
Passive components are usually linear but they may have more or less non-linearity when
working in high power conditions. The possible factors for non-linearity are:
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Loose contact
Magnetic materials
5 Antenna Subsystem
Antenna Isolation
To reduce the transmitter's negative effect on the receiver, there must be enough isolation
between two antennas, and between two polarization directions of a dual-polarization antenna.
In the GSM system, the antenna isolation must be greater than 30 dB.
You can adjust the tilt through remote control. This requires no onsite operations, thus
cuts costs, and increases the efficiency.
RCU Antenna1
BTS
CCU
Splitter
RCU Antenna2
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5-7
5 Antenna Subsystem
5.2.5 Diversity
The wave propagation has the following features:
z
The average value of the field strength varies slowly with place and time. Such variation,
called slow fading, accords with the logarithmic normal distribution.
The instantaneous value of the field strength features a selective fading along the
transmission paths. Its fading pattern, called fast fading, accords with the Rayleigh
distribution.
Fast fading and slow fading variations affect the quality of mobile communication. In some
cases, they may even lead to communication interruption. Diversity technology is one of the
most effective measures against fast fading. Appropriate diversity reception and combination
can effectively eliminate fading in signal transmission when the two channels of the fading
signals share little correlation.
Diversity is categorized into polarization diversity and space diversity. The BTS3012 antenna
subsystem can use the polarization diversity and space diversity at the same time.
The BTS3012 uses two antennas to implement diversity receive. Two omnidirectional
antennas or two single polarization directional antennas can implement space diversity receive.
One dual polarization directional antenna can implement polarization diversity receive.
Theoretically, for space diversity, if the distance between two antennas is over 10 wavelengths,
the diversity effect is superior. The polarization diversity facilitates antennas installation and
saves space. Therefore, it is being used widely.
5.3 Feeder
To reduce the transmission loss between the feeder and antenna, Huawei BTS3012 adopts the
low-loss RF cables. The specifications of main feeders are 7/8-inch and 5/4-inch. 1/2-inch
super-flexible cables are used between:
z
5.4 TMA
The section describes the following aspects of the TMA:
z
Features
Working Principles
5.4.1 Features
The tower mounted amplifier (TMA) is a low noise amplification module installed on the
tower top. The TMA is optional. The triplex TMA is usually used and installed close to the
antenna. The triplex TMA consists of triplex filter, low noise amplification, and feeder.
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5 Antenna Subsystem
The triplex filter can be considered as the combination of two duplex filters.
The signals received are processed by the TMA as follows:
z
The triplex filter filters the signals from the antenna to remove the outband interference.
As the TMA compensates the loss of the BTS feeder, the noise coefficient must be low. As the
strength of signals that the antenna receives changes according to the distance between the
MS and the BTS, large dynamic range and alarm bypass are required. As the TMA feeds by
the core of the receiving feeder, a feeder isolation device is required. Because the TMA is
placed outdoor, it is waterproof, with the working temperature between 40 C and +70 C.
Feeder
Receiving
filter
Lower noise
amplification
Receiving
filter
DC
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6 O&M Subsystem
O&M Subsystem
Description
6.1 Introduction
6.4 Functions
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6-1
6 O&M Subsystem
6.1 Introduction
The O&M subsystem performs remote operation and maintenance through the OMC and
terminal operation and maintenance through the MMI. Both require support of the BTS O&M
program.
The O&M program is the common control part of the BTS software. It is the core of the BTS
O&M function. All other programs of the BTS have interfaces with the O&M program.
The functions of the O&M program are:
z
Collecting alarms
MMI
DTMU
DTRU
DTMU
DCOM
DTMU
DTRU
DCOM
DTRU
DCOM
DTRU
DDPU
DDPU
High rate DCL
DDPU
DTRU
High rate DCL
Low rate DCL
DTRU
High rate DCL
Low rate DCL
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6 O&M Subsystem
LAPD
I/O
I/O
Abis
DTMU link
I/O
I/O
DAFU
MMI
I/O
MMI
Transmission
equipment
control module
BIU
Monitoring the running status of the BIU module on the DTMU and reporting the status
through indicators on the DTMU or the O&M module.
6.4 Functions
Table 6-1 lists the functions of the BTS3012 O&M subsystem.
Table 6-1 Functions of the BTS3012 O&M subsystem
Functions
Description
Configuration management
Software download
Warm backup
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6 O&M Subsystem
6-4
Functions
Description
Fault management
Transmission management
Test management
Status management
Alarm management
Equipment management
Site management
Interface tracing
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Description
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7-1
MS
Antenna
subsystem
D
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Abis
BSC
BTS3012 cabinet
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MS
Antenna
subsystem
D
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Abis
BSC
BTS3012 cabinet
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BSC
Abis
DTMU
DTRU
DDPU
BTS3012 cabinet
DTMU
Clock distribution
cable between
cabinets
Boards in the
main cabinet
Boards in the
extension cabinet
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Step 2 The clock module performs phase lock and frequency division on the clock signals to
generate different clock signals for BTSs.
Step 3 The clock signals are transmitted to the modules in the main cabinet such as the DTRU and
the DDPU.
Step 4 The clock signals are transmitted to the modules in the extension cabinets through the clock
distribution cable.
----End
Main
Main
Data cable
cabinet Control cable cabinet in
Control cable
in the
the
Clock cable extension
main
Clock cable
cabinet
cabinet
group
group
Extension
cabinet in
the
extension
cabinet
group
The main and extension cabinets are connected by the data cables, control cables, and
clock cables.
The main and extension combined cabinets are connected by the clock cables and control
cables.
The main and extension cabinets and combined cabinets require the DIP switches.
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Description
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8-1
Configuration Principles
Configuration Features
System Capacity
Configuration
< 12
Single cabinet
1224
Combined cabinets
> 24
Cabinet group
8-2
The BTS3012 supports the omnidirectional coverage and the directional coverage.
The BTS3012 supports the combination of two cabinets to form one group and the
combination of three cabinet groups.
The BTS3012 supports the transmit diversity and 4-way diversity receive.
The DCOM combines two carriers into one channel (the 2-in-1 function). The DCOM is
required when the DTRUs are not sufficient.
Issue 03 (2006-11-16)
The BTS3012 uses DTRU. One single cabinet supports up to 12 TRXs under full
configuration.
The BTS3012 supports the omnidirectional cell and the sectorized cell. The maximum
site configuration is 36 TRXs.
The maximum number of carriers is eight in a cell with a pair of dual polarization
antennas or two omnidirectional antennas of a single sectorized cell.
DTRU
DAFU
DTMU
DCCU
DCSU
DEMU
DATU
NFCB
DMLC
DELC
DSAC
8.2.1 DTRU
One BTS3012 cabinet can be configured with up to six DTRUs.
The features of the DTRU are as follows:
z
The output power of each TRX can be configured flexibly when the DTRU supports two
TRXs.
8.2.2 DAFU
The DAFU subrack consists of the DDPU module and the DCOM module. The DDPU and
the DCOM can be placed in each other's slots.
Under full configuration, the subrack consists of maximum six boards. There are maximum
six DDPUs. The DCOM is used only when the cell is configured with more than four carriers.
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8-3
The interfaces of the DDPUs and the DCOMs are on the front panel. The boards of the DAFU
subrack connect with other boards or units in the cabinet through cables.
8.2.3 DTMU
The DTMU is placed in slots 0 and 1 of the common subrack. The number of the DTMU
under full configuration is two and in minimum configuration is one.
The main features of the DTMU are as follows:
z
Supporting 8-route digital alarm input. Two routes are lightning arrester failure alarm
detection
8.2.4 DCCU
The DCCU is placed in slot 6 of the common subrack. The DCCU is mandatory. Only one
DCCU is required.
The DCCU has no active parts. It only performs signal transfer without board power
calculation.
8.2.5 DCSU
The DCSU is placed in slot 5 of the common subrack. It is mandatory and only one DSCU is
required.
The DCSU transfers signals for the combined cabinet.
8.2.6 DEMU
The DEMU is placed in slot 2 in the common subrack..
The DEMU is optional built-in module. The number of the DEMU under full configuration is
one.
8.2.7 DATU
The DATU is placed in the slots 2, 3, 4, and 7 of the common subrack. It can be placed in the
slots of the DEMU or other extended functional boards.
The DATU is optional built-in module. The number of the DATU under full configuration is
two.
8.2.8 NFCB
The NFCB is placed in the FAN subrack. It is mandatory. The number of the NFCB for full
configuration is one.
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8.2.9 DMLC
The DMLC is placed in slot 0 to slot 2 of the cabinet top subrack. It can be placed in the
DELC slot. .
The DMLC is optional. The number of the DMLC under full configuration is one.
8.2.10 DELC
The DELC is placed in slot 0 to slot 2 of the cabinet top subrack. It can be placed in the
DMLC slot.
The DELC is mandatory. The number of the DMLC under full configuration is three and in
minimum configuration is one.
8.2.11 DSAC
The DSAC is placed in slot 3 of the cabinet top subrack. It cannot be placed in the slots of the
DMLC or the DELC.
The DSAC is mandatory. The number of the DMLC under full configuration is one.
8.3.1 S4/4/4
Configuration of Antenna Parts
z
Antenna
Each cell is configured with two sets of single polarization antennas. A total of six such
antennas are required for the three cells. Alternatively, cell is configured with one set of
dual polarization antenna, and three sets of such antennas are required for the three cells.
RF cable set
The BTS S4/4/4 configuration cables are used.
Configuration of Cabinet
Only one cabinet is required for the S4/4/4) configuration, as shown in Figure 8-1.
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8-5
D
E
L
C
D
E
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D
S
A
C
Power and
E MC
D
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P
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D
D
P
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D
D
P
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Wiring
D
T
R
U
D
T
R
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D
T
R
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D
T
R
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D
T
R
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D
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R
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Wiring
FAN
Air Inlet
D
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D
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M
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D
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DD
CC
SC
UU
D
A
T
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8.3.2 O6
Configuration of the Antenna Parts
z
Antenna
Two sets of single polarization antennas are configured, both of which are
receiving/transmitting antennas. Alternatively, one set of dual polarization antenna is
configured.
RF cable set
The BTS O6 configuration cables are used.
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Issue 03 (2006-11-16)
Configuration of Cabinet
Figure 8-2 shows the cabinet configuration of BTS.
Figure 8-2 O6 cabinet configuration
D
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M
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Power and
E MC
D
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Wiring
D
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D
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D
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Wiring
FAN
Air Inlet
D
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D
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DD
CC
SC
UU
D
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Transmission Mode
Networking Modes
Principles of Networking
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Star Networking
Chain Networking
Tree Networking
Ring Networking
Star Networking
Chain Networking
Tree Networking
Ring Networking
BTS
BTS
BTS
8-8
Issue 03 (2006-11-16)
Advantages
In the star networking, every SITE directly connects to the BSC with E1. This facilitates the
maintenance, construction, and capacity expansion of the network.
Because the signals are directly transmitted to the BSC, the reliability of the link is improved.
Disadvantages
Compared with other networking modes, star networking requires much more transmission
cables.
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
Advantages
The chain networking can reduce cost in transmission equipment, construction, and
transmission link lease.
Disadvantages
The chain networking has the following disadvantages:
z
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8-9
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS
Advantages
The number of transmission cables that the tree networking requires is less than that the star
networking requires.
Disadvantages
The tree networking has the following disadvantages:
z
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Issue 03 (2006-11-16)
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
Advantages
The ring networking has strong self-healing capability. If a point of the link breaks, the ring
network can break into a chain network, and the service is not interrupted.
In practice, the above several networking modes are used together. Using the networking
mode reasonably can improve the service quality and save the investment on the transmission
equipment.
Issue 03 (2006-11-16)
8-11