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EXAMINATION PAPER

Process Technology and Equipment, PT2012

FAG:
Lecturers:

Britt Halvorsen / Knut Vgsther

Class: 1PT

DATE
22.05.2013

The assignment
consist of:

no of pages
10

NO OF HOURS
no of questions
4

9.00-15.00

no of appendix
2 (3 pages)

Text books: None

Permitted aids:
Calculator with erased memory

THE CANDIDATE MUST CHECK THE PAPER TO BE COMPLETE

Question 1 (25%)
a) Draw the inlet and outlet triangles (velocity diagrams) of a centrifugal compressor (see
schematics of the impeller below).

b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

Explain the isentropic efficiency and polytropic efficiency of a compressor.

Explain surge and stall in a compressor.
What is the difference between total and static temperature?
What is the reaction ratio in a compressor and turbine?
Explain the operation of a linear and an equal percentage control valve.
What is cavitation in pumps?

Question 2 (25%)
Figure 2.1 shows the velocity diagrams at one radius for one stage of an axial compressor.
Biogas is compressed in the compressor with constant specific heat capacity of 2000 J/kgK,
gas constant R = 305.7 J/kgK, and heat capacity ratio = 1.3.
For this compressor:
Axial velocity is constant over a stage at 120 m/s. The Impeller velocity at the mean radius is
175 m/s. The flow angles are 1 = 15o and 2 = 50o at the mean angle. Isentropic efficiency
for one stage is 0.85. Work done factor is = 1.04. All stages are normal stages.
a)
Draw the processes in one stage of the compressor (from state 1 to 3) in a Mollierchart (entropy on the horizontal axis and enthalpy on the vertical axis). Include both
static and total conditions. Show where the rotor and stator is in the diagram.
b)
Calculate the Energy rate (power) pr. mass flow transferred to the gas.
c)
Calculate the reaction of the compressor stage at the mean radius.
d)
Calculate total temperature increase over a stage.
e)
Calculate total-to-total pressure ratio over the stage, if the total temperature into the
stage is 300 K.
f)
Calculate the relative Mach number (Mach-number of the gas relative to the impeller)
at the inlet of the stage, if the total temperature into the stage is 300 K.

Useful equations:
Eulers
ers pump equation, power:
Reaction of an axial compressor:

tan

Total enthalpy rise over stage:

Total-to-total pressure ratio:

tan

"

#$
#%

&1

* +* -.%
() #$ #% ,
*#%

Sound speed:

Figure 2.1:: Flow triangles for one stage at one radius of an axial compressor.
3

Question 3 (25%)
a) Make a sketch of a distillation column with condenser, accumulator and reboiler. Put on
symbols.
b) Answer the following questions:
i.
What is the principle for distillation?
ii.
How does the reflux ratio and the number of trays influence on the separation?
iii. What is the definition of the light and the heavy key in a multi-component distillation?
iv.
What is the relative volatility and how does this parameter affect the distillation?
v.
What is the definition of a theoretical tray?
c) Explain the difference between a partial and a total condenser. Make a sketch of the two
different systems.
d) The mole fraction of ethane (xC2) in the liquid phase in the condenser is 0.80. The
equilibrium constant is 1.15 at the current temperature and pressure.
What is the mole fraction of ethane in the distillate (D) and in the reflux stream (L)
if a partial condenser is used?
What is mole fraction of ethane in the distillate and in the reflux stream if a total
condenser is used
e) Explain how to estimate the tower pressure if:
i) partial condenser is used
ii) total condenser is used
The feed (F) to a distillation tower (a deethanizer) is 50 kmol/h methane (C1), 1000 kmol/h
ethane (C2) and the 1450 kmol/h propane (C3). The mole fractions of C1, C2 and C3 in the
distillate (D) are 0.05, 0.92 and 0.03 respectively. The reflux ratio (R) is 1.3. In addition the
following data are given:
Flow rates:
D=1000 kmol/h
Enthalpies of the streams:
hF=6000 kJ/kmol
hD=1500 kJ/kmol

hB=16000 kJ/kmol

h1=13000 kJ/kmol

f) Calculate the recovery and the mole fraction of C3 in the bottom product.
g) Assume total condenser and calculate the condenser duty and the reboiler duty [kW]

h) The following data are available on a producing gas/oil field:

Reservoir temperature
Reservoir pressure
Wellhead temperature
Wellhead pressure
Critical point

90C
150 bar
50C
80 bar
TCritical= -10C
PCritical= 100 bar
Located at the left of
cricondenbar
120 bar
70C

Cricondenbar pressure
Cricondentherm temperature

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Make a sketch of the phase envelope.

Show retrograde region.
What type of reservoir do we have here?
What is the fluid condition (phase) at the wellhead?

Question 4 (25%)
Equations are given in Appendix 1.
Oil is planed produced from a reservoir zone with diameter de=100 m and height h= 50 m.
The diameter of the well dw=0.25 m. The reservoir is homogeneous with absolute
permeability of 1Da, absolute porosity of 0.30 and effective porosity of 0.24. The average
saturation (S) of oil, water and gas are 0.80, 0.1 and 0.1 respectively. Assume that the fluid
viscosity is 100cP. The formation volume factor, B0, is 1.12. The reservoir pressure pe=200
bar (200 atm). A sketch of the radial flow model is shown in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1: Radial flow model

a) Use the radial flow model and calculate the well pressure (pw) if the oil production
Q=100 m3/day.
5

b) Assume constant reservoir and well pressure. How many days of production are
needed to obtain a recovery factor of 0.6.
c) Calculate the actual velocity of oil into the well [m/s].
d) Explain shortly the different types of primary reservoir drives.
e) Define secondary and tertiary oil recovery methods.
f) Study Figure 4.2 Net pay and gross pay and explain the difference between gross
pay and net pay.

Figure 4.2: Net pay and gross pay.

Oil and gas are transported under normal operating conditions (steady state) in a
horizontal pipe with diameter D=0.25 m and length 3 km. The liquid volume flow
& =0.1 m3/s.
fraction, L, is 0.6 and the total volume flow, Q
The fluid properties are given as
Gas:
Density: G = 100 kg/m3, viscosity: G = 0.0510-3 Pas
Liquid:
Density: L = 780 kg/m3, viscosity: L = 1010-3 Pas
g) Calculate the superficial gas velocity (VSG), superficial liquid velocity (VSL) and the
mixture velocity (VM). Calculate the actual velocities (VG and VL) if no-slip conditions
are assumed.
h) Determine the flow regime. Describe shortly (or make a drawing of) this type of flow
regime. Flow regime map is given in Appendix 2. The flow regime map has to be
handed in.
i) The general pressure gradient equation for two-phase flow is expressed as:
2
2
PG
VSG
VSL
PL
dP
d

= WG
+ WL + [(H G G + H L L ) g sin ] +

+ G

3 dx G H G
dx
A
A 144444244444
H
L
444
144424443
14
4244444
3
II
I
III

i.

Explain the different terms (I, II, and III) in the general equation above.
The symbols are explained in Appendix 1

ii.

Assume homogeneous (no-slip) conditions and simplify the general pressure

gradient equation for the current case. Explain the assumption and
simplifications you have made.

j) Use the simplified homogeneous no-slip model and calculate the pressure drop in the
pipeline.

Appendix 1

OOIP = Vrock (1 S w ) 1 / B0
OOIP
Vrock
A
h

Sw
Bo

= original oil in place [m3]

= Rock volume [m3]
= Drainage area [m2]
= Net pay thickness [m]
= Porosity [-]
= Volume fraction of porosity filled with interstitial water
= Formation volume factor [m3/m3]

Darcyss law for radial flow becomes:

k A dp
q=

dr
re

dr
k e
= dp
2 r h pw
rw

2 k h
( pe p w )
ln(re / rw )
q= volume flow of fluid [cm3/s]
k=absolute permeability [Da]
h=thickness [cm]
re=drainage radius [cm]
rw=well bore radius [cm]
pe= pressure at drainage radius [atm]
pw=well pressure (or bottom hole flowing pressure) [atm]
=viscosity [cP]
q=

Porosity [-] : a =

Total pore volume

Total volume of rock

Effective porosity [-] : =

Interconnected pore volume

Total volume of rock

Appendix 1
General pressure gradient equation for two-phase flow:

2
2
P
V
V
dP
P
d
G SG + G SL
= WG G + WL L + [(H G G + H L L ) g sin ] +
dx
A
A
dx
HG
H L
dP

= Pressure drop per m (pressure gradient) [Pa/m]

dx
PG= perimeter, contact gas-wall [m]
PL= perimeter, contact liquid-wall [m]

G VG
[kg/(ms2)]
2
2
L VL
WL = f L
[kg/(ms2)]
2
General equation for wall shear stress:
2
V
[kg/(ms2)]
W = f
2
2

WG = f G

HG = liquid hold-up
VSG= Superficial gas velocity [m/s]
G= gas density [kg/m3]

(wall shear stress, gas)

(wall shear stress, liquid)

(wall shear stress)

HL = gas hold-up
VSL= Superficial liquid velocity [m/s]
L= liquid density [kg/m3]

General equation for friction factor, f:

Laminar flow, Re 2100, use:
16
f=
Re
Turbulent flow Re > 2100, use:
f=0.046Re-0.20
Reynolds tall:
023
/
4

Appendix 2

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