Health-Care HVAC
Temperature &
Humidity Control
In Surgery Rooms
By John Murphy, Member ASHRAE
rooms.1
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Health-Care HVAC
Dry Bulb
Relative Humidity
Room ACH
Outdoor ACH
Outdoor Air
-B
et
W
Dry-Bulb Temp, F
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Health-Care HVAC
45F (7C) Chilled
Water From Existing Central Plant
RA
EA
Space
Chilled Water
Cooling Coil
OA
MA
SA
Heating Coil
CA
70F
(21C)
48F
(9C)
39F
(4C)
39F
(4C)
55F (13C) Return
Water From Zones
EA
Space
SA
Chilled Water
Cooling Coils
OA
MA
70F
(21C)
CA
CA
55F
(13C)
48F
(9C)
Heating
Coil
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MA
Series Desiccant Wheel
Cooling Coil
MA
Preheat Coil
OA
CA
RA
SA
High
Type 1 Desiccants
Type II Desiccants
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Relative Humidity
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Health-Care HVAC
Plotted Conditions
where it can then condense on the cold coil surface.
Outdoor Air 100F DB 74F WB 86 gr/lb
The resulting space condition (RA) for this example
Return Air
62F DB 55% RH 45 gr/lb
is 62F (17C) dry bulb and 55% RH.
Mixed Air (MA) 70F DB 53 gr/lb
Mixed Air (MA') 66F DB 63 gr/lb
Basically, adding the series desiccant wheel changes
Conditioned Air 52F DB 49F DP 53 gr/lb
the dehumidification performance of the standard
Supply Air
55F DB 43F DP 43 gr/lb
cooling coil, trading sensible capacity for more latent
capacity. The latent (dehumidification) capacity of the
F
p,
m
e
cooling coil increases while the total cooling capacity
T
ulb
-B
(enthalpy change across the coil) remains the same.
et
W
For this example, the required cooling capacity is 2.1
tons (7.4 kW). However, unlike both cool-and-reheat
systems, no reheat is required at design load.
A preheat coil can be added upstream of the regenDry-Bulb Temp, F
eration side of the wheel (Figure 6) for applications that
require even drier air. Activating the preheat coil raises Figure 8: Series desiccant wheel serving surgery room.
the dry-bulb temperature slightly (5F to 20F [3C to
Chilled Water From
11C]) and lowers the relative humidity of the mixed
Existing Central Plant
air (MA). Lowering the relative humidity allows the
desiccant to reject more water vapor to the regeneration
Air Handler With Series
Desiccant Wheel
air, thus enabling it to adsorb more water vapor from
the process air. In many cases, the small amount of heat
45F (7C)
added by the preheat coil can be recovered from the
condensing process of the refrigeration equipment.
To deliver the same supply-air (SA) condition using either of the cool-and-reheat systems, the cooling
coil(s) must cool the air to nearly 48F (9C) dry bulb
to achieve a 47F (8C) dew point. Then the reheat coil
must raise the dry-bulb temperature to 55F (13C) to
avoid overcooling the space (Figure 2). By contrast, the
series desiccant wheel can deliver the same dew point
Surgery Room
using less cooling capacity, no reheat, and a warmer
Returned Water
From Zones
leaving-coil temperature52F (11C) vs. 48F
(9C). This warmer coil enables more efficient mechanical cooling (a higher suction temperature in
DX equipment, warmer water or a lower flow rate in
chilled water systems). These benefits, of course, must Figure 9: Air handler with series desiccant wheel served by existing central plant.
be analyzed to see that they outweigh
Space RH Cooling Capacity Leaving-Coil DB Reheat Capacity
the impact of the added airside pressure
drop due to the wheel.
Cool and Reheat
60%
3 tons
48F
8,500 Btu/h
(Single Cooling Coil)
(10.6 kW)
(9C)
(2.5 kW)
If sufficient capacity is available at
the existing central chiller plant, proper
Cool and Reheat
60%
3 tons
8,500 Btu/h
(Two Cooling Coils In Series)
(10.6 kW)
(2.5 kW)
cooling coil selection could allow the ex Upstream Cooling Coil
1.8 tons
55F
isting 45F (7C) water to produce 52F
(6.3 kW)
(13C)
(11C) air leaving the coil (CA), thereby
Downstream Cooling Coil
1.2 tons
48F
eliminating the need for a separate chiller
(4.2 kW)
(9C)
(Figure 9).
2.1 tons
52F
0 Btu/h
If the chiller plant does not have adSeries
Desiccant Wheel
55%
(7.4 kW)
(11C)
(0 kW)
equate capacity, the new chiller serving
the surgery rooms can be selected for a Table 2: System comparisons at design load.
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Conclusions
References
1. ASHRAE. 2003. HVAC Design Manual
for Hospitals and Clinics.
2. American Institute of Architects (AIA).
2001. Guidelines for Design and Construction
of Hospital and Health Care Facilities.
3. Seckman, R. 2003. Surgery suite HVAC
systems: Current performance demands with
existing systems. Hospital Engineering
Trends May/June.
4. Trane. 2005. Cool, Dry, Quiet and Comfortable (case study CASE-SLX133-EN).
5. United States Department of Veterans
Affairs (VA). 2001. HVAC Requirements in
Surgery Area. www.va.gov/facmgt.
June 2006
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