A machine is a device that makes work easier by changing the size or direction of a force.

But not all machines are complicated. In fact, you use many simple machines in your
You apply a force, called the input force, to the machine through a distance (input
distance). The work done by the machine on an object is called work output. The
machine applies a force, called the output force, through a distance (output distance).
everyday life.

work input
the work done on a machine; the product of the input force and the distance through
which the force is exerted
work output
the work done by a machine; the product of the output force and the distance through
which the force is exerted
work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force.
Force is expressed in newtons.
Heat is the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures.
Thermal conduction is the transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another
through direct contact.
convection, the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a liquid or a gas.
radiation, the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and
infrared waves.

Kinetic energy
the energy of an object that is due to the object's motion.
Potential energy is the energy an object has because of its position.
Gravitational Potential Energy
When you lift an object, you do work on it. You use a force that is against the force of
gravity. When you do this, you transfer energy to the object and give the object
gravitational potential energy. Books on a shelf have gravitational potential energy. So
does your backpack after you lift it on to your back. The amount of gravitational potential
energy that an object has depends on its weight and its height.
gravitational potential energy = weight height
Elastic Potential Energy
A rubber band can be used to show another example of an energy conversion. Did you know
that energy can be stored in a rubber band? Look at Figure 2
A wave is any disturbance that transmits energy through matter or empty space.

Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of the particles that make up a substance.
Electrical energy is the energy of moving electrons.
Mechanical energy is the total energy of motion and position of an object.
Nuclear Energy
There is a form of energy that comes from a tiny amount of matter. It is used to generate
electrical energy, and it gives the sun its energy. It is nuclear (NOO klee uhr) energy, the
energy that comes from changes in the nucleus (NOO klee uhs) of an atom.
According to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created or destroyed.
The total amount of energy in a closed system is always the same.
An electromagnetic wave is a wave that can travel through empty space or matter and
consists of changing electric and magnetic fields.

sound wave
a longitudinal wave that is caused by vibrations and that travels through
a material medium.
The entire range of EM waves is called the electromagnetic spectrum.

The bending of waves around a barrier or through an opening is known as diffraction.

Refraction is the bending of a wave as the wave passes from one medium to another at an angle.

When two or more waves share the same space, they overlap. The result of two or more
waves overlapping is calledinterference.

A solenoid is a coil of wire that produces a magnetic field when carrying an

electric current.

But in materials such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, groups of atoms are in tiny
areas called domains.