GROUND IMPROVEMENT WORKSHOP 11-12 JUNE 2010

PERTH, AUSTRALIA

CONCEPT AND PARAMETERS IN

COHESIVE SOILS WITHOUT
ADDED MATERIAL

Presented by

Serge VARAKSIN
CHAIRMAN OF T.C. Ground Improvement

Soil Improvement Techniques

Without added
materials

Cohesive soil
Peat , clay

Granular soil
S d , fill
Sand

1 Drainage
2 Vacuum

3 Dynamic
consolidation
4 Vibroflottation

With added
materials

4D
Dynamic
i
replacement
5 Stone columns
6 CMC
7 Jet Grouting
8 Cement Mixing

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Preloading with vertical drains

High fines contents soils

=+u

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Vertical drains

CONCEPT

PARAMETERS

-Stable subsoil for surcharge

1 Depth

-Soil can be penetrated

2 Drainage path

-Time available is short

3 Cohesion

-Some residual settlement is allowed

4 Consolidation parameters
(oedometer, CPT)
eO, CC, CV, CR, C, t
CPT pore dissipation test

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Radial & Vertical Consolidation

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Vertical drains: material

High fines contents soils

Flat drain

circular drain

5 cm , PVC
vertical drain + geotextile

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Vertical drains: Static installation

High fines contents soils

Static installation of
vertical drains

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Mast=
= 72 m, depth= 55 m

Mast=
= 56 m
m, depth
h= 43 m

Vertical drains: dynamic static installation

Prealoading limitations (high fines contents soils)

If H > Hlimite , FAILURE

Classical Method: Surcharge + Drain

Height of surcharge limited by Value of Cohesion of soft soil

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Prealoading limitations (high fines contents soils)

If H > Hlimite , FAILURE

Classical Method: Surcharge + Drain

Height of surcharge limited by Value of Cohesion of soft soil

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Prealoading limitations (high fines contents soils)

If H > Hlimite
If H ,>FAILURE
Hlimite , FAILURE

Classical Method: Surcharge + Drain

Height of surcharge limited by Value of Cohesion of soft soil

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Prealoading limitations (high fines contents soils)

If H > Hlimite
If H ,>FAILURE
Hlimite , FAILURE

Classical Method: Surcharge + Drain

Height of surcharge limited by Value of Cohesion of soft soil

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Prealoading limitations (high fines contents soils)

If H > Hlimite
FAILURE
If H, >
Hlimite , FAILURE

Classical Method: Surcharge + Drain

Height of surcharge limited by Value of Cohesion of soft soil

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Prealoading limitations (high fines contents soils)

Vacuum Depression

Vacuum Method
No limitation: High Surcharge built up in limited period

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Prealoading limitations (high fines contents soils)

Vacuum Method
No limitation: High Surcharge built up in limited period

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Prealoading limitations (high fines contents soils)

H
No Failure

Vacuum Method
No limitation: High Surcharge built up in limited period

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Prealoading limitations (high fines contents soils)

Classical Surcharge

Menard Vacuum Method

Vertical
Stress

Vertical
Stress

No Failure

Failure Surface

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Vacuum Consolidation (high fines contents soils)

VACUUM (J.M.
(J M Cognon patent)
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Vacuum Consolidation

CONCEPT

PARAMETERS

-Soil is too soft for surcharge

-Time
Time does not allow for step loading
-Surcharge soil not available
-Available area does not allow for berns

1
2
3
4
56
7-

8
9
10
11

Depth
Drainage path
C diti off iimpervious
Condition
i
soilil
Watertable near surface
Absence of pervious continuous layer
Cohesion
Consolidation parameters
(oedometer, CPT)
eO, CC, CV, CR, C, t,
CPT dissipation test
Theoretical depression value
Field coefficient vacuum
Reach consolidation to effective
pressure in every layer
Target approach

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Stress path for Vacuum Process

Vacuum
Surcharge

Deviato
oric
Stress
s (q)
(q)
Deviatio
on Stres
ss

p = 2/3 1
Ko = 0.5

p = 1 ; Ko = 1
Isotropic
1= 80kPa

1= 80kPa
2 = 80kPa

3 = 80kPa

2 = 40kPa

Kf (failure line)

3 = 40kPa
Active Zone
Surcharge

h < 0

Ko (h = 0)
Passive Zone

h > 0

Vacuum Consolidation

Mean Stress (p)

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Vacuum installation
Vacuum installation :

vertical drains installation

high fines contents soils

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Vacuum installation
Vacuum installation:
horizontal drains installation
high fines contents soils

Mechanical installation

Path to pumping system

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Vacuum installation
Menard Vacuum: membrane installation

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Vacuum installation
Menard Vacuum: pumping station

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Case history: Lbeck Harbour (Germany) - 1997

Before

After

Before
After
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Case history: Kimhae STP (Korea) - 1998

Waste Water treatment plant

(soil profile : 40 m deep of soft clay)
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Case history: Kimhae STP (Korea) - 1998

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Case history: Kimhae STP (Korea) - 1998

17 m of fill on a clay SPT = 0 and Cu < 2 t/m2 !!!

Initially, impossible to put more than 1.5m without slope failure
Average settlement: 4.55m
Min settlement: 3.55
Max settlement: 6.05m
Pumping time: 77-9 months
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Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg (Germany)

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Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg (Germany)

General overview of Airbus site

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Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg

General overview of Airbus site

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Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg

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Basic design and alternate concept of MoebiusMenard

Temporary
p
y sheet pile
p wall in 5 month dyke
y construction in 3 y
years

Settlement 2,0 5,5 m

Settlement 2,0 5,5 m

Dyke construction to +6.5 in 8.5 month and to + 9.00 in 16 month

Dyke construction to +6.5 in 8.5 month and to + 9.00 in 16 month

Columns GCC

Columns GCC

Settlement 0,7 1.84 m

Settlement 0,7 1.84 m

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Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg

GENERAL CONCEPT
Site boundaries

Structural areas
Fill to
t final
fi l elevation
l
ti +
calculated settlements
VACUUM
Non structural areas
VERTICAL DRAINS

Dyke
Fooding of site for
barge floatation to (+3)

NN +3,0 m

Spinkling sand

Hydraulic fill

NN +2,2 m

Horizontal
drains
dewatering

NN +3,4 m
Schlick
Mud : Cu 0,5 KN/m

GCC
Columns

Klei/Torf
Soft clay and peat

sandSand

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Subsoil characteristics

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Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg

How to move on the mud !

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Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg

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Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg

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Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg

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Vacuum Taxiway Construction of the impervious wall

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Long time behaviour

Measured settlements
18/02/04

05/12/03

21/09/03

08/07/03

24/04/03

08/02/03

25/11/02

11/09/02

28/06/02

Date

0,00

Start of Vacuum
29.11.2002

Average meas
sured settlements

-0,50

Further filling
31.01.2003

-1,00

End of V.D.
22.08.2002

Further filling
07.04.2003

-1,50

-2,00

-2,50

-3,00

A verage settlement

-3,50

Lo west settlement
M aximum settlement
-4,00

5,00
4,50

3,50
3,00
2,50
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50

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21/0
09/03

08/0
07/03

24/0
04/03

08/0
02/03

25/1
11/02

11/0
09/02

0,00

28/0
06/02

Fill loading schedule

mete
ers

4,00

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Long time post construction settlement records

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Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg

HAMBURG A380
Reclaimed area:

170 ha

Closing Dyke:

1,2
1
2 M m Sand
60,000 G.C.C.
1,200 m

New Quay:

Sand:
11 M m
Vertical drains:
30 000 000 m
30,000,000
Vacuum Consolidation: 90,000 m

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GROUND IMPROVEMENT WORKSHOP 11-12 JUNE 2010

PERTH, AUSTRALIA

Thank You