I.
INTRODUCTION
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A. FACTS devices
In this paper, three different FACTS devices have been
selected to place in suitable location to improve voltage
stability margins in power system. These are: TCSC (Thyristor
Controlled Series Capacitor), SVC (Static VAR Compensator)
and UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller). These are shown
in Fig. 1.
Figure 1. Considered FACTS Devices (a) TCSC (b) SVC (c) UPFC
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Genetic Algorithm (GA) is one of the most famous metaheuristic optimization algorithms which is based on natural
evolution and population. Genetics which is usually used to
reach to a near global optimum solution. In each iteration of
GA (referred as generation), a new set of string (i.e.
chromosomes) with improved fitness is produced using genetic
operators (i.e. selection, crossover and mutation).
A. Population
Each chromosome consists of genes and each gene encodes
a trait. A set of chromosome is called genome and a particular
set of genes in genome is called genotype. Genetic algorithm
starts with generating sets of chromosomes called population.
B. Chromosomes structure
Chromosome structure of GA is shown in Fig. 5.3. This
involves rating and location of FACTS devices.
16
TCSC location
Where IG, IL, and VG, VL, represent complex current and
voltage vectors at the generator nodes and load nodes. [YGG],
[YGL], , [YLL], and [YlG] are corresponding partitioned
portions of the Y-bus matrix. Rearranging (8).
For stability, the index Lj must not be more than one for
any of the nodes j. Hence, the global index L demon-starting
the stability of the complete sub-system is given by L=
maximum of Lj for all j (load buses). An L-index value far
away from 1 and close to 0 indicates improved voltage
stability. For an unloaded system with genera-tor/load buses
voltages, the L for load buses are close to zero, indicating that
the system has maximum voltage stability margin. For a given
network, with the increase in load/generation, the voltage
12
UPFC location
SVC location
0.3
t-TCSC
-0.5
0.1
-0.15
P-UPFC
Q-UPFC
Q-SVC
C. Selection
In proposed GA, method of tournament selection is used for
selection [4]. This method chooses each parent by choosing
(tournament size) players random-ly and choosing the best
individual out of that set to be a parent. In this paper is chosen
tntn.4=tn
D. Cross Over
Cross over allows the genes from different parents to be
combined in children by exchanging materials between two
parents. Cross over function randomly selects a gene at the
same coordinate from one of two parents and assign it to the
child. For each chromosome, a random number is selected. If
this number is between 0.01 and 0.3, two parents are
combined; else chromosome is transferred with no cross over.
E. Mutation
GA creates mutation children by randomly changing the
genes of individual parents. In this project, GA adds a random
vector from a Gaussian distribution to the parents. For each
chromosome, random number is selected. If this number is
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V. SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulation studies were done for different scenarios in
IEEE 30 bus power system. Foue different scenarios are
considered.
Scenario2: One TCSC is installed.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper a novel approach for optimal placement of
facts devices based on genetic algorithm (GA) is presented.
Simulation of IEEE 30 bus test system for different scenarios
shows that the placement of FACTS devices leads to improve
in voltage stability margin of power system and reduce losses.
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Device
Type
UPFC
TCSC
SVC
Size
Size
Location
Size
Location
Size
Location
/location
(MVA)
(MVA)
(MVA)
(Bus no)
TCSC
SVC
UPFC
Multi-type
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2-6
89.62
3-4
50
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