1 Intro Comp Var

Some Reasons
What we will do
How We Can Do It
Why Study Functions of a Complex Variable?

Bernd Schroder
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Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Some Reasons
What we will do
How We Can Do It
Why Study Complex Analysis?
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Some Reasons
What we will do
How We Can Do It

1. Applications.
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1. Applications. (Harmonic Functions.)
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1. Applications. (Harmonic Functions.) Many applications are a lot
deeper than this course will go.
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deeper than this course will go. (Spectral theory, Fourier
analysis, number theory.)
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2. First or further exposure to the idea of a proof.
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3. Practice working with complex numbers.
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3. Practice working with complex numbers. (Including getting
really secure in computations.)
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4. Practice in two-dimensional visualization.
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4. Practice in two-dimensional visualization. (Contour integrals.)
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5. Its pretty!
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5. Its pretty! (Differentiable functions of a complex variable have a
lot of really nice properties.)
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We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers
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1. In mathematics, only what can be proved is safe to be used.
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2. Learning how to do proofs takes time.
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2. Learning how to do proofs takes time. So does getting used to
this axiomatic method.
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3. This course gives valuable (first or additional) practice
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3. This course gives valuable (first or additional) practice, while
keeping some of the elements of a calculus-type approach
around.
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around. (Computation is good for the soul. M. Spivak)
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Some Reasons
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(z)
(z)
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Some Reasons
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(z)
:
(z)
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(z)
:
O
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(z)
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(z)
O
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(z)
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(z)
z1 = r1 ei1
O
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(z)
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(z)
>
:
z1 = r1 ei1
O
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(z)
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Some Reasons
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(z)
>
z1 = r1 ei1
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(z)
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(z)
>
2
z1 = r1 ei1
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(z)
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(z)
>z2 = r2 ei2
2
z1 = r1 ei1
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(z)
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(z)
>z2 = r2 ei2
2
z1 = r1 ei1
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(z)
>z2 = r2 ei2
M
2
z1 = r1 ei1
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(z)
>z2 = r2 ei2
1 + 2
2
z1 = r1 ei1
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(z)
z1 z2 = r1 r2 ei(1 +2 )
>z2 = r2 ei2
1 + 2
2
z1 = r1 ei1
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What we will do
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Warning
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Some Reasons
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Warning
For many (if not most) exercises, there will be no examples to mimic.
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Some Reasons
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Warning
For many (if not most) exercises, there will be no examples to mimic.
Essentially, the only example that can help with a proof is the proof
itself.
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We Will Formally Introduce Differentiable Functions
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1. In particular, we will gain more practice with formal limits
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1. In particular, we will gain more practice with formal limits, but
we will very quickly move on to derivatives.
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2. This reflects the historical fact that derivatives (and integrals)
take center stage in calculus
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take center stage in calculus, with limits providing the ability to
formally justify everything.
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3. We will also analyze the geometric nature of many of the
functions we consider
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functions we consider, which is a great way to practice
visualization.
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functions we consider, which is a great way to practice
visualization.

2
f rei = rei = r2 ei2
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We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

the Plane
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the Plane
1. This is a big topic.
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the Plane
2. Because of the way these contour integrals behave, complex
differentiable functions are locally equal to their Taylor series.
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the Plane
3. A wide variety of problems, including solving a variety of
improper real integrals, can be solved with integrals in the
complex plane.
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the Plane
complex plane.
(z)
(z)
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the Plane
complex plane.
(z)
(z)
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the Plane
complex plane.
(z)
6

-
(z)
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Some Reasons
What we will do
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the Plane
complex plane.
(z)
6

-
(z)
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Some Reasons
What we will do
How We Can Do It

the Plane
complex plane.
(z)
6

-
(z)
6
-
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the Plane
complex plane.
(z)
6

?
3
6
(z)
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the Plane
complex plane.
(z)
6

q
?
3
6
(z)
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Some Reasons
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the Plane
complex plane.
(z)
6

iq
3
6
(z)
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What we will do
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the Plane
complex plane.
(z)
6

iq
3
6
(z)
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Some Reasons
What we will do
How We Can Do It

the Plane
complex plane.
(z)
6

iq
i q
3
6
(z)
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Some Reasons
What we will do
How We Can Do It
Improper real integrals can be computed via growing contour integrals.
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Some Reasons
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We Will Prove the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
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1. Every nonconstant complex polynomial has at least one complex
zero.
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zero.
2. We have learned this a long time ago.
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zero.
2. We have learned this a long time ago.
3. Now well also be able to tell why it is true.
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Tips for Listening
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Some Reasons
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Tips for Listening

1. We will need to digest a lot of information
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Tips for Listening

2. But I cannot point to the opposite end of the board for something
that we have derived 10 minutes ago.
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Tips for Listening

3. One way to help the limitation of the screen is to open the slides
in another window.
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Tips for Listening

in another window. When there is a backward reference, stop the
presentation and go to the appropriate point in the slides to
double check the claim.
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Some Reasons
What we will do
How We Can Do It
Tips for Listening

in another window. When there is a backward reference, stop the
presentation and go to the appropriate point in the slides to
double check the claim. Putting slides and video side-by-side
can help with cross-checks.
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Some Reasons
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When Times Get Tough
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... and its likely they will.
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1. Remember that you did not get to this point by taking it easy.
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2. Difficulties come from some changes in the approach
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2. Difficulties come from some changes in the approach (proofs)
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2. Difficulties come from some changes in the approach (proofs),
which take most people a while to adjust to.
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3. Difficulties come from computations becoming more
complicated and being paired with visualizations.
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3. Difficulties come from computations becoming more
complicated and being paired with visualizations. Youve made
that jump before, when you went from single variable calculus to
multivariable calculus.
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1 Intro Comp Var

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1 Intro Comp Var

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Some Reasons

Why Study Functions of a Complex Variable?

Why Study Complex Analysis?

Why Study Complex Analysis?

Why Study Complex Analysis?

Why Study Complex Analysis?

Why Study Complex Analysis?

Why Study Complex Analysis?

Why Study Complex Analysis?

Why Study Complex Analysis?

Why Study Complex Analysis?

Why Study Complex Analysis?

Why Study Complex Analysis?

Why Study Complex Analysis?

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Complex Numbers

We Will Formally Introduce Differentiable Functions

We Will Formally Introduce Differentiable Functions

We Will Formally Introduce Differentiable Functions

We Will Formally Introduce Differentiable Functions

We Will Formally Introduce Differentiable Functions

We Will Formally Introduce Differentiable Functions

We Will Formally Introduce Differentiable Functions

We Will Formally Introduce Differentiable Functions

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

We Will Integrate Complex Functions Along Contours in

Improper real integrals can be computed via growing contour integrals.

We Will Prove the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

We Will Prove the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

We Will Prove the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

We Will Prove the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

Tips for Listening

Tips for Listening

Tips for Listening