CARBOHYDRATES

Compiled by: Gracey Biagtan, RPh, MS Pharm

Definition

Aldehyde or ketone ROH containing C, H, O

Kohlenhydrates
Saccharum, Saccharide
Cellulose
Starch

Functions
Store energy in the form of starch
(photosynthesis in plants) or glycogen (in
animals and humans).
Provide energy through metabolism pathways
and cycles.
Supply carbon for synthesis of other
compounds.
Form structural components in cells and
tissues.
Intercellular communications

Classification
According to number of sugar units
According to number of carbon
According to functional groups

Sugar Units
Monosaccharide: cannot be broken into
simpler units by hydrolysis reaction
Disaccharide: bonded by glycosidic
linkage
Polysaccharide: polymeric CHO

No. of Carbons

Hexose
Pentose
Triose
Diose: glycoaldehyde (2-hydroxyethanal)

Functional Grps.

Aldose
Ketose
Reducing
Non-reducing

Calorie
the quantity of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water by 1C
from a standard initial temperature
A unit of energy-producing potential
equal to this amount of heat that is
contained in food and released upon
oxidation by the body.
Also called nutritionist's calorie.
CHO and weight gain

Disorders

Lactose intolerance
Galactosemia
Hypoglycemia
Hereditary fructose intolerance
Sucrose-isomaltase enzyme deficiencyAKA sucrose intolerance

Disorders
Lactose Intolerance: the body cannot
easily digest lactose
when the small intestine does not
make enough lactase
Galactosemia: compromised ability to
metabolize galactose
lactose breakdownaccumulation of
galactose 1-phosphate
lack of enzyme galactose-1-phosphate
uridylyltransferase

Disorders
Hypoglycemia: 70 milligrams per deciliter
(mg/dL) or lower
diet, medication, condition, exercise
Hereditary fructose intolerance: lacks the
enzyme aldolase B that breaks down
fructose
Sucrase-isomaltase enzyme deficiency:
sucrose intolerance
sucrase not produced in the small
intestines
isomaltase for digestion of starch

I.D. Tests

Molisch Test
Anthrone
Fehlings Test
Benedicts Test
Barfoeds Test
Nylanders test
Osazone Test

Seliwanoffs Test
Aniline Acetate Test
Mucic Acid Test
Bials Test
Tollens Test
Iodine Test

Molisch Test
Alpha-naphthol reaction
General tests for CHO
Violet color
H2SO4 as dehydrating agent acting on
sugar to form furfural derivatives
Pentose: furfural
Hexose: 5-hydroxymethly furfural

Anthrone Test
General test
Anthrone reagent: dissolve 200 mg
anthrone in 100 mL of ice-cold 95%
H2SO4
furfural reacts with anthrone to give a
blue-green complex

Fehlings Test

Reduction of Fehlings Solution

Test for presence of reducing sugars
Orange to red precipitate
Fehlings A: Alkaline Cupric Tartrate T.S.
Fehlings B: Alkaline Tartrate Solution
Weak oxidizing agent: cupric ion
Tartrate ion: complexing agent
Cupric ion complexed with tartrate is
reduced to cuprous oxide

Benedicts Test
Presence of reducing sugar
Red, green, yellow precipitate
Sodium citrate, sodium carbonate,
cupric sulfate
Red. sugars are oxidized by the copper
ions in the Benedicts soln to form a
carboxylic acid and a reddish precipitate
of cuprous oxide within 3 minutes in
alkaline medium

Barfoeds Test
reducing monosaccharide from
disaccharides
Formation of reddish precipitate of Cu2O
Copper acetate and glacial acetic acid
Red. Monosaccharide oxidized by copper
ion to form carboxylic acid

Nylanders Test
Test for reducing sugars
Bismuth subnitrate+ sodium tartrate
and KOH
Formation of black solution and/or
precipitate
Glucose/fructose reduces bismuth
subnitrate to metallic bismuth in alkaline
medium

Osazone Test
Phenylhydrazine Reaction
Yellow insoluble crystals
Reducing sugar w/specific optical
rotation
Phenylhydrazine HCl & Sodium Acetate
PH reacts w/ the carbonyl grp of the red.
sugar to give phenylhydrazonereacts
with 2 mols of PH to form osazone

Crystals

Seliwanoffs Test

Resorcinol HCl Reaction

Ketohexose from aldohexose
Resorcinol + HCl
Formation of red product in two mins.
HCl as dehydrating agent reacts with 5hydroxymethlyfurfural then reacting with
resorcinol

Tollens Test
Silver mirror test
Presence of aldose
formation of silver mirror or a black
precipitate
NaOH and Silver Nitrate
aldehyde is oxidized by silver (I) to
generate a carboxylic acid and silver
metal

Aniline Acetate Test

Pentose from hexose
Aniline + glacial acetic acid
Bright red color
Reaction between hot HCL and pentose
Hydroxymethlyfurfural from hexose: less
volatile
Furfural: more volatile

Bials Test
For pentose
Orcinol, HCl, FeCl3
HCl dehydrates pentose
gets converted to furfural in the
presence of ferric ion orcinol and furfural
condense to yield a coloured product
Green, red or brown

Mucic Acid Test

Galactose and galactose-containing sugar

Formation of insoluble precipitate
Nitric acid
The both end carbon groups are oxidized to
carboxylic groups.
The resultant saccharic acid of galactose is
called mucic acid which is insoluble in water

Iodine Test

Iodine T.S./Lugols soln

Deep blue
Formation of starch-iodine complex
Glycogen: pale-brown color complexes

Thank you! ^_^