PLUMBING PIPES

By Arch. Annie Corpuz-Pugeda, uap

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APPROVED MATERIALS marked for identification

Embossed/Stamped brass/copper fittings
Molded plastic fittings
Indelible Marking colored stripe/indelible letters
RED STRIPE type M Copper (Rigid)
BLUE STRIPE type L Copper (Flexible/Rigid)
GREEN STRIPE type K Copper
YELLOW STRIPE Drain, Waste & Vent (DWV)Copper

NOTE: Pipe and fittings for Potable Water lead content of not more than 8%
Solder (join pipe/fittings) may not contain 0.2% lead

WATER SERVICE PIPE 160 psi/73.4 F

WATER SERVICE MATERIALS
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ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) for pressure-rated potable water use

ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE water mains
BRASS PIPE metallic, threaded pipe (used for both Water-Service and Water Distribution)
CAST IRON PIPE not used for individual water supplies; ductile pipe for water mains
COPPER PIPE copper tubing; copper pipe with or without threads/gray color code for waterservice use
COPPER TUBING soft copper/rolls (water-service)
rigid (water distribution)

3 TYPES:Type M

thinnest
Type L
wall thickness
middle
water service
Type K
thickest
7. cPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride) white/cream colored plastic pipe for water distribution
8. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE with threaded fittings for water distribution; problem: rust
9. PB (Polybutylene) rolled coils/straight lengths
water-service water distribution pipe
blue color water-service use
gray color water-service/water distribution
10. PE (Polyethylene) black/bluish for water-services
11. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) drain/vent pipe
white
CWL (Cold Water Line) only

WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPE

Minimum working pressure of 100 psi/temp. 180 F
Pressure-reducing valve at the water service to reduce the pressure to no more than 80 psi
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BRASS PIPE once popular

COPPER PIPE/TUBING (more common choice)
GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE subject to rust-related problems
POLYBUTYLENE ease of installation/resistance due to splitting due to freezing conditions/low
cost

DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE

Range from 1 4 diameter
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ABS black/gray color/ Schedule 40 (used above or below ground/joined by solvent-weld cement);
extremely durable/ can take hard abuse without breaking/cracking
ALUMINUM TUBING above-ground use only/joined by mechanical joints/coated to prevent
corrosive action

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BOROSILICATE GLASS used above or below ground/underground heavy schedule of pipe

BRASS PIPE rarely used
CAST IRON PIPE (CIP) - hub and spigot style (joined by oakum/molten lead)
hubless (jointed with mechanical joints rubber coupling)
referred to as SOIL PIPE
service weight pipe
extra heavy pipe
COPPER PIPE thin-walled/with yellow marking/time-consuming to install/used above/below
ground
GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE not to be installed closer than 6 in to the earth
LEAD PIPE limited to above-grade installations
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE white
rating of Schedule 40
solvent weld joint
become brittle in cold weather
for BUILDING SEWER
ABS
CI
Vitrified Clay
PVC
CONCRETE
ASBESTOS CEMENT

STORM-DRAINAGE MATERIALS
interior/underground (for storm sewer)
INSIDE STORM DRAINAGE
ABS
DWV Copper
Type L Copper
Asbestos Cement
Cast Iron
Vitrified Clay
Brass
Galvanized
PVC
Type M Copper
Type K Copper
Bituminized Fiber
Concrete
Aluminum
Lead
Black Steel
SUBSOIL DRAINS collect/drain water entering the soil
Asbestos Cement
Vitrified Clay
Cast Iron
Bituminized Fiber
PVC
PE

OTHER TYPES OF MATERIALS

FITTINGS -

cast iron
copper
plastic
steel

VALVES NIPPLES -

same material as the pipe

brass/steel
1/8 to 12 in diameter
FLANGES
closet flanges (plastic) thick
(brass flange) 1/8 thick
(for caulking) thick
screw/bolts brass
CLEANOUT PLUGS (raised square heads) plastic/brass
brass-metallic fittings

METHOD OF JOINTING PIPES

1. Caulking
2. Threading
3. Flanging
4. Soldering
5. Welding

COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS

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PIPE NIPPLE piece of pipe lesser than 12 length/threaded on both ends more than 12 Cut Pipe
a. Close when fittings or valves to be very close to each other
b. Short small amount of pipe exists (shoulder)
c. Long larger amount of bare pipe exists
PIPE COUPLING materials: wrought iron, cast metal, brass
Extension Piece male threaded at one end
RETURN BENDS
a. Back
b.

4.

Side

TEES branch of 90/right angles

Run

Run first

3 outlets (same size) size of the run first ex. 1 x tee

1 x 1 x 1 tee
PLUG closing end of a pipe or fitting having female thread
- square head
- four-sided counter-sunk head (small size)
- hexagon-head (larger sizes)
- 1/8 12
- Ground-joint union
6. BUSHINGS connect the male end of a pipe to a fitting of a larger size
- reducing/enlarging fitting
7. ELBOWS to change the direction of a pipe
45/90 - gas, water, steam
22 /60 special angles
CI drainage fitting elbows: 5 5/8
22 60
1 45
90
8. CAPS closing the end of a pipe or fitting male threaded
a. plain and flat band
b. beaded caps
c.
9. FLANGE for closing flanged fittings/flange pipe lines
10. WYE
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VALVES
1. GATE VALVE full open valves
1.1 Wedged Shaped or Tapered Disc
1.2 Double Disc Valve
2. GLOBE VALVE

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2.1 Plug Type Disc Valve

2.2 Conventional Disc Valve
2.3 Composition Disc Valve
CHECK VALVES
3.1 Swing Check Valve
3.2 Horizontal/Vertical
3.3 Lift Check Valve
ANGLE VALVES
FOOT VALVE
SAFETY VALVE
BALL VALVE
CUT-OFF VALVES

VALVES (PRESSURE)
1. Pressure Reducing Valves
2. Temperature and Pressure Relief Valves
VALVES (DRAINAGE SYSTEM)
1. Balance Valve
2. Unbalanced Valve
HOT WATER LINE
Two Types of Hot Water Tanks*
1. Range Boiler small hot water tank (12 - 24 ; Length: 6)
2. Storage Tank large hot water tank (24 54 ; Length: 15)
*85 lbs. working pressure
Sizing the Hot Water Tank
1. design of the building
2. no. of occupants
3. heating capacity of the supply device
2 10 gallons per hour hot water consumption per person
WAER CONSUMPTION (hygienic/average used only)
SCHOOL BUILDINGS
2 3 gph
OFFICE BUILDINGS
4 5 gph
APARTMENT BUILDINGS 8 gph
HOTELS
8 10 gph
FACTORIES
4 6 gph
RESIDENCES
10 gph
(CANNERIES, CREAMERIES)
1. water consumption of industrial device
2. rated consumption per individual of the building occupants
DETERMINING WORKING LOAD
Buildings:
Schoool
Office
25% of the rated maximum consumption per individual
Industrial
Apartment
Residences
35%
Hotels
50%
Ex. Hotel 100 rooms (2 persons/room average)
2 x 100 x 10 = 2000 gallons
75% hot water
25% cooled
Ex. 500 gallons of water in any one hour of a day
Heater required replacing this quantity in 1 hour
WATER HEATING DEVICES
1. Water back installed in a range
2. Furnace coil placed in the fire box

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Coal heater large heating surface

Gas heater with flue
Instantaneous heater gas/water valves/vent flue
Automatic storage hot water heater - gas operated type
electricity: below (constant temperature)
above (cuts off)
7. Steam Heater
8. Under water-line heater inlet/outlet of the coil connected to the boiler of the heating plant below the
water line
9. Electric heater
10. Solar heater
PURIFICATION OF MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY
Taken from natural source: ground, lake, river (contains many objectionable elements noxious gases
[carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide], bacteria, mud, suspended vegetable matter, mineral elements
[calcium, iron, magnesium]
AERATING WATER: noxious gases, mineral elements
COAGULATION/SETTLING PROCESS: suspended materials
ADDITION OF CHEMICALS/SAND FILTRATION: bacteria
COMMERCIALLY PREPARED WATER-CONDITIONING COMPOUNDS: hard water

Aeration of the Water Supply:

Spraying water into the atmosphere through jets

Passing water over rough surface
Gases are expelled into the atmosphere and formed into Iron
associated with oxygen forms ferric compound (oxide); can be
precipitated readily
Coagulation and Precipitation:
Larger suspended materials (decayed vegetable matter, mud,
bacteria are removed)
Coagulants: ferrous sulphate/lime, ferrie chloride, aluminum
sulphate (chemical compounds) forms a gelatinous substance
(floe precipitates quickly
Form compounds of harmless nature/precipated with flocculent
material
Precipitate is gathered into large sumps by drag equipment of
the rotating or endless or endless belt variety; disposed of in the
most practical manner
Sand Filtration:
filtered through layers of sand and gravel placed in concrete
basins
Water passed over sand beds (fine screen-retain finer particles
held in suspension/small organisms/bacteria deposited on
surface of sand)
Filtered water collect in conduits, conveyed to storage basins
Gelatinous scum forms on top of the filter sand, removed by
water sprayed through jets, collected in skimming trough
surrounding the filter
Disinfection:
Injecting chlorine gas in water supply
4-5 days
Calcium and Magnesium Removal: (Private water correction) water taken underground contains
compounds of calcium/magnesium
(permanently hard water)
Calcium/magnesium bicarbonates (temporarily hard water)
Zeolite (mineral permutt composed of oxides of sodium,
aluminum, silicon) to make water soft
TREATMENT PROCESS:
Water from rivers/lakes turbid (silty), contain harmful bacteria, odorous, discoloured, acid
6 operations and three additions of chemical:
1. MIXING:
occurs after fist 2 additions of correctives (Alum and Chlorine)
Alum forms coagulant (traps silt, foreign matter, impurities)
Chlorine (kills bacteria)

Ammonia + Chlorine (assures continuation of sterilization process (minimum unpleasant

chemical taste)
Ferric sulphate/Lime/Soda Ash aid in the coagulation process
2. SETTLING:
allows heavier solids to drop to the bottom
3. FILTRATION: takes out flocculated material resulting from coagulation process
Water is passed through underground piping.
River
Alum/Chlorine
Mixing
Settling
Ferric Sulphate/Lime/Chlorine/Soda Ash
Mixing
Flocculation
Settling
Filtration
Ammonia/Chlorine
To public supplies
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
1.

CESSPOOL hole in the ground curbed with stone, brick, or other

material; allows raw, contaminated sewage to leach into the soil
2.
PRIVY vault constructed of concrete for the collection of raw sewage
and a wooden shelter
3.
PURIFICATION OF DISCHARGED EFFLUENT second
stage/secondary treatment to correct the effluent
PURIFICATION UNIT OF A SEPTIC SYSTEM
a. fine screen
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small particles of suspended materials
b. reduced
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to nitrogen compounds in solution/anaerobic bacteria
c. leached
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water into subsoil/discharged into a natural drainage terminal
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TYPES OF FILTRATION UNITS
a.
Dry Well seepage pit/hole curbed with stone, or other nonabsorbent material; allows liquid effluent to leach into the soil; discharge terminal for septic tank
b.
Filter Trench best adapted for the disposal/treatment; efficient
purification unit; preliminary treatment agency in connection with a dry well
c.
Distribution Field
Siphon Compartment or Dosing Tank
Distribution Box to distribute the effluent to all branches of the sub-surface disposal field
Ditch - narrow channel dug in the ground
Trench long narrow ditch dug in the ground
HOUSE DRAIN

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receives discharge of soil/waste stacks within the building

collection line
lowest horizontal piping
installed underground/suspended from ceiling
materials: 6 VCP/4 CISP

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRAINS:
1. Combination Drain sanitary, storm water, waste
2. Sanitary Drain sanitary/domestic waste
3. Industrial Drain industrial equipment
4. Storm Drain storm, clear water/surface water
Size of House Drain
: 1) for roof area
: 2) for fixture discharge

TRAPS

P-TRAPS
1. Common Seal 2/5 cm
2. Deep Seal 7.5 10 cm

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PERMISSIBLE TRAPS
P-trap
Drum Trap
Others:
3.1 Stand Trap
3.2 Low Hub Trap

3.3 Brass Trap

3.4 High Hub Trap

3.5 Extra Heavy Trap

3.6 Sink or Lavatory Trap

OBJECTIONABLE TRAPS
1. Full size S/ S traps
2.

Bag Traps

3.

Mechanically sealed traps

4.

Light metal partition traps

OTHERS
1. Garage Catch Basin
2. Grease Trap
References: Chapter 10 (NPCP) Traps and Interceptors
Table 7-2 (NPCP) Trap Diameters and Drainage Fixture
acp051005