The Application layer handles the details of the particular application.

The primary
functions of this layer are:

Formatting data Data is formatted based on a computers architecture.

For example, text formatting is done in American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII) on a UNIX host, and Extended Binary Coded
Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) on an IBM mainframe computer.
Protocols operating at this layer of the model encapsulate packets into
streams or messages.

Presenting data If end users specify how they want their data presented
to them, the Application layer makes sure that it reaches the end users in this
format. A common syntax ensures compatibility between various end-user
applications and machines. The Application layer also provides translations
between locally represented data and data used for transfer between end
systems.

Transporting data The Application layer stipulates a transfer syntax,

which represents a coding agreement for the data to be formatted and
transferred. remote procedure call (RPC) libraries allow high-level language
programs to make procedure decisions on other machines on the network to
organize the flow of data.

The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set

of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks.
It is named from two of the most important protocols in it:
o

the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and

the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols
defined in this standard.

When the TCP/IP model was designed, the session and presentation layers from the
OSI model were bundled into the application layer of the TCP model.
This means that issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control are handled
in the application layer rather than in separate lower layers as in the OSI model.
This design assures that the TCP/IP model provides maximum flexibility at the
application layer for developers of software.

The TCP/IP protocols that support file transfer, e-mail, and remote login are probably
the most familiar to users of the Internet.
These protocols include the following applications:

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Domain Name System (DNS)

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) works with the World Wide Web, which is the
fastest growing and most used part of the Internet.
A Web browser is a client-server application, which means that it requires both a
client and a server component in order to function.
A Web browser presents data in multimedia formats on Web pages that use text,
graphics, sound, and video.

The Web pages are created with a format language called Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML).
Hyperlinks make the World Wide Web easy to navigate. A hyperlink is an object,
word, phrase, or picture, on a Web page that links to a new Web page.
The Web page contains an address location known as a Uniform Resource Locator
(URL).

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is based on end-to-end message delivery. An

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) client contacts the destination host's Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server on well-known port 25, to deliver the mail.
An electronic mail (e-mail) allows users to send mails across an internet. E-mail is
one of the most widely used application services in internet and widely used in
business activities. Currently, the electronic mail (e-mail) standard for the Internet is
Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP). SMTP is the Application Level protocol that
handles message services over TCP/IP networks.