2.
2.1
2.
Scalar quantity: .
(ii)
Vector quantity:
Distance:
(ii)
Displacement:
3.
4.
Example:
The following diagram shows the location of Johor Bahru and Desaru.
You can travel by car using existing road via Kota Tinggi, or travel by a
small plane along straight path.
Calculate how far it is from Johor Bahru to Desaru if you traveled by:
a. The car
b. The plane
Kota Tinggi
53 km
41 km
Solution:
Johor
Bahru
60 km
Desaru
Speed is ..
2.
3.
Average of speed:
4.
19
m s-1
s-1
400 m
20 m s-1
JPN Pahang
5.
Example:
An aeroplane flies from A to B, which is located 300 km east of A. Upon reaching B, the
aeroplane then flies to C, which is located 400 km north. The total time of flight is 4
hours. Calculate
i.
The speed of the aeroplane
ii.
The velocity of the aeroplane
Solution:
Observation:
2.
Acceleration is, .
Or, a v u
t
Then, a =
3.
Example of acceleration;
t=2s
A
t=2s
B
0 m s-1
20 m s-1
20
40 m s-1
20 0
2
=Physics
10 m
s-2 Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Module
JPN Pahang
4.
i)
from A to B
ii)
From B to C
5.
Example of deceleration;
A lorry is moving at 30 m s-1, when suddenly the driver steps on the brakes and it stop 5
seconds later. Calculate the deceleration of lorry.
Analysing of motion
1.
Linear motion can be studied in the laboratory using a ticker timer and a ticker tape.
Refer text book photo picture 2.4 page 26.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Determination of time:
.x
.y
. . . .
. . . .
..
. . . . . .
.
.
......
. . .
.
. . . .
...
21
JPN Pahang
(iv)
Determination of velocity
displacement =
Velocity, v
(v)
time = ..
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
ticks
2.
3.
22
JPN Pahang
Example 2 : A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to rest.
If the distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van.
A
C Time/s
Execise 2.1
1.
displacement
(b)
average velocity
Figure 2.1
(c)
2.
acceleration
A car moving with constant velocity of 40 ms-1 . The driver saw and obtacle in front and
he immediately stepped on the brake pedal and managed to stop the car in 8 s. The
distance of the obstacle from the car when the driver spotted it was 180 m. How far is the
obstacles from the car has sttoped.
Length / cm
16
12
8
4
23
JPN Pahang
2.2
0m
0s
100m
10s
200m
20s
300m
30s
400m
40s
500m
50s
displacement
time
displacement (m)
Graph analysis:
b)
...
Graph analysis:
..
time (s)
c)
displacement (m)
.
Graph analysis:
.
time (s)
d)
Displacement (m)
..
Graph analysis:
.
..
time (s)
24
JPN Pahang
e)
displacement (m)
Graph analysis:
..
..
..
time (s)
..
f) displacement (m)
A
Graph analysis:
B
..
..
C time (s)
v/ m s-1
Graph analysis:
..
..
b)
t /s
v/ m s-1
Graph analysis:
....
c)
t /s
v (m s-1)
Graph analysis:
...
t1
t2
t (s)
25
JPN Pahang
v (m s-1)
d)
Graph analysis:
.......
..
t (s)
....
v (m s-1)
e)
Graph analysis:
......
.
..
t (s)
Examples
1.
s/m
P
Solution :
O
0
R
2
t/s
S
2.
v/m s-1
10
P
Solution :
10
t/s
26
JPN Pahang
Excercise 2.2
1.
(a) s/m
(b) s/m
(c)
s/m
10
t/s
-5
4 t/s
t/s
-10
Figure 2.21
Describe and interpret the motion of a body which is represented by the displacement
time graphs in Figure 2.21
2.
Describe and interpret the motion of body which is represented by the velocity-time
graphs shown in figure 2.22. In each case, find the distance covered by the body and its
displacement
(a)
v/m s-1
(b)
v/m s-1
10
t/s
-5
0
-10
Figure 2.22
27
t/s
JPN Pahang
2.3
UNDERSTANDING INERTIA
Idea of inertia
1.
2.
3.
Hand-on activity 2.5 in page 18 of the practical book to gain an idea of inertia
4.
Meaning of inertia :
...
2.
Refer to figure 2.14 of the text book, the child and an adult are given a push to swing.
(i)
(ii)
3.
Effects of inertia
1.
2.
Positive effect :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Negative effect : .
(i)
...
..
(ii)
(iii)
28
JPN Pahang
(iv)
Execise 2.3
1.
2.
Figure 2,3
A wooden dowel is fitted in a hole through a wooden block as shown in figure 2.31.
Explain what happen when we
(a)
(b)
2.4
ANALYSING MOMENTUM
Idea of momentum
1.
2.
3.
Momentum is defined.
29
JPN Pahang
Conservation of momentum
mb
mg
vg = 0
vb
(mb + mg)
vb&g
vb
vg
mb
mg
1.
v2
u2
m1
m2
30
m2
JPN Pahang
Before collision
2.
after collision
u2 = 0
m2
m
1
m1 + m2
Before collision
3.
explosion :
after collision
........
v1
(m1 + m2), u = 0
Before explosion
v2
m2
after explosion
Example 1 :
Car A
Car B
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
m s-1 in front of it. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A is still moving at
s-1 after collision, determine the velocity of Car B after collision.
20
25 m
Solution :
Example 2 :
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
20
-1
m s in front of it. Car A is pulled by Car B after collision. Determine the common velocity of
Car A and B after collision.
Solution :
31
JPN Pahang
Example 3 :
A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s-1 . Calculate the
velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing.
Solution :
Exercise 2.4
1.
An arrow of mass 150 g is shot into a wooden block of mass 450 g lying at rest on a
smooth surface. At the moment of impact, the arrow is travelling horizontally at 15 ms-1.
Calculate the common velocity after the impact.
2.
A riffle of mass 5.0 kg fires a bullet of mass 50 g with a velocity of 80 m s-1 .Calculate the
recoil velocity. Explain why the recoil velocity of a riflle is much less than the velocity of
the bullet.
2.5
Idea of force
1.
32
JPN Pahang
2.
Stationary object
explanation :
Stationary object
...
3.
explanation :
..
..
..
...
..
..
Idea of unbalanced forces
1.
2.
..
Explanation;
..
33
JPN Pahang
Aim : To investigate the relationship between acceleration and force applied on a constant mass.
Experiment 2.3 page 31
Aim: To investigate the relationship between mass and acceleration of an object under
constant force.
1.
Refer to the result of experiment 2.2 and 2.3,
2.
3.
Example 1 :
Example 2 :
m = 25 kg
F = 200 N
Exercise 2.5
1.
2.
A 1000 kg car is travelling at 72 km h-1 when the brakes are applied. It comes to a stop in
a distance of 40 m. What is the average braking force of the car?
34
JPN Pahang
2.6
Impulse is .
2.
Impulsive force is
3.
Example 1;
wall
If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg
Impulse, Ft =
Example 2;
and t = 1 s
and t = 2 s
35
JPN Pahang
4.
Exercise 2.6
1.
A force of 20 N is applied for 0.8 s when a football player throws a ball from the sideline.
What is the impulse given to the ball?
2.
A stuntman in a movie jumps from a tall building an falls toward the ground. A large
canvas bag filled with air used to break his fall. How is the impulsive force reduced?
36
JPN Pahang
Windscreen
Crumple zones
Anti-lock brake system (ABS)
Traction control
bumpers
Air bags
Importance
Padded dashboard
Rubber bumper
Shatter-proof windscreen
Air bag
Safety seat belt
Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus
prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
Prevents the passengers from being thrown out of the car. Slows
down the forward movement of the passengers when the car stops
abruptly.
Prevents the collapse of the front and back of the car into the
passenger compartment. Also gives good protection from a side-on
collision.
Exercise 2.7
1.
By using physics concepts, explain the midifications to the bus that help to improve that
safety of passengers and will be more comfortable.
37
JPN Pahang
2.8
UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gravitational field
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
This means
..
38
JPN Pahang
7.
Example 1.
Can you estimate the gravitational force act to your body?
mass = 60 kg, g = 9.8 N kg-1, F = ?
Example 2,
A satellite of mass 600 kg in orbit experiences a gravitational force of 4800 N. Calculate
the gravitational field strength.
Example 3,
A stone is released from rest and falls into a well. After 1.2 s, it hits the bottom of the
well.
(a) What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the bottom?
(b) Calculate the depth of the well.
Weight
1.
2.
Example :
The mass of a helicopter is 600 kg. What is the weight of the helicopter
when it land on the peak of a mountain where the gravitational field is
9.78 N kg-1?
39
JPN Pahang
Exercise 2.8
1.
Displacement-time graph,
Velocity-time graph
Acceleration-time graph
2.
The following data was obtained from an experiment to measure the acceleration due to
gravity.
Mass of steel bob = 200 g, distance covered = 3.0 m, time of fall = 0.79 s.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of steel bob.
Give the explanation why your answer different with the constant of gravitational
acceleration, g = 9.8 m s-2.
2.9
2.
stationary object
40
JPN Pahang
Addition of Force
1.
.....
41
JPN Pahang
F1 = 10 N
Parallelogram method:
1.
Draw to scale.
2.
Draw the line parallel with F1 to the edge of F2, and the line parallel with F2 to the
edge of F1
3.
Connect the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the initial point.
4.
Measure the length of the diagonal from the initial point as the value of the
resultant force.
F2
F1
Triangle method
1.
Draw to scale.
2.
3.
Complete the triangle and measure the resultant force from the initial
point.
Example 1:
During Sport Day two teams in tug of war competition pull with forces of
6000 N and 5300 N respectively. What is the value of the resultant force?
Are the two team in equilibrium?
Example 2:
42
JPN Pahang
pulls with a force of 200 N while workmen while workmen B pulls with a
force of 300 N. The ropes used make an angle 250 with each other. Draw a
parallelogram and label the resultant force using scale of
1 cm : 50 N.
Resolution of a force
1.
Resolution of a force is
Example :
The figure below shows Ali mopping the floor with a force 50 N
at an angle of 600 to the floor.
F = 50 N
43
JPN Pahang
200 N
400
Problem solving
1.
2.
If all forces acting at one point are resolved into horizontal and vertical
components,
3.
700
a) T
700
b) T
mlamp = 1.5 kg
Wlamp = 14.7 N
Exercise 2.9
1.
Two force with magnitude 18 N and 6 N act along a straight line. With the aid of
diagrams, determine the maximun possible value and the minimum possible value of the
resultant force.
44
JPN Pahang
2.
A football is kicked simultaneously by two players with force 220 N and 200 N
respectively, as shown in Figure 2.9. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force.
220 N
900
200 N
2.10
Work
1.
Work is done, ..
2.
3.
4.
Example 1;
Force, F
s
Example 2;
45
JPN Pahang
80 N
600
s= 5m
Example 3;
Example 4;
F = 600 N
S = 0.8 m
Energy
1.
Energy is .................................................................................................................
2.
JPN Pahang
3.
4.
5.
Example :
1.
Kinetic energy is
2.
3.
Example 1;
47
JPN Pahang
h = 1.5 m
1.
2.
3.
Example; If m = 10 kg
Energy cannot be
2.
Example : a thrown ball upwards will achieve a maximum height before changing its
direction and falls
3.
Example in calculation : A coconut falls from a tree from a height of 20 m. What is the
velocity of coconut just before hitting the earth?
48
JPN Pahang
Power
1.
Power is
2.
A weightlifter lifts 180 kg of weights from the floor to a height of 2 m above his head in a
time of 0.8 s. What is the power generated by the weightlifter during this time?
g = 9.8 ms-2)
Efficiency
1.
Defined...
2.
Formulae of efficiency :
3.
Analogy of efficiency;
Energy transformation
4.
Example; An electric motor in a toy crane can lift a 0.12 kg weight through a height of
0.4 m in 5 s. During this time, the batteries supply 0.8 J of energy to the motor. Calculate
(a) The useful of output of the motor.
(b) The efficiency of the motor
49
JPN Pahang
Carry out hands-on activity 2.11 on page 39 of the practical book to measure the power.
Exercise 2.10
1.
What is the work done by a man when he pushes a box with a force of 90 N through a
distance of 10 m? State the amount of energy transferred from the man to the force.
2.
A sales assistant at a shop transfers 50 tins of milk powder from the floor to the top shelf.
Each tin has a mass of 3.0 kg and the height of thee top shelf is 1.5 m.
2.11
(a)
(b)
50
JPN Pahang
1.
During the process of transformation the input energy to the useful output energy,
..
2.
...
3.
output
energy
. .
....
.. .. .
....
. . .
4.
5.
Heat engines ..
2.
51
JPN Pahang
2.
3.
..
2.12
UNDERSTANDING ELASTICITY
Elasticity is ...
2.
3.
Force of repulsion
Explanation :
4.
compressive force
compressive force
Force of repulsion
Force of repulsion
Explanation ;
52
JPN Pahang
5.
stretching force
stretching force
Explanation ;
2.
3.
4.
5.
Graf F against x
F/ N
E
53
0 R
x (cm)
JPN Pahang
6.
Spring Constant, k
F/N
0.8
0
Example 1;
x/cm
Example 2;
Graph F against x of
F (N)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
x (cm)
1
0
54
JPN Pahang
F
x
spring compressed
F
x = compression
F/N
x
x
spring extended
x = extension
F, extension
Example ;
5 kg
15 cm
8 cm
Type of material
different
Diameter of spring wire
same
Diameter of spring
same
Length of spring
same
Summarise the four factors that affect elasticity
55
same
different
same
Same
same
same
different
same
same
same
same
different
JPN Pahang
Factor
Length
Diameter of spring
Diameter of spring wire
Type of material
Change in factor
Effect on elasticity
Shorter spring
Less elastic
Longer spring
More elastic
Smaller diameter
Less elastic
Larger diameter
More elastic
Smaller diameter
More elastic
Larger diameter
Less elastic
the elasticity changes with the type of materials
Exercise 2.12
1.
A 6 N force on a spring produces an extension of 2 cm. What is the extension when the
force is increased to 18 N? State any assumption you made in calculating your answer.
2.
(b)
Reinforcement Chapter 2
Part A : Objective Questions
1.
D.
2.
Velocity
Momentum
Acceleration
56
Kinetic energy
JPN Pahang
A.
Total acceleration
B.
Total velocity
C.
Total momentum
D.
Total kinetic energy
Calculate the weight of a stone with
mass 60 g on the surface of the
moon.
(The gravitational acceleration of the
moon is 1/6 that of the Earth.)
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
4.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
7.
0.1 N
0.2 N
0.4 N
0.6 N
0.8 N
A.
2N
2N
B.
12 N
7N
C.
12 N
14 N
D.
20 N
17 N
Air friction
Weight
The aircraft above accelerates if
A.
mass and acceleration
B.
weight and force
C.
mass and velocity
Which of the following diagrams
shows a body moving at constant
velocity?
6.
5.
1.5 kg m s-1
3.0 kg m s-1
4.0 kg m s-1
6.0 kg m s-1
7.5 kg m s-1
8.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lift Weight
Thrust Lift
Lift Air friction
Thrust Air friction
m = 0.3 kg
5m
0.15 kg m s-1
0.3 kg m s-1
1.5 kg m s-1
3.0 kg m s-1
15.0 kg m s-1
Solution :
Velocity / ms-1
4
0
2
4
6 Time / s
Calculate the momentum of the
trolley from t = 2s to t = 4s.
9.
57
JPN Pahang
has
A.
B.
C.
D.
10.
great inertia
great acceleration
great momentum
great kinetic energy
A
B
C
D
E
58
0.6 s
1.4 s
1.7 s
3.5 s
12.0 s
(i) Car A
(ii) Car B
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) and (ii) show two methods used by the mechanic to move a breakdown
car. A constant force, F = 500 N is used to push and pull the car in method A and B.
(a)
(i)
Which method is easier to move the car?
(ii)
(b)
(c)
The frictional force acting between the car and track surface in both methods is
200 N. Calculate, the
(i)
horizontal resultant force in method A.
(ii)
(iii)
Suggest a method to move Car B so that the acceleration produced is equal to that
of method A.
....
2.
ceiling
Tin
water
P
hand
Q
(i)
a)
R
Diagram 2.1
(ii)
Diagram 2.1(i) shows tin P that is empty and tin Q that is filled with water. A
student find difficult to pushed tin Q. Write the inference about the observation.
Diagram 2.1(ii) shows a tin being released from the different positions M and N.
The hand of a student at position R needs greater force to stop the motion of the
tin falling from position M. Explain this observation.
b)
c)
Based on the observation (i) and (ii), state two factors that affect the magnitude of
the momentum of the object.
d)
If water flows out from a hole at the bottom of the tin Q, how would the inertia of
Tin Q depends on time ?
2 ms-1
3.
P
iron ball ( 2 kg )
S
3.0 m
smooth surface
1.0 m
Q
Diagram 3
T
2.0 m
R
Rough surface
The figure shows a iron ball that is rolled through PQRST. The rough surface of QR has
frictional force of 4 N.
a)
Calculate
(i)
the kinetic energy of the iron ball at P.
b)
c)
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
d)
e)
(i)
(ii)
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car moving at high velocity when it suddenly
crashes into a wall.
Diagram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player.
a)
(i)
What is the meaning of momentum?
(ii)
b)
c)
a)
(i)
(ii)
Answer
b)
- To decrease the time of collision between the ball and the racquet string.
- Impulsive force will be increased.
- The force act to the ball will be increased.
- The velocity of ball will be increased.
c)
2.
Properties
Brand
A
B
C
D
Reaction time / s
Mass / kg
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.6
1.5
1.8
0.9
2.5
Engine thrust
force / N
10.0
12.5
6.5
16.0
Resistance
force / N
4.0
2.4
2.2
6.5