Agenda
Preface
The Wireline Logging History
Density
Neutron
Sonic
Conclusion
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Objectives
Course Objectives :
Understanding the scope and background
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The History
Conrad
Schlumberger
1878 to 1936
Marcel
Schlumberger
1884 to 1953
support them
Paul Schlumberger, 1919
KR-WLH-GT-BW
22-Jun-15
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The History
If we continue to
anticipate
the future needs of the oil
industry in oil well logging
and provide oil men with
services which solve their
problems, we will never
KR-WLH-GT-BW
22-Jun-15
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The History
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What is it for ?
To help our customers find and produce oil and gas
more efficiently
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TOOLS
Logging Cable
TENSION - CMTD
WFMD
INTERFACE
WFAD
Tool Power
TGRP
PRINTER
WFDD
Depth/Tension DISPLAY
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Natural Formation
Gamma Ray
Logging
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What is it for ?
To help our customers find reservoir rock
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Rock formation
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These gamma rays may further interact with the formation losing
energy on the way
The detector sees these gamma rays and measures the total
count rate
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Mud weight
Casing weight
Cement weight
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WBM Well
OBM Well
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3. ???
4. ???
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Resistivity Logging
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Resistivity
What is Resistivity ?
Resistance material of unit length and unit cross
sectional area. (ohm-meter2/meter or ohm-m)
R = (V / I) x k
Resistance (r) property of an object
Cable
Resistivity (R) property of a material
Copper
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Resistivity
How does it work ?
R = k * (Vt / I A0)
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Resistivity
When should it be run ?
Rt/Rm
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Resistivity
Log Example :
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Density Logging
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What is it for ?
Density
Porosity
Lithology
Synthetic Log
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Density Logging
Pair Production
High energy >1.02MeV gamma ray is
transformed into an electron-positron pair
+
Ray
Ray
Ray
Compton Scattering
An elastic collision between a free electron
and a GR of 75 keV to 10 MeV
Photoelectric Absorption
Photon
Density Logging
An insignificant
amount of GRs are
emitted by the
rock.
1) GRs are
emitted
from the source
at 662 KeV.
2) Some GRs are Captured
Photoelectric Absorption
Compton Scattering
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Density Logging
Stabilization sources (Cs137) are
located near the detectors.
GSR
(Cesium 137)
Gamma-Rays are
emitted from the
source at 662 KeV
Some GammaRays are
Captured
along the way.
Energy (KeV)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
One Gamma-Ray is
detected at a time.
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Density Logging
Each Cube has the same volume. (Say 1m3)
Which one has the lowest density?
2650 Kg/m3
>
Density 1/
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Density Logging
rf
rb = rma (1 ) + rf
r ma r
r ma r
1-
rma
MDEN RHOZ
DPHZ
MDEN FD
RHOZ is the bulk density output from the tool (Data Channel)
MDEN is the matrix density of the formation (Parameter)
FD is the fluid density of the formation (Parameter)
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Density Logging
Density Logging
Hinge
Joints
Tool is positively
eccentered with its
own caliper
Hinge
Joints
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Density Logging
Mnemonic
Long Name
NPRM
BARI
DFD
DHC
BS
FD
MDEN
Bit Size
Fluid Density
Matrix Density
Value
0 = None
1 = HiRes
2 = <StdRes>
3 = Very HiRes
4 = Monosensor
<YES>
NO
User Imput
None
<BS>
Caliper
WellSite Data
1
2.65 / 2.71 / 2.85
Units
None
Lb/g
Inches
gr/cc
gr/cc
Density Logging
Response in known conditions
Formation
Sandstone
Limestone
Dolomite
Anhydrite
Coal
Salt
Shale
Density gm/cc
2.65
2.71
2.85
2.98
1.3 1.7*
2.03
2.1 2.8
PEF
1.8
5.1
3.1
5.1
0.2**
4.6
1.8 6.3
Density Logging
Barite Check
1. Check your PEFZ curve. Does it read too high?
2. Look at the reconstruction errors. All the curves should
average around 0, with no noticeable offset or bias in the
readings.
3. Look at the GREZ output
4. High reading of PEA
Neutron Logging
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Neutron Logging
What is Neutron Porosity (pu or v/v) ?
Amount of void in rock volume
What is it for ?
Saturation
Assisting in fluid determination
Fluid volume
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Neutron Logging
Effective Porosity - the pores
are connected, liquid can easily
flow through (sponge)
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Neutron Logging
Hydrogen index (HI) is the quantity of hydrogen per unit
of volume. The HI of fresh water is defined as 1
High HI -> most of the neutrons are slowed and captured
within a short distance from the source.
Low HI -> the neutrons travel farther from the source before
they are captured
The neutron population at any point during logging depends
mainly on the quantity of hydrogen between the source and
that point (HI)
HGNS Theory of Measurement
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Neutron Logging
Short Spacing Zone:
High borehole effects. The borehole
influences the measurement by
slowing neutrons quickly
Cross Over Zone:
Less sensitivity to porosity
Long Spacing Zone:
The count rate at each detector
increases for decreased hydrogen
concentration, and vice versa
Neutron Logging
Applications :
1. Porosity analysis - by measuring the hydrogen index (HI)
of the formation fluids.
2. Gas detection - A noticeable drop in the neutron porosity
output can be seen due to gas has a smaller HI than oil or
water
3. Lithology identification and clay / shale analysis - They
are not a stand-alone lithology identifier or clay / shale
types, but Neutron porosity tools provide additional input for
these analyses.
HGNS Applications Quiz
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Neutron Logging
Neutron Logging
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Neutron Logging
Fresh Water
Salt Water
Oil
Gas
The real
pore space
is the same
but neutron
tool will read
the H
density so
the porosity
will differ
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Neutron Logging
The eight switch parameters which control TNPH and NPOR
environmental corrections are the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Neutron Logging
HSCO: Hole Size Correction Option <Yes>, No
Set always to Yes
HSCO corrects for
HGNS Logging
HGNS Logging
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Neutron Logging
PTCO: Pressure/Temperature Correction Option <No>, Yes
DFT: Borehole Fluid Type = <WATER>, OIL, and AIR. DFT is used to
select the porosity algorithm (air- or liquid-filled transforms). It is also
used to select the pressure correction (OBM or WBM).
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HGNS Logging
Neutron Logging
SOCO: Standoff Correction <No>, Yes
Set SOCO=YES if HGNS is run with wear rings
HGNS Logging
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Neutron Logging
FSCO: Formation Salinity Correction Option <No>, Yes
FSAL: Formation Salinity = Only used when the formation salinity is known
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Sonic Logging
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Sonic Logging
What is Sonic DT (ms/ft) ?
travel time in an unit length
What is it for ?
Porosity
Synthetic Log
Seismic ITT Calibration
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Sonic Logging
An acoustic pulse is sent into the
formation
The time it takes to reach each
receiver is measured
One path is 2ft longer than the
other.
The extra time that sound takes
to travel those 2ft is used to
determine rocks acoustic velocity
2 ft
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Sonic Logging
Transit time is:
The time it takes sound to
travel from the transmitter
to the receiver
Measured in s
It contains :
TTmud1+TTrock+TTmud2
Transit time depends
on the geometry of the
tool.
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TT3
TT4
Sonic Logging
Delta-T
Inverse of the rocks
acoustic velocity
The difference between two
transit times is the time it
takes for sound to travel
through a known distance
of rock
measured in
s/m or s/ft
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2ft
Sonic Logging
TT3 TT4
(TTmud1 + TT3,rock + TTmud2 ) (TTmud1 + TT4,rock + TTmud2 )
DTSingle
2ft
2ft
s
TTthrough 2ft of rock
ft
2ft
Far
Receiver
TTmud2
Near
Receiver
TT4,rock
3,rock
Transmitter
TTmud1
TT3
TT4
Sonic Logging
Far Receivers
Near Receivers
(TTFar TTNear ) s / ft
DT
2ft
DT2ft
Sonic Logging
Linear equation (Wyllie)
t log t f + (1 )t ma
t log t ma
t f t ma
1
t c
(
1 )
+
2
t ma
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t f
t log t ma
t log
TT3
TT1
TT4
DTx2ft
DT
DTLower + DTUpper
2
(TT1 TT2 ) + (TT3 TT4 )
DT
2 2ft
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Deviated Well
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E1
Transit Time
E2
Cycle Skip
Transit Time
Noise
Transit Time
Noise Peak
E2
Near Receivers
TTnear
DT is not affected
By Borehole Size
Conclusion
GR Basic
Reservoir determination
Resistivity Basic
Sw solving
Assisting in fluid type determination
Density Basic
Porosity
Synthetic
Neutron
Porosity
Assisting in fluid type determination
Sonic
Synthetic
BHS Calibration
Porosity
Conclusion